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THE    LIBRARY    OF  THE 

Bristol  Medico-Chirurgical  Society. 


presented  b\? 

/  fl 


HISTORY 

OP  THE 

Txnijal  College  nf  InrgeottB  in  Srrfimii. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2015 


https://archive.org/details/b21443348 


/  I 


HISTORY 


OK  THE 


€0!!^  of  Surricmto 


IN  IRELAND, 

AND  OV  THE 


IRISH  SCHOOLS  OF  MEDICINE ; 


INCLUDING 


NUMEROUS    BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES 


ALSO  A 


MEDICAL  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


BY 


SIE  CHAKLES  A.  CAMEBON, 

jBrcsibtnt  of  the  Konal  dMIsgt  of  Surgtons  in  Ireland. 


DUBLIN  : 

FANNIN    &    COMPANY,    41  GRAFTON-STREET. 
LONDON:  BAILL] EKE,  TINDALL,  &  COX. 
EDINBURGH !  MACLAUHLAN  &  STEWART. 

1  8  8  (J . 


DUBLIN:  PRINTED  BY  JOHN  FALCONER,  53  UPPER  SACKVILLE-STKEET. 


TO 

MATTHEW  O'REILLY  DEASE,  Esq.,  D.L., 

FORMERLY  MEMBER  OF  PARLIAMENT  FOR  THE  COUNTY  OF  LOUTH, 
WHOSE  GENEROUS  GIFTS 

TO  THE 

ROYAL   COLLEGE    OF  SURGEONS 

ARE 

RECORDED  IN  THE  FOLLOWING  PAGES, 

THIS  HISTORY  IS  DEDICATED. 


PEEFACE 


This  work  is  published  under  the  authority  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  in  Ireland,  and  at  their  expense.  As  the  Author 
receives  no  pecuniary  remuneration,  the  price  of  the  book  is  fixed 
so  as  about  to  cover  the  cost  of  producing  it ;  but  should  a  profit 
be  made  by  the  sale  of  this  or  any  future  edition,  it  will  be 
given  to  the  Eoyal  Medical  Benevolent  Fund. 

The  materials  used  in  compiling  this  history  have  been  chiefly 
derived  from  the  following  sources : — The  archives  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  of  the  Corporation  of  Dublin,  and  of  the 
Public  Records  Office ;  the  minute  books  of  various  hospitals  and 
public  Boards  ;  parish  registries  ;  inscriptions  on  tombs ;  thousands 
of  books,  periodicals,  and  newspapers  of  the  present  century  and 
of  some  of  its  predecessors ;  family  papers,  &c.  The  following 
libraries  were  searched — The  College,  Trinity  College,  the  College 
of  Physicians,  the  National,  the  Royal  Dublin  Society,  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy,  the  Public  Library  (Marsh's),  Dr.  Steevens' 
Hospital,  and  King's  Inns,  in  Dublin ;  and  the  British  Museum, 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  and  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society, 
in  London. 

The  information  which  enabled  me  to  write  the  biographical 
sketches  was  chiefly  obtained  from  the  originals  of  the  sketches, 
or  from  their  descendants,  relatives,  or  friends;  a  small  portion 
was,  however,  derived  from  previous  biographical  and  obituary 
notices.    In  numerous  cases  I  was  able,  by  reference  to  Parish 


Vlll 


PREFACE. 


Registers  and  other  records,  to  verify  or  correct  the  information 
supplied  to  me.  I  was  or  am  acquainted  with  many  of  the 
gentlemen  whose  biographies  are  given  in  Chapters  XIV., 
XV.,  XVI.,  XVIII.,  and  XX.,  and  have  been  able  to  write  of 
them  from  personal  knowledge.  For  the  composition  of  the 
biographies,  and  for  the  opinions  expressed  in  the  biographical 
and  other  parts  of  the  work,  I  am  alone  responsible. 

I  am  sure  that  the  hundreds  of  kind  friends  and  others  who 
have  supplied  me  with  information  for  the  biographical  parts  of 
this  History  will  rest  satisfied  with  a  general  expression  of  thanks. 
I  must,  however,  specially  acknowledge  my  obligations  to  Sir 
George  H.  Porter,  Mr.  W.  Oolles,  Dr.  Banks,  Dr.  Aquilla  Smith, 
Dr.  Martin  of  Portlaw,  and  Dr.  Bigger,  who  gave  me  much 
valuable  information,  and  without  whose  assistance  several  of 
the  biographies  would  have  been  incomplete.  I  desire  also  to 
heartily  thank  Dr.  Ingram,  S.F.T.C.D.,  Librarian,  and  Mr. 
French,  Assistant-Librarian,  of  Trinity  College ;  Mr.  Archer, 
F.R.S.,  Librarian  of  the  National  Library,  and  his  staff ;  and 
the  officials  of  the  Public  Records  Office,  for  their  courtesy,  and 
for  the  facilities  which  they  afforded  me  for  discovering  in  their 
respective  libraries  materials  for  this  History. 

My  friend,  Mr.  William  Edward  Ellis,  LL.B ,  having  kindly 
volunteered  to  prepare  the  Index  to  this  History,  has  carried  out 
his  proposal  with  that  thoroughness  and  accuracy  which  charac- 
terise all  his  literary  work. 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

CHAPTER  I. 

On  the  Progress  of  Medical  Knowledge  and  Literature  in  Ireland  up  to 

the  year  1700  ........  1 

CHAPTER  H. 

Medical  Bibliography  in  Ireland  during  the  Eighteenth  Century  .  .  14 

CHAPTER  III. 

The  Barber-Surgeons        .  .  .  .  .  .  .52 

CHAPTER  IV. 

Surgical  Education  and  Examinations  in  Ireland  prior  to  the  Foundation 

of  the  College  of  Surgeons      .  .  .  .  .  .91 

CHAPTER  V. 

Incorporation  of  the  Irish  Surgeons  .  .  .  .  .111 

CHAPTER  VI. 

The  College  under  their  First  Charter      .  .  .  .  .123 

CHAPTER  VII. 

The  Second  Charter  .......  158 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

The  College  under  their  Second  Charter    .  .  .  .    1 70 

CHAPTER  IX. 

The  Supplemental  Charter  .  .  .  .  .  .  .196 

CHAPTER  X. 

The  College  under  their  Supplemental  Charter  .  .  .211 


X 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

CHAPTER  XI. 

The  College  Library  .  .  .  .  .  .  .267 

CHAPTER  XII. 

The  College  Museum        .......  275 

CHAPTER  XHI. 

The  Connection  between  the  College  and  the  Navy  and  Army  Medical 

Departments    ........  288 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

The  Presidents  of  the  College  under  the  First  Charter— 1784  to  1828     .  305 

CHAPTER  XV. 

The  Presidents  of  the  College  under  the  Second  Charter — 1829-1844      .  387 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

The  Presidents  of  the  College  under  the  Supplemental  Charters, 

1844-1885-6   ........  399 

CHAPTER  XVII. 
The  College  School  ........  446 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 
Biographical  Sketches  of  the  College  Professors    ....  458 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

The  Unchartered,  or  Private,  Schools  of  Medicine  .  .  .513 

CHAPTER  XX. 

Biographical  Sketches  of  the  Lecturers  in  the  Private  Schools  of  Medicine  544 
Addenda     .........  6S3 

CHAPTER  XXI. 

The  University  and  Provincial  Medical  Schools     ....  684 

Appendix  A  Table  showing  Attendance  at  Lectures  in  Dublin  Medical 

Schools  ......  695 

„        B  The  Council  and  Officers  of  the  College   .  .  .696 

C  Ceremonies  and  Banquet  at  the  College,  28th  April,  1886  699 

Index  723 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page 

The  Koyal  College  of  Surgeons  in  1886,   -----  Frontispiece 


Daunt's  and  Dease's  Lithotomes,  -  -  -  -  -  -44 

The  Polegate — Guildhall  of  Dublin  Barber- Surgeons  in  the  Seventeenth  Century,  69 

Arms  of  the  Barber-Surgeons,      -          -          -          -          -          -          -  68 

Facsimile  of  Barber-Surgeons'  Certificate,          -          -          -          -          -  81 

The  Tailors'  Hall,  Back-lane,      -------  87 

The  First  Anatomy-house,  T.C.D.,         -          -          -          -          -          -  98 

Sir  Thomas  Molyneux's  House,  Peter-street,  Dublin,     ....  104 

Mercer's  Hospital  in  1734,          -          -          -          -          -          -          -  133 

The  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  1810,  -          -          -          -          -          -  144 

The  Meath  Hospital  a  Century  ago,       ------  394 

The  Meath  Hospital  in  1886,      -          -          -          -          -          -          -  394 

The  Stewart  Institution  for  Idiots,  &c,  ------  429 

The  Richmond  Hospital  School  in  1826,  -          -          -          -          -          -  523 

The  Whitworth  Hospital,           -          -          -          -          -          -          -  636 

The  Coombe  Hospital,     -          -          -          -          -          -          -          -  653 

Conferring  Honorary  Fellowship  on  Sir  James  Paget,    -          -          -          -  699 

Plan  of  Banqueting  Hall,           -          -          -          -          -          -          -  721 


HONOKAKY  MEMBEKS  OK  FELLOWS  OF  THE  COLLEGE, 

ELECTED  SINCE  1784. 
Those  marked  thus  (*)  are  deceased. 


*Abernethy,  John,  London. 
*Adair,  Eobert,  London. 
*  Armstrong,  Sir  Alexander,  Navy. 
*Ballingall,  Sir  George,  Edinburgh. 
*Bell,  Benjamin,  Edinburgh. 

Bowman,  Sir  William,  London. 
*Bradt,  John,  M.P. 
*Brodie,  Sir  Benjamin  C, Bart., London. 
*Burnett,  Sir  William,  Navy. 
*Cloquet,  Jules,  Paris. 
*Cooper,  Sir  Astlet  P.,  Bart.,  London. 

Crawford,  Sir  Thomas,  Army. 
*Cuvier,   Baron   Georges  Chretien 

Leopold  Dagobert,  Paris. 
*Franklin,  Henry,  Army. 
*Gibson,  Sir  James,  Army. 
*Gulliver,  George,  London. 

Hanbury,  Sir  James  Arthur,  Army. 

Haughton,  Eev.  Samuel,  Dublin. 

Helmholtz,  Hermann  Ludwig  Fer- 
dinand, Berlin. 
*Hey,  William,  Leeds. 
*Houghton,  Kichard,  Dublin. 


*Humfry,  William  Charles,  Army. 
*Hunter,  John,  London. 

Huxley,  Thomas  H.,  London. 

Lister,  Sir  Joseph,  Bart.,  London. 
*Logan,  Sir  Thomas  Galbraith,  Army. 
*Louis,  Antoine,  Paris. 
*M'Grigor,  Sir  James,  Bart.,  Army. 

Marshall,  John,  London. 
*0'Halloran,  Sylvester,  Limerick. 

Owen,  Sir  Eichard,  London. 

Paget,  Sir  James,  Bart,,  London. 
*Parkes,  Edmund  Alexander,  Netley. 

Pasteur,  Louis,  Paris. 
*Pearson,  John,  London. 
*Pitcairn,  Sir  James,  Army. 
*Pott,  Percival,  London. 
*Scarpa,  Antonio,  Pavia. 
*S6mmering,  Samuel  Thomas,  Munich. 
*Syme,  James,  Edinburgh. 
*Tiedemann,  Frederick,  Heidelberg. 
*Webb,  Sir  John,  Army. 

Wells,  Sir  Thomas  Spencer,  Bart., 
London. 


HISTORY 

OF  THE 

ROYAL  COLLEGE  OF  SURGEONS  IN  IRELAND. 


CHAPTER  I. 

ON  THE  PROGRESS  OF  MEDICAL  KNOWLEDGE  AND  LITERATURE 
IN  IRELAND  UP  TO  THE  TEAR  1700. 

It  is  admitted  that  a  comparatively  high  state  of  civilisation 
prevailed  in  Ireland  during  the  earlier  ages  of  the  Christian 
era ;  we  may,  therefore,  infer  that  the  ancient  Irish  were  not 
ignorant  of  such  knowledge  of  medicine  as  then  existed  in  Europe. 
It  is  likely  that  some  of  the  persons  who  studied  at  the  seats  of 
learning  devoted  their  attention  to  the  healing  art. 

The  Annals  of  Tiernach  are,  with  the  exception  of  the  Psalter 
of  Cashel,  the  oldest  Celtic  MSS. — probably  the  most  ancient  in 
any  language  in  Northern  Europe.  It  is  stated  in  them  that  in 
the  year  366  a  princess  died  in  consequence  of  having  swallowed 
a  poisoned  draught,  from  which  we  infer  that  even  in  that  early 
age  some  knowledge  of  the  preparation  of  drugs  prevailed. 

Legendary  lore  assigns  to  the  ancient  Irish  an  extraordinary 
degree  of  surgical  skill.  It  is  stated  in  an  ancient  MS.  that 
Josina,  the  son  of  a  Scotch  king  who  reigned  about  a  century 
and  a  half  before  the  birth  of  Christ,  was  sent  by  his  father  to 
Ireland  to  be  educated  amongst  the  physicians  and  surgeons  of 
that  country. 

In  a  MS.  entitled  Cath  Muighe  Fuiredh,  preserved  in  the  library 
of  Trinity  College,  an  account  is  given  of  a  battle,  the  wounded 
in  which  were  placed  in  medicated  baths  by  a  celebrated  surgeon 
named  Diancecht.    This  personage,  who  flourished  about  two 

B 


2 


SURGERY  AMONGST  THE  ANCIENT  IRISH. 


thousand  years  ago,  is  stated  to  have  furnished  a  silver  hand  to 
a  potentate  who  had  been  deprived  of  that  member  in  a  battle. 
The  workmanship  of  the  artificial  hand  was  so  wondrous  that  it 
was  quite  as  useful  to  the  potentate  as  his  uninjured  hand.  It 
is  probable  that  Diancecht  was  the  Celtic  equivalent  of  Esculapius. 
This  legend  and  similar  myths  as  to  the  marvellous  skill  of  the 
ancient  Irish  physicians  and  surgeons  show  at  least  a  traditional 
belief  in  the  existence  of  a  high  degree  of  culture  amongst  the 
practitioners  of  the  healing  art  in  Ireland  in  early  ages. 

In  Southey's  "Morte  d' Arthur,"  page  258,  it  is  stated  that 
when  Sir  Tristram  was  wounded  by  a  poisoned  spear  he  was 
advised  to  go  to  the  country  from  whence  his  antagonist  had 
come — namely,  Ireland,  for  there  alone  the  venom  could  be 
neutralised.  He  went  to  that  country,  and  was  placed  by  King 
Anguysshe  under  the  care  of  his  daughter,  who  "  was  a  noble 
surgeon." 

In  Hammer's  Chronicles  we  find  the  following  account  of  a  cure 
effected  by  an  ancient  Irish  lady-doctor : — "  In  the  time  of  Alfred, 
King  of  the  West  Saxons,  Anno  872,  as  Fabian  and  Cooper  have 
noted,  there  was  a  grievous  malady  reigning  among  the  people, 
called  the  evil  ficus,  which  also  took  the  king,  so  that,  say  mine 
authors,  an  Irish  maid  came  out  of  Ireland  called  Modwen,  whose 
monastery  in  time  of  rebellion  was  destroyed,  and  cured  the  king." 

"  Medical  women  "  were  not  peculiar  to  the  ancient  Irish.  We 
learn  from  Tacitus  that  the  women  followed  the  German  armies 
for  the  purpose  of  dressing  the  wounds  of  the  soldiers  upon  the 
battle-field — A  d  matres,  ad  conjuges  vulneraferunt;  nec  illce  numerare 
aut  exigere  plagas  pavent  ("  De  Moribus  Germanic,"  cap.  VII.). 

In  the  libraries  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy  there  are  large  collections  of  manuscript  works  on 
medicine  written  in  the  Irish  language.  Many  of  them  are  dated 
in  the  fourteenth  century ;  and  the  caligraphy  of  several  of  them 
is  quite  equal  to  anything  of  the  kind  met  with  in  monastic 
manuscripts. 

The  Irish  medical  MSS.  are  chiefly  translations  from  the 
Latinised  versions  of  the  works  of  the  Greek  "  fathers  of  medi- 


ANCIENT  IRISH  MEDICAL  MANUSCRIPTS. 


3 


cine,"  and  of  the  Arabian  writers  on  medicine,  but  they  are  by 
no  means  poor  in  accounts  of  indigenous  practice,  and  in  many 
of  the  translations  the  opinions  of  the  translators  are  freely 
expressed.  Epidemic  influenza  is  first  described  in  an  Irish  MS. 
of  the  fifteenth  century  under  the  names  of  fuacht  and  sloadhan. 

Stanihurst  speaks  of  the  Irish  reading  very  old  and  discoloured 
medical  MSS.  on  vellum.  They  were  in  the  Irish  language,  and 
were  held  in  much  repute  as  the  depositories  of  medical  maxims  and 
rules  which  were  of  great  antiquity  (De  Reb.  Hibern.,  Antwerp, 
1584). 

One  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  Irish  medical  works  pre- 
served in  the  library  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  is  the  volume 
known  as  "  Hy-Brassil."  It  is  surmised  that  this  work  was  written 
by  the  O'Lees.  The  book  is  of  quarto  size,  consists  of  88  pages, 
and  dates  from  1390.  It  is  composed  of  three  fragments  of  inde- 
pendent works,  and  the  writing  is  extremely  beautiful.  The 
term  Hy-Brassil  refers  to  the  fact  that  the  MS.  was  discovered  in 
the  hy,  or  country  of  the  O'Brassils. 

The  valuable  Celtic  MSS.  from  the  celebrated  Ashburnham 
Collection  have  lately  come  into  the  possession  of  the  Academy, 
and  are  being  arranged  and  catalogued.  They  include  several 
treatises  on  medical  subjects.  Exclusive  of  these,  the  Academy 
possesses  in  all  eighty -eight  medical  MSS.  It  is  a  matter  for 
regret  that  none  of  them  have  been  translated  into  English  for 
publication.  The  Academy  receives  an  annual  Parliamentary 
grant  of  £300  for  the  translation,  editing,  and  publishing  of  Irish 
manuscripts.  It  is  only  reasonable  that  a  few  of  the  medical 
ones  should  be  translated  and  published  at  the  expense  of  the 
State.  Two  of  the  MSS.  have  already  been  translated  into 
English  by  Mr.  Joseph  O'Longan — viz.,  those  numbered  23  K 
(342  pages)  and  No.  42  (444  pages)  in  the  catalogue ;  the  former 
relates  to  the  Materia  Medica.  Amongst  the  Ashburnham  Col- 
lection there  is  a  nicely-written  treatise  on  Materia  Medica,  by 
Neal  O'Q  uin,  dated  1535.  The  names  of  the  articles  described 
are  given  in  Irish  and  Latin,  and  the  descriptions  of  them  in 
Irish. 


4 


HEREDITARY  PHYSICIANS  IN  IRELAND. 


That  medical  men  occupied  a  definite  position  amongst  the 
Irish  from  the  sixth  century  to  the  fourteenth  century  is  evident 
from  the  clauses  referring  to  them  in  the  Brehon,  or  Irish  code  of 
laws.  Their  rates  of  remuneration  were  fixed,  and  in  the  social 
scale  they  were  ranked  as  equal  to  the  smiths.  At  present  there 
is  a  considerable  difference  socially  between  smiths  and  surgeons ; 
but  in  the  middle  ages,  when  defensive  armour  was  worn,  the 
smith  stood  high  amongst  craftsmen. 

About  a  thousand  years  ago  it  became  the  practice  in  Ireland 
to  adopt  medicine  as  a  hereditary  profession.  After  a  time  it 
became  a  custom  for  certain  families  to  provide  from  amongst 
themselves  physicians  to  treat  the  members  of  other  and  generally 
more  distinguished  families — for  example,  the  O'Lees  were  here- 
ditary physicians  to  the  O 'Flaherties  of  Galway,  the  O'Hickeys 
to  the  O'Briens  of  Thomond,  the  O'Sheils  to  the  Mahonys  of  Oriel, 
and  so  on. 

A  family  of  physicians  named  O'Callenan  migrated  from  Galway 
to  the  county  of  Cork,  where,  according  to  Surgeon  Silvester 
O'Halloran,  they  became  so  celebrated  as  physicians  that  down 
to  the  middle  of  the  last  century  it  was  a  common  saying  in 
reference  to  a  supposed  incurable  case — "  Ni  leighbis  jiobd  Cal- 
lenan  seine" — "even  an  O'Callenan  could  not  cure  him." 

The  learned  Dr.  O'Donovan  states  that  the  celebrated  astro- 
nomer, Halley,  was  descended  from  the  O'Halghaiths,  a  family  of 
hereditary  physicians. 

Of  the  skill  of  the  Irish  physicians  Professor  Van  Helmont, 
who  visited  Ireland,  says : — "  The  Irish  are  better  managed  in  their 
sickness  than  the  Italians,  who  have  a  physician  in  every  village."* 

The  disturbed  condition  of  Ireland  during  the  greater  part  of 
the  sixteenth,  seventeenth,  and  even  the  eighteenth  centuries 
greatly  retarded  and  often  arrested  the  progress  of  medical  know- 
ledge. There  was  little  to  encourage  men  of  ability  to  study  or 
practise  medicine  in  Ireland.  The  population  was  small  and  poor. 
There  were,  outside  Dublin,  no  very  large  towns.  Encourage- 
ment of  learning  and  scientific  research  was  almost  wholly  wanting. 

*  Confessio  Authoris  (page  13).    Anisteloedami.  1649. 


KAHLIEST  IRISH  MEDICAL  WORKS. 


5 


Literally  there  was  but  one  seat  of  learning  in  the  country — 
namely,  Trinity  College,  which,  however,  did  but  little  to  advance 
the  intei'ests  of  medicine  until  recent  times.  It  is  not  to  be 
wondered  at,  then,  that  Ireland  is  poor  in  medical  literature  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  and  that  in  the  eighteenth  century  she 
occupied  a  position  relatively  inferior  to  that  of  many  other 
countries  of  equal  size,  but  more  favourably  circumstanced. 

There  were  very  few  books  published  in  Ireland  during  the 
sixteenth  century.  Dr.  Rutty,  writing  in  the  middle  of  the  last 
century  to  an  inquiring  friend,  says  that  he  believes  there  were 
no  books  printed  in  Ireland  during  that  century ;  but  in  this 
surmise  he  was  mistaken,  as  at  least  two  or  three  devotional  books 
were  printed  in  Dublin  before  the  seventeenth  century.  It  is 
unlikely  that  any  medical  literature  existed  in  print  at  that  time. 
In  Harris's  edition  of  Sir  James  Ware's  work  on  "  The  Writers  of 
Ireland  "  it  is  stated  (Book  I.,  page  94)  that  Nicholas  Stanishurst, 
who  died  in  1554,  wrote  a  treatise  entitled  "  Dieta  Medicorum." 
I  have  not  been  able  to  discover  this  treatise  in  any  of  the 
libraries  or  book  catalogues  which  I  have  searched ;  it  was 
probably  published  in  Holland.  There  is  reason  to  believe 
that  the  first  medical  work  by  an  Irish  author  which  appeared  in 
type  was  Dr.  Theobald  Anguilbert's  "  Mensa  Philosophica,"  pub- 
lished in  Paris  in  1530  by  J.  de  Hursy.  Its  contents  are  chiefly 
table-talk  and  small  witticisms,  and  it  is  almost  undeserving  of  the 
title  of  a  medical  work.  This  author  was  educated  abroad  and 
practised  in  France. 

Dr.  Thady,  or  Thadeus  Dun,  an  Irishman,  practised  in  Locarno, 
in  Switzerland.  He  published,  in  1591,  his  "  Epistolse  Medicinales," 
which,  in  1619,  was  followed  by  a  larger  work,  entitled  "  De  Morbis 
Mulieribus."  Dun  was  probably  the  first  to  suggest  the  use  of 
the  warm  bath  in  tedious  labour. 

In  the  following  pages  I  shall  give  a  list  of  the  medical  works 
published  in  Ireland  up  to  the  year  1800,  and  I  have  reason  to 
believe  that  it  will  be  found  as  nearly  as  possible  a  complete  Irish 
medical  bibliography  for  that  period.  A  few  references  to  the 
works  of  Irish  physicians  published  in  other  countries  will  be  given. 


6  THE  O'MEARAS  AND  o'GLACAN. 

In  1619  Dr.  Dermod  O'Meara  published  in  Dublin  a  duodecimo 
work,  entitled  "  Pathologia  Hereditaria  Generalis,"  which,  I 
believe,  was  the  first  work  of  the  kind  printed  in  Dublin.  It 
must  have  been  considered  a  respectable  production,  seeing  that  it 
was  reprinted  in  London,  in  1665,  and  in  Amsterdam  in  1666. 
Edmund,  son  of  O'Meara,  graduated  in  Oxford,  and  received  an 
honorary  degree  from  the  London  College  of  Physicians.  Some 
of  his  works  were  published  in  London  in  1665.  Three  genera- 
tions of  O'Mearas  practised  in  Ireland  and  London. 

A  famous  Irish  physician  of  this  century,  Dr.  Neil  O'Glacan — 
better  known  upon  the  Continent  as  Nellanus  Glacanus — was  born 
in  the  county  of  Donegal  about  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
He  received  his  medical  education  abroad,  and  filled  in  succession 
the  Chairs  of  Physic  at  the  Universities  of  Toulouse  and  Bologna. 
At  that  time  those  Universities,  especially  that  of  Bologna,  were 
the  seats  of  important  schools  of  medicine.  He  was  a  physician 
and  privy  councillor  to  the  King  of  France.  His  chief  works 
are  "  Tractatus  de  Peste"  (1629)  and  «  Cnrsus  Medicus"  (1655). 
That  O'Glacan  was  held  in  high  esteem  by  his  contemporaries  is 
evident  from  the  eulogistic  poem  referring  to  him,  composed  by 
Peter  von  Adrian  Brocke,  Professor  of  Eloquence  at  Lucca.  It 
has  been  translated  by  Harrison,  and  commences  as  follows : — 

"  Hoc  Glacan  nostra  Glacan  celeberrimus  arte." 

"  With  healing  art  he  arms  us  to  repel 
Dire  troops  of  agues  and  of  fevers  fell. 
Whatever  ills  the  patient  may  endure, 
Known,  or  unknown,  unerring  is  his  cure. 
Nor  more  instructions  from  my  muse  inquire, 
The  sons  of  science  him  alone  admire. 
His  works  all  Gallia  with  attention  reads. 
Sucks  in  his  knowledge  and  reveres  his  deeds. 
Hence  Belgia  smitten  with  his  art  divine, 
Far  distant  Spain,  and  thou  who  drink'st  the  vine  ; 
Hence  Italy  with  ample  presents  sued 
The  sage  when  absent,  and  with  honors  woo'd. 
Bononia,  now,  with  skill-imbibing  ears, 
Devours  his  lectures,  and  applauding  hears, 
While  he  unlocks  the  healthy  mystic  stores 
Of  princely  Galen,  and  his  path  explores. 
His  country,  blest  in  such  a  son,  may  boast ; 
And  this  be  thine  Ultonia's  ancient  coast." 


DOCTORS  O'CONNOR,  BOATE,  AND  STEARNE. 


7 


Dr.  Bernard  O'Connor,  a  native  of  Kerry,  was  physician  to  the 
celebrated  John  Sobieski,  King  of  Poland.  O'Connor  received  his 
medical  education  at  Montpelier  (then  and  long  after  a  celebrated 
seat  of  medical  learning).  He  proceeded  to  Paris,  where  he  was 
admitted  professionally  to  the  Royal  Chambers,  and  thereupon 
added  to  his  titles — e  Regid  Camera  Parisiensis  Societate.  He 
passed  the  latter  portion  of  his  life  in  London,  and  died  there  in 
1698,  at  the  early  age  of  thirty-two.  He  wrote  the  treatises 
"  De  Humane  Hypogastri  Sarco  Matei,"  "  Dissertationes  Medico- 
Physics,"  and  "  Evangelium  Medici."  In  the  last-named  work 
he  advances  an  opinion  that  generation  may  be  effected  without 
actual  contact  of  the  sexes — an  opinion  verified  by  recent  experi- 
mental results. 

Two  Dutch  physicians,  Gerard  and  Arnold  Boate,  practising  in 
Ireland,  published  in  Dublin,  in  1641,  an  octavo  volume,  entitled 
"Philosophia  Naturales,"  in  which  they  criticised  the  system  of 
Aristotle.  In  1652  G.  Boate  published  in  London  (reprinted  in 
Dublin,  1726,  and  also  in  1755  by  G.  &  A.  Ewing)  a  "  Natural 
History  of  Ireland."  He  applauded  the  action  of  Parliament  in  pro- 
hibiting the  use  of  salmon  out  of  season,  and  attributed  the  leprosy 
prevalent  in  Ireland  to  the  consumption  of  that  unwholesome  food. 

In  1659  Dr.  John  Stearne  published  a  work  entitled  "DeMorte 
Dissertatio  in  qua  mottis  Natura  causae  mobilitas  remora?  et 
Kemedia  prohonuntur ;  acvariae  de  cadavere  et  anima  separata  con- 
troversial enodantur."  It  was  printed  in  Dublin  by  Win.  Bladen. 
A  second  edition,  published  in  1699,  consists  of  a  duodecimo  volume 
of  308  pages;  the  type  and  paper  are  of  excellent  quality,  as 
shown  in  the  copy  of  this  rare  work  preserved  in  the  Worth 
Library,  Dr.  Steevens'  Hospital,  Dublin.  Stearne  was  born  at 
Ardbraccan,  county  of  Meath,  in  1622.  He  was  educated  in 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  became  a  Senior  Fellow  thereof. 
He  was  the  first  President  of  the  Fraternity  of  Physicians,  Trinity 
Hall,  1665-7,  of  the  College  of  Physicians  in  Dublin,  1660-7,  and 
of  the  King  and  Queen's  College  of  Physicians,  1669.  He  died 
18th  November,  1669.  He  appears  to  have  studied  divinity  even 
more  ardently  than  medicine. 


8 


WORKS  OF  CONLY,  O'DWYER,  AND  WOLVERIDGE. 


Stearne  also  wrote  "Aphorisme  de  Felicitate,"  Dublin,  1654 
and  1656,  8vo;  "Animi  Medela,"  &c.  (a  very  long  title),  Dublin, 
1658,  8vo,  pp.  516  ;  and  several  other  works  having  little  relevancy 
to  medicine. 

In  1667  Cassin  Conly  published  a  duodecimo  volume  in  Dublin, 
entitled  "  Willisius  Male  Vindicatus  Sive  Medicus  Oxoniensis 
Mendacitatis  et  Inscitiaa  Detectus."  Willis  was  the  celebrated 
professor  of  medicine  at  Oxford,  and  Conly  was  a  native  of  the 
Queen's  County.  He  vindicated  Willis's  views  on  fever,  which 
had  been  assailed  by  Dermod  O'Meara. 

A  rare  and  curious  book  by  John  O'Dwyer,  evidently  an  Irish- 
man, giving  an  account  of  the  state  of  the  medical  profession  and 
complaining  of  the  intrusion  of  midwives  and  quacks,  has  the 
following  title  : — "Querela  Medica  se  Planctus  Medicinaa Moderns 
Status  Athore.  Ioanne  O'Dwyer,  Cassiliensi  Medicinal  Liccin- 
tiato  Vrbisque  Montensis  Medico  Pensionario.  Montibus  Ex 
Officina  JEgidii  V.    Havart.    Sub  Signo  Paradisi.  1686." 

In  the  British  Medical  Journal  for  1884  several  letters  appeared 
in  reference  to  a  work  on  Midwifery  by  Wolveridge,  said  to  be  the 
oldest  original  book  on  the  subject  by  an  English  author.  It  was 
stated  that  the  only  known  copy  in  existence  was  that  lately  in 
possession  of  Dr.  Fordyce  Baker,  of  New  York,  but  which  had  been 
taken  for  transcription  by  a  Frenchman,  who  subsequently  dis- 
appeared. It  was,  moreover,  alleged  that  the  book  was  published 
in  Dublin  in  1670.  It  has  since  been  ascertained  that  two  copies 
(one  imperfect)  of  this  rare  work  are  in  England — one  in  the 
Ratford  Library,  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  the  other  in  the  possession 
of  Dr.  Jardine,  Capel,  Surrey.  I  find  that  it  was  printed  in 
London,  not  in  Dublin,  in  the  year  1671.  The  author  practised  in 
Cork,  and  his  name  appears,  but  with  a  "  1 "  before  it,  in  Belcher's 
list  of  the  "Fraternity  of  Physicians,"  Trinity  Hall,  Dublin, 
established  in  1660.  I  find  the  name  James  Wolveridge,  M.D., 
1664,  in  Dr.  Todd's  roll  of  graduates  of  the  University  of 
Dublin. 

As  Wolveridge's  work  seems  to  be  regarded  with  so  much 
interest,  I  give  its  title  in  full: — "Speculum  Matricis;  or  the 


TEMPLE — PETTY — THE  PHILOSOPHICAL  SOCIETY. 


9 


Expert  Midwives'  Handmaid,  Catechistically  Composed,  by  James 
Wolveridge,  M.D.,  with  a  Copious  Alphabetical  Index,  written 
IVXta  Magnae  la  Del  sCrlptor,  Anno  Domini  1669,  Chrono- 
gramma  1669.  'Damnosa  quid  non  imminuit  dies'?  .ZEtas  paren- 
tum,  pejor  avis,  tulit,  nos  nequiores,  mox  daturos  progeniem 
vitiosiorem.' — Horat,  Lib.  3,  Carminum,  Ode  6.  London :  Printed 
by  E.  Okes ;  and  are  to  be  sold  by  Rowland  Reynolds,  at  the 
King's  Arms  in  the  Poultry.  1671."  The  book  contains  210 
pages  and  30  engravings.  Its  contents  are  in  the  form  of  a 
dialogue  between  a  doctor  and  a  midwife. 

In  1677  Sir  John  Temple  published  in  Dublin  a  work  on  the 
"Cure  of  the  Gout  by  Moxa."  This  substance  was,  up  to  the 
early  part  of  the  present  century,  a  favourite  remedy  for  the  gout. 
It  consisted  of  little  cylinders  made  from  a  species  of  night-wort. 

Sir  William  Petty,  M.D.,  an  Englishman  (born  May  26,  1623, 
died  December  16,  1687),  practised  for  some  time  in  Dublin,  and 
was  clerk  of  the  Privy  Council  and  one  of  the  surveyors  of  the 
country.  He  published  in  London,  in  1683  and  1687,  "  Observa- 
tions on  the  Bills  of  Mortality  of  Dublin  and  the  State  of  the 
City."    They  are  valuable  treatises. 

In  1683  the  Dublin  Philosophical  Society  was  founded  by 
William  Molyneux,  and  commenced  to  hold  meetings  in  a  house 
on  Cork-hill,  but  in  the  same  year  it  removed  to  the  house  of 
Mr.  Wetherel,  apothecary,  at  Crow's  Nest  (where  now  the 
Cecilia-street  School  of  Medicine  stands),  and  established  a  labora- 
tory, museum,  and  botanic  garden.  Amongst  its  thirty-nine 
members  in  1667  we  find  the  names  of  eleven  medical  men.  The 
Society's  meetings  were  discontinued  in  1686,  on  account  of  the 
troublous  state  of  the  times.  In  the  list  of  essays  on  subjects 
relating  to  medical  science  there  are  various  papers  on  human  and 
comparative  anatomy,  on  the  dissections  of  a  man  who  died  from 
consumption,  and  on  various  other  subjects,  by  Dr.  Allen  Mullin, 
or  Moulin ;  on  the  dissection  of  the  water  newt  and  other  sub- 
jects, by  W.  Molyneux;  on  consumption,  by  Sir  W.  Petty;  on 
hermaphrodism,  by  St.  George  Ashe  (Provost  of  T.C.D.);  on 
venous  and  arterial  blood,  and  on  the  dissection  of  a  bat,  &c,  by 


10 


DR.  ALLEN  MULLEN'S  RESEARCHES. 


R.  Bulkeley  ;  on  various  dissections  of  the  human  subject,  and  two 
on  the  stone,  by  Mr.  Patterson ;  on  hermaphrodism,  by  Dr. 
Willougby;  on  the  dissection  of  a  monstrous  child,  by  Dr. 
Houlaghan ;  on  De  Acido  et  Urinoso,  by  Dr.  Silvius.  There 
are  other  papers  of  minor  interest.  The  most  important  read 
before  this  Society  was  that  in  which  Mullin  described  the  vascu- 
larity of  the  lens  of  the  eye,  to  the  discovery  of  which  he  appears 
to  have  been  led  by  the  dissection  of  an  elephant.  Attempts  to 
revive  this  Society  were  made  in  1693  and  1707,  but  they  were  not 
successful,  and  the  papers  read  during  these  years  are  devoid  of 
medical  interest.  During  many  years  subsequent  to  the  extinction 
of  the  Philosophical  Society,  the  "  Philosophical  Transactions  "  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  London  were  the  chief  media  for  announcing 
to  the  world  the  facts  discovered  and  the  opinions  enunciated  by 
Irish  medical  men. 

Allen  Mullen,  or  Moulin,  was  one  of  the  most  original  of  the 
writers  whose  papers  were  read  before  the  Philosophical  Society- 
He  was  born  in  the  North  of  Ireland,  and  graduated*  in  medicine 
in  Dublin  University.  In  1686  he  removed  to  London,  and 
from  thence  went  with  Lord  Inchiquin  to  the  West  Indies.  His 
fate  was  a  sad  one.  Landing  at  Barbadoes,  he  fell  in  with  some 
bon  vivants,  who  induced  him  to  drink  too  much  of  the  "  wine  of 
the  countrv."  The  result  was  a  fever,  of  which  he  died.  Mullen 
"was  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  was  much  esteemed  in  his 
time.  He  made  an  anatomical  examination  of  an  elephant  that 
was  accidentally  burnt  to  death  in  Dublin,  and  with  such  accuracy 
that  his  descriptions  have  been  quoted  by  writers  down  to  the 
present  time.  His  work  was  published  in  a  small  volume  in  London 
in  1682.  The  "Philosophical  Transactions"  for  1685  (No.  174) 
contain  an  account  of  his  dissections  of  a  "  monstrous  double  cat." 
In  the  "Philosophical  Transactions"  for  1687  he  gave  a  close 
estimate  of  the  quantity  of  blood  contained  in  the  body,  and  he 
discovered  several  structures  in  the  tunics  of  the  eye,  as  acknow- 

*  In  Todd's  Roll  of  Graduates  the  name  Allen  Moylin  appears  as  M.B.  at  the  Spring 
Commencements  in  1679,  and  the  name  Alan  Mullin,  or  Allan  Moline,  appears  as  a 
B.A.  in  the  Spring,  1676,  and  an  M.D.,  Spring,  1784.  These  entries  no  doubt  refer 
to  the  one  person,  and  not  to  three  as  they  Beem  to  imply. 


SIR  WILLIAM  MOLYNEUX — HON.  ROBERT  BOYLE.  11 

ledged  by  Albert  Haller,  one  of  the  earlier  systematic  writers  on 
the  eye.    His  dissection  of  a  human  subject  is  also  recorded. 

The  founder  of  the  Philosophical  Society,  William  Molyneux, 
was  born  in  Dublin  in  1656,  and  died  in  that  city  October  11, 
1698.  He  graduated  in  Trinity  College,  and  became  a  barrister. 
He  wrote  a  paper  on  the  Microscopic  Examination  of  the  Blood 
and  on  the  Lacerta  Aquatica.*  His  younger  brother  Thomas 
was  born  in  Dublin,  educated  in  its  University,  and  studied 
subsequently  at  Leyden.  He  held  the  offices  of  President  of  the 
College  of  Physicians,  Professor  of  Physic  in  the  University, 
State  Physician,  and  Physician-General.  In  1730  he  was  created 
a  baronet  (being  the  first  medical  man  who  received  that  honour 
in  Ireland).  He  died  on  the  19th  October,  1733.  The  name  of 
Molyneux  is  illustrious  in  the  annals  of  Irish  medicine.  Arch- 
bishop King  said  of  him  that  he  was  "  the  most  eminent  physician 
in  this  kingdom,  yet  not  more  remarkable  for  his  skill  in  his  art 
than  for  his  piety  and  virtue."  Distinguished  for  the  variety  of 
his  talents  and  the  extent  of  his  erudition,  he  has  been  termed 
the  "  father  of  Irish  medicine,"  and  is  equally  deserving  of  the 
title  of  the  father  of  Irish  archaeology.  The  extent  of  his  classical 
learning  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact  of  the  Royal  Society 
publishing  his  explanation  of  an  obscure  passage  in  one  of  Horace's 
Odes.  The  more  purely  medical  writings  of  Molyneux  were  as 
follows  : — On  stone  in  the  bladder,  epidemic  influenza,  and  the  short 
fever  of  1688.  He  described  the  Irish  elk,  the  Irish  greyhound, 
the  aphrodite,  and  the  Connaught  locust.  He  also  wrote  a  paper 
on  the  vesiculse  seminales.    His  botanical  essays  were  numerous. 

The  Honourable  Robert  Boyle,  who  was  facetiously  styled  the 
"father  of  chemistry  and  son  of  the  Earl  of  Cork,"  published 
several  papers  relating  to  matters  of  medical  interest  in  the 
"Philosophical  Transactions"  from  1665  to  1690.  It  is  remark- 
able that  he  noticed  the  evolution  of  ammonia  ("  alkaline  spirit") 
from  the  blood,  and  he  considered  that  the  fluidity  of  the  blood 
was  due  to  its  alkalinity — a  theory  revived  lately  by  Dr.  Benjamin 
Richardson,  F.R.S. 

*  Phil.  Trans.    Vol.  IV.,  p.  177. 


12 


VALENTINE  GREATRAKES — BELLON — ALLEN. 


Valentine  Greatrakes,  a  country  gentleman,  born  in  the  county 
of  Waterford  in  1628,  created  a  great  sensation  by  bis  reputed 
power  of  healing  disease,  especially  the  king's  evil,  by  stroking  the 
affected  parts.  He  was  sent  for  by  members  of  the  royal  family, 
and  his  operations  were  performed  before  the  Royal  Society. 
Many  of  the  most  eminent  scientific  men  of  the  day  testified  to 
the  wonderful  cures  which  he  effected — amongst  others,  Robert 
Boyle,  the  author  of  the  Sceptical  Chemist. 

A  Dutch  physician  named  Bellon  was  the  author  of  "  The 
Irish  Spa :  being  a  Short  Discourse  on  Mineral  Waters ;  with  a 
way  of  improving  by  art  weakly  impregnated  Mineral  Waters, 
and  brief  account  of  the  Mineral  Water  at  Chappel  Izod,  near 
Dublin,  &c.  By  P.  Bellon,  Doctor  in  Physick.  Dublin  :  Printed 
by  J.  R.  for  M.  Gunne,  at  the  Bible  and  Crown  in  Castle-street, 
and  Nath.  Tarrant,  at  the  King's  Arms,  Castle-street.  1684." 
8vo.  Pp.76.  Bellon's  book  is  not  worth  much,  but  it  is  interesting 
as  an  example  of  Dublin  printing  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
The  Worth  Library  in  Steevens'  Hospital  is  the  only  one  in  Ireland 
which  contains  a  copy  of  Bellon's  book.  Another  copy  is  in  the 
library  of  the  London  College  of  Surgeons. 

Charles  Allen,  who  styles  himself  Professor  of  the  Teeth,  wrote 
a  treatise  entitled  "  The  Operation  for  the  Teeth,  showing  how  to 
Preserve  the  Teeth  and  Gums  from  all  Accidents,  &c,  as  also  the 
Description  and  Use  of  the  Pollican,  &c,  &c."  This  book  was 
printed  in  1686  by  Andrew  Crook  and  Samuel  Helsham  for 
Robert  Thornton,  bookseller,  at  the  "  Leather  Bottel,"  Skinner 's- 
row,  Dublin.  It  comprises  60  quarto  pages,  and  is  dedicated  to 
the  "  most  honourable  and  truly  learned  the  physitians,  chirugeons, 
and  apothecaries  of  the  city  of  Dublin."  The  book  bears  the 
imprimatur  of  the  Archbishop  of  Dublin.  The  author  states  that 
he  may  be  consulted  at  the  Smiths'  Arms  in  Essex-street,  where 
he  lodges. 

Allen  also  published  a  treatise — a  quarto  volume — in  Dublin,  in 
1686,  entitled  "A  Physical  Discourse,  wherein  the  Reason  of  the 
Beating  of  the  Pulse  or  Pulsation  of  the  Arteries,  together  with 
those  of  the  Circulation  of  the  Blood,  are  mechanically  explained." 


PHILIPS — PRATT — JONES — SIR  HANS  SLOANE. 


13 


George  Philips,  a  gentleman  of  the  county  of  Londonderry, 
published  in  London,  in  1691,  "A  Problem  concerning  the 
Gout."  8vo. 

Joseph  Pratt,  M.D.,  who  studied  at  Ley  den  and  practised  in 
Dublin,  published  in  the  former  city,  in  1692,  a  quarto  volume 
containing  his  inaugural  address.  He  dedicated  it  to  his  father 
and  to  the  Bishop  of  Meath.    Leprosy  was  Pratt's  theme. 

In  1697  an  inaugural  dissertation,  read  before  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  by  John  Jones,  M.D.,  was  published  in  Dublin.  It  was 
entitled  "  Speciatim  Vero  de  Dysenteria  Hibernica." 

The  celebrated  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  successor  to  Newton  in  the 
Presidency  of  the  Royal  Society  and  President  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians,  London,  we  can  claim  as  an  Irishman. 
He  was  born  at  Killyleagh,  county  of  Down,  16th  April,  1660, 
and  studied  medicine  in  Paris  and  London.  He  was  created  a 
baronet  and  appointed  physician  to  the  king.  Sloane  died  at  the 
age  of  ninety-two.  He  published  many  valuable  papers,  and  his 
great  work  on  the  "  Natural  History  of  Jamaica"  was  the  means  of 
introducing  many  useful  drugs  into  the  Pharmacopoeia. 


CHAPTER  IT. 


MEDICAL  BIBLIOGRAPHY  IN  IRELAND  DURING  THE  EIGHTEENTH 

CENTURY. 

Very  few  works  relating  to  medicine  proper  or  its  correlated 
sciences  were  published  in  Ireland  during  the  first  quarter  of  this 
century,  but  after  that  period  a  year  seldom  elapsed  without  the 
issue  of  one  or  more  books  relating  to  medicine.  Many  of  them 
were  reprints  of  the  works  of  English  or  foreign  authors.  In  the 
last  century  there  was  no  copyright  law  common  to  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland ;  hence  it  was  a  common  practice  to  reprint  valuable 
books  immediately  after  their  publication  in  England.  To  protect 
themselves  against  this  smart  practice,  English  authors  occasionally 
published  their  works  in  Dublin,  or  brought  them  out  simul- 
taneously in  London  and  Dublin.  Erasmus  Darwin  (grandfather 
of  a  greater  Darwin),  for  instance,  published  his  great  work  on 
the  laws  of  organic  life  simultaneously  in  England  and  Ireland 

In  1701  John  Purcell,  M.D.,  Dublin,  published  in  London  a 
curious  book  on  Hysteria,  which  was  reprinted  in  Dublin  in  1703. 
He  also  published  in  London,  in  1702,  a  treatise  on  the  Colic, 
which  passed  through  several  editions,  and  so  late  as  1772  was 
translated  into  German  at  Naarden. 

In  1710  Sir  Thomas  Molyneux  brought  under  the  notice  of  the 
Royal  Society  a  case  of  the  extraction  of  a  bodkin  from  the  female 
bladder.  The  operator  was  Thomas  Proby,  chirurgeon-general, 
ancestor  of  the  Earls  of  Carysfort,  County  of  Wicklow.  The 
Royal  Military  Hospital,  Phoenix  Park,  stands  on  the  site  of 
Proby's  house.  He  was  deprived  of  it  by  the  Lord  Lieutenant, 
the  Earl  of  Wharton,  for  which  the  latter  received  a  severe  casti- 
gation  from  Dean  Swift,  in  his  "  Short  Character  of  Thomas  Earl 
of  Wharton." 


PRECEDENCE  OF  MEDICAL  MEN. 


15 


In  1720  a  book  by  an  anonymous  author  was  published  by  John 
Hyde,  Dublin,  8vo,  30  pages.  The  author  claims  precedence  for 
a  doctor  of  physic  over  a  doctor  of  laws,  for  a  surgeon  over  an 
advocate,  and  for  an  apothecary  over  a  proctor. 

Up  to  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century  it  was  usual  to 
write  "Esquire"  after  the  names  of  physicians,  and  to  put  the 
more  humble  prefix  of  "Mr."  to  surgeons  and  apothecaries.  For 
example,  in  1785,  we  find  the  officers  of  St.  Patrick's  (commonly 
called  Swift's)  Hospital  described  as  follows : — Physician,  Robert 
Emmet,  Esq.,  State  Physician;  Surgeon,  Mr.  John  Whiteway; 
Apothecary,  Mr.  Edward  Pannel ;  Receiver  of  the  rents,  Charles 
Hamilton,  Esq. 

So  long  as  Samuel  Croker  King  was  merely  Surgeon  to  Dr. 
Steevens'  Hospital  he  was  plain  Mr.  King,  but  when  he  became  a 
Governor  of  the  Institution  he  was  soon  promoted  to  the  dignity  of 
the  squirearchy.  Shortly  after  the  foundation  of  the  College  of 
Surgeons  the  surgeons  began  to  drop  the  prefix  "Mr.,"  but  did 
not,  in  connexion  with  institutions  at  least,  assume  the  affix  of 
"  Esquire."  The  first  institution  in  Dublin  of  which  the  surgeons 
were  honoured  with  the  title  of  "Esquire"  in  connexion  with  their 
official  designation  was  the  Government  Lock  Hospital,  established 
in  1792.  Early  in  the  present  century  all  the  surgeons  to  the 
Dublin  hospitals  were  dubbed  "Esquire,"  but  the  apothecaries  and 
dentists  were  still  styled  "Mr."  They,  too,  will  soon  become 
"Esquire" — in  fact,  in  one  hospital  that  affix  is  now  attached  to 
the  name  of  the  apothecary.  The  Irish  surgeon  still,  as  a  rule, 
puts  "Mr.  So-and-so"  on  his  visiting  cai'd,  but  he  would  justly 
feel  offended  if,  in  addressing  a  letter  to  him,  he  were  styled 
"Mr."  on  the  superscription. 

In  former  times  physicians,  as  a  rule,  were  graduates  of  Univer- 
sities, whilst  surgeons  learnt  their  art  just  as  the  goldsmith  or  the 
tailor  did — namely,  by  an  apprenticeship  to  a  master ;  hence  the 
surgeons  were  classed  with  the  higher  ranks  of  tradesmen  and  the 
physicians  with  the  members  of  the  liberal  professions.  This  is 
the  reason  why  surgeons  did  not  receive  until  after  their  incor- 
poration into  a  Royal  College  the  title  of  "  Esquire."    The  College 


16 


MEDICAL  WORKS  PUBLISHED  IN  1721-1725. 


of  Physicians  has  precedence  of  the  College  of  Sui'geons,  though 
surgery  is  probably  the  most  ancient  branch  of  the  healing  art. 
From  the  account  which  Homer  has  given  of  the  sons  of  Esculapius 
acting  as  surgeons  to  the  Greek  army,  Celsus  infers  that  surgery 
is  the  earliest  department  of  the  healing  art.  These  surgeons 
were  not  employed  in  treating  diseases  or  combating  the  plagues, 
but  solely  in  the  healing  of  wounds  by  incisions  and  local 
applications. 

An  Essay  on  the  Plague,  &c.  By  Richard  Boulton,  M.D. 
Dublin  :  1721.  12mo.  Pp.  43.  |He  endeavours  to  account  for 
the  plague,  and  gives  advice  with  regard  to  its  prevention. 

The  Late  Dreadful  Plague  at  Marseilles.  Dublin :  Thomas 
Hume,  Smock-alley.    1721.    (A  reprint.) 

An  Essay  on  the  Gout.  By  George  Cheyne,  M.D.  Dublin : 
G.  Grierson,  at  the  Two  Bibles  in  Essex-street.  1721.  8vo. 
Pp.  80.    (A  reprint.) 

A  Collection  of  Essays  on  Inoculation,  with  Introduction.  By 
Dr.  D.  Cumyng.  Dublin :  Grierson,  Essex-street.  1722.  8vo. 
Pp.  48. 

An  Account  of  the  Success  of  Inoculating  the  Smallpox.  By 
John Nettleton,  M.D.  Dublin :  G.  Grierson.  1722.  8vo.  Pp.72. 

An  Account  of  Inoculation  of  Smallpox  in  the  North  of  Eng- 
land.   By  Benjamin  Colman.    Dublin.    1722.  8vo. 

In  1722  Surgeon  Peter  Derante,  of  Waterford,  published  an 
account  of  the  amputation  of  the  shoulder-joint  by  the  sloughing 
of  a  portion  of  the  scapula  and  head  of  the  femur. 

An  Historical  Introduction  to  the  Inoculation  of  Smallpox.  By 
Daniel  Neale.    Dublin ;  G.  Grierson.    1722.  8vo. 

An  Essay  on  the  Water  and  Air  of  Ballyspillan  (Johnstown), 
Co.  Kilkenny.  By  John  Burges,  M.D.  1725.  This  spa  was 
described  by  Dr.  Taaffe  in  1724. 

Some  Remarks  on  a  Bill  for  regulating  the  Practice  of  Physick, 
Surgery,  and  Pharmacy.  Dublin.  1725.  No  author's  or  printer's 
name  appears  on  this  pamphlet.  The  bill  referred  to  proposed  to 
restrain  surgeons  and  apothecaries  from  giving  internal  remedies. 

Bryan  Robinson  graduated  in  medicine  in  the  University  of 


bryan  robinson's  works. 


17 


Dublin  in  1707,  and  subsequently  became  Professor  of  Physic  in 
T.C.D.,  and  President  of  the  College  of  Physicians  in  1718  and 
1739.  He  died  in  1754.  Portraits  of  him  are  preserved  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  in  the  Provost's  House,  T.C.D.  He 
was  highly  appreciated  in  his  time.  Robinson  was  the  author  of 
the  following  works  : — 

Case  of  Five  Children  who  were  Inoculated  in  Dublin  by  Small- 
pox. Dublin:  George  Grierson,  Essex-street.  1725.  8vo.  Pp.  8. 
All  the  children  became  very  ill  and  two  died. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Animal  ^Economy.  Dublin.  1732.  A 
second  edition,  consisting  of  338  pages,  appeared  in  1734. 

An  Answer  to  Dr.  Morgan's  Strictures  on  the  Animal  Economy. 
Dublin.    1735.  8vo. 

A  Dissertation  on  the  -/Ether  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton.  Dublin. 
1743.    8vo.    Pp.  144. 

A  Dissertation  on  the  Food  and  Discharges  of  the  Human 
Body.    Dublin  :  Printed  by  S.  Powell.    1747.    8vo.    Pp.  120. 

Observations  on  the  Operations  and  Virtues  of  Medicine. 
Dublin:  Ewings,  Dame-street ;  Smith,  Dame-street ;  and  Faulkner, 
Essex-street.    1752.    8vo.  Pp.216. 

A  Continuation  of  the  Treatise  on  the  Animal  ^Economy. 
Dublin.    8vo.    Pp.  491. 

Robinson's  work  on  the  Animal  .^Economy  was  a  remarkable 
one  for  its  day.  He  was  an  ardent  admirer  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton, 
and  endeavoured  to  account  for  animal  motions  and  even  the 
rational  treatment  of  diseases  on  Newtonian  principles.  In  modern 
times  it  has  been  demonstrated  that  muscular  power  is  only  one 
of  the  many  phases  of  force  or  motion.  Heat  is  convertible  into 
light,  light  into  magnetism,  magnetism  into  electricity,  and  so  on. 
Animal  motive  power,  including  those  movements  of  the  heart, 
blood,  &c,  which  are  inseparable  from  vitality,  are  derived  from 
the  force  or  energy  stored  up  in  food. 

Under  the  influence  of  the  mysterious  forces  which  have  their 
abiding  place  in  the  sunbeam,  plants  decompose  mineral  inert  sub- 
stances, such  as  water,  nitric  acid,  and  cai'bonic  acid,  and  convert 
them  into  organic  bodies,  such  as  oil,  sugar,  cellulose,  albumen,  &c. 

c 


18  SMITH,  CHEYNE,  AND  THRELKELD's  WORKS. 

These  substances  are  reservoirs  of  force  or  energy  derived 
from  the  great  fountain  of  force — the  sun.  When  they  are  dis- 
organised in  the  bodies  of  animals,  or  consumed  as  fuel  beneath 
the  boilers  of  a  locomotive,  heat  and  motive  power  are  set  free. 
Robinson  attributes  to  the  vibrations  of  an  ethereal  fluid  per- 
vading the  animal  body  (as  it  permeates  all  kinds  of  matter)  the 
production  of  animal  or  muscular  power.  The  theoiy  is  essentially 
the  same  with  modern  views  as  to  the  production  of  muscular  force. 
A  still  more  recent  one  is  that  which  assumes  animal  motive  power 
and  all  telluric  phenomena  to  be  caused  by  vortices  in  the  aether. 
According  to  this  theory  matter  is  merely  movement  in  the  aether. 
Robinson  would  have  appreciated  these  transcendental  doctrines. 

The  chapter  on  respiration  is  a  remarkable  one.  He  speaks 
in  it  of  a  certain  portion  of  the  air,  which  he  calls  the  acid 
part,  mixing  with  the  blood  in  the  lungs  and  being  essential  to 
life.  Oxygen  was  not  discovered  until  thirty-one  years  after  the 
appearance  of  Robinson's  book. 

The  Curiosities  of  Common  Water ;  or  the  advantages  thereof 
in  preventing  and  curing  many  diseases.  By  John  Smith,  CM* 
Dublin:  Gr.  Ewing,  Dame-street.  1725.  8vo.  The  fourth  edition 
of  this  work  was  published  in  London,  1723.  It  is  interesting  as 
a  very  early  work  on  •hydropathy. 

Remarks  on  Dr.  Cheyne's  Essay  on  Health.  By  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society.  3rd  Edition.  Dublin :  W.  Smith,  at  the 
Dutchess's  Head,  Dame-street.    1725.    Pp.  35.    (A  reprint.) 

An  Account  of  the  Royal  Hospital  of  Charles  n.,  near  Dublin, 
for  relief  of  the  Maimed  of  the  Army  of  Ireland.  By  Richard 
Colley.    Dublin.    1725.  12mo. 

Synopsis  Stirpium  Hiberniearum  Alphabetica  Dispositarum  sive 
Commentatio  de  Plantis  Indigenis  praesertius  Dublinensibus  insti- 
tuta.  By  Caleb  Threlkeld,  M.D.  Dublin :  F.  Davy,  Ross-lane. 
1726.  8vo.  In  this  book  the  names  of  535  species  of  plants, 
mostly  of  those  growing  spontaneously  in  the  county  of  Dublin, 
are  given  in  Latin,  English,  and  Irish.  The  properties  of  the 
plants  are  described,  and  there  is  an  appendix  of  60  pages,  con- 

*  Master  of  Chirurgery — a  diploma  conferred  by  the  Preach  Academy  of  Surgery. 


SIR  EDWARD  BARRY. 


19 


taining  original  observations  upon  plants  by  Dr.  W.  Molyneux. 
Threlkeld's  book  abounds  in  quaint  aphorisms  and  remarks,  more 
frequently  moral  or  political  than  botanical  or  medical.  This  work 
was  the  first  of  the  kind  printed  in  Ireland.  The  author,  a  botanist 
of  some  eminence,  was  born  in  Cumberland  in  1676.  He  was  first 
a  dissenting  clergyman,  but  subsequently  graduated  in  medicine  in 
Edinburgh  about  1712,  and  settled  in  Dublin,  where  he  soon 
attained  to  a  good  position  as  a  practitioner.  He  died  in  Mark's- 
alley  on  the  28th  April,  1728. 

Inoculating  the  Smallpox.  By  John  Smyth.  Dublin.  12 mo. 
It  bears  no  date,  but  it  was  published  before  1730,  as  the  volume 
is  contained  in  the  Worth  Library,  which  was  formed  previous  to 
that  year. 

One  of  the  most  distinguished  of  the  Irish  medical  writers  of 
the  last  century  was  Sir  Edward  Barry,  Bart.  Having  studied 
under  Boerhaave  at  Leyden,  he  graduated  in  medicine  in  the 
University  of  that  city.  He  took  the  degree  of  A.B.  in  1717, 
and  of  M.B.  and  M.D.  in  1740,  in  the  University  of  Dublin,  and 
on  the  22nd  July  of  the  latter  year  was  made  a  Member  of  the 
College  of  Physicians,  of  which  he  became  President  in  1749.  He 
was  Regius  Professor  of  Physic  in  Trinity  College,  1754-1761,  and 
served  the  office  of  Physician-General  to  *the  King's  Forces  in 
Ireland.  In  1762  he  removed  to  London,  and  subsequently  spent 
some  time  abroad.  He  was  created  a  baronet  on  the  6th  July, 
1775,  and  died  at  Bath,  29th  March,  1776.  His  son,  Nathaniel, 
was  President  of  the  College  of  Physicians  during  his  father's 
lifetime.  In  the  annals  of  the  College  he  affords  the  only  instance 
of  a  son  of  a  President  succeeding  his  father  during  the  lifetime 
of  the  latter.  The  baronetcy  became  extinct  a  few  years  ago. 
Barry  wrote  the  following  works  : — 

A  Treatise  on  Consumption  of  the  Lungs.  George  Grierson, 
Essex-street,  Dublin.  1726.  8vo.  Pp.  228.  In  the  preface  to 
this  scholarly  production  he  spells  his  name  Berry,  but  on  the 
title  -page  the  spelling  is  Barry.  In  those  days  they  were  not 
particular  in  the  orthography  of  men's  names.  The  book  is  dated 
"Corke,  1725."    In  1727  he  published  a  Treatise  on  Consumption 


20 


SIR  EDWARD  BARRY'S  WORKS. 


of  the  Lungs,  "  with  a  previous  account  of  nutrition  and  the 
structure  and  use  of  the  Lungs."    8vo.    Pp.  276. 

Barry  states  that  under  certain  conditions  consumption  is  con- 
tagious, but  that  unlike  the  acute  fevers  its  infective  action  is 
slow.  He  refers  to  a  theory  of  the  causation  of  the  disease,  which 
is  essentially  the  same  as  that  lately  advanced  by  Koch  and  others. 
Quoting  from  Martin's  book  on  consumption,  page  57  et  seq.,  he 
says: — "Ulcers  in  the  lungs,  when  narrowly  viewed  with  micro- 
scopes, are  covered  with  several  insects,  and  from  thence  concludes 
that  they  take  their  first  origene  from  such  animalcules,  which,  being 
inspired  with  the  air,  fix  their  situation  on  the  lungs  and  erode  and 
ulcerate  their  vessels."  Barry  rejects  this  hypothesis  on  the 
ground  that  the  atmosphere  teams  with  minute  organisms  which 
enter  the  body,  but  have  no  permanent  abiding  place  therein, 
unless  in  disorganised  structures  incapable  of  resisting  their  attack. 
What  were  the  "  animalcules  "  seen  by  Martin  ?  They  were 
probably  not  the  bacilli  of  tuberculosis,  as  tissue-staining  was 
unknown  160  years  ago. 

Barry's  other  works  were  published  in  London ;  they  comprise 
a  Treatise  on  the  Digestions,  &c,  of  the  Body,  1759,  8vo,  pp.  434 
(it  reached  a  second  edition  in  1763),  and  (in  1775)  a  large  work 
on  Wines  and  Medicinal  Waters,  containing  numerous  illustrations, 
and  embracing  479  large  octavo  pages. 

Medicina  Vindicata,  or  Eeflections  on  Bleeding,  Vomiting,  and 
Purging  in  the  beginning  of  Fevers,  Smallpox,  Pleurisies,  and 
other  Acute  Diseases.  Dublin:  Gr.  Grierson.  1727.  8vo.  Pp. 
56.  This  little  volume  was  published  anonymously,  but  its  author 
was  Dr.  Humphrey  Markwell,  a  Dublin  practitioner.  He  con- 
demns the  practice  of  indiscriminate  venesection  which  prevailed 
in  his  days,  and  considers  that  it  would  be  desirable  to  render 
blood-letting  in  smallpox  a  penal  offence  unless  when  performed 
under  medical  direction.  Although  the  author  avoids  offending  the 
faculty  by  directly  charging  them  with  being  too  free  in  the  use  of 
the  lancet,  it  is  evident  that  phlebotomy,  as  usually  practised  by 
either  regular  medical  men  or  unqualified  persons,  is  not  approved 
of  by  him.    That  blood  was  shed  freely  by  the  lancet  a  century 


BLEEDING. — DR.  MARKWELL's  WORKS. 


21 


after  Markwell  wrote  may  be  inferred  from  the  following  obituary 
notice  which  appeared  in  the  ordinary  place  for  such  announce- 
ments in  Saunders's  News- Letter,  Dublin,  October  22,  1822: — 

"  After  an  illness  of  ten  years'  duration,  during  which  she  was 
bled  upwards  of  500  times,  Mary,  only  daughter  of  William 
Moore,  Esq.,  of  Grimeshill,  near  Kirkby,  Lonsdale.'' 

In  the  last  century  it  was  a  common  practice  to  bleed  daily 
during  the  first  two  or  three  days  of  an  illness,  notwithstanding 
that  the  pulse  was  soft  and  the  character  of  the  disease  asthenic. 
Truly  did  Ward  say  in  his  "  Diary "  that  "  physicians  make 
bleeding  as  the  overture  to  the  play." 

Madame  de  Sevigne,  in  her  charming  "  Letters,"  writes  of  the 
Chevalier  de  Grignan,  who  was  seized  with  smallpox  of  the  most 
malignant  kind.  The  physicians  immediately  proceeded  to  their 
favourite  practice  of  blood-letting,  the  repetition  of  which,  in 
consequence  of  the  dreadful  aggravation  of  the  symptoms  which 
it  produced,  the  patient  endeavoured,  but  ineffectually,  to  resist. 
Having  been  depleted  eleven  times,  he  yielded  "  to  the  combined 
attack  of  the  doctors  and  the  disease,  and  expired  a  victim  to 
obstinacy  and  ignorance." 

Markwell  was  not  the  first  to  denounce  phlebotomy.  At  a 
remote  period  the  disciples  of  Pythagoras  and  Erasistratus  were 
averse  to  blood-letting — a  practice  which  appeal's  to  have  pre- 
vailed even  in  those  early  ages.  We  must  not,  however,  come  to 
the  conclusion  that  venesection  is  always  inadmissible ;  on  the 
contrary,  there  are  cases  recorded  in  which  the  prompt  removal 
of  a  few  ounces  of  blood  clearly  saved  the  patients'  lives. 

Medicina  Denudata.  By  Humphrey  Markwell,  M.D.  Pub- 
lished by  Watts,  Sycamore-alley,  Dublin.    1727.    8vo.    Pp.  37. 

Thomas  Rutty  was,  it  is  believed,  born  in  Wiltshire  on  the 
25th  December,  1697.  He  studied  at  Leyden  under  Boerhaave. 
In  1724  he  settled  in  Dublin,  and  practised  as  a  physician  with 
but  scant  success,  pecuniarily  at  least.  He  died  unmarried  in  his 
house,  Pill-kne,  corner  of  Mary's-abbey,  on  the  26th  April,  1775, 
and  his  remains  were  interred  in  the  Quakers'  burying  ground, 
where  now  the  College  of  Surgeons  stands.    He  was  a  simple- 


22 


THOMAS  RUTTY'S  WORKS. 


minded,  unworldly,  religious  man,  and  was  greatly  respected  by 
his  contemporaries.  He  was  a  voluminous  writer  on  chemistry, 
natural  history,  meteorology,  and  medicine.  The  following  are 
his  chief  works  : — 

In  1730  he  described  a  case  of  spina  bifida  in  the  "  Philo- 
sophical Transactions." 

An  Essay  towards  a  Natural,  Experimental,  and  Medicinal 
History  of  the  Mineral  Waters  of  Ireland,  &c.  Dublin.  1757. 
8vo.  Pp.  478.  It  was  published  by  subscription,  and  was  subse- 
quently produced  in  quarto  size. 

Analysis  of  Milk  and  the  different  Species  thereof.  Dublin. 
1762.  Pp.  19.  The  information  given  as  to  the  total  amount  of 
solids  in  cow's  milk  is  pretty  close  to  the  modern  determinations. 

The  Argument  of  Sulphur  or  no  Sulphur  in  Water  discussed,  &c. 
Dublin  :  Printed  by  Alexander  M'Cullah.  1762. 

A  Methodical  Synopsis  of  Mineral  Waters,  &c.  Dublin.  1762. 
Pp.  109. 

A  Chronological  History  of  the  Weather  and  Seasons,  and  of  the 
Prevailing  Diseases  in  Dublin,  &c.  Dublin.  1770.  8vo.  Pp.340. 
The  results  of  forty  years'  observations  are  recorded  in  this  most 
valuable  volume,  which  may  still  be  consulted  with  advantage. 

An  Essay  towards  the  Natural  History  of  the  County  of . 
Dublin,  &c.    2  vols.    Pp.  392  and  488.    Dublin:  Printed  by 
Slator,  Castle-street.    1772.    It  is  still  a  useful  work  for  reference. 

Putty  became  involved  in  a  discussion  with  the  celebrated 
Charles  Lucas  in  reference  to  his  statements  concerning  mineral 
waters.   Several  anonymous  pamphlets  appeared  on  the  subject. 

Putty's  Opus  Magnum,  the  result  of  forty  years'  labour,  was 
a  Materia  Medica  published  in  London  in  1775  and  shortly  after- 
wards in  Amsterdam.  It  contained  560  quarto  pages.  Being  in 
Latin — a  language  then  falling  into  disuse  in  medical  writings — 
this  work  did  not  prove  a  decided  success,  though  its  merits  were 
fully  acknowledged. 

Putty's  "  Spiritual  Diary  and  Soliloquies "  were  published  in 
London  in  1777,  and  a  second  edition  in  1796.  They  are  worth 
perusal. 


dr.  rutty's  researches — arbuthnot's  work.  23 


Rutty  seems  to  have  been  the  first  to  notice  the  presence  of  a 
sweet  principle  in  the  urine  of  persons  affected  with  diabetes. 
He  occasionally  attended  the  meetings  of  the  Royal  Society,  and 
at  one  of  them,  held  on  June  26th,  1731,  he  was  thanked  for 
reading  a  paper — the  joint  production  of  himself  and  Dr.  Thomas 
Madden — on  the  effects  of  laurel  water  on  human  beings  and 
dogs.  The  poisonous  effects  of  laurel  water  were  first  noticed 
about  this  time  in  Dublin,  where  several  persons  were  poisoned 
by  drinking  liqueur  which  contained  a  lai'ge  proportion  of  that 
ingredient. 

Rutty's  observations  on  the  effect  of  temperature  upon  disease 
showed  that,  in  Dublin,  inflammatory  diseases  of  the  throat  and 
lungs  were  most  rife  in  winter  and  spring,  measles  in  spring  and 
autumn,  ague  in  spring,  and  diarrhoea  and  dysentery  in  autumn. 
As  Rutty  was  not  a  dogmatist,  nor  a  theorist  unconsciously  shaping 
his  facts  so  as  to  suit  his  theory,  his  careful  and  voluminous 
accounts  of  the  fevers  of  his  day  are  well  worthy  of  the  study 
of  the  modern  epidemiologist.  In  his  treatise  on  the  "Urinary 
Ways,"  he  gives  figures  showing,  probably  for  the  first  time,  the 
distribution  of  arterial  branches  upon  the  anterior  surface  of  the 
kidney.  Baron  Haller  refers  to  Rutty's  figures  in  his  "  Pathological 
Observations." 

An  Essay  concerning  the  nature  of  Aliments,  &c.  By  John 
Arbuthnot,  M.D.  Dublin.  1731.  8vo.  Pp.  108.  This  book 
had  a  great  circulation  in  the  first  half  of  the  last  century.  The 
Dublin  edition  was  a  reprint  by  S.  Powell,  for  no  fewer  than  three 
booksellers,  all  having  their  shops  in  Dame-street.  They  were — 
George  Risk,  at  the  "  Shakespear's  Head;  "  George  Ewing,  at  the 
"Angel  and  Bible;"  and  William  Smith,  at  the  "Hercules." 
Arbuthnot  was  a  Scotchman,  residing  in  London,  and  possessing 
some  literary  talent.  He  was  one  of  Swift's  most  intimate  friends. 
Lamenting  the  absence  of  his  physician,  the  Dean  wrote  as 
follows : — 

"  Removed  from  kind  Arbuthnot's  aid, 
Who  knows  his  art,  but  not  his  trade  ; 
Preferring  his  regard  for  me 
Before  his  credit,  or  his  fee." 


24  DOVER,  CHEYNE,  ROGER,  AND  FERGUSON^  WORKS. 


A  Reply  to  Dr.  Robinson's  Answer.  Dublin :  James  Thompson, 
next  Lucas1  Coffee-house.  1732-3.  8vo.  Pp.  51.  (Refers  to 
Robinson's  book,  already  noticed.) 

The  Ancient  Physician's  Legacy  to  his  Country.  By  Thomas 
Dover,  M.D.  4th  ed.  Reprinted  by  G.  Faulkner,  Essex-street, 
Dublin.  1733.  8vo.  Pp.  89.  The  author  complains  of  the 
practices  of  his  brother  practitioners,  but  owns  that  he  himself 
has  committed  a  grave  error  in  always  recommending  the  same 
apothecary  to  his  patients. 

In  1733  Dr.  George  Cheyne's  well-known  work  on  the  "English 
Malady"  was  reprinted  in  Dublin  by  G.  Ewing  and  W.  Smith, 
Dame-street. 

An  Essay  on  Epidemic  Diseases,  and  more  particularly  the 
Endemical  Epidemics  of  the  City  of  Cork,  &c,  &c.  By  Joseph 
Rogers,  M.D.  Dublin :  William  Smith,  at  the  Hercules,  in 
Dames's-street.  1734.  8vo.  Pp.  310.  Rogers  practised  in 
Cork.  He  was  opposed  to  the  Galenical,  chemical,  and  mechani- 
cal theories  of  medicine.  He  was  liberal  in  his  allowance  of 
stimulants  to  patients  suffering  from  fevers.  In  the  case  of  a 
young  person  he  states  that  he  gave  daily  for  a  month  from  four 
to  six  quarts  of  sack  whey  and  two  quarts  of  mulled  canary. 
That  was  "  feeding  fever  "  with  a  vengeance  1  Rogers  held  that 
fevers  were  the  results  of  specific  poisons,  and  blamed  the  ill- 
kept  slaughter-houses  for  producing  some  of  those  poisons. 

In  1734  Mr.  John  Ferguson,  of  Strabane,  published  in  the 
Philosophical  Transactions  an  account  of  the  partial  extirpation  of 
the  human  spleen. 

Botanalogia  Universalis  Hibernica,  or  a  General  Irish  Herbalist, 
&c,  &c.  Authore  Joh.  K'Eogh,  A.B.,  Chaplain  to  the  Rt.  Hon. 
the  Lord  Kingston.  Corke :  Printed  and  sold  by  George  Har- 
rison, at  the  corner  of  Meetinghouse-lane.  1735.  8vo.  Pp.177. 
K'Eogh  was  a  fair  botanist,  but  his  work  is  not  so  valuable  as 
Threlkeld's  or  Wades'  treatise.  He  apologises  for  writing  a 
medical  book,  being  a  clergyman,  not  a  physician,  but  he  excuses 
himself  on  the  ground  that  he  studied  medicine  during  ten  years. 

Zoologica  Medicinalis  Hibernica,  &c.    To  which  is  added  a 


k'eogh,  cope,  and  Stephens'  works. 


25 


short  treatise  on  the  diagnostic  and  prognostic  parts  of  medicine. 
By  John  K'Eogh,  A.B.  James  Kelburn,  George's-lane,  Dublin. 
1739.  8vo.  Pp.  210.  K'Eogh  in  this  book  gives  the  names  of  all 
the  animals  (beasts,  birds,  fishes,  reptiles,  insects,  &c.)  in  Latin, 
English,  and  Irish.  The  medicinal  applications  of  many  of  these 
animals  are  described. 

K'Eogh  wrote  an  interesting  book — A  Vindication  of  the  Anti- 
quities of  Ireland,  published  in  1748  by  S.  Powell,  Dublin.  Mr. 
Keogh,  one  of  the  librarians  in  the  National  Library,  Kildare- 
street,  is  a  direct  descendant  of  this  author. 

Demonstratio  Medico-Practica  Prognosticorum  Hippocratis,  &c. 
By  Henry  Cope,  M.D.  Dublin.  1736.  8vo.  Pp.  320.  Cope 
was  State  Physician  and  had  an  extensive  practice.  He  became 
a  Licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians  in  1718,  a  Fellow 
in  1823,  and  President  of  it  in  1728  and  1740.  He  died  in 
1743. 

Dokeus  upon  the  Cure  of  Gout  by  Milk  Diet.  To  which  is 
prefixed  an  Essay  upon  the  Diet.  By  William  Stephens,  M.D., 
F.R.S.,  F.K.  &  Q.C.P.  The  author  was  Physician  to  the  Royal 
Hospital,  and  Lecturer  on  Botany  in  Trinity  College.  He  trans- 
lated Dola?us'  book  and  criticised  it.  It  was  printed  for  J.  Smith 
and  W.  Bruce,  on  the  Blind-quay  (now  Lower  Exchange-street), 
Dublin,  in  1738,  but  London  appears  on  the  title-page.  It  includes 
182  pages. 

On  the  Success  of  Mrs.  Stephens'  Medicines  for  the  Stone. 
Belfast:  James  Blow.  1739.  8vo.  Parliament  bought  Mrs. 
Stephens'  receipt. 

A  little  book  of  80  pages,  entitled  "Pharmacomastix,"  by  Dr. 
Charles  Lucas,  M.P.,  was  published  by  S.  Powell  and  Abraham 
Bradley,  at  the  Two  Bibles,  Dame-street,  Dublin,  in  1741.  It 
was  chiefly  a  tirade  against  ignorant  and  dishonest  apothecaries 
and  drug-sellers.  At  that  time  the  physicians  complained  of  the 
intrusion  into  their  province  of  apothecaries  who  had  received  no 
regular  medical  education.  Lucas  mentions  that  Paris,  which 
was  six  times  more  populous  than  Dublin,  had  only  eight  or  ten 
apothecaries  more  than  the  latter. 


26  LUCAS,  BERKELEY,  AND  NIIIELL's  WORKS. 

Lucas's  Essay  on  Mineral  Waters  bears  no  date.  It  was  com- 
posed of  three  volumes,  containing  in  all  874  pages.  He  wrote 
two  tracts  of  a  polemical  character  on  mineral  waters,  one  of  which 
is  entitled  "  A  Second  Letter  to  the  learned  and  ingenious  Dr. 
Rutty."    Printed  by  G.  and  A.  Ewing.    Dublin.  1763. 

Lucas  was  an  M.D.  of  both  Leyden  and  Dublin  Universities' 
and  a  Member  of  the  London  College  of  Physicians,  yet  he 
practised  as  an  apothecary.  He  was  a  very  eloquent  and  patriotic 
man,  and  a  statue  erected  to  his  memory  may  be  seen  in  the  City 
Hall,  Cork-hill.  He  died  on  the  4th  November,  1771,  and  was 
interred  in  St.  Michan's  Church. 

In  1741  a  third  edition  of  Dr.  George  Cheyne's  work  on  the 
Gout  was  reprinted  by  G.  Grierson  in  Dublin. 

Siris  :  a  Chain  of  Philosophical  Reflections  concerning  the 
Virtues  of  Tar  Water.  By  G.  L.  B.  O.  C.  (George  Lord 
Bishop  of  Cloyne).  Dublin.  1742.  8vo.  In  1744  a  second  and 
corrected  edition  was  printed  for  the  author  by  Margaret  Rhames, 
and  published  by  R.  Gunne,  Capel-street.  8vo,  pp.  150.  The 
Bishop  (Berkeley)  contributed  two  little  tracts  to  it  in  1744  and 
1753.  About  this  time  there  was  a  discussion  raging  anent  the 
medicinal  qualities  of  tar  water. 

James  Nihell,  a  Limerick  surgeon,  published  in  London,  in  1742, 
a  Treatise  on  the  Pulse.    He  died  in  1759. 

A  Treatise  on  Midwifery.  By  Fielding  Ould,  Man-midwife. 
Dublin :  Printed  by  and  for  Oli.  Nelson,  at  Milton's  Head,  in 
Skinners'-row,  and  for  Charles  Connor,  at  Pope's  Head,  at  Essex- 
gate.    1742.    In  three  parts.    8vo.    Pp.  203. 

Fielding  Ould,  the  son  of  a  captain  in  the  army,  was  boi'n  in 
Galway  about  1710.  His  mother  was  a  member  of  a  Galway 
family  named  Shawe.  Of  his  early  education  little  is  known,  but 
it  is  believed  that  he  studied  on  the  Continent.  He  settled  in 
Dublin  about  1736,  and  for  many  years  resided  in  Golden-lane. 
He  attained  to  a  large  practice,  became  Master  of  the  Lying-in 
Hospital  in  1759,  and  was  knighted  in  the  same  year  by  the  Duke 
of  Bedford,  Lord  Lieutenant.  The  knighthood  conferred  upon 
Ould  suggested  the  subject  of  the  following  witty  epigram : — 


SIR  FIELDING  OULD. 


27 


"  Sir  Fielding  Ould  is  made  a  knight, 
He  should  have  been  a  lord  by  right  ; 
For  then  each  lady's  prayer  would  be — 
O  Lord,  good  Lord,  deliver  me  !  " 

The  College  of  Physicians  had,  since  the  year  1701,  examined 
the  candidates  for  medical  degrees  in  the  University,  but  being 
requested  by  the  Board  of  Trinity  College  to  examine  Field, 
they  refused  to  do  so  on  the  ground  that  the  practice  of  midwifery 
was  derogatory  to  the  dignity  of  the  profession  of  medicine.  The 
College  of  Physicians  persisting  in  their  refusal  to  examine  Field, 
the  University  dispensed  with  their  assistance,  and  conferred  the 
degree  of  M.B.  upon  him.  Sir  Robert  Scott,  Dr.  Fleury,  and 
other  obstetricians  were  refused  admission  to  the  College  of 
Physicians,  and  that  body,  after  what  we  may  term  the  Ould 
embroglio,  ceased  to  be  the  medical  examiners  for  the  University 
degree. 

The  absurdity  of  tabooing  a  medical  man  because  he  practised 
the  obstetric  art  was,  in  1775,  poetically  exposed  by  Gilborne. 
The  particular  reference  in  the  following  lines  is  to  a  Dr.  Sproull, 
who  had  a  great  reputation,  and  had  been  a  distinguished  surgeon 
in  the  army  : — 

"  The  College  him  a  Fellow  would  announce, 
Condition  this,  to  Midwifery  renounce  ; 
Eenounce  but  sooner  he  would  his  Right  Hand 
Than  from  the  Service  of  the  Fair  disband. 
Why  may  not  any  Doctor  that  would  chuse 
For  Man's  Relief  his  total  knowledge  use, 
Or  does  one  Portion  of  Apollo's  Trade 
More  than  the  rest  his  votaries  degrade  ?  " 

Long  before  the  close  of  the  century  the  absurd  disabilities 
imposed  upon  the  obstetricians  were  removed.  Ould,  Scott,  and 
Fleury  became  Licentiates  of  the  College,  and  the  Presidency  was, 
in  1785,  conferred  upon  Francis  Hopkins,  Master  of  the  Lying-in 
Hospital,  the  author  of  the  Midwifery  Vade  Mecum,  published  in 
London  in  1811.  Ould  d  icd  in  his  house  in  Frederick-street 
(South)  on  the  29th  November,  1789,  and  was  interred  in  St. 
Anne's  Church. 

Ould's  Treatise  was  long  considered  to  be  one  of  the  best  works 


28      SOUTHWELL— CURRY. — PHYSICO-HISTORICAL  SOCIETY. 


of  the  kind  in  the  English  language.  In  it  is  pointed  out  for  the 
first  time  the  true  position  and  relations  of  the  child  during  natural 
labour.  The  face  during  its  transit  through  the  pelvis  is  directed 
towards  one  side  or  the  other  of  the  pelvis,  and  not,  as  was  formerly 
supposed,  towards  the  sacrum.  He  invented  a  perforating  instru- 
ment termed  the  terrebra  occulta ;  it  was,  however,  too  weak  and 
small  for  its  purpose. 

Remarks  on  some  of  the  Errors  both  in  Anatomy  and  Practice 
contained  in  a  late  Treatise  on  Midwifery,  published  by  F.  O., 
Man-midwife.  Bv  Thomas  Southwell,  M.D.  and  Man-midwife. 
Dublin:  Thomas  Bacon,  Essex-street.  1742.  12mo.  Pp.  48. 
An  attack  on  Ould's  work,  to  which,  indeed,  he  left  himself  open 
with  respect  to  his  anatomical  knowledge  ;  but  F.  Ould's  work  was 
not  sensibly  injured  by  this  attack  from  his  neighbour.  Southwell, 
as  well  as  Ould,  lived  in  Golden-lane,  which  is  now  the  abode  of 
dealers  in  second-hand  and  cheap  boots.  Its  decayed  houses  are 
low-class  tenemental  dwellings.  On  the  8th  of  April,  1885,  I  had 
the  honour  of  conducting  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  his  eldest 
son  through  some  of  the  worst  of  them.  One  house  which  he 
visited  was  formerly  the  Goldsmith's  Hall — hence,  probably,  the 
term  Golden-lane.  In  1764  Southwell  published  in  London  four 
volumes  of  Medical  Essays  and  Observations. 

An  Essay  on  the  Ordinary  Fevers.  By  John  Curry,  M.D. 
Oliver  Nelson,  Skinner's-row.    Dublin.    1743.    8vo.    Pp.  75. 

A  Brief  Account  of  Scorbutic  Fever.  By  John  Curry,  M.D. 
Dublin  :  Oliver  Nelson,  Skinner's-row.  1749.  8vo.  Pp.  40. 
The  author  endeavours  to  prove  that  the  so-called  scorbutic  fever 
was  identical  with  the  little  fever.  Curry  graduated  at  Rheims, 
and  practised  in  Dublin.  Several  polemical  works  in  defence  of 
the  Catholics  emanated  from  his  pen.    He  died  in  1780. 

In  1744  the  Physico-Historical  Society  commenced  their  short 
life  of  three  years'  duration.  Some  papers  relating  to  mineral 
waters  were  read  before  them. 

Maurice  O'Connell,  M.D.,  a  contemporary  of  Robinson,  was 
educated  abroad,  and  at  Oxford  and  London,  and  settled  in  Cork 
about  1721.     He  attained  to  a  very  extensive  practice  in  the 


O'CONNELL. — TAR  WATER. — THE  PHARMACOPOEIA.  29 


South  of  Ireland,  and  died  in  North  Abbey,  Cork,  on  the  16th 
April,  1763. 

O'Connell,  early  in  life,  appears  to  have  come  to  the  conclusion 
that,  however  useful  reading  might  be,  the  bedside  was  the  best 
place  to  study  disease  properly;  hence  he  was  much  devoted  to 
clinical  studies  in  the  hospitals.  He  published  the  following 
work  : — Morborum  Acutorum  et  Chronicorum,  quorundum  Obser- 
vationes  Medicinales  Experimentales,  Sedula  compleirium  annorum 
praxi  turn  coriagiae  turn  in  locis  circumjacentibus  exaulata  com- 
probatse.  Dublin.  1746.  8vo.  Pp.416.  In  this  treatise  O'Connell 
describes  the  dreadful  pestilence  of  1740,  and  the  work  may 
with  advantage  be  read  at  the  present  time.  He  was  opposed  to 
free  phlebotomy  in  the  treatment  of  fevers,  but,  unlike  Graves, 
was  not  disposed  to  "feed"  them.  He  believed  in  the  "epidemic 
constitution"  of  the  atmosphere  giving  rise  to  fevers. 

In  1746  Thomas  Prior  published  in  Dublin  a  volume  of  248 
octavo  pages  on  the  success  of  tar  water  as  a  remedial  agent.  It 
includes  two  letters  on  this  subject  from  the  pen  of  Bishop 
Berkeley. 

The  first  Pharmacopoeia  which  appeared  in  Ireland  was  a 
reprint  of  that  of  the  London  College  of  Physicians,  brought 
out  in  1746  by  P.  Wilson  and  J.  Esdell,  Dublin.  Wilson  produced 
another  in  1772.  In  1774  an  edition  of  it  was  published  in 
Dublin  under  the  authority  of  the  King  and  Queen's  College  of 
Physicians.  In  1778  W.  Gilbert  published  another  edition.  The 
London  Pharmacopoeia  and  a  translation  of  it,  by  John  Healde, 
M.D.,  appeared  in  Dublin  in  1778. 

A  curious  little  book,  entitled  "  Pharmacopoeia  Pauperum  Dub- 
liniensis,1'  was  published  in  1789  by  John  Exshaw.  It  consists  of 
32  pages  of  letterpress  printed  on  one  side  only  of  the  leaves. 

In  1794  the  King  and  Queen's  College  of  Physicians  issued  a 
limited  number  of  the  Specimen  Pharmacopoeia  Collegii  Medi- 
corum  Regio  et  Reginge  Hibernia.  Dublin  :  Apud  R.  E.  Mercier 
et  Soc.  8vo.  Pp.  186.  It  was  submitted  tentatively  to  the 
profession  in  order  to  elicit  their  opinions  in  reference  to  it.  With 
some  alterations  it  re-appeared  in  1791,  and  again  early  in  the 


OF  BRISTOL 

"medicine 


30 


BOOKS  ON  SMALLPOX. — SILVESTEE  O'HALLORAN. 


next  century.  The  College  of  Surgeons  refused  to  join  in  its 
preparation. 

A  Physical  Dissertation  on  Drowning.  By  a  Physician.  Dublin : 
P.  Wilson,  "  Gay's  Head,"  Dame-street,  and  E.  Jackson,  Meath- 
street.    1747.    8vo.    Pp.  69.    (Evidently  a  reprint.) 

In  1748  Exshaw  reprinted  a  translation  into  English  from 
the  Latin  of  Dr.  F.  Oloss'  work  on  Smallpox  (8vo,  pp.  215), 
and  Dr.  W.  Watson's  work  on  Inoculation  of  Smallpox.  8vo. 
Pp.  131. 

The  Uncertainty  of  the  Signs  of  Death  (anon.).    Dublin.  1748. 

Silvester  O'Halloran  was  born  in  Limerick  on  the  31st  December, 
1728.  He  sprang  from  a  race  long  distinguished  for  their  ability 
and  learning.  Of  his  early  general  education  little  is  known ;  but 
it  is  certain  that  whilst  a  very  young  man  he  studied  medicine 
in  the  schools  of  London,  Paris,  and  Leyden.  Whilst  in  Paris  he 
wrote  a  treatise  on  Glaucoma,  which  he  subsequently  submitted  to 
Dr.  Meade,  of  London,  and  was  recommended  by  that  celebrated 
man  to  publish  it.  It  accordingly  appeared  under  the  title  of  "  A 
New  Treatise  on  Glaucoma,"  by  Silvester*  O'Halloran,  Surgeon, 
Limerick.  Printed  by  S.  Powell,  Crane-lane,  Dublin.  1750. 
8vo.  Pp.  115.  The  illustrations  in  this  book  show  that  the 
engraver's  art  was  highly  cultivated  in  Dublin  in  the  middle  of 
the  last  century — at  present  so  low  has  it  fallen  that  a  steel  or 
copperplate  engraving  from,  say,  a  portrait  in  oils,  could  not  be 
executed  in  this  city.  This  treatise  is  frequently  quoted  by 
Haller.    O'Halloran  is  the  author  of  the  following  works  : — 

Critical  Analysis  of  the  New  Operations  for  Catai'act.  Dublin  : 
S.  Powell.    8vo.    1755.    Pp.  39. 

A  Concise  and  Impartial  Account  of  the  Advantages  arising 
to  the  Public  from  the  general  use  of  a  New  Method  of  Amputa- 
tion.   Dublin :  S.  Powell.    1763.    8vo.    Pp.  13. 

A  Complete  Treatise  on  Gangrene  and  Sphacelus.  With  a 
New  Method  of  Amputation.  Limerick  :•  A.  Walsh.  1765.  It 
was  republished  in  the  same  year  in  London  by  Mr.  Vaillant. 

*  So  printed  in  all  his  works,  but  in  the  Minute  Book  of  the  Examiners  of  Candidate- 
Surgeons  to  County  Infirmaries,  and  in  his  letters,  it  is  written  Sylvester. 


o'hallokan's  works. 


31 


A  New  Treatise  on  the  Different  Disorders  arising  from  External 
Injuries  to  the  Head,  as  necessarily  require  the  operation  of  the 
trephine.  Dublin:  W.  Gilbert,  Great  George's-sfcreet.  1793. 
8vo.    Pp.  335. 

In  the  second  and  fourth  volumes  of  the  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy  there  are  several  articles  from  O'Halloran's 
pen;  and  amongst  the  MSS.  preserved  in  the  Library  of  the 
Academy  there  is  a  quarto  volume  on  the  Atmosphere  by  this  able 
author. 

O'Halloran  wrote  a  History  of  Ireland,  which  attained  to  the 
honour  of  a  fourth  edition,  and  is  still  often  quoted.  In  the  Intro- 
duction to  his  Antiquities  of  Ireland  he  displays  great  erudition. 
As  a  litterateur,  his  style  combines  elegance  of  diction,  with 
vigour  in  description ;  but  it  would  be  manifestly  out  of  place 
to  dwell  here  upon  the  purely  literary  merits  of  this  versatile 
writer. 

O'Halloran's  writings  on  the  surgery  of  the  eye  are  very  learned. 
He  shows  that  Petit  was  not,  as  generally  believed,  the  first  to 
extract  an  opaque  crystalline,  that  operation  having  been  described 
by  an  Arabian  physician,  Jesus  Hali  Arculanus,  and  other  ancient 
authors.  His  method  for  an  operation  for  removal  of  cataract 
was  admitted  to  be  one  of  the  best,  if  not  the  best.  He  invented 
a  knife,  intended  to  supersede  the  scissors  of  Daviel,  at  that  time 
in  great  repute  with  oculists,  but  open  to  many  objections.  The 
instrument  was  doubled  and  slightly  concave  on  the  flat  side  of  the 
blade.  He  says — "  With  the  concave  part  next  me  I  pierce  the 
sclerotica,  very  near  the  edge  of  the  cornea — suppose  the  third  of 
a  line — at  either  the  external  or  internal  canthus,  according  to  the 
eye  to  be  operated."  His  method  of  operating  in  glaucoma  was 
considered  remarkably  good  when  it  was  proposed,  though  most 
of  the  anatomical  and  physiological  discovery  to  which  he  laid 
claim  has  not  been  conceded  to  him  by  more  recent  writers.  His 
practice  as  an  oculist  was  considerable.  O'Halloran  was  the  first 
writer  who  demonstrated  that  ti'ephining  was  unnecessary  in 
certain  cases  of  depression  of  the  bone.  He  had  unusually 
favourable  opportunities  of  studying  cranial  fractures,  for  in  his 


32 


DOCTORS  CLANCY  AND  MEAD'S  WRITINGS. 


time  Whiteboyism  and  faction-fighting  flourished,  and  contributed 
scores  of  cracked  crowns  to  the  Limerick  Infirmary.  He  was  the 
first  to  perform  amputation  of  the  thigh  by  a  long  anterior  flap, 
and  a  short  posterior  one,  formed  by  a  circular  division  of  the 
soft  structures.  In  1848  this  method  was  revived  in  France  by 
MM.  Sedillot  and  Baudens,  and  in  England — but  in  a  modified 
form — by  Spence  and  Teale.  O'Halloran  allowed  the  wound  to 
remain  open  for  drainage  for  some  days,  a  practice  which  has 
recently  been  advocated. 

O'Halloran  was  Surgeon  to  the  County  of  Limerick  Infirmary 
from  its  establishment.  Shortly  after  the  foundation  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  he  was  unanimously  elected  an  honorary 
member;  and  he  was  a  member  of  most  of  the  leading  scientific 
societies  in  these  countries.  He  died  in  his  native  city  in 
August,  1807,  and  was  interred  in  Kilready  churchyard.  A 
contemporary  describes  him  as  "  the  tall,  thin  doctor,  in  his  quaint 
French  dress,  with  his  goldheaded  cane,  beautiful  Parisian  wig, 
and  cocked  hat."  The  Hibernian  Magazine  for  1807  states  that 
he  was  a  staunch  adherent  of  the  Hanoverian  dynasty.  Lieu- 
tenant-General  Sir  Joseph  O'Halloran,  who  died  about  1843  in 
London,  was  the  last  survivor  of  O'Halloran's  children. 

In  1750  Michael  Clancy,  M.D.,  published  in  Dublin  his  Memoirs 
and  Travels,  and  a  Latin  Poem — Templina  Veneris  sive  Amorum 
Rhapsodic.    They  are  not  devoid  of  interest  to  medical  men. 

Dr.  Richard  Mead's  Medical  Precepts  and  Cautions,  translated 
from  the  Latin  text  by  Thomas  Stock,  M.D.,  were  reprinted  in 
Dublin  in  1751;  and  Mead's  medical  works  were  reprinted  in 
Dublin  in  1767.  Mead,  a  celebrated  London  physician,  realised,  it 
is  said,  a  professional  income  of  £7,000  a  year,  yet  so  expensive 
were  his  tastes  as  a  virtuosi,  &c,  that  he  never  saved  anything. 
In  his  old  age  he  was  indigent.  It  is  related  of  him  that  he 
once  asked  Lord  Orrery  for  a  loan  of  five  pounds,  on  the  security 
of  some  little  object  of  art  made  from  cannel  coal  which  he  pro- 
duced from  his  pocket. 

The  State  of  Surgery  and  the  Disadvantages  its  Professors  lie 
under  Considered.    Dublin.    1752.    8vo.  Anonymous. 


RUSSELL,  HAY,  AND  FLETCHER'S  WORKS. 


33 


A  Dissertation  on  the  Use  of  Sea-water  in  the  Diseases  of  the 
Glands,  &c.  Translated  from  the  Latin  of  Richard  Russell,  M.D., 
by  an  eminent  Physician.  Dublin :  G.  Faulkner,  Essex-street, 
and  T.  Exshaw,  Cork-hill.    1753.    12mo.    Pp.  204. 

Deformity :  An  Essay.  By  William  Hay.  Dublin :  G. 
Faulkner.    1754.    8vo.    (A  reprint.) 

An  Essay  on  Fever.  By  George  Fletcher,  M.D.  Dublin  : 
Matthew  Williamson,  Dame-street.  1755.  8vo.  Pp.  33.  The 
author  resided  in  Stephen-street,  and  subsequently  in  North 
Cumberland-street.  In  1738  he  took  a  Scholarship  in  T.C.D. ;  in 
1740  he  graduated  in  Arts,  and  in  1749  in  Medicine,  in  Dublin. 
In  1752  he  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  In  1755  the  College  of 
Physicians  granted  him  a  licence. 

In  1756  the  Medico-Philosophical  Society  were  established  by 
Drs.  Rutty  and  Smith,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Caldwell,  and  Surgeons 
Dowling  and  Johnson,  with  whom  Dr.  Knox  and  Surgeon  Wetherell 
were  soon  after  associated.  They  continued  to  meet  until  1784. 
Three  volumes  of  the  minutes  of  their  Transactions  are  preserved 
in  the  library  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy ;  they  contain  230 
essays,  of  which  90  (chiefly  relating  to  mineral  waters)  bear  Rutty 's 
imprimatur.  It  is  probable  that  the  more  important  of  the 
contents  of  these  volumes  has  been  published  in  books,  pamphlets, 
&c.  Other  records  of  the  Society  are  to  be  seen  in  the  College 
of  Physicians.  In  1785  the  Society  were  continued  under  the 
altered  name  of  the  Medical  Society,  the  meetings  of  which  were 
of  a  festive  character.  About  1831  they  ceased  to  meet,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  death  of  Dr.  John  Beatty  (their  Secretary  for  25 
years),  but  in  1856  the  Society  were  revived  as  a  peripatic  dining 
club — sometimes  jocularly  spoken  of  as  the  Philo-oesophageals. 
Business  proceedings  are  confined  to  reading  the  minutes  of  the 
previous  meeting,  which  merely  record  the  locale  of  the  dining- 
room  and  the  names  of  the  banqueters.  The  number  of  members  is 
limited  to  twelve,  and  the  dinners  to  seven  in  "  the  season  " — i.e., 
from  November  to  May.  The  rotation  of  the  hosts  is  effected  on 
the  alphabetical  system  ;  the  host  of  the  evening  has  the  privilege  of 
inviting  guests  and  invariably  exercises  it.    The  original  members  of 

D 


34 


MEDICAL  DINING  CLUBS. 


the  revived  Society  were — Sir  Philip  Crampton,  Sir  Henry  Marsh, 
James  W.  Cusack,  Robert  Adams,  William  Stokes,  W.  (after- 
wards Sir  William)  Wilde,  C.  P.  Croker,  John  Nugent,  Hans 
Irvine,  E.  Hutton,  Jolliffe  Tufnell,  and  T.  E.  Beatty,  Secretary. 
All,  save  Dr.  Nugent  and  Jolliffe  Tufnell,  have  gone  over  to  the 
majority,  and  their  places  are  now  (June,  1885)  occupied  by  John 
T.  Banks,  F.  C.  Cruise,  S.  Gordon,  H.  Head,  G.  H.  Kidd,  R. 
M'Donnell,  B.  F.  MacDowel,  Sir  G.  H.  Porter,  P.  C.  Smyly,  and 
W.  Stokes  (junior).  Mr.  Tufnell  is  Secretary  (since  1856).  The 
corporate  property  of  the  Society  consists  of  the  minute  book  and 
a  snuff-box,  said  to  have  once  belonged  to  Charles  Lucas,  M.D., 
M.P. 

Apropos  of  medical  dining  clubs,  two  others  deserve  to  be 
recorded  here.  "  Our  Club,"  or  the  "  Rough-and-Readys,"  were 
founded  in  1847,  by  the  late  Hamilton  Labatt,  who  acted  as 
Secretary.  With  him  were  joined  Messrs.  Ferguson  (who  subse- 
quently went  to  Belfast),  Fitzpatrick,  H.  Irvine,  L'Estrange,  O'B. 
Bellingham,  J.  Denham,  H.  Kennedy,  and  Grimshaw  (father  of 
the  present  Registrar-General).  The  club  never  had  more  than 
ten  members,  and  usually  consists  of  eight.  The  present  members 
are — Messrs.  Denham,  M'Dowel,  Swanzy,  Armstrong,  Baker, 
Keogh,  Stokes,  Thompson,  and  H.  Kennedy  (Secretary).  They  dine 
together  and  invite  guests  after  the  manner  of  the  Medical  Club. 

In  January,  1871,  the  following  hospital  officers  associated  for 
the  purpose  of  dining  together  once  a  month : —Messrs.  A.  H. 
Corley,  F.  C.  Cruise,  James  Little,  T.  Little,  R.  M'Donnell,  Edward 
Mapother,  Martin,  Meldon,  O'Grady,  Swanzy,  Tyrrell,  and  Walsh. 
The  two  last-named  have  passed  away,  as  also  has  Dr.  T.  Hayden, 
who  had  filled  Mr.  Tyrrell's  place.  Drs.  Fitzgerald  and  Hayes  now 
make  up  the  limited  dozen.  Of  late  years  they  have  dined  four 
times  each  Summer  at  St.  Anne's  Monastery,  Bohernabrena — a 
picturesque  spot  ten  miles  away  on  the  Dublin  mountains — and 
their  hospitable  call  to  their  professional  brethren  is  rarely  disobeyed. 
At  an  extra  dinner  on  one  occasion,  visitors  so  distinguished  as 
Professor  Charcot,  Sir  Andrew  Clarke,  Sir  W.  MacCormac,  Dr. 
Evory  Kennedy,  and  Dr.  Southey,  were  present. 


BOOKS  ON  SMALLPOX. — MARRYATT  AND  CLOSSY'S  WORKS.  35 


Thoughts  on  Inoculation.  By  William  Bromfeild.  Dublin  : 
William  Colles,  Dame-street.  This  work  bears  no  date,  but  is 
evidently  a  reprint  of  a  work  published  in  London  in  1757  by 
Mr.  Bromfeild,  Surgeon  to  the  Queen. 

A  collection  of  articles  by  English  and  foreign  writers  relating 
to  smallpox,  collected  by  Dr.  Maty,  F.R.S.,  were  printed  by  J. 
Exshaw,  Dame-street,  Dublin,  in  1758. 

Di\  Gattis'  work  on  Inoculation,  translated  from  the  French  by 
Dr.  Maty.  Published  in  Dublin  by  J.  Exshaw  in  1759.  8vo. 
Pp.  66. 

History  of  Health  and  the  Means  of  Preserving  it.  By  J ames 
Mackenzie.    Dublin.    1759.    8vo.    (A  reprint.) 

In  1760  a  third  edition  of  Dr.  Storcks'  (of  Vienna)  work  on 
Hemlock  was  reprinted  in  Dublin  by  J.  Exshaw.    8vo.    Pp.  80. 

The  New  Practise  of  Physick.  Founded  upon  Irrefragable 
Principles,  and  Confirmed  by  Long  and  Painful  Experience.  By 
Thomas  Marryatt,  M.D.  Sold  by  S.  Powell,  in  Dame-street, 
Dublin.  1760.  Quarto.  Another  edition  was  published  in  1764 
by  Watson,  at  the  Poet's  Head,  Caple  (Capel)  street.  This  work 
was  sold  at  the  respectable  price  of  one  guinea.  The  author  prac- 
tised in  Dublin  for  some  years.  In  1784  he  brought  out  in  Bir- 
mingham a  quarto  work  on  Therapeutics ;  the  publishers  were 
Pierson  and  Rollason. 

Theory  and  Practise  of  Surgical  Pharmacy.  Dublin :  George 
and  Alexander  Grierson.  1761.  8vo.  Pp.  384.  No  author's 
name  appears  on  the  title-page  of  this  book,  which  is  probably  a 
reprint. 

Practical  Observations  on  the  Use  of  Goats'  Whey.  By  James 
Kennedy,  M.D.  Dublin.  1762.  8vo.  Pp.  21.  The  author 
practised  at  Downpatrick. 

Observations  on  Some  of  the  Diseases  of  the  Parts  of  the 
Human  Body,  chiefly  taken  from  the  Dissections  of  Morbid 
Bodies.  By  Samuel  Clossy,  M.D.  Dublin.  1763.  8vo.  Pp.195. 
Glossy  was  invited  by  Dr.  Steevcns  to  study  morbid  anatomy  in 
the  hospital  which  the  latter  had  established  in  Dublin.  In  this 
work  the  results  of  his  observations  from  1752  to  1756  are  given, 


36 


WARD'S  PRESCRIPTIONS. — DAVID  MACBRIDE. 


as  are  also  those  of  some  further  observations  which  he  made  in 
London,  where  he  chiefly  resided.  He  graduated  in  Arts  in  Dublin 
in  1744,  and  in  Medicine  in  1751.  In  1756  he  became  a  Licentiate 
of  the  College  of  Physicians,  of  which  in  1761  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow.  He  went  to  New  York,  where  he  was  appointed  Professor 
of  Anatomy  in  King's  College.  He  spent  the  last  few  years  of  his 
life  in  London,  where  he  died  about  1786. 

Receipts  for  Preparing,  &c,  the  Prescriptions  and  Principal 
Medicines  of  the  late  Mr.  Ward.  Dublin  :  G.  and  A.  Ewing. 
1763.    8vo.    Pp.  46.    (A  reprint.) 

Primitive  Physick,  &c.  By  John  Wesley.  Dublin.  1763. 
8vo.    (A  reprint.) 

David  Macbride,  the  son  of  a  Presbyterian  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Ballymoney,  county  of  Antrim,  on  the  26th  April,  1727.  He 
served  his  apprenticeship  to  a  local  surgeon,  and  subsequently 
acted  for  some  years  as  surgeon  in  the  Royal  Navy.  Having 
completed  his  studies  in  Edinburgh  and  London,  he  settled  in 
Dublin,  where  he  attained  to  a  large  and  lucrative  practice.  He 
died  in  Cavendish-row  on  the  28th  December,  1778.  Macbride  was 
a  man  of  great  ability  and  versatility — an  able  physician,  a  skilful 
surgeon,  and  an  expert  obstetrician.  As  a  chemical  investigator 
he  occupies  a  respectable  position  in  the  annals  of  that  science. 
He  was  a  teacher,  too,  and  his  lectures  in  his  house  in  Jervis- 
street  were  well  attended.  They  were  delivered  at  10  o'clock  a.m., 
and  the  fee  for  a  course  was  three  guineas.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  surgeons  appointed  to  the  Meath  Hospital,  which  at  that  time 
was  situated  on  the  site  of  the  present  Coombe  Maternity. 

Macbride's  first  work  was  published  in  London  in  1764,  under  the 
title  of  "  Experimental  Essays.  By  David  Macbride,  Surgeon." 
They  treat  of  fixed  air  (carbonic  acid),  of  fermentation,  of  manures, 
of  the  scurvy  and  a  new  method  of  curing  it,  and  of  quicklime. 
The  book  comprises  267  pages,  and  is  replete  with  original  obser- 
vations, some  of  permanent  value.  A  second  and  enlarged  edition 
(230  pages)  of  this  work  was  brought  out  in  Dublin,  in  1767,  by 
Thomas  Ewing,  Dame-street.  It  was  translated  into  French, 
.German,  and  Italian.    In  1772  he  published,  in  London,  "A 


MACBRIDE,  CANT  WELL,  AND  SMELLIE's  WORKS.  37 

Methodical  Introduction  to  the  Theory  and  Practise  of  Physic." 
8vo.  Pp.  660.  An  enlarged  and  corrected  edition  of  this  work 
was  published  in  Dublin  in  1777.  2  vols.  Pp.  400  and  499.  A 
Latin  translation,  by  Clossius,  appeared  soon  after  in  Utrecht.  In 
1767  there  was  published  in  Dublin  his  "  Historical  Account  of  a 
New  Method  of  Treating  the  Scurvy  at  Sea."  Pp.  38.  In  1776 
there  appeared  in  London  his  "  Account  of  Two  Extraordinary 
Cases  after  Delivery." 

Macbride  to  some  extent  adopted  Robinson's  views  as  to  the 
dynamical  origin  of  disease,  as  he  considered  it  to  arise  from  an 
abnormal  state  of  the  motions  of  the  nervous  or  muscular  systems, 
but  he  admitted  that  there  was  a  distinction  between  the  vital  and 
inanimate  forces.  He  insisted  that  disease  cannot  be  rationally 
treated  without  a  knowledge  of  its  proximate  cause.  He  advocated 
the  analytic  method  of  investigating  the  causes  of  morbid  pheno- 
mena— a  method  which  subsequently  produced  rich  fruits  in  the 
domain  of  pathological  anatomy.  Most  of  Macbride's  opinions 
have  not  stood  the  test  of  time ;  but,  with  all  its  shortcomings,  his 
work  on  medicine  must  be  regarded  as  a  meritorious  and  original 
contribution  to  the  science,  equalling  in  many  respects  the  great 
work  of  his  contemporary,  Cullen.    Gilborne  says  of  him  :— 

"  A  celebrated  writer  is  Macbride  ; 
Great  hia  merit,  moderate  his  Pride  ; 
Cures  all  Diseases  that  Mankind  befal, 
Relieves  the  Fair  by  Rules  obstetrical : 
Prescriptions  elegant  his  sense  declare, 
The  Sick  retrieved  by  his  auspicious  care." 

In  1764  Andrew  Cantwell,  M.D.,  died  at  Paris.  He  was  born, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  century,  in  the  county  of  Tipperary,  and 
graduated  at  Montpelier.  He  wrote  several  medical  works,  but 
none  of  them  were  published  in  Ireland. 

In  1764-5  the  third  edition  of  Dr.  William  Smellie's  works  on 
Midwifery,  in  three  volumes,  was  reproduced  in  Dublin  by  T.  and 
J.  Whitehouse,  Parliament-street.  In  1878  Dr.  M'Clintock,  of 
Dublin,  edited,  on  behalf  of  the  Sydenham  Society,  an  edition  of 
Smellie's  work. 

Andrews'  Diseases  of  the  Army  was  reprinted  in  Dublin  in  1766. 


38       SAMSON,  BERDMORE,  FOSTER,  AND  MAGENINE's  WORKS. 

W.  Samson's  work  on  Eational  Medicine  was  reprinted  in  17(36 
by  J.  Exshaw  and  Thomas  Ewing. 

A  Treatise  on  Diseases  and  Deformities  of  the  Teeth  and  Gums. 
By  Surgeon  Thomas  Berdmore.    Dublin.  1767. 

An  Essay  on  Hospitals ;  or,  Succinct  Directions  for  the  Situation, 
Construction,  and  Administration  of  Hospitals.  By  Edward  Foster, 
M.D.  Dublin  :  W.  C.  Jones,  Suffolk-street.  1768.  8vo.  Pp.  72. 
Considering  that  this  book  was  written  long  before  the  importance 
of  what  is  now  known  as  sanitary  science  was  recognised,  it  is  a 
meritorious  production.  The  illustrations  in  it  are  artistically 
executed.  He  states  that  the  study  of  anatomy  was  becoming 
more  general  in  Ireland  owing  chiefly  to  Cleghorn's  teachings. 

Foster  also  wrote  the  following : — 

An  Appendix  to  an  Essay  on  Hospitals.  Dublin  :  W.  C.  Jones. 
1768.  8vo.  Pp.  39,  The  author  is  indignant  that  the  newly- 
established  county  infirmaries  are  provided  only  with  surgeons, 
as  he  considers  that  the  great  majority  of  cases  treated  in  them  are 
purely  medical. 

The  Skeleton  or  Syllabus  of  a  Course  of  Lectures  on  the  Theory 
and  Practice  of  Midwifery,  &c.    Dublin.    12mo.    Pp.  20. 

He  wrote  a  work  on  Midwifery  which,  after  his  death,  was 
edited  by  James  Sims,  and  published  in  1781  in  London.  It  is  an 
octavo  volume  of  316  pages,  and  was  well  received  by  obstetrical 
practitioners. 

Foster  was  a  graduate  of  Edinburgh  University,  and  practised 
in  Dublin,  latterly  in  midwifery. 

Gilborne's  Ode  shows  that  he  was  a  teacher  as  well  as  a  prac- 
titioner : — 

"  Judicious  Foster  feels  the  latent  Pulse, 
To  hidden  Maladies  gives  quick  Repulse, 
In  Parturition  brings  propitious  Aid — 
Each  Dame  retrieves  that  has  by  him  been  laid. 
He  teaches  Pupils,  either  Sex,  apart, 
In  learned  lectures  his  mysterious  Art." 

The  Doctrine  of  Inflammation,  by  Daniel  Magenine,  M.D.,  was 
published  in  1768  simultaneously  in  London,  Edinburgh,  and  (by 
G.  Faulkner)  Dublin.    8vo.    Pp.  168. 


WORKS  BY  TISSOT,  JEBB,  CADOGAN,  LETTSON,  ETC.  39 

Advice  to  People  in  General  with  respect  to  their  Health. 
Translated  from  the  French  of  S.  A.  Tissot,  M.D.  Dublin. 
1769.  2  vols.  8vo.  5th  edition.  Tissot's  Essay  on  Health  was 
reprinted  in  Dublin  in  1766  and  1773. 

A  Physiological  Enquiry  into  the  Process  of  Labour,  and  an 
Attempt  to  Ascertain  the  Determining  Cause  of  it.  By  Frederick 
Jebb,  M.D.  Dublin:  Richard  Moncrieffe,  Capel-street.  1770. 
8vo.  Pp.  60.  Dr.  M'Clintock,  in  his  sketch  of  the  Rise  of  the 
Dublin  School  of  Midwifery  {Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science, 
February,  1858),  states  that  this  book  was  published  anonymously, 
but  that  it  was  generally  attributed  to  Frederick  Jebb.  Imme- 
diately after  the  publication  of  the  book  to  which  M'Clintock  refers 
another  edition  must  have  been  issued,  for  I  have  a  copy  with  Jebb's 
name  upon  the  title  page.  Except  that  it  contains  a  refutation  of 
the  old  notion  that  the  efforts  of  the  child  contribute  to  its  evolu- 
tion from  the  uterus,  there  is  little  original  matter  in  this  book. 
Jebb  was  educated  chiefly  in  Paris,  enjoyed  a  good  practice  in 
Dublin,  and  in  1773  became  Master  of  the  Rotunda  Hospital. 

A  Dissertation  on  the  Gout,  &c.  By  William  Codogan,  M.D. 
Dublin:  J.  Sheppard,  Anne-street.  1771.  8vo.  Pp.  102.  (A 
reprint.) 

The  Natural  History  of  the  Tea-Tree.  With  Observations  on 
the  Medical  Qualities  of  Tea,  &c.  By  John  Coakley  Lettson, 
M.D.  Dublin :  J.  Williams,  T.  Walker,  and  C.  Jenkins.  1772. 
8vo.  Pp.  82.  The  author  states  that  tea-drinking  has  become  a 
universal  practice.  He  gives  the  results  of  some  experiments, 
showing  that  tea  is  an  antiseptic. 

Dr.  William  Cullen's  Lectures  on  Materia  Medica  were  reprinted 
in  Dublin  in  1773. 

A  Translation  from  the  French  of  Tissot's  work  on  Smallpox  was 
printed  by  James  Williams,  Skinners-row,  Dublin,  in  1773. 

The  treatise  of  Baron  Dimsdale,  M.D.,  "  On  the  Present 
Method  of  Inoculating  the  Smallpox,"  was  reprinted  in  Dublin  in 
1774. 

In  1774  Buchan's  "  Domestic  Medicine  "  was  reprinted  in  Dublin, 
and  again  in  1792. 


40 


GILBORNE's  POEM. — FLEURY. 


In  1775  John  Gilborne,  a  physician  residing  in  Vicar-street,  off 
Thomas-street,  published  his  "  Medical  Review :  a  Poem ;  being 
a  Panegyric  on  the  Faculty  of  Dublin — Physicians,  Surgeons,  and 
Apothecaries,  marching  in  procession  to  the  Temple  of  Fame."  By 
John  Gilborne,  M.D.,  Dublin.  J.  A.  Husband,  printer.  12mo. 
Pp.  65.  Dr.  Aquilla  Smith  has  pointed  out  that  Sproull,  of 
Strabane,  is  praised  by  Gilborne  for  interposing  cambric  or  lawn 
between  cantharides  blister  and  the  skin  :  Dr.  William  Stokes  has 
given  credit  to  Bretonneau  for  this  expedient.  Gilborne's  book  is 
very  scarce ;  a  copy  is  contained  in  the  Halliday  Collection,  Royal 
Irish  Academy's  library. 

Advice  to  the  People  on  the  Epidemic  (Catarrhal  Fever)  of 
October,  November,  and  December,  1775.  By  a  Physician. 
Printed  by  Charles  Jenkin,  Dame-street.  1775.  8vo.  Pp.  48. 
The  author  of  this  brochure  was  Dr.  Fleury,  who  enjoyed  a  good 
practice  in  the  second  half  of  the  last  century.  He  was  bom 
at  Portarlington  in  1733,  and  was  the  grandson  of  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Fleury  (a  Huguenot),  private  chaplain  to  King  William  III., 
whom  he  accompanied  to  Ireland.  T.  C.  Fleury  graduated  in 
Edinburgh  in  1760,  and  soon  afterwards  settled  in  Dublin  as  a 
physician  and  man-midwife.  He  was  the  first  systematic  lecturer 
on  midwifery  in  Dublin.  He  died  in  South  Great  George's-street 
on  the  29th  September,  1797.  An  essay  on  the  Epidemic  Cold  of 
1775,  read  by  Fleury  before  the  Medico-Philosophical  Society, 
was  considered  by  the  late  Sir  William  Wilde  worthy  of  publica- 
tion in  the  fifth  volume  of  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science. 

In  1776  Alexander  Monro's  work  on  the  Bones,  Nerves,  and  the 
Lacteal  Sac  and  Duct,  was  reprinted  in  a  duodecimo  volume  in 
Dublin. 

Observations  on  Wounds  of  the  Head,  &c.  Dublin.  1776. 
8vo.  Pp.  177.  This  work  was  published  anonymously.  The 
author  was  William  Dease,  who  became  President  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  and  to  whom  reference  will  be  made  further 
on.    Dease  published  the  following  works  : — 

Observations  on  Wounds  of  the  Head,  with  a  particular  inquiry 
into  the  parts  principally  affected  in  those  who  die  in  consequence 


w.  dease's  works. 


41 


of  sucli  injuries.  Second  edition,  with  considerable  additions,  to 
which  are  added  some  general  observations  on  the  operation  of 
bronchotomy.  By  William  Dease,  Surgeon  to  the  United  Hospitals 
of  St.  Nicholas  and  St.  Catherine.  Dublin :  Printed  by  James 
Williams.    1778.    8vo.  Pp.302. 

Observations  on  the  Different  Methods  made  use  of  for  the 
Radical  Cure  of  Hydrocele,  or  Watery  Rupture,  and  on  other 
Diseases  of  the  Testicle,  to  which  is  added  a  comparative  view  of 
the  different  methods  for  cutting  for  the  stone,  with  some  remarks 
on  the  medicines  generally  exhibited  as  solvents  of  the  stone.  By 
William  Dease,  Surgeon  to  the  United  Hospitals  of  St.  Nicholas 
and  St.  Catherine.  Dublin:  Printed  by  J.  Williams.  1782.  8vo. 
Pp.  149. 

Observations  on  Midwifery,  &c.  By  William  Dease,  Surgeon 
to  the  United  Hospitals  of  St.  Nicholas  and  St.  Catherine. 
Dublin :  Printed  for  J.  Williams,  L.  White,  &c.  1783.  8vo. 
Pp.  212.  The  late  Dr.  M'Clintock  expressed  a  high  opinion  of 
the  merits  of  this  work. 

Observations  on  the  Different  Methods  made  use  of  for  the 
Radical  Cure  of  Hydrocele.  By  William  Dease,  &c.  Dublin  :  J. 
Williams,  21  Skinners-alley.    1787.    8vo.    Pp.  150. 

Observations  on  the  Different  Methods  of  treating  the  Venereal 
Diseases.  Dublin:  Printed  by  J.  Williams.  1789.  8vo.  Pp. 
131. 

Practical  Remarks  on  Wounds  of  the  Head.  Dublin.  1790. 
8vo.-  Pp.  15.  Dease  did  not  put  his  name  on  this  brochure ;  nor 
on  Remarks  on  Medical  Jurisprudence,  intended  for  the  general 
information  of  juries  and  young  surgeons.  Dublin.  8vo.  Pp. 
32.    (No  date.) 

In  1750  Mr.  George  Daunt,  Surgeon  to  Mercer's  Hospital, 
invented  a  lithotome  and  conductor,  which  were  intended  to  lessen 
the  risk  of  cutting  into  parts  which  should  not  be  interfered  with 
in  the  operation  of  lithotomy.  The  instruments  were  used  as 
follows : — The  patient  being  placed  upon  the  table,  the  staff  is 
introduced  and  held  by  an  assistant ;  the  operator  then  makes  an 
incision  with  slight  obliquity  downwards,  to  avoid  injuring  the 


42 


DAUNT'S  L1TH0T0ME. 


erector  penis  and  a  branch  of  the  hypogastric  artery.  The  mem- 
branous part  of  the  urethra  being  opened,  the  operator  passes  the 
conductor  along  the  groove  of  the  staff  into  the  bladder,  and  the 
staff  is  then  withdrawn.  The  operator  now  takes  the  conductor  in 
his  left  hand,  and  introduces  his  two  forefingers  into  the  handle 
(A),  and  places  his  thumb  over  the  bow  of  the  instrument  (B). 
By  the  pronation  of  the  wrist  the  operator  lateralises  the  conductor 
and  runs  the  lithotome  upon  its  crest.  Having  arrived  at  the 
extremity  of  the  conductor,  the  operator  withdraws  the  knife  along 
the  crest,  and  then  introduces  the  forceps  on  the  conductor,  and 
the  latter  being  withdrawn,  the  extraction  of  the  stone  is  proceeded 
with. 

Daunt  submitted  his  instruments  to  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Surgery  of  Paris,  and  received  the  following  letters  from  M. 
M or and : — 

"  Paeis,  the  Uth  of  February,  1754. 

"  Sir, 

"  I  have  received,  with  great  pleasure,  and  return  you  thauks 
for,  the  account  and  instruments,  which  you  have  sent  me,  for  the 
improvement  of  the  lateral  method.  I  have  given  up  to  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  what  regards  the  account  of  your  success,  in 
order  to  be  inserted  in  their  transactions,  as  they  are  entitled  to 
publish  those  of  the  lateral  method.  I  have  shewn  your  instru- 
ments to  the  Academy  of  Surgery,  and  I  have  been  named  one  of 
the  committee,  with  two  others  of  our  gentlemen,  to  make  trials  of 
them  on  the  dead  subject.  I  shall,  with  great  pleasure,  acquaint 
you  of  the  judgment  that  will  be  passed  on  them.  I  have  also 
shewn  them  your  uniting  bandage  for  the  hair  lip,  and  it  has  been 
much  approved  of.  I  am  enjoined,  on  their  behalf,  to  tell  you, 
they  will  very  readily  receive  all  you  will  communicate  to  them  of 
your  observations.  For  me,  Sir,  I  pray  you  to  be  thoroughly  con- 
vinced of  the  perfect  consideration  with  which — 

"  I  am,  your  most  humble,  and  most  obedient 
Servant, 

"  MORAND." 


opinion  of  french  surgeons  on  daunt's  lithotome.  43 
"  Sir, 

"  There  have  been  several  trials  made  with  the  instruments  you 
have  transmitted  to  the  Academy  for  the  lateral  operation :  The 
Academy  has  been  satisfied  with  them  :  They  cut  the  prostate  and 
the  neck  of  the  bladder  very  well:  Mr.  Le  Dran's  history,  the 
cutting  edge  of  which  is  on  the  convexity  of  the  half  crescent  it 
represents,  produces  the  same  effect.  As  most  lithotomists  have  it 
in  view  to  cut  those  parts,  many  of  them  have  devised  different 
instruments  to  effect  it,  and  they  have  been  presented  to  the 
Academy ;  but  the  particular  form  you  have  given  the  male  con- 
ductor, is  more  sure  and  commodious,  on  account  of  the  bow  on  the 
handle,  which,  according  to  your  manner,  might  well  be  adapted 
to  the  gorgeret  usually  employed  in  this  operation.  The  second 
instrument,  which  is  both  a  female  conductor  and  lithotome,  is 
invariably  introduced  into  the  bladder,  by  means  of  the  curve 
teeth  at  its  extremity,  and  cuts  laterally  the  neck  of  the  bladder 
and  prostate. 

"  The  committee,  who  have  made  the  trials  of  this  lithotome, 
have  thought  it  more  expedient  that  the  cutting  blade  should  be 
made  on  the  model  of  Mr.  Cheselden's;  that  is  to  say,  that  it 
should  be  a  little  broader,  and  convex,  towards  the  point,  for  the 
purpose  of  cutting  the  prostate  more  exactly,  and  narrower  towards 
its  base,  where  this  breadth  is  useless,  as  the  parts  have  been  cut 
in  the  incision  of  the  teguments. 

"  I  have  the  honour  to  be  most  perfectly,  Sir, 
"  Your  most  humble,  and  most  obedient 
Servant, 

"  Andouille"  . 
"  Commissary  of  the  Academy  for 
Correspondencies. 

"  Mr.  Daunt." 

"  Such,  Sir,  is  the  decision  of  the  Academy  on  the  instruments 
for  cutting  for  the  stone,  which  Mr.  Blondel  presented  to  me  on 
your  behalf.  The  little  uniting  bandage  has  been  shewn  at  a 
meeting,  and  has  been  greatly  approved  of.    We  shall  receive  your 


44 


KENNEDY  ON  AUCHNACLOY  SPA. — REPRINTS. 


remarks  with  the  highest  pleasure,  and  I  should  readily  undertake 
to  display  their  merit,  were  it  necessary. 

"  I  am,  with  perfect  esteem,  Sir, 

"  Your  most  humble,  and  most  obedient 
Servant, 

"  MORAND. 

"February  27,  1755." 

W.  Dease  made  some  improvement  on  Daunt's  instruments. 
He  increased  the  size  of  the  blade  of  the  lithotome,  and  made  it 
more  narrow  at  the  base  and  more  convex.  He  gave  a  greater 
curve  to  the  staff,  and  improved  the  form  of  the  conductor.  In 
the  plate  the  shape  of  Daunt's  and  Dease's  instruments  is  given, 
their  actual  size  being  reduced  by  one-half.  Fig.  1,  Daunt's 
conductor.  Fig.  2,  Daunt's  lithotome.  Fig.  3,  Dease's  staff. 
Fig.  4,  Dease's  conductor.  Fig.  5,  Dease's  lithotome.  Fig.  6, 
Dease's  knife. 

An  Experimental  Enquiry  into  the  Chemical  and  Medicinal 
Properties  of  the  Sulphurous  Water  at  Auchnacloy.  By  Henry 
Macneale  Kennedy,  M.D.  Monaghan.  1777.  12mo.  Pp.  70. 
Kennedy  studied  abroad,  and  graduated  at  Leyden. 

A  Methodical  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Theory  and 
Practise  of  Medicine  (Anon).    Dublin.    1777.    2  vols.  8vo. 

The  Management  of  Children,  &c.  By  W.  Codogan,  M.D. 
Dublin :  J.  Sheppard,  Anne-street.  1777.  8vo.  Pp.  60.  (A 
reprint.) 

Dr.  Codogan's  Dissertation  on  Gout.  By  John  Kerkenhout, 
M.D.  Dublin:  J.  A.  Husband.  1777.  8vo.  Pp.  56.  (A 
reprint.) 

The  celebrated  Surgeon  Percival  Potts'  sui'gical  writings  were 
collected  and  surreptitiously  published,  in  two  volumes,  in  1778. 
They  were  illustrated  with  plates.  A  second  edition,  in  three 
volumes,  appeared  in  the  following  year  in  London. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Effects  of  Lead.  Translated  from  French 
of  Mr.  Goulard,  Surgeon-Major,  Royal  and  Military  Hospitals, 
Montpellier.    Dublin:  R.  Moncrieffe,  Capel-street.    1778.  12mo. 


HUSSEY,  MORPIE,  AND  HARRIS'S  WORKS.— REPRINTS.  45 


Pp.  231.  About  this  time  Mr.  Vispre,  of  35  Great  George's- 
street,  advertised  that  he  sold  Goulard's  lotion,  prepared  by 
Goulard  himself. 

The  London  Practise  of  Physic.  4th  ed.  Dublin :  James 
Williams.    1779.    8vo.  Pp.440. 

A  Physical  Enquiry  into  the  Cause  and  Cure  of  Fevers.  By 
Garrett  Hussey,  M.D.  Dublin.  1779.  8vo.  Pp.  275.  It  was 
reprinted  in  London  in  1784.  Hussey  was  physician  to  Inns-quay 
Hospital,  which  was  subsequently  removed  to  J ervis-street. 

A  Safe  and  Easy  Remedy  for  the  Relief  of  the  Stone  and 
Gravel.  By  Nathaniel  Hulme,  M.D.  Dublin  :  Printed  by  R. 
Marchbank*  for  L.  Flinn,  Castle-street.  Dublin.  1780.  8vo. 
Pp.  169.    (A  reprint.) 

Advice  to  People  in  General ;  or,  a  Treatise  on  Ruptures.  By 
P.  T.  Morpie,  of  Johnson' s-court,  Fishambles-street,  and  sold  by 
Mr.  Perrin,  3  Castle-street,  Dublin.  1783.  This  treatise  con- 
tains a  description  of  a  new  truss  invented  by  the  author  and 
approved  of  by  Surgeon  Pott,  to  whom  the  treatise  is  dedicated. 

Collectanea  Hibernia  Meilica.  By  Richard  Harris,  M.D. 
(Clonmel).  Dublin :  J.  Exshaw.  1783.  8vo.  Pp.  113.  This 
work,  which  is  written  in  a  somewhat  didactic  style,  contains 
articles  on  the  pathology  of  general  diseases,  malformations,  &c. 

Animadversions  on  the  Treatment  of  a  late  Medical  Case. 
Dublin :  "  Printed  in  the  year  1785."    8vo.    Pp.  23. 

Medical  Commentaries  on  Fixed  Air.  By  Matthew  Dobson, 
M.D. ;  with  an  Appendix  by  William  Falconer,  M.D.  Dublin  : 
W.  Gilbert.  1785.  2nd  ed.  8vo.  Pp.  230.  In  this  treatise  the 
use  of  the  solution  of  alkaline  salts  charged  with  fixed  air  (carbonic 
acid)  is  recommended  as  a  cure  for  the  stone.  The  book  is  a 
reprint. 

In  1786  Dr.  Edmond  Cullen,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica, 
T.C.D.,  translated  Baron  Bergman's  celebrated  Physical  and 
Chemical  Essays.  They  contain  an  account  of  many  medicinal 
waters.  They  were  in  2  large  volumes,  and  were  published  by 
Luke  White. 

*  His  printing  office  is  still  worked  in  Stafford-street,  and  under  the  same  name.- 


46  WORKS  BY  FLETCHER,  ROCHE,  RYAN,  AND  QUIN. 


In  1785  a  work  on  Medical  Electricity  by  Sieur  Palmer,  M.D., 
was  reprinted  in  Dublin. 

A  Book  on  Coughs,  &c.  By  Thomas  Hydes,  Member  of  the 
Corporation  of  Surgeons,  London.  Dublin  :  Luke  White,  Dame- 
street.    1786.    8vo.    Pp.  152.    (A  reprint.) 

An  Essay  on  Cold  Bathing,  &c.  By  a  Physician.  Dublin :  P. 
Byrne,  Grafton-street.    1786.    8vo.    Pp.  73. 

A  Maritime  State  Considered  as  to  the  Health  of  Seamen.  By 
Charles  Fletcher,  M.D.  Dublin:  Printed  for  the  author  by  M. 
Mills, 36  Dorset-street.  1786.  8vo.  Pp.342.  This  book  describes 
the  insanitary  state  of  war  ships,  and  treats  upon  many  points  in 
naval  hygiene.  It  is  interesting  on  account  of  the  narratives  of 
voyages  which  the  author  gives;  during  one  of  them  Sterne's 
"  Eliza  "  was  a  passenger. 

A  Chirurgical  Dissertation.  By  Jordan  Roche,  L.R.  C.S.I. 
Dublin.  1787.  8vo.  Pp.  93.  The  author  was  the  second  person 
examined  for  the  licence  of  the  College.  He  practised  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Drogheda. 

An  Enquiry  into  the  Nature,  Causes,  and  Cure  of  Consumption 
of  the  Lungs,  &c.  By  Michael  Ryan.  Dublin.  1787.  8vo. 
Pp.  227.  The  author  practised  in  Kilkenny.  He  published  in 
London,  in  1793,  a  little  treatise  on  Asthma. 

An  Essay  on  the  Nature  and  Care  of  the  Epidemic  Putrid 
Fever  of  the  Years  1787  and  1788.  By  Thomas  Heney,  M.D. 
Mullingar :  Printed  by  William  Kidd.    1788.  8vo. 

An  anonymous  pamphlet  on  the  Swanlinbar  Waters  was  pub- 
lished in  Dublin  in  1789 ;  it  contained  79  pages. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Materia  Medica.  By  William  Cullen,  M.D. 
Dublin :  Luke  White,  Dame-street.    2  vols.    1789.    A  reprint. 

A  Treatise  on  Dropsy  of  the  Brain,  &c.  By  Charles  William 
Quin,  M.D.  Dublin :  William  Jones,  86  Dame-street.  1790. 
8vo.  Pp.  227.  Quin  was  Physician-General  to  the  Forces.  On 
the  5th  May,  1783,  he  was  admitted  as  a  Licentiate  and  a  Fellow 
of  the  College  of  Physicians.  He  graduated  in  1777  in  Arts  in 
Dublin  University,  but  obtained  his  medical  degree  elsewhere. 
Observations  on  Puerperal  Fever.    By  Joseph  Clarke,  M.D. 


JOSEril  claeke's  BOOK. — TIIOMAS  WRIGHT. 


47 


Dublin.  1790.  Clarke  was  Master  of  the  Lying-in  Hospital,  and 
his  observations  refer  to  the  fever  as  observed  by  him  in  that 
institution.  He  published  several  papers  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
R.  I.  A.,  1780-88. 

A  Concise  History  of  the  Human  Muscles.  By  Thomas  Wright, 
L.E.C.S.  Dublin:  J.  Williams,  26  Great  George's-street.  1791. 
8vo.  Pp.  224.  Wright  was  one  of  the  superintendents  of  dissec- 
tions in  the  School  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons.  He 
dedicated  this  book  to  William  Dease,  whom  he  styles  the  founder 
of  the  Irish  School  of  Surgery.  He  published  in  1811  a  valuable 
account  of  the  Walcheren  fever.  Wright  was  the  second  son  of 
Thomas  Wright,  of  Grenan  House,  County  of  Kilkenny,  and  his 
wife,  Eleanor,  daughter  of  Dr.  Thomas  Bell,  of  Athlone,  Surgeon 
to  Queen  Anne.  Sir  Thomas  Bell,  Physician,  of  Dublin,  and 
Surgeon  Robert  Bell,  of  Cork,  were  uncles  to  Mrs.  Wright.  He 
was  born  about  1758,  and,  under  his  uncle,  Sir  Thomas  Bell, 
became  a  surgeon,  and  for  some  time  was  a  teacher  in  the  College 
School.  He  entered  the  army,  was  attached  to  the  60th  Regiment, 
and  saved  the  life  of  Lord  Cornwallis  in  the  American  Revolu- 
tionary War.  Whilst  practising  at  7  Great  Ship-street,  and  still 
holding  his  commission,  he  joined  the  United  Irishmen,  and  was 
imprisoned  in  the  Castle,  but  his  friend,  Lord  Cornwallis,  the 
Viceroy,  did  not  permit  him  to  be  long  detained  there.  He  served 
afterwards  in  India  under  the  East  Indian  Company,  and  acted  as 
physician  to  the  Forces  in  the  unfortunate  Walcheren  campaign. 
In  the  British  Museum  there  is  a  letter  addressed  by  him  to 
Parliament  on  the  cruelty  of  sending  the  Walcheren  invalids  to  the 
East  Coast,  instead  of  to  some  healthier  part.  He  was  attacked 
himself  with  malarial  fever,  and  died  at  Blenheim — whither  he  had 
gone  to  recruit  his  health — in  1812.  Wright  had  dissecting 
rooms  in  Ship-street,  and  afterwards  in  Longford-street,  in  which 
he  taught  anatomy  to  a  large  class.  His  son,  Surgeon  Thomas 
Wright,  of  Ship-street,  was  for  many  years  an  influential  member 
of  the  College  of  Surgeons.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  Mendicity 
Institution.  Another  son,  the  Rev.  George  Newenham  Wright, 
was  an  eminent  and  voluminous  writer.    T.  Wright's  maternal 


48  AECHER,  DICKSON,  MOORE,  AND  WOOD'S  WORKS. 

uncle,  Sir  Thomas  Bell,  M.D.,  of  Dublin,  is  the  author  of  the 
History  of  a  Case  of  Two  Foetuses  retained  for  20  months,  being 
successfully  extracted  from  the  abdomen  by  excision  (an  account 
of  this  case  is  contained  in  the  library  of  the  British  Museum). 
Another  of  Sir  T.  Bell's  sisters  was  married  to  Mr.  Hawkes,  of 
Briarfield,  County  of  Roscommon,  grandfather  of  Surgeon  Charles 
Hawkes  Todd,  so  often  referred  to  in  this  History. 

A  Conspectus  of  a  Course  of  Lectures  on  the  Natural  History, 
&c,  of  Various  Medicines  used  in  the  Practise  of  Surgery.  By 
Clement  Archer.  Dublin.  1791.  8vo.  Pp.  68.  Archer  was 
Professor  of  Surgical  Pharmacy,  R.C.S.I.,  and  from  this  book  it  is 
to  be  inferred  that  he  delivered  71  lectures  annually.  He  pub- 
lished, in  1791,  a  lecture  introductory  to  his  clinical  course  (8vo. 
36  pages). 

A  Sketch  of  a  Course  of  Lectures  on  Medical  Philosophy.  By 
Stephen  Dickson,  M.D.  Dublin.  1792.  Dickson  was  Professor 
of  Practice  of  Medicine  in  the  University  School  of  Physic  from 
1792  to  1798, and  was  for  several  years  "Register"  of  the  College 
of  Physicians.  He  was  deprived  of  his  Fellowship  for  non- 
attendance  during  two  years  at  college  meetings.  He  published, 
in  the  Transactions  of  the  R.  I.  A.  for  1787,  "  Observations  on 
Pemphigus,"  and  in  1795  a  letter  relative  to  the  School  of  Physic 
(Dublin.  8vo.  Pp.  94).  His  essay  of  294  pages  on  Chemical 
Nomenclature  (including  observations  on  the  same  subject  by 
Richard  Kirwan)  appeared  in  London  in  1796. 

On  the  Cause  and  Cure  of  a  Species  of  Uterine  Haemorrhage. 
By  Joseph  Moore,  M.D.    Dublin.    1792.    8vo.    Pp.  48. 

A  Treatise  on  Typhus  Fever.  By  James  Wood,  M.D.  Dublin. 
1793.  8vo. 

Samuel  Crumpe,  M.D.,  born  in  Limerick  in  1766,  published  in 
London,  in  1793,  a  work  of  304  pages  on  Opium.  He  died  in 
1796. 

In  1793  Whitley  Stokes  published  in  Dublin,  and  in  the  Latin 
language,  his  Thesis  for  the  Degree  of  M.D.  in  the  University. 
The  subject  was  Respiration.    8vo.    Pp.  43. 

Thoughts  on  the  Abuses  in  the  Present  State  of  Physic, 


WORKS  OF  TUOMY,  DARWIN,  WADE,  PATTERSON,  ETC.  49 


Surgery,  and  Pharmacy.  By  Philanthropos.  Dublin.  1793.  18mo. 
Pp.  32. 

A  Compendium  of  Nosology  and  Therapeutics,  for  the  Use  of 
the  Students  in  Medicine  and  Surgery  in  the  Irish  Colleges.  By 
William  Gilbert.    Dublin.    1794.    12mo.    Pp.  120. 

Disputatio  Inaguralis  de  Ictero.  Dublin.  1794.  8vo.  Pp.21. 
(Dr.  Martin  Tuomy's  Inaugural  Thesis  for  the  Degree  of  M.D.) 

Erasmus  Darwin's  (M.D.)  Zoonomia;  or,  Laws  of  Organic  Life, 
in  two  quarto  volumes,  was  published  in  1794  in  both  Dublin  and 
London. 

Catalogus  Systematicus  Plantarum  Indiginarum  in.  Comitatu 
Dubliniensis  Inventarum.  Dublin.  1794.  In  this  work  Dr. 
Walter  Wade,  Lecturer  on  Botany  to  the  Royal  Dublin  Society 
and  the  R.C.S.I.,  gives  a  list  of  the  plants  growing  in  the  County 
of  Dublin.  This  work,  and  his  Plantes  Rariores,  gave  a  great 
impetus  to  the  study  of  botany  in  Ireland. 

An  Accouut  of  the  Malignant  Fever  lately  prevalent  in  Phila- 
delphia. Dublin :  J.  M.  Bates,  89  Coombe.  1794.  8vo.  Pp.60. 
(A  reprint.) 

Internal  Dropsy  of  the  Brain.  By  William  Patterson,  M.D. 
(Londonderry).  Dublin  :  W.  Gilbert,  at  the  Medical  Library,  26 
South  Great  George's-street.    1794.    8vo.    Pp.  93. 

Observations  on  the  Necessity  of  Regulating  the  Medical  Pro- 
fession. By  Edward  Geoghegan,  Surgeon.  Dublin.  1 795.  8vo. 
Pp.  36.  Geoghegan  was  an  active  member  of  the  College  of 
Surgeons. 

Hermippus  Redivivus,  &c.  Robert  Bell,  Dame-street.  No  date. 
131  pages. 

Directions  for  Warm  and  Cold  Sea  Bathing.  With  Observations 
on  their  Application  in  Different  Diseases.  By  Thomas  Reid, 
M.D.  Dublin :  Printed  by  II.  Fitzpatrick,  2  Upper  Ormond-quay. 
1795.    8vo.    Pp.  46.    (Evidently  a  reprint.) 

In  1798  Dr.  Robert  Blake,  a  Dublin  dentist,  published  in  Edin- 
burgh a  thesis  for  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  the  University  of  that 
city.  His  subject  was  the  Structure  of  Teeth.  His  thesis  was,  of 
course,  in  Latin,  but  he  subsequently  produced  it  in  an  enlarged 

E 


50 


blake's  essay  on  the  teeth. 


form,  arid  in  English,  under  the  following  title  : — "  An  Essay  on 
the  Structure  and  Formation  of  the  Teeth  in  Man  and  various 
Animals."  Dublin :  Printed  by  William  Porter.  1801.  8vo. 
Pp.  244.  The  work  is  illustrated  by  ten  large  sheets  of  copper- 
plate engravings.  The  great  merit  of  Blake's  work  has  been 
acknowledged  by  writers  of  eminence.  The  following  extract  is 
taken  from  Nasmyth's  valuable  treatise,  entitled  "  Researches  on 
the  Development,  Structure,  and  Diseases  of  the  Teeth,"  published 
by  Churchill,  London,  in  1839 : — "  The  Essay  of  Dr.  Blake  must 
always  be  regarded  as  the  best  work  on  the  subject  of  the  period 
at  which  it  was  written,  and  will  keep  its  place  as  a  standard  pro- 
duction. He  is  one  of  the  few  authors  who  have  taken  the  trouble 
to  read  their  lesson  from  nature,  and  the  deductions  which  he  has 
drawn  from  his  observations  are  practically  useful.  His  ideas 
respecting  the  '  crusta  petrosa '  were  original  at  the  time,  and  have 
since  been  generally  acquiesced  in ;  but  his  views  on  most  of  the 
functions  of  the  dental  capsule  are  similar  to  those  entertained  by 
other  writers,  and  very  different  from  the  opinions  which  I  shall 
have  an  opportunity  of  stating  in  the  course  of  the  present  work. 
His  remarks  on  the  succession  of  the  teeth  of  fishes  are  very 
accurate." 

Blake  was  for  many  years  Secretary  to  the  Physico-Medical 
Societv,  which  will  in  due  time  be  described.  He  had  a  laro-e 
dental  practice. 

I  learn  from  catalogues  of  books  sold  by  auction  and  from  book- 
sellers' lists  that  the  following  works  were  published  or  reprinted  in 
Ireland  during  the  eighteenth  century,  but  I  have  not  been  able 
to  discover  them  in  the  libraries : — Becket's  Chirurgical  Tracts ; 
Dossie's  Theory  and  Practise  of  Chirurgical  Pharmacy;  Douglas 
on  the  Muscles,  limes'*  Description  of  the  Human  Muscles ;  Bellost 
on  Mercury ;  Lawrence's  Prelectiones  Medicce ;  Lewis'  f  Experi- 
mental History  of  the  Materia  Medica.  2  vols.  Morgan's  $  Praei  ise 

*  Innes  was  an  Edinburgh  author.  His  work  on  the  Muscles  was  edited  in  1788 
by  Alexander  Munro. 

f  Lewis  was  the  author  of  several  anatomical  works  published  in  Edinburgh 
towards  the  end  of  the  last  century. 

X  Probably  a  reprint  of  Morgan's  Mechanical  Practice  of  Physick.   London.    }  735. 


PROBABLE  REPRINTS  OF  BRITISH  BOOKS. 


51 


of  Physic ;  Theobald's  Dispensatory ;  Warner  on  the  Gout ; 
Culpepper's  "Knglish  Physician;  Lewis'  New  Dispensatory ;  Brooke's 
Practise  of  Medicine*  1750.  2  vols.  They  were  all  probably 
either  reprints  or  nominally  published  in  Dublin. 

In  Ferrar's  History  of  Limerick  it  is  mentioned  that  Surgeon 
Charles  Dufont,  who  died  in  Limerick  in  1750,  wrote  a  Treatise 
on  Surgery,  and  that  John  Martin,  M.D.,  who  died  in  1786, 
described  the  Castleconnell  Spa.  I  cannot  find  Dufont's  book  in 
the  libraries  or  catalogues. 

*  Evidently  Dr.  Richard  Brooke's  Practice  of  Physic,  a  popular  work,  published  in 
London,  and  which  attained  to  the  honour  of  a  fifth  edition  in  1768. 


CHAPTER  III. 


THE  BARBER-SURGEONS. 

The  etymology  of  the  word  "  surgery,"  or  "  cliirurgery"  {Xelp,  the 
hand,  and  epyov^  an  organ),  shows  that  it  is  essentially  a  handi- 
craft— i.e.,  work  with  the  hand.  From  the  earliest  period  in  the 
history  of  the  healing  art  the  practice  of  medicine  was  distin- 
guished from  remedial  treatment,  which  consisted  in  the  dressing 
of  wounds,  the  application  of  bandages,  and  other  mechanical 
interferences.  Nevertheless,  there  is  little  doubt  but  that  surgery 
and  medicine  were  usually  in  early  ages  practised  by  the  same 
individual.  The  "  Father  of  Medicine,"  Hippocrates,  was  a  surgeon 
as  well  as  a  physician.  He  set  fractures  and  reduced  dislocations, 
and  he  was  acquainted  with  the  midwifery  forceps.  He  described 
the  use  of  the  actual  cautery. 

Although  in  ancient  times  the  physician,  as  a  rule,  practised 
surgery,  yet  there  were  some  practitioners  of  the  healing  art  who 
confined  their  practice  to  the  treatment  of  wounds  and  sores  :  they 
were  regarded  as  distinct  from  the  physician.  Herophilus  and 
Erasistratus  flourished  as  surgeons  in  Alexandria  300  years  before 
the  birth  of  Christ.  It  is  stated  that  a  Grseco-Egyptian  surgeon 
named  Ammianus  invented  an  instrument  for  crushing  the  stone 
in  the  bladder,  thereby  anticipating  by  two  thousand  years  Civiale's 
invention  of  lithotrity.  In  Celsus'  time  surgery  was  practised  in 
Rome  by  persons  who  confined  themselves  exclusively  to  it.  In 
the  Middle  Ages  the  "  leech  "  usually  practised  both  medicine  and 
surgery. 

It  is  alleged  that  Charlemagne  established  medical  seminaries  at 
Metz,  Lyons,  and  Fulda,  by  a  degree  issued  in  805.  The  first 
institution  which  conferred  distinct  diplomas  in  the  various  branches 
of  the  curative  art  was  the  once  famous  University  of  Salerno, 


ANCIENT  SCHOOLS  OF  MEDICINE — CLERICAL  SURGEONS.  53 

situated  32  miles  from  Naples.  It  was  founded  towards  the  end 
of  the  eleventh  century  by  Duke  Robert  Guiscard,  a  Norman.  Its 
medical  seminary  (Schola  Salernitano)  was  the  most  celebrated  seat 
of  medical  lore  in  Christendom — its  alumni  came  from  most  parts 
of  Europe.  Dr.  Dollinger,  in  his  learned  work  on  Universities, 
states  that  the  medical  school  at  Salerno  was  the  most  ancient 
university. 

After  the  conquest  of  Spain  by  the  Moslems  important  schools 
of  medicine  were  established  in  that  country  by  the  Arabians. 

Bologna  became  a  great  medical  school  about  the  fourteenth 
century,  and  still  occupies  a  respectable  position  as  a  seat  of 
medical  education.  It  is  remarkable  as  the  first  medical  school 
which  admitted  women  as  students  and  teachers.  Madonna  Manzo- 
lina  was  its  Professor  of  anatomy  and  surgery  for  many  years. 

For  several  centuries  the  regular  clergy  generally  officiated  as 
physicians.  It  is  probable  that  the  power  to  confer  medical  degrees 
claimed  by  bishops  down  to  our  own  time  originated  in  the  grant- 
ing by  their  ecclesiastical  superiors  of  licences  to  priests  to  practise. 
By  ancient  usage  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  has  still  the  right 
to  create  Doctors  of  Medicine,  though,  of  course,  such  a  qualifi- 
cation would  not  enable  the  holder  thereof  to  have  his  name*  placed 
upon  the  Medical  Register.  The  "  Canterbury  Degree "  was, 
however,  a  registrable  qualification  at  the  time  of  the  passing  of 
the  Medical  Act  of  1858. 

When  the  priests  were  forbidden  *  to  practise  physic  or  surgery, 
especially  the  latter,  which  embrued  their  hands  in  blood,  their 
servants  began  to  practise  as  surgeons,  for,  having  acted  as 
assistants  to  the  clergy,  they  had  acquired  some  practical  know- 
ledge of  surgery.  Many  of  them  settled  in  the  towns  and  styled 
themselves  chirurgeons.  In  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  cen- 
turies, whilst  clerics  still,  to  some  extent,  practised  physic,  surgery 
was  wholly  abandoned  to  the  laity.  The  regularly  educated  sur- 
geons resented  the  intrusion  of  the  servants  and  lay  brothers  from 
the  monastic  establishments,  who  practised  surgery  on  their  own 

*  The  Council  of  Tours  forbid  (in  1163)  priests  from  leaving  their  cloisters  to 
practise  medicine. 


54 


FIRST  INCORPORATION  OF  SURGEONS. 


account.  In  Paris  the  "  Procureur  du  Roy "  proceeded  against 
the  unlicensed  surgeons,  at  the  instigation  of  those  who  possessed 
medical  or  surgical  diplomas  from  the  universities  and  the  bishops, 
but  notwithstanding  much  persecution  the  low  grade  surgeons 
held  their  ground.  Some  of  them  practised  surgery  exclusively, 
but  the  majority  were  surgeons,  dentists,  phlebotomists,  and  barbers. 
In  addition  to  the  surgical  servants  of  the  clerics,  the  ordinary 
barbers  practised  surgery.  In  process  of  time  there  came  into 
existence  three  classes  of  surgeons : — 1.  Those  who  had  been 
regularly  educated  in  the  universities,  and  who  held  diplomas 
issued  by  those  learned  bodies ;  2.  Surgeons  who  learned  then*  art 
by  pupilage,  and  confined  their  practice  to  surgery;  and,  lastly, 
the  barber-surgeons,  irregularly  educated,  and  practising  "barbery," 
wig-making,  &c. 

The  first  incorporation  of  surgeons  took  place  in  1268,  when 
Louis  IX.  (commonly  known  as  St.  Louis)  formed  a  college  of 
surgeons  in  Paris,  and  dedicated  it  to  St.  Cosmos  and  St.  Damian. 
This  king  was  a  great  patron  of  surgeons,  and  might  be  regarded 
as  one  himself,  for  he  often  dressed  the  wounds  of  his  soldiers. 
Examinations  to  test  the  competency  of  persons  to  practise  were 
first  instituted  tinder  the  reign  of  Philip  the  Fair.  The  examining 
board  consisted  of  persons  who  had  acquired  the  diploma  of  master 
of  surgery — a  qualification  which  existed  in  France  until  the 
Revolution.  A  strict  edict  was  issued  by  King  John  in  1352 
against  unlicensed  practitioners.  Charles  V.  was  a  great  admirer 
of  surgery,  and  enrolled  himself,  whilst  regent  of  France,  amongst 
the  members  of  the  college  of  surgeons.  In  short,  surgery  has 
always  had  a  high  position  assigned  to  it  in  France.  In  that 
country  there  were,  previous  to  the  Revolution,  about  eighteen 
universities,  and  fifteen  colleges  or  academies  of  physicians,  all 
conferring  degrees,  most  of  which  were  as  readily  purchasable  as 
the  bogus  degrees  of  some  of  the  American  so-called  universities 
now  are,  or  lately  were.  On  the  other  hand,  there  were  but  few 
corporations  of  surgeons,  and  they  were  well  conducted,  influential, 
and  numerous  fraternities.  One  of  the  most  noble  buildings 
in  Paris  was  the  Academy  of  Surgery,  which  at  the  time  of 


TITE  LONDON  BARBER-SURGEONS. 


55 


the  Revolution  was  converted  into  the  Ecole  de  Sante,  and  the 
seat  of  the  best  medical  instruction  which  France  afforded.  The 
Ecole  de  Sante  subsequently  became  the  Ecole  de  Medecine,  which 
it  still  remains. 

In  England  the  first  surgeon  occupying  an  official  position  of 
whom  we  have  any  account  was  Richard  de  Wy.  He  was  appointed 
surgeon  to  Edward  III.,  and  was  probably  the  first  of  that  long 
roll  of  royal  officers  termed  Sergeant-Surgeons,  carried  clown  to  our 
own  time.  We  learn  from  Rymer's  "  Fsedera"  (Tome  IX.,  p.  182) 
that  in  1447  the  office  of  barber  at  the  gates  of  the  king's  palace 
was  granted  as  a  mark  of  royal  favour  to  his  "  servants  of  the 
ewry,"  Robert  Bolley  and  Alexander  Donour.  This  post  was  one 
of  great  emolument.  Every  person  who  received  the  knighthood 
of  the  Bath  was  obliged  to  pay  these  barber-surgeons  a  fee  for 
his  tonsure.  The  amount  was  regulated  by  the  rank  of  the 
knight-elect — a  duke  paid  £10,  a  large  sum  in  those  times. 

So  far  back  as  1308  a  company,  or  "  crafte,"  of  barbers  prac- 
tising surgery  existed  in  London.  They  enjoyed  such  municipal 
privileges  as  were  possessed  by  other  craftsmen.  In  1461-2  this 
company  was  incorporated  by  a  charter  granted  by  King  Edward 
IV.,  and  following  the  example  of  the  French  Academy  dedicated 
it  to  St.  Cosmos  and  St.  Damian.*  The  charter  ordained  that_ 
only  competent  persons  should  be  admitted  to  tbe  corporation,  and 
that  no  one  should  practise  without  their  authority  in  the  city  of 
London.  The  charter  of  the  company  was  renewed  in  1499  by 
Henry  VII.,  and  confirmed  by  Hemy  VIII.  in  1512.  In  this 
year  the  first  Act  of  Parliament  relating  to  the  medical  profession 
was  passed  (3rd  Hemy  VIII.,  c.  11).  It  points  out  the  inconve- 
niences caused  by  ignorant  persons,  such  as  "  smiths,  women,"  &c, 
practising  physic  and  surgery,  and  ordains  that  no  one  shall  practise 
as  a  physician  or  surgeon  unless  he  has  been  examined,  approved  of, 
and  admitted  by  the  Bishop  of  London  or  Dean  of  St.  Paul's  for 
the  time  being.  The  medico-ecclesiastical  authority  was,  however, 
to  be  assisted  by  four  doctors  of  physic  or  surgeons,  as  the  case 
might  be.  Unlicensed  persons  were  liable  to  a  penalty  of  £5 
*  Brothers,  physicians,  who  were  martyred. 


56  STATUTES  RELATING  TO  THE  LONDON  SURGEONS. 


per  month  whilst  engaged  in  illegal  practice.  In  every  diocese 
outside  of  London  the  bishop  thereof  was  constituted  the  licensing 
authority.  The  Act  provided  that  surgeons  "  shall  have  an  open 
sign  on  the  street  side,  where  they  shall  fortune  to  dwell,  that 
all  the  king's  liege  people  there  passing  by  may  know  at  all 
times  whither  to  resort  for  their  remedies  in  time  of  necessity." 
The  sign  insisted  upon  was  probably  meant  to  apply  to  the 
usual  pole  projected  over  the  door  of  the  barber-surgeon's  shop. 
It  was  a  symbol  of  the  staff  held  in  the  patient's  hands  whilst 
being  bled ;  the  white  stripes  on  the  pole  represented  the  tape 
used  by  the  operator,  and  the  red  colour  on  the  pole  symbolised 
the  blood  which  the  operator  liberated  from  the  veins  of  the 
usually  not  unwilling  patient.  Sometimes  a  basin  pendant  from 
the  pole  represented  the  vessel  used  to  receive  the  patient's  blood. 
The  barbers  still  occasionally  display  the  parti-coloured  pole ;  but 
clearly  it  has  now  no  relevancy  to  their  art. 

The  Act  5th  Henry  VIII.,  c.  6,  exempted  surgeons  from  serving 
as  jurors  or  constables,  or  from  bearing  arms. 

In  1541  there  existed  surgeons  in  London  who  were  not  mem- 
bers of  the  corporation.  In  that  year  the  Act  32nd  Henry  VIII., 
c.  42,  incorporated  all  the  surgeons  and  barbers  under  the  style  of 
the  "  Masters  or  Governors  of  the  Mystery  and  Commonalty  of 
Barbers  and  Surgeons  of  London."  No  surgeon  was  to  practise 
as  a  barber,  and  vice  versa.  The  company  were  permitted  to 
receive  annually  the  bodies  of  four  persons  executed,  for  the 
purpose  of  dissection.  The  last  clause  in  the  Act  provided  that 
"  it  shall  be  lawfull  for  any  of  the  King's  subjects,  not  being  a 
bai'ber  or  surgeon,  to  retain,  have,  and  keep  in  his  house  as  his 
servant  any  person  being  a  barber  or  surgeon." 

It  would  seem  that  the  exclusive  privileges  conferred  on  the 
surgeons  caused  discontent,  for  an  Act  passed  in  1544  permitted 
unlicensed  persons  to  "  minister  outward  medicines." 

The  statutes  relating  to  the  barber-surgeons  were  ratified  by 
Philip  and  Mary  and  by  Elizabeth. 

In  1604  the  surgeons  received  a  charter  conferring  upon  them 
the  exclusive  right  to  practise  within  three  miles  of  London,  and  a 


THE  SCOTTISH  SURGICAL  CORPORATIONS. 


57 


court  of  twenty-four  assistants  was  constituted.  A  charter  of 
Charles  I.,  dated  in  1629,  extended  their  jurisdiction  to  seven 
miles  from  London,  and  constituted  a  court  of  ten  examiners  out 
of  twenty-four  assistants. 

The  Act  18th  George  II.  c.  15,  passed  in  1745,  separated  the 
surgeons  from  the  barbers  for  ever.  Henceforth  the  former  formed 
a  distinct  company  under  the  style  of  the  Master,  Governors,  and 
Commonalty  of  the  Art  and  Science  of  Surgery  of  London.  In 
1800  this  company  was  dissolved,  and  the  surgeons  ceased  to  form 
a  constituent  of  the  London  Municipal  Companies ;  they  were 
reformed  into  a  Royal  College  with  additional  powers. 

The  surgeons  and  barbers  of  Edinburgh  were  incorporated  in 
1505.  It  is  remarkable  that  their  charter  enacts  that  the  persons 
admitted  should  be  acquainted  with  anatomy.  Each  year  the 
company  were  entitled  to  receive  for  dissection  the  body  of  an 
executed  criminal.  In  1695  the  surgeons  were  constituted  the 
chirurgeons  and  chirurgeon-apothecaries  of  Edinburgh — there 
never  was  a  corporation  of  apothecaries  in  Scotland.  In  1778  the 
corporation  were  converted  into  a  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons ;  but 
with  a  curious  constitution,  which  still  left  them  in  great  part  a 
municipal  institution;  until  1833  the  president  was  a  member 
of  the  town  council.  In  1851  the  college  were  made  in  every 
sense  a  national  and  not  a  local  institution.  It  is  not  generally 
known  that  the  medical  school  of  Edinburgh  originated  with  the 
surgeons ;  they  established  professorships,  and  became  a  teaching 
body.'  Early  in  the  last  century  they  transferred  their  teaching 
faculty  to  the  University,  which  is  still  somewhat  of  a  municipal 
institution,  being  in  part  under  the  government  of  the  town 
council.  . 

The  Faculty  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Glasgow  was  incor- 
porated in  1599.  Its  charter  was  modified  by  Parliament  in  1672. 
The  Faculty  had  power  to  grant  licences  for  the  four  shires  of 
Lanark,  Ayr,  Renfrew,  and  Dunbai'ton.  It  long  successfully 
contested  the  right  of  the  graduates  of  Glasgow  University  to 
practise  without  its  permission  in  these  counties  ;  but  in  1850,  on 
obtaining  ;i  new  charter,  it  relinquished  its  exclusive  privileges. 


58 


RELATION  OF  THE  PHYSICIANS  TO  SURGERY. 


Its  qualification  has  long  been  considered  as  purely  surgical,  and  is 
only  accepted  as  such  by  the  Local  Government  Board. 

The  members  of  the  London  College  of  Physicians  have  always 
claimed  the  right  to  practise  surgery  if  they  chose  so  to  do.  The 
higher  medical  education  which  they  received,  as  compared  with 
the  limited  attainments  of  the  barber-surgeons,  qualified  them  to 
more  efficiently  perform  the  major  operations  in  surgery.  They 
had  not  that  marked  aversion  to  surgical  practice  in  the  seventeenth 
century  that  they  seem  to  have  had  in  the  eighteenth.  It  is 
remarkable  that  the  regular  courses  of  lectures  on  anatomy  and 
surgery,  delivered  in  the  seventeenth  century  before  the  Barber- 
Surgeons'  Corporation  in  London,  were,  as  enacted  by  a  by-law, 
given  by  a  Doctor  of  Physic — Harvey,  the  discoverer  of  the 
circulation  of  the  blood,  was  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  and  Chirurgery 
to  the  College  of  Physicians.  The  members  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  were  sometimes  brethren  of  the  fraternity  of  barber- 
surgeons. 

The  author  of  a  work  entitled  "  A  Treatise  on  all  the  Muscles 
of  the  Whole  Body,"  printed  by  Richard  Thrallan,  London,  in 
1634,  describes  himself  as  follows: — "Alexander  Read,  Doctor  of 
Physick,  a  Fellow  of  the  Colledge  of  Physicians  of  the  famous 
City  of  London,  and  a  Brother  of  the  Worshipful  Company  of 
Barber-C  hirurgeons. ' ' 

A  book,  which  in  its  time  created  a  considerable  amount  of 
angry  controversy,  had  the  following  title — "  On  the  History  of 
Academic  and  Scholastic  Learning.  By  John  Webster,  Practi- 
tioner in  Physic  and  Chirurgery.    London.  1654." 

The  Edinburgh  physicians  were  by  no  means  averse  to  the 
practice  of  surgery,  as  is  shown  by  their  attempt  in  the  seventeenth 
century  to  acquire  by  charter  the  right  to  practise  as  surgeons. 

In  1656  a  charter  was  prepared,  with  the  sanction  of  Cromwell, 
establishing  a  college  of  physicians  for  Scotland,  and  empowering 
its  members  to  practise  surgery,  "  inasmuch  as  the  science  of 
physick  doth  comprehend,  include,  and  containe  in  it  the  know- 
ledge of  chirurgery,  being  a  special  part  of  the  same  and  member 
thereof."    The  death  of  Cromwell  probably  prevented  the  issue  of 


physicians'  college  refuses  to  admit  obstetricians.  59 

the  proposed  charter,  and  that  obtained  from  Charles  II.  contains 
no  reference  to  surgery.  The  Edinburgh  surgeons  claim  that  they 
prevented  the  issue  of  the  charter  by  the  influence  which  they 
brought  to  bear  upon  the  Protector  through  the  Lord  Provost  of 
Edinburgh,  Sir  Andrew  Eamsay.  It  is  clear,  then,  that  whilst 
the  physicians  were  persecuting  and  even  imprisoning  the  surgeons 
for  practising  physic,  the  physicians  themselves  were  encroaching 
upon  the  domain  of  the  pure  surgeon,  whilst  the  apothecary 
invaded  the  territories  of  both  the  physician  and  surgeon. 

In  the  last  century,  and  the  early  part  of  the  present  one,  the 
physicians  on  the  whole  seem  to  have  regarded  any  kind  of  manual 
treatment  of  the  body  as  beneath  the  dignity  of  the  profession  of 
pure  medicine.  Their  objection  to  admit  obstetricians  to  their 
colleges  was  founded  upon  the  fact  that  the  work  of  the  latter  was 
chiefly  mechanical :  they  considered  that  the  obstetrician's  proper 
place  was  amongst  the  surgeons.  It  seems  strange  that  so  late  as 
the  fourth  decade  of  the  present  century  eminent  physicians  should 
be  so  unenlightened  as  to  regard  midwifery  practice  as  one  which 
to  a  certain  extent  degraded  a  medical  practitioner.  When  Sir 
Henry  Halford,  President  of  the  London  College  of  Physicians, 
was  examined,  in  1834,  by  the  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of 
Commons  on  Medical  Education,  he  stated  that  it  was  not  desir- 
able to  repeal  that  by-law  which  excluded  from  admission  to  the 
Fellowship  of  his  college  persons  engaged  in  the  practice  of 
midwifery.  He  said  that  it  "would  rather  disparage  the  highest 
grade  of  the  profession  to  let  them  engage  in  that  particular 
branch,  which  is  a  manual  operation  very  much."  He  further 
stated  that  it  was  necessary  that  the  member  of  a  college  of 
surgeons  should  disfranchise  himself  before  being  admitted  a 
licentiate  of  .the  College  of  Physicians,  in  order  to  keep  medical 
practice  "  as  respectable  as  possible,  and  as  distinct."  In  Ireland 
midwifery  practitioners  were  admitted  to  the  Fellowship  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  long  before  the  close  of  the  last  century. 

It  is  probable  that  a  large  number  of  persons  practised  surgery 
early  in  the  fifteenth  century  in  Dublin,  as  it  is  unlikely  that 
only  a  few  individuals  would  have  been  incorporated.    On  the  18th 


60         HENRY  VI.  INCORPORATED  THE  BARBER-SURGEONS. 

October,  1446,  King  Henry  VI.  established  by  royal  charter  a 
Fraternity,  or  Guild  of  Barbers.  This  was  the  first  incorporation 
of  medical  practitioners  in  the  United  Kingdom ;  the  next  was 
that  of  the  London  Barber-Chirurgeons,  in  1461.  The  Dublin 
fraternity  were  styled  simply  barbers,  but  I  gather  from  the  text 
of  a  charter  granted  to  the  fraternity  by  Queen  Elizabeth  that  the 
word  "barber"  was  the  exact  equivalent  for  "surgeon"  in  those 
clays.  The  charter  of  King  Henry  cannot  be  found.  Perhaps  it 
was  surrendered — a  practice  not  unusual  on  receiving  a  new  charter. 
It  is,  however,  somewhat  fully  recited  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  charter, 
granted  in  1572.  It  enabled  women  to  be  admitted  to  the  freedom 
of  the  guild — a  proof  that  even  in  those  early  days  women  aspired 
to  be  disciples  of  Esculapius. 

The  charter  granted  by  Queen  Elizabeth  is  preserved  in  the 
Manuscript  Room  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  It  is  beautifully 
written  and  illuminated,  and  is  worthy  of  exhibition  in  a  glass-case 
in  the  rooms  usually  open  to  readers  and  visitors.  The  wording  of 
the  charter  is  in  Latin,  of  which  the  following  is  a  translation  : — 

"  CHtjatotfft  by  the  Grace  of  God  of  England  France  and 
Ireland  Queen  Defender  of  the  Faith  and  soforth  To  all  persons 
to  whom  these  present  Letters  may  come  Greeting.  Whereas  our 
most  dearly  beloved  progenitor  Henry  the  Sixth  late  King  of 
England  by  his  Letters  patent  dated  at  Dublin  the  eighteenth  day 
of  October  in  the  twenty-fifth  year  of  his  Reign  of  his  special  Grace 
with  the  Assent  of  the  Reverend  Father  in  Christ  Richd.  Arch- 
Bishop  of  Dublin  then  his  Justice  of  his  Land  of  Ireland  for  the 
praise  of  God  and  Honour  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  St.  Mary 
Magdalene  and  all  Saints  thoroughly  to  fulfil  the  pious  purpose 
and  good  Intention  of  his  beloved  and  faithful  Richard  Arch- 
Bishop  of  Dublin  Giles  Thorndon  Esquire  his  Treasurer  of  Ireland 
Brother  Thos.  Talbot  Prior  of  Kilmainham  Brother  William  Prior 
of  the  House  of  St.  John  without  New  Gate  Dublin  Christopher 
Barnewall  his  Chief  Justice  in  his  Land  of  Ireland  Robert  Dow- 
dall  his  Chief  Justice  of  his  Common  Bench  of  Ireland  Michl. 
Gryffen  Chief  Baron  of  his  Exchequer  aforesaid  Edward  Somerton 
his  Sergeant  at  Law  in  his  Land  of  Ireland  Stephen  Roche  his 
Attorney  Edward  Brian  James  Cheny  Barbers  Philip  Leghlen 
Barber  John  Browne  Richard  Russell  Barbers  Stephen  Barby  and 


ELIZABETHS  CHARTER  TO  DUBLIN  BARBER-SURGEONS.  61 

John  Vale  Barbers  Granted  unto  them  and  gave  Licence  for 
him  his  Heirs  and  Successors  as  much  as  in  him  lay  That  they  or 
the  Survivors  of  them  for  the  praise  of  God  and  Honour  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin  Mary  and  all  Saints  might  begin  anew  found 
initiate  establish  enter  upon  and  make  a  Fraternity  or  Guild  of 
the  Art  of  Barbers  of  his  City  of  Dublin  to  be  for  ever  called  or 
named  the  Fraternity  or  Guild  of  Saint  Mary  Magdalene  to  consist 
of  themselves  and  other  persons  as  well  Men  as  Women  and  to 
receive  admit  and  accept  of  any  other  persons  whatsoever  fit  and 
discreet  and  freely  willing  to  join  them  as  Brothers  and  Sisters  of 
the  Fraternity  or  Guild  aforesaid. 

"  And  that  the  Brothers  of  the  Fraternity  or  Guild  aforesaid  so 
begun  founded  initiated  and  established  might  every  year  have 
one  Master  and  two  Wardens  of  themselves  who  shall  be  of  the 
Art  of  Barbers  for  the  Rule  Governance  and  Oversight  of  such 
Fraternity  or  Guild  and  Custody  of  all  Lands  Tenements  rents 
possessions  Goods  and  Chattels  which  to  the  said  Fraternity  or 
Guild  aforesaid  were  heretofore  given  granted  or  assigned  or  to 
the  said  Fraternity  or  Guild  should  thereafter  happen  to  belong 
for  the  Rule  and  Governance  of  the  Art  of  Barbers  aforesaid 
in  the  City  aforesaid  and  the  suburbs  thereof  and  that  such 
Master  and  Wardens  for  the  time  being  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  more  discreet  Brethren  of  the  Art  aforesaid  might 
have  full  power  to  elect  ordain  nominate  and  successively  appoint 
other  Master  and  Wardens  from  year  to  year  for  the  rule  Gover- 
nance and  Superintendence  of  such  Fraternity  or  Guild  and  Art 
aforesaid  and  Custody  of  all  Lands  and  Tenements  rents  and  pos- 
sessions Goods  and  Chattels  aforesaid  to  be  had  in  form  aforesaid 
and  them  and  each  of  them  from  time  to  time  when  it  should  be 
necessary  and  expedient  from  the  offices  aforesaid  to  exonerate  and 
remove  and  others  of  the  Art  aforesaid  in  his  place  as  it  should  be 
expedient  to  put  and  appoint  and  might  have  keep  and  use  a 
common  seal  for  the  Affairs  and  Business  to  the  said  Fraternity  or 
Guild  belonging  which  Seal  should  remain  under  the  Custody 
of  the  said  Master  and  Wardens  for  the  time  being  with  all 
and  singular  other  Gifts  Grants  Authority  Customs  Privileges 
Franchises  and  Immunities  as  in  and  by  the  aforesaid  Letters 
patent  bearing  date  the  clay  and  year  above  mentioned  and 
remaining  of  Record  in  the  Rolls  of  our  Chancery  of  our  King- 
dom of  Ireland  may  more  fully  appear.  And  We  having 
maturely  considered  how  useful  and  necessary  it  would  be  for 


62     ELIZABETH'S  CHARTER  TO  DUBLIN  BARBER-SURGEONS. 


preserving  the  Health  of  the  Human  Body  that  there  were  more 
persons  skilled  in  the  Art  of  Chirurgery  within  the  City  of  Dublin 
aforesaid  Sickness  and  Infirmities  committing  vast  Havoc  for  the 
promotion  and  exercise  of  which  Art  the  aforesaid  Fraternity 
and  Guild  of  Barbers  was  created  and  established  by  our  aforesaid 
most  beloved  pregenitor  Henry  and  because  there  are  now  two 
distinct  Societies  practising  the  said  Art  and  Faculty  in  our  City 
aforesaid  (vizt.)  one  of  Barbers  and  the  other  of  Chirurgeons 
which  said  Society  of  Chirurgeons  is  not  as  yet  constituted  nor 
incorporated  into  any  Body  Politic  and  it  being  necessary  to  blend 
join  and  reduce  the  said  distinct  and  separate  Societies  of  Barbers 
and  Chirurgeons  into  one  Body  that  in  one  close  aggregate  and 
connected  Fellowship  the  Art  and  Science  of  Chirurgery  might 
flourish  as  well  in  Theory  as  in  Practice  and  would  greatly  conduce 
to  and  be  a  means  of  perfectly  learning  and  exercising  the  art 
aforesaid  and  assisting  both  themselves  and  their  present  and 
future  apprentices  of  our  more  abundant  Grace  certain  knowledge 
and  mere  motion  with  the  assent  of  our  dearly  beloved  and  faith- 
ful Councillor  Sir  Henry  Sydney  Knt.  of  our  most  Noble  Order 
of  the  Garter  President  of  our  Council  of  our  Marches  of  Wales 
one  of  our  Privy  Council  in  our  Kingdom  of  England  and  our 
Deputy  General  of  our  Kingdom  of  Ireland  aforesaid  and  with 
the  advice  and  consent  of  our  Council  of  our  said  Kingdom 
Have  given  and  granted  as  much  as  in  us  lies  to  our  Beloved 
subjects  William  Kelly  Richard  Egerton  Richard  Luttrell  Stephen 
Cradock  Rowland  Merry  Walter  Naghtyne  John  Birde  Thomas 
Newman  and  Patrick  Drynan  Chirurgeons  of  our  City  of  Dublin 
aforesaid.  That  they  and  all  others  admitted  into  the  Liberties 
of  either  Fraternity  or  Society  aforesaid  according  to  the  custom 
of  our  City  aforesaid  are  hereby  from  henceforth  united  and  in 
fact  and  in  name  made  one  entire  Society  Body  and  perpetual 
Community.  And  that  the  said  Body  Society  and  Community  of 
Chirurgeons  shall  from  henceforth  be  named  and  called  the 
Fraternity  or  Guild  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene  in  Dublin  and  that  by 
the  same  name  they  and  their  successors  shall  implead  and  be 
impleaded  before  all  Judges  and  J ustices  whatsoever  in  all  Courts 
Actions  Suits  and  Pleas  whatsoever  and  that  by  the  same  Name 
they  are  persons  fit  and  capable  to  acquire  and  possess  in  Fee  and 
perpetuity  Lands  and  Tenements  rents  services  and  other  posses- 
sions whatsoever  and  that  they  may  have  a  Common  Seal  for  the 
service  of  the  Business  of  the  said  Fraternity  or  Guild  for  ever. 


Elizabeth's  charter  to  Dublin  barber-surgeons.  63 


And  Whereas  the  aforesaid  Master  and  Wardens  of  the  Frater- 
nity of  Barbers  of  our  City  of  Dublin  aforesaid  and  the  aforesaid 
Body  Society  and  Community  of  Chirurgeons  of  our  City  afore- 
said Have  humbly  besought  us  That  they  and  their  Successors  for 
the  furtherance  and  advantage  of  the  said  several  Arts  should  be 
from  henceforth  made  one  Body  Corporate.    Know  ye  that  We 
of  our  more  abundant  Special  Grace  certain  Knowledge  and  mere 
Motion  with  the  Assent  aforesaid  Have  given  and  granted  and 
by  these  presents  Do  give  and  grant  for  us  our  heirs  and  succes- 
sors as  much  as  in  us  is  to  the  said  Master  or  Wardens  of  the 
Fraternity  of  Barbers  aforesaid  and  to  their  Successors  that  the 
aforesaid  Body  Society  and  Community  of  Chirurgeons  aforesaid 
for  ever  after  the  date  of  these  presents  may  be  shall  be  and 
shall  be  named  and  called  the  Master  Wardens  and  Fraternity  of 
Barbers  and  Chirurgeons  of  the  Guild  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene 
within  our  City  of  Dublin  and  do  ordain  create  and  found  them 
for  ever  hereafter  one  Body  Corporate  in  Fact  Deed  and  Name  of 
one  Master  two  Wardens  and  Fraternity  of  Barbers  and  Chirur- 
geons of  the  Guild  aforesaid  and  do  constitute  and  establish  them 
to  continue  for  time  perpetual  and  We  do  unite  incorporate  make 
constitute  create  declare  ordain  and  appoint  the  said  Master 
Wardens  and  Fraternity  of  Barbers  aforesaid  and  the  aforesaid 
Body  Society  and  Community  of  Chirurgeons  one  Body  Corporate 
and  by  these  presents  do  declare  them  and  their  successors  for 
ever  hereafter  to  be  united  Incorporated  and  one  Body  made  and 
established.  And  that  they  from  henceforth  for  ever  by  the  name 
of  Master  Wardens  and  Fraternity  of  Barbers  and  Chirurgeons 
of  the  Guild  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene  within  our  City  of  Dublin 
aforesaid  may  plead  and  be  Impleaded  answer  and  be  answered 
before  any  Justices  and  Ministers  whatsoever  of  us  our  Heirs  and 
Successors  in  all  Courts  and  places  whatsoever  of  or  for  all  or  any 
manner  of  actions  real  or  personal  mixed.    And  that  they  and 
their  successors  may  have  for  ever  one  Common  Seal  to  serve  them 
For  sealing  their  Acts  Deeds  and  Business.    And  further  of  our 
more  abundant  special  Grace  certain  knowledge  and  mere  motion 
with  flic  assent  aforesaid  We  have  given  granted  and  confirmed 
and  by  these  presents  for  us  our  Heirs  and  Successors  Do  give 
grant  and  confirm  as  much  as  in  us  is  to  the  aforesaid  Master 
Wardens  and  Fraternity  of  Barbers  and  Chirurgeons  of  the 
Guild  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene  within   our  City  of  Dublin 
aforesaid  and  to  their  Successors  all  and  singular  the  Liberties 


64    Elizabeth's  charter  to  Dublin  barber-surgeons. 


Franchises  Gifts  Grants  Authorities  Customs  privileges  Immuni- 
ties and  Prescriptions  which  our  aforesaid  most  dearly  beloved 
Predecessor  Henry  the  Sixth  to  the  aforesaid  Master  and  Wardens 
of  the  Barbers  by  the  name  of  the  Fraternity  or  Guild  of  St. 
Mary  Magdalene  or  by  any  other  name  "whatsoever  heretofore  hath 
given  or  granted.  And  that  they  and  their  Successors  may  and 
can  use  enjoy  possess  and  exercise  all  and  singular  the  aforesaid 
Liberties  Franchises  Gifts  Grants  Authorities  Customs  Privileges 
Immunities  and  Prescriptions  and  every  of  "them  in  as  ample 
manner  and  form  as  the  aforesaid  Master  and  Wardens  of  the 
Barbers  or  by  any  other  Name  whatsoever  by  virtue  of  the  Letters 
patent  aforesaid  heretofore  used  enjoyed  or  exercised  or  of  right 
ought  to  use  exercise  or  enjoy  any  omission  abuse  or  non  use 
thereof  or  any  other  cause  matter  or  thing  whatsoever  in  any  wise 
notwithstanding.  And  further  We  have  given  and  granted  and 
by  these  Presents  Do  give  and  grant  to  the  said  Master  Wardens 
and  Fraternity  of  Barbers  and  Chirurgeons  of  the  Guild  of  St. 
Mary  Magdalene  within  our  City  of  Dublin  aforesaid  that  they 
and  their  Successors  may  peaceably  jointly  and  indifferently  Have 
hold  and  for  ever  possess  all  Lands  Tenements  Hereditaments 
and  Possessions  whatsoever  which  the  aforesaid  Fraternity  or 
Guild  of  Barbers  or  by  any  other  Name  whatsoever  heretofore 
held  and  possessed  to  the  use  of  the  said  Master  Wardens  and 
Fraternity  of  Barbers  and  Chirurgeons  aforesaid.  And  that  they 
and  their  Successors  may  yearly  and  every  year  Nominate  and 
Elect  one  Master  and  two  wardens  of  themselves  of  the  Arts 
aforesaid  or  either  of  them  to  the  Rule  Governance  and  oversight 
of  the  Guild  aforesaid  and  the  custody  of  all  Lands  rents  posses- 
sions Goods  and  Chattels  which  to  the  said  Fraternity  or  Guild 
aforesaid  in  manner  aforesaid  belong  or  hereafter  shall  be  acquired 
given  granted  or  assigned  to  them.  We  also  grant  to  the  said 
Master  Wardens  and  Fraternity  of  Barbers  and  Chirurgeons 
aforesaid  and  their  Successors  that  no  person  in  the  said  City  of 
Dublin  nor  in  the  Suburbs  thereof  or  within  the  Franchises  of  the 
said  City  shall  exercise  any  of  the  said  Arts  of  Chirurgery  or 
Barbers  unless  he  shall  be  admitted  so  to  do  by  the  aforesaid 
Master  and  Wardens  or  their  Successors  for  the  time  being  and 
by  the  major  part  of  the  Brethren  of  said  Guild  by  Letters  of  the 
said  Master  Wardens  and  Brethren  sealed  with  the  Common  Seal 
of  the  said  Guild  under  the  penalty  of  Five  pounds  sterling  for 
every  month  in  which  he  is  not  admitted  and  shall  exercise  any  of 


Elizabeth's  charter  to  Dublin  barber-surgeons.  65 

the  Arts  or  Faculties  aforesaid  to  be  levied  received  and  applied 
to  the  use  of  the  said  Guild.  And  this  without  fine  or  fee  for  the 
premises  or  sealing  of  these  presents  to  be  made  paid  or  in  any- 
wise rendered  to  us  and  without  any  Writ  of  ad  quod  Damnum  or 
any  other  Writs  or  Inquisitions  or  Mandates  to  be  thereupon  had 
made  or  prosecuted.  So  that  express  Mention  of  the  true  yearly 
value  or  of  the  Certainty  of  the  Premises  or  any  of  them  or  of 
any  other  Gifts  or  Grants  by  us  or  by  any  of  our  Ancestors  to  the 
said  Fraternities  of  Barbers  and  Chirurgeons  before  this  present 
day  made  and  in  these  Presents  not  appearing  to  be  made  or  any 
other  Statute  Act  Ordinance  Proclamation  Law  Usage  Custom 
Restriction  or  Proviso  or  any  other  cause  matter  or  thing  whatso- 
ever in  any  wise  notwithstanding.  In  Testimony  whereof  We 
have  caused  these  our  Letters  to  be  made  Patent.  Witness  our 
Deputy  aforesaid  at  Dublin  the  Fourteenth  day  of  September  in 
the  Nineteenth  year  of  our  Reign. 

"  Alford." 

We  learn  from  the  text  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  charter  that  a 
Company  of  Surgeons  had  come  into  existence  since  the  barbers 
were  incorporated  by  Henry  VI.  There  is  no  reference  in  the 
charter  to  the  art  practised  by  barbers  being  distinct  in  any  way 
from  that  followed  by  the  chirurgeon.  The  two  communities 
were  united  for  purely  medical  purposes,  and  we  see  that  the 
original  object  in  founding  a  Fraternity  of  Barbers  was  for  "  the 
promotion  and  exercise  "  of  the  art  of  chirurgery.  The  charter 
states  expressly  that  the  two  companies — the  incorporated  barbers 
and  the  unincorporated  chirurgeons — are  to  be  consolidated  into 
one  body  for  the  practise  of  surgery.  It  is  clear,  then,  that  in  the 
age  of  Queen  Elizabeth  hair-cutting  and  dressing  and  shaving 
were  not  practised  as  a  distinct  "  mystery  "  by  the  barbers. 

The  arms  of  the  Barber-Surgeons  Company  were  nearly  an 
exact  copy  of  those  granted  to  the  London  Company.  In  1642 
Dr.  William  Roberts  was  appointed  Ulster  King-at-Arms.  He 
made  a  grant  of  arms  to  the  company  in  consideration  of  the  ser- 
vices which  they  had  rendered  to  the  sovereign : — 

"  William  Roberts  Doctor  of  the  Civill  Lawe  Vluester  Kinge 
of  Armes  of  the  whole  Kingdome  of  Ireland  &c.    To  all  and 


66 


GRANT  OF  ARMS. 


singuler  as  well  nobles  Kinges  of  Armes  Heralds  and  other  Officers 
att  Armes  as  Gentlemen  and  others  to  whome  these  present  Letters 
Patents  shall  come  sendeth  greetinge  &c.  Whereas  these  Emblemes 
of  honnour  depicted  in  sheilds  now  commonly  called  Armes  have 
formerly  not  only  benne  given  to  persons  of  iminence  and  estima- 
tion for  services  done  their  Soveraignes  in  Martiall  or  Civill 
imployments  (whereby  they  and  their  posteritie  have  benne  destin- 
guished  from  the  meere  servile  and  ignoble  multitude  and  their 
descents  and  Genealogies  preserved  from  confusion)  but  allso  ever 
since  the  establishment  of  good  and  Civill  Governement  under 
Monarchic  Citties  townes  and  Corporations  by  ye  favour  of  their 
Princes  and  meritt  of  their  services  have  benne  endowed  with 
divers  liberties  and  priviledges  conduceing  to  the  freedome  and 
commoditie  of  the   Cittizens  by  which  enfranchisements  for- 
reiglmers  have  been  wholy  debarred  to  intrude   uppon  their 
priviledges  which  said  Citties  and  townes  have  had  devised  for 
them  and  confirmed  unto  them  (by  the  authority  of  their  Sove- 
raignes) Common  Seales  with  some  Emblemes  engraven  in  Sheilds 
silently  denoting  their  Services  and  deserts  that  they  might  use 
the  same  in  matters  touching  their  publique  affaires,  the  better  to 
prevent  forgeries  and  deceipts  each  of  which  have  in  processe  of 
time  (and  that  not  improperly)  benne  called  the  Armes  of  such 
Corporations  in  respect  they  doe  and  may  lawfully  advance  the 
same  depicted  in  Standards  Banners  Ensignes  Penons  Sheilds 
or  any  other  Martiall  habilaments  or  matters  of  tryumph  or  pub- 
lique shewTes  tendeng  to  the  honnour  of  said  Citties  or  townes. 
And  whereas  (by  farther  services  done  by  such  Corporacons) 
perticuler  professions  therein  have  benne  incorporated  into  destinct 
Companies  yl  (with  ye  more  facility  and  convenience)  they  might 
manage  their  owne  perticnler  affaires  and  allso  have  had  one 
common  seale  given  them  differing  from  y*  of  their  Corporation  of 
the  citty  or  any  other  Company  therein  incorported  or  in  any 
other  Citties  or  townes.    And  whereas  it  as  improper  and  incon- 
venient for  a  perticuler  profession  incorporated  to  use  in  their 
Common  Seale  the  Armes  of  a  company  of  another  citty  (although 
of  the  like  profession)  as  for  one  Citty  or  towne  to  use  the  Armes 
of  another  in  their  Seales  unlesse  such  Citty  or  towne  doe  use  ye 
said  Armes  with  some  difference  or  marke  of  diminution  to  denote 
its  subordination  to  such  Citty  or  towne  whose  Armes  they  beare 
soe  differenced,  and  to  yeeld  some  acknolledgemente  that  their 
liberties  and  priviledges  are  dependant  on  others.    Wherefore  I 


GRANT  OF  ARMS. 


67 


haveing  taken  it  into  my  consideration  how  yl  the  Company  of 
Barber  Chyrurgeons  of  the  Citty  of  Dublin  (being  made  a  Cor- 
poration by  Kinge  Henry  the  Sixth  and  endowed  with  many  faire 
priviledges  and  liberties)  haveing  noe  dependance  on  any  other 
Citty  yet  notwithstanding  they  have  for  some  space  used  in  their 
Common  Seale  the  Armes  of  the  Company  of  Barber  Chyrur- 
geons  of  ye  Citty  of  London  with  some  small  difference  being  a 
note  of  diminution  or  subordination.  In  consideration  of  the 
premises  and  att  the  request  of  the  Master  and  the  rest  of  the 
said  Company  of  Barber  Chyrurgeons  and  in  perpetuall  memory 
of  (not  only  ye  ever  constant  loyalty  of  the  said  citty  of  Dublin 
and  the  many  great  and  famous  services  by  them  done  their 
Soveraignes  the  Kinges  of  England)  but  allso  for  the  many 
speciall  and  memorable  services  done  both  in  times  of  peace  and 
warre  by  the  said  Company  of  Barber  Chyrurgeons  to  their  said 
Soveraignes  in  ancient  times  &c.  allso  of  late  to  our  now  most 
gracious  Soveraigne  Lord  King  Charles  in  his  late  and  present 
Armies  in  this  Kingdome  by  the  power  and  authority  given  mee 
by  our  most  gratious  Soveraigne  Lord  King  Charles  under  the 
great  Seale  of  Ireland  I  doe  hereby  give  graunt  ratefie  and 
confirme  unto  the  said  Company  of  Barber  Chyrurgeons  forever 
not  only  as  an  embleme  of  their  singuler  abilities  in  matters 
concerning  their  professions  but  allso  of  their  ancient  loyallty  and 
present  fidelity  and  many  good  services  clone  his  sacred  Matie  this 
Atcheivement  depicted  in  the  margent  and  blazoned  as  followeth 
viz'  Parted  by  a  crosse  of  England  charged  with  a  lyon  passant 
gardant  argent  crowned  Or  these  two  coates  armour  quartered 
viz'  the  first  Argent  a  cheveron  gules  betwixt  three  Cinquefoyles 
azure  The  second  Coat  Armour  Azure  a  Harpe  crowned  Or  The 
third  as  the  second  the  fowerth  as  the  first  The  Creast  on  a  helme 
and  wreath  argent  and  gules  St.  Mary  Magdalen  &c  Mantled 
gules  doubled  argent  Supported  by  a  Leopard  proper  and  an  Irish 
Greyhound  argent  each  gorged  with  a  Ducall  Coronett  and  standing 
on  a  scrowle  with  their  motto  viz1  *i>  Christi  Salvs  Nostra. 
W  hich  said  Atcheivement  by  the  power  and  authority  aforesaid 
I  doe  hereby  give  and  graunt  the  said  Company  togither  incor- 
porate full  power  and  authority  henceforth  being  engraven  in  any 
mettall,  to  use  as  the  publique  Seale  of  their  said  Corporation  and 
to  cause  the  same  to  bee  depicted  engraven  used  or  borne  or 
advanced  at  any  time  or  in  any  kind  hereafter  as  hath  benne 
accustomed  by  incorporate  companies  in  any  citty  in  his  Ma" 


i 


68  GRANT  OF  ARMS. 

dominions.  I  allso  by  the  power  and  authority  aforesaid  doe 
hereby  graunt  that  if  any  perticuler  member  of  the  said  Corpora- 
tion who  hath  noe  assurance  or  certaine  knolledge  of  any  Coat 
Armour  borne  by  his  Ancestours  nor  hath  had  Coate  Armour 
graunted  or  confirmed  unto  him  by  a  King  of  Armes  shall  desire 
to  have  his  funeralls  celebrated  after  the  most  decent  manner 
befitting  his  quality  hee  may  beire  on  his  hearse  and  use  otherwise 
at  that  time  according  to  the  ancient  and  moderne  customes  of  the 
Cheif  est  Cittyes  of  England  the  Atcheivement  of  the  said  Corpora- 
tion, without  supporters  Creast  or  Motto  and  allso  to  all  others 
who  are  Gentlemen  of  blood  or  Coat  Armour  to  beare  the  same 
placed  by  their  owne  Armes  on  their  heirses  att  their  burialls  or 
funeralls  to  denote  their  profession  provided  theire  bee  direction 
given  for  the  decent  ordering  thereof  by  my  selfe  or  successours 
myne  or  their  Martiall  Martialls  Deputy  or  Deputies.  In  full 
and  ample  confirmation  whereof  I  hereunto  subscribe  my  name 
and  title  and  affixe  the  Seale  of  my  office  togitber  with  the  seale  of 
myne  owne  Armes  the  eighteenth  day  of  August  in  the  one  and 
twentieth  yeere  of  the  raigne  of  our  Soveraigne  Lord  Charles  by 
the  Grace  of  God  King  of  great  Brittaine  ffrance  and  Ireland 
defender  of  the  faith  &c.  A0  Dnj.  1645. 

"  Wm.  Eoberts  Vluester  Kinge 
[seal.]  of  Armes  of  all  Irelande." 


ASSEMBLY-ROOMS  OF  THE  BARBER-SURGEONS. 


69 


The  services  rendered  to  the  crown  consisted,  no  doubt,  of 
supplies  of  surgeons  to  the  army  and  navy.  A  member  of  the 
guild,  named  James  Crosbie,  was  present  at  the  battle  of  New- 
bury, and  gave  evidence  at  the  trial  of  King  Charles  I. 

We  have  no  records  showing  where  the  Barber-Chirurgeons 

held  their  meetings  during  the  first  two  centuries  of  the  exist- 
ed O 

ence  of  their  guild.  The  earliest  records  now  extant  of  the 
Corporation  of  Dublin  are  the  minutes  of  the  transactions  of 
that  body  from  1448  to  1841.  They  are  engrossed  on  skins 
of  parchment  termed  the  "  Assembly  Rolls,"  preserved  in 
the  Muniments  Room  at  the  City  Hall.  In  the  record  of  the 
Christmas  Assembly,  1641,  the  following  entry  occurs: — "It  is 
likewise  ordered  and  agreed  by  the  authoritie  aforesaid  "  (i  e.,  the 
Corporation)  "  that  the  most  worshipfull  and  fraternitie  of  the 
Corporation  of  Barber-Chirurgeons  in  this  Cittie  shall  have  for 
the  use  of  the  said  corporation  a  lease  for  the  tenure  of  sixtie  and 
one  years  to  be  given  at  Easter  next  of  St.  Paul's  Gate  in  the 
Cittie  containing  in  length  from  south  to  north  thirtie  feete  and 
in  breadth  from  east  to  west  twentie  three  feete  at  the  yearlie 
rent  of  ff5  *  and  a  couple  of  capons  to  Mr.  Maior  for  the  time 
being  guarding  the  portcullis  room  in  time  of  danger  to  the 
cittie." 

Paul's  (a  corruption  of  the  Pole)  Gate  was  situated  in 
the  old  wall  of  the  city,  in  Bride-street,  close  to  Hoey's-court 
(where  Dean  Swift  was  born).  It  was  usual  to  let  the  apart- 
ments in  the  forts  and  towers  protecting  the  gates  of  the  city  to 
the  trades  guilds,  and  even  to  private  persons.  In  1664  the  Hall 
of  the  Barber-Surgeons  was  occupied  by  soldiers,  and  the  rent  was 
for  the  time  not  charged  to  the  company.  In  1700  Paul's  Gate 
became  dilapidated  and  had  to  be  taken  down.  It  was  a  two- 
storied  tower,  46  feet  in  height.  The  upper  story  was  a  room 
14  feet  square,  therefore  the  assembly  of  the  company  could  not 
have  consisted  of  very  many  individuals. 

The  third  charter  granted  to  the  Dublin  surgeons  is  dated  10th 

*  £5. 


70 


KING  JAMES'  CHARTER. 


February,  1687,  in  the  third  year  of  the  reign  of  James  II.  It 
begins  by  reciting  the  dissolution  of  the  Corporation  of  Dublin 
and  the  minor  corporations  which  formed  a  part  of  it,  as  the  result 
of  a  judgment  *  of  the  Court  of  Exchequer : — 

"  SlatttflS  the  Second  by  the  Grace  of  God  of  England  Scotland 
France  and  Ireland  King  defender  of  the  Faith  &c.  To  all  unto 
whom  these  our  present  Letters  shall  come  Greeting.  Whereas 
the  citty  of  Dublin  in  our  Kingdom  of  Ireland  hath  been  an 
antient  citty  and  that  the  Mayor  Sherriffs  Comons  and  cittizens 
of  the  cittizens  of  the  citty  of  Dublin  have  used  and  enjoy  clivers 
Liberties  priviledges  and  ffranchises  within  the  same  citty  and 
were  or  pretended  to  be  one  body  corporate  and  politick  by  the 
name  of  the  Mayor  Sherriffs  Comons  and  citizens  of  the  citty  of 
Dublin.  Which  ffranchises  Liberties  and  priviledges  were  lately 
seized  into  our  hands  by  a  Judgment  of  our  court  of  Exchequer 
by  which  the  said  body  corporate  became  dissolved  since  which 
time  we  by  our  Letters  pattents  under  our  greate  Seale  of  our 
kingdom  of  Ireland  bearing  date  the  twenty  seventh  clay  of 
October  in  the  third  yeare  of  our  reign  did  constitute  and  again 
create  Dublin  and  the  antient  Libertys  and  precincts  of  the  same 
a  new  citty  called  the  citty  of  Dublin  and  did  therein  create  a 
new  body  corporate  and  politick  by  the  name  of  the  Mayor 
Sherriffs  comons  and  cittizens  of  the  citty  of  Dublin.  And 
whereas  our  ancestors  did  by  clivers  Letters  Pattents  erect 
severall  Guilds  and  Fraternityes  of  divers  Misteryes  arts  and 
trades  to  be  practiced  within  the  citty  of  Dublin  the  suburbs  and 
Franchises  thereof  which  lesser  boclyes  incorporate  and  politick  or 
Gilds  being  members  of  that  greate  body  corporate  the  Mayor 
Sherriffs  Comons  and  citizens  of  the  citty  of  Dublin  were  dis- 
solved by  the  dissolution  of  that  late  greate  body  corporate. 
We  nevertheless  being  willing  in  order  to  the  promoteing  of 
trade  and  traffic k  in  our  new  citty  of  Dublin  to  renew  the  Gild 
or  Corporation  of  Barbers  (of  which  Guild  or  Fraternity  the 
Barbers  Chirurgeons  Apothecaryes  and  Perriwigmakers  of  the 
citty  of  Dublin  were  members)  to  the  intent  that  the  severall 

*  The  judgment  was  the  result  of  litigation  arising  out  of  the  refusal  of  the  Cor- 
poration of  Dublin  to  admit  Roman  Catholics  to  its  freedoms  and  offices. 


KING  JAMES '  CHARTER. 


71 


Ai'ts  and  Misteryes  of  Barber-Chirurgeons  Apothecaryes  and 
perwigmakers  may  be  the  better  Exercised  and  that  good  order 
and  wholesome  rules  may  be  and  be  observed  for  the  better 
government  of  the  arts  of   Barber-Chirurgeons  Apothecaryes 
and  perwigmakers  within  the  citty  of  Dublin  the  suburbs  and 
Franchises  thereof  to  the  avoiding  of  all  evill  and  all  inconveniencies 
that  may  happen  to  our  subjects  for  want  of  the  due  Exercise  of 
the  arts  of  Barbers  Apothecaryes  and  perwigmakers  within  the 
citty  of  Dublin  the  suburbs  and  Franchises  of  the  same.  Know 
ye  that  we  of  our  special  grace  and  of  our  certain  knowledge  and 
meer  motive  with  the  assent  and  consent  of  our  right  well  beloved 
and  right  trusty  cousin  and  councellor  Richard  Earle  of  Tyrcon- 
nell  our  deputy  generall  and  generall  governour  of  our  Kingdom 
of  Ireland  and  according  to  the  tenor  and  Effect  of  our  certain 
Letters  Signed  with  our  hand  and  under  our  Signet  bearing  date 
at  our  court  at  Whitehall  the  tenth  day  of  February  in  the  yeare 
of  our  Lord  one  thousand  six  hundred  and  eighty  seven  and  in  the 
ffourth  yeare  of  our  reign  and  inrolled  in  the  rolls  of  our  Kingdom 
of  Ireland  for  us  our  heirs  and  Successors  Do  grant  ordain  and 
declare  that  within  the  citty  of  Dublin  the  suburbs  and  Franchises 
thereof  there  be  for  ever  hereafter  one  Gild  or  ffraternity  of  the 
Arts  of  Barbers  Apothecaryes  and  perwigmakers  by  the  name  of 
the  Gild  or  Fraternity  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen.    And  that  the 
Gild  or  Fraternity  aforesaid  do  consist  of  one  master  two  wardens 
and  of  the  brothers  of  the  arts  of  Barbers  Apothecaryes  and  per- 
wigmakers of  the  citty  of  Dublin  and  that  the  Master  Wardens 
and  brothers  of  the  Gild  or  ffraternity  aforesaid  be  and  shall  be 
one  body  corporate  and  politick  in  state  deed  and  name  by  the 
name-  of  the  Master  Wardens  and  Brothers  of  the  Arts  of  Barber- 
Chirurgeons  apothecaries  and  perwigmakers  of  the  Gild  or  Fra- 
ternity  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen  and  that  the  Master  Wardens  and 
Brothers  of  the  Gild  or  Fraternity  aforesaid  which  at  present  are 
named  and  which  hereafter  shall  be  Elected  into  the  Gild  afore- 
said be  and  hereafter  shall  be  one  new  body  corporate  and  politick 
by  the  name  of  the  Master  Wardens  and  Brothers  of  the  arts  of 
Barber-Chirurgeons  Apothecaryes  and  perwigmakers  of  the  Gild 
or  Fraternity  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen  for  us  our  heires  and 
siifcessors.    We  do  erect  create  constitute  ordain  and  declare  and 
that  they  by  the  same  name  may  and  can  sue  and  be  sued  Answer 
and  be  answered  defend  and  be  defended  in  all  the  Courts  of  us 
our  heires  and  successors  and  elsewhere  wheresoever  and  in  all 


72 


KING  JAMES'  CHAETER. 


actions  suites  quarrells  or  demands  whatsoever  by  them  or  against 
them  to  be  prosecuted  or  comencecl.  And  that  they  by  the  name 
aforesaid  do  hold  perpetuall  succession.  And  that  they  and  their 
successors  be  persons  able  and  in  law  capable  to  purchase  receive 
and  possess  all  lands  and  tenements  goods  and  chatties  unto  them 
by  these  presents  granted  and  to  purchase  other  lands  and  tene- 
ments not  exceeding  the  vallue  of  Ten  pounds  sterling  a  yeare  and 
goods  and  chatties  and  the  same  to  assigne  and  Demise  as  any 
other  persons  in  law  capable  or  any  other  body  corporate  and 
politick  in  our  kingdom  of  Ireland  may  or  can  purchase  receive 
demise  grant  or  assigne. 

And  further  we  for  us  our  heires  and  successors  do  constitute 
and  nominate  that  Patrick  Archbold  is  and  shall  be  the  present 
master  of  the  Gild  aforesaid  and  that  Robert  White  and  William 
Cox  are  and  shall  be  the  present  Wardens  of  the  Gild  aforesaid 
to  continue  in  those  offices  untill  the  ffeast  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen 
falling  upon  the  twenty  second  day  of  July  next  ensuing  and 
from  thence  till  others  of  the  Wardens  and  brothers  of  the  Gild 
aforesaid  be  preferred  and  Sworn  Master  and  Wardens  of  the  Gild 
aforesaid  respectively  so  as  in  the  mean  time  they  shall  respec- 
tively live  or  be  not  removed  by  reason  of  some  provisoe  in  these 
presents  declared.  And  we  doe  further  for  us  our  heires  and 
successors  make  and  constitute  our  well  beloved  William  Earle  of 
Limk.  John  Barnwell  knl  Robert  Barnewell  Esq.  Richard  Archbold 
Christopher  Cruce  Thomas  Conner  Killian  Garvan  Patrick  ffitz 
Patrick  physicians  and  readers  of  Anotomy  Charles  Thompson 
Henry  Walker  Patrick  Bath  John  Seamor  George  Byrne  Richard 
Purcell  Morgan  Kennedy  William  Heydon  Robert  Archbold 
Robert  Bellew  Thomas  Clare  Stephen  Archbold  Junr  Stephen 
Clynton  Robert  Witherall  Ken.  Pendergast  Dominick  Ryan  John 
Clayton  George  Gernon  Francis  Dempsey  Richard  Nugent  Red- 
mond Tyrrell  and  Maurice  Lomergan  to  be  the  ffirst  and  pi'esent 
Brothers  of  the  Gild  aforesaid,  And  that  they  and  all  who  shall 
hereafter  be  admitted  into  the  Liberty  of  the  Gild  aforesaid  be 
and  for  the  future  shall  be  Brothers  of  the  said  Gild  to  continue 
in  their  places  dureing  their  respective  naturall  lives  unless  in  the 
mean  time  they  be  removed  for  misbehaviour  of  whom  we  will 
that  each  and  every  brother  to  be  hereafter  elected  into  the  said 
ffraternity  and  Gild  be  for  misdemeanor  removable  by  the  Master 
Wardens  and  Brothers  of  the  Gild  aforesaid  or  by  the  major  part 
of  them.    And  further  we  do  for  us  our  heires  and  successors 


KING  JAMES'  CHARTER. 


73 


give  and  grant  unto  the  Master  Wardens  and  Brothers  of  the 
said  Gild  and  their  successors  that  they  and  their  successors  upon 
the  twenty  third  day  of  June  unless  it  be  a  Lord's  day  and  if  it  be 
a  Lord's  day  then  upon  the  day  next  ensueing  in  every  yeare  may 
and  can  assemble  themselves  in  some  convenient  place  within  the 
said  Citty.  And  that  they  so  assembled  or  the  major  part  of 
them  may  and  can  Elect  one  discreet  and  sufficient  man  of  the 
Wardens  or  brothers  of  the  said  Gild  who  is  skillfull  in  some  of 
the  Arts  aforesaid  to  be  Master  of  the  said  Gild  and  two  discreet 
and  sufficient  men  skilfull  in  some  of  the  said  Arts  of  the  Brothers 
of  the  Gild  aforesaid  to  be  Wardens  of  the  said  Gild  to  continue 
in  their  offices  respectively  for  one  whole  yeare  from  the  feast  of 
St.  Mary  Magdalen  then  next  ensueing  if  they  shall  respectively 
soe  long  live  and  from  thence  untill  others  of  the  Wardens  or 
brothers  of  the  said  Gild  be  appointed  and  sworn  Master  and 
Wardens  of  the  Gild  aforesaid  respectively  unless  in  the  mean 
while  by  reason  of  some  proviso  in  these  presents  mentioned  or 
for  misbehaviour  they  be  removed  of  whom  we  will  that  each 
and  every  Master  and  Wardens  in  these  presents  mentioned  or 
hereafter  to  be  Elected  by  the  Wardens  and  Brothers  or  by  the 
Master  and  Brothers  of  the  said  Gild  for  the  time  being  as  the 
case  shall  happen  or  by  the  major  part  of  them  be  for  misde- 
meanor removable.  And  if  it  shall  happen  that  the  Master 
and  Wardens  in  these  presents  nominated  or  hereafter  to  be 
Elected  or  any  of  them  to  dye  decease  or  be  removed  from  his 
office  within  the  yeare  in  which  they  or  any  of  them  shall  be 
consitituted  Master  and  Wardens  of  the  said  Gild  or  after 
Election  and  before  they  be  respectively  sworn.  Then  it  may  be 
lawful]  for  the  Wardens  and  brothers  or  the  Master  and  brothers 
of  the  sd  Gild  for  the  time  being  as  the  case  shall  fall  out  or  for 
the  major  part  of  them  within  ten  days  after  such  death  or 
removall  to  elect  one  of  the  Wardens  or  Brothers  of  the  said  Gild 
skilfull  in  some  of  the  said  arts  or  one  or  two  of  the  Brothers  of 
the  said  Gild  also  skilfull  in  some  of  the  said  arts  to  be  Master 
Warden  or  Wardens  of  the  Gild  aforesaid  in  the  place  of  him 
the  Master  so  dead  deceased  or  removed  or  in  the  place  or  places 
of  him  or  them  the  Warden  or  Wardens  so  dead  deceased  or 
removed.  To  be  continued  in  those  offices  respectively  for  the 
residue  of  that  yeare  or  for  the  yeare  ensueing  as  the  case  shall 
happen  and  from  thenceforth  untill  others  of  the  Wardens  and 
brothers  of  the  said  Gild  be  appointed  and  sworn  in  those  offices 


74 


KING  JAMES'  CHARTER. 


respectively.    And  further  we  will  and  do  for  our  heires  and 
successors  ordain  and  declare  that  the  present  Master  of  the  said 
Gild  take  his  Corporall  oath  accustomed  for  well  and  truly  Exer- 
cising the  said  office  of  Master  of  the  said  Gild  and  the  other 
Oaths  following  viz1  I  do  hereby  acknowledge  profess  testifie  and 
declare  in  my  conscience  before  God  and  the  world  that  our 
Soveraigne  Lord  king  James  is  lawfull  and  rightfull  king  of  this 
realm  and  other  his  Majesties  dominions  and  countreys  And  I 
will  bear  faith  and  true  allegiance  to  his  Majestie  his  heires  and 
successors  and  him  and  them  will  defend  to  the  utmost  of  my 
power  against  all  conspiracies  and  attempts  whatsoever  which  shall 
be  made  against  his  or  their  Crown  and  dignity  and  do  my  best 
endeavours  to  disclose  and  make  known  to  his  Majestye  his  heires 
and  successors  or  to  the  Lord  deputy  or  other  chiefe  governour  or 
governours  of  this  kingdom  for  the  time  all  treasons  and  traiterous 
conspiracies  which  I  shall  know  or  heare  to  be  intended  against 
his  Majestie  his  heires  or  successors  or  any  of  them.  And  I  doe 
make  this  recognition  and  acknowledgment  heartily  willingly  and 
truly  upon  the  true  faith  of  a  Christian  so  help  me  God  &c.  And 
I  doe  also  declare  and  believe  that  it  is  not  lawful  upon  any  pre- 
tence to  take  up  arms  against  the  King  And  that  I  doe  abhorr 
that  Traiterous  position  of  takeing  arms  by  his  authority  against 
his  person  or  against  those  that  are  commissioned  by  him  so  help 
me  God  &ca  before  the  Mayor  of  the  citty  of  Dublin  and  that  the 
Wardens  in  these  presents  nominated  and  who  shall  hereafter  be 
nominated  as  Wardens  of  the  said  Gild  and  every  of  them  shall 
take  their  usuall  corpoi'all  oaths  for  well  and  truly  executeing 
their  offices  and  the  other  oaths  of  allegiance  aforesaid  before  the 
Master  of  the  said  Gild  for  the  time  being  before  they  exercise 
their  offices.    And  that  every  Master  of  the  said  Gild  hereafter  to 
be  Elected  shall  take  the  corporall  oaths  aforesaid  to  be  taken  by 
the  present  Master  of  the  said  Gild  mutatis  mutandis  before  the 
preceding  Master  or  before  the  Wardens  of  the  said  Gild.  And 
that  all  Brothers  of  the  said  Gild  in  these  presents  nominated  and 
who  hereafter  shall  be  admitted  into  the  Liberty  of  the  same  as 
brothers  of  that  Gild  and  every  of  them  do  take  the  usuall  cor- 
porall oath  of  a  brother  ,  or  member  of  the  said  Guild  and  the 
oaths  of  allegiance  aforesaid  before  the  Master  of  the  said  Guild 
for  the  time  being  unto  which  several!  persons  appointed  to  receive 
the  said  Oaths.    We  doe  for  us  our  heires  and  successors  give 
power  to  administer  these  oaths.    And  moreover  we  will  and  do 


KING  JAMES'  CHARTER. 


75 


for  us  our  heires  and  successors  grant  unto  the  Master  Wardens 
and  brothers  of  the  said  Guild  and  their  Successors  or  the  major 
part  of  them  power  authority  and  Lycence  to  admitt  as  many  as 
they  will  to  be  brothers  of  the  said  Gild.  Provided  always  that 
every  present  Brother  hereafter  to  be  admitted  into  the  said  Gild 
be  or  shall  be  Free  of  the  Citty  aforesaid  and  unless  he  were 
before  admitted  into  the  Liberty  of  the  same  that  he  be  Received 
into  the  Liberty  of  the  Guild  of  the  said  citty  and  before  the 
Mayor  of  the  Citty  of  Dublin  that  he  be  sworn  a  Freeman  of  the 
said  citty  and  that  the  Master  and  Wardens  of  the  said  Gild  after 
they  have  quitted  their  offices  be  brothers  of  the  said  Guild  dureing 
their  naturall  lives  respectively  Unless  in  the  meantime  by  reason 
of  some  provisoe  in  these  presents  or  for  Misbehaviour  they  be 
respectively  removed.  And  furthermore  we  doe  for  us  our  heires 
and  successors  Give  and  grant  unto  the  Master  Wardens  and 
Brothers  of  the  Guild  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen  aforesaid  and  their 
successors  for  the  support  of  the  said  Gild  and  pious  uses  and  for 
the  ordination  and  provision  of  one  or  more  Chaplain  or  Chaplains 
for  celebrating  Divine  Service  every  yeare  within  the  said  citty 
for  the  state  of  the  Brotherhood  aforesaid  for  ever  and  for  other 
publick  affaires  of  the  said  Gild  as  many  such  as  much  the  same 
and  the  like  Lands  and  tenements  profitts  comodyites  customes 
Jurisdictions  and  priviledges  goods  and  chatties  as  and  which  the 
Master  Wardens  and  brothers  of  the  said  Gild  or  by  whatever 
other  name  they  were  incorporated  att  any  time  heretofore  had 
or  occupyed  or  ought  to  have  by  reason  of  any  charter  Letters 
pattents  Grants  customes  proscriptions  or  any  other  Lawfull  Tytle 
whatsoever.  To  hold  of  us  our  heires  and  successors  as  of  the 
Castle  of  Dublin  in  free  and  comon  socage  by  the  rent  and 
services  therefore  accustomed.  Saveing  and  out  of  this  Charter 
or  Grant  Excepted  and  Reserved  unto  us  our  heires  and  successors 
all  our  Tytles  rents  Interests  and  demands  whatsoever  which  we 
heretofore  had  to  the  premisses  other  then  what  accrewed  unto  us 
by  reason  of  the  discontinuance  or  dissolution  of  the  antient  Gild 
aforesaid.  And  further  we  doe  for  us  our  heires  and  successors  give 
and  grant  unto  the  said  Master  Wardens  and  brothers  of  the  said 
Gild  and  their  successors  That  hereafter  within  the  said  Gild  the 
Master  and  Wardens  of  the  said  Gild  and  their  successors  have 
the  rule  governance  and  oversight  of  the  said  Gild  and  the  custody 
of  all  Lands  Rents  possessions  Goods  and  Cliattells  unto  the  said 
Gild  belonging  or  which  shall  hereafter  appertain.    And  the  Rule 


76 


KING  JAMES'  CHARTER. 


government  and  oversight  of  the  Arts  of  Barbers  Chirurgeons 
Apothecaryes  and  Perwigmakers  and  in  all  things  unto  the  said 
severall  Arts  appertaining  within  the  said  citty  suburbs  and 
ffranchises  thereof  even  unto  Barbers  within  six  miles  of  the  said 
citty  and  the  custody  of  the  Seale  of  the  said  Gild.  And  more 
over  we  doe  for  us  our  heires  and  successors  give  and  grant  unto 
the  Master  Wardens  and  Brothers  of  the  said  Gild  and  their 
successors  that  they  and  their  successors  may  and  can  hereafter  at 
their  pleasure  assemble  themselves  in  their  Comon  Hall  to  Treate 
and  consult  of  matters  unto  the  said  Gild  appertaining.  And  being 
so  assembled  or  the  major  part  of  them  may  and  can  from  time  to 
time  make  ordain  and  constitute  Laws  Statutes  and  ordinances  for 
the  better  government  of  the  said  Gild  and  of  the  brothers  of  the 
same  and  of  the  arts  of  Barbers  Chirurgeons  Apothecaries  and 
perwigmakers  within  the  said  citty  suburbs  and  ffranchises  thereof 
even  to  Barbers  within  six  miles  of  the  said  citty  and  for  the 
correction  of  every  falsity  fraud  deceit  oppression  and  extortion 
and  of  every  other  crime  and  offence  to  be  comitted  by  Barbers 
Chirurgeons  Appothecaryes  or  perwigmakers  or  any  of  them  or  in 
.  the  arts  aforesaid  or  in  any  thing  or  matter  unto  the  said  Arts 
appertaining  or  belonging  within  the  citty  of  Dublin  Suburbs  and 
Franchises  of  the  same  even  to  Barbers  within  six  miles  of  the  said 
citty  or  by  any  Art  of  Barbers  Chirurgeons  Appothecaryes  or 
perwigmakers  to  be  practiced  within  the  said  citty  suburbs  and 
Franchises  thereof  or  as  to  Barbers  within  six  miles  of  the  said 
citty  such  as  unto  them  or  the  major  portion  of  them  shall  seeme 
necessary  and  requisite  and  to  punish  and  correct  all  offenders 
against  such  Laws  and  Statutes  so  as  such  Laws  Statutes  and 
punishments  be  reasonable  agreeable  and  not  repugnant  or  contrary 
to  the  Laws  or  Statutes  of  this  Kingdome  of  Ireland.  And  that 
the  Master  and  Wardens  of  the  said  Gild  and  their  successors  have 
and  by  these  presents  shall  have  full  power  and  Authority  to 
Inquire  as  unto  them  shall  seeme  most  expedient  from  time  to 
time  of  all  trespasses  deceits  frauds  oppressions  extortions  and 
other  crimes  done  perpetrated  and  that  shall  be  perpetrated  by 
whomsoever  who  in  the  said  citty  suburbs  and  Franchises  thereof 
or  as  to  Barbers  within  six  miles  of  the  said  citty  do  or  shall 
practice  the  arts  of  Barbers  Chirurgeons  apothecaries  perwigmakers 
or  any  of  them  and  by  their  servants  and  apprentices  in  all  things 
which  unto  the  same  arts  can  belong  within  the  said  citty  suburbs 
and  Franchises  thereof  as  to  Barbers  within  six  miles  of  the  said 


KING  JAMES'  CHARTER. 


77 


citty  and  of  every  matter  and  tiling  unto  the  arts  of  Barber 
Chirurgeons  Appothecai'ies  and  perwigmakers  appertaining  in  the 
said  citty  suburbs  and  Franchises  of  the  same  even  unto  Barbers 
within  six  miles  of  the  said  citty  and  them  at  the  suite  of  Com- 
plainants to  heare  and  truly  determine.  And  damages  to  the 
party  complaining  to  decree  according  to  justice  and  execution 
to  award  and  all  and  every  of  those  who  before  the  same  Master 
and  Wardens  by  due  examination  or  other  lawfull  manner  shall  be 
found  guilty  of  either  or  any  of  the  Articles  aforesaid  to  chastise 
correct  and  amend  by  Fines  Ransoms  Imprisonment  of  the 
body  or  amercements  as  the  case  requires  and  that  the  keeper 
of  the  Prison  of  our  citty  of  Dublin  for  the  time  being  or  his 
deputy  such  persons  guilty  and  convicted  by  Warrant  or  Warrants 
of  the  same  Master  and  Wardens  do  receive  into  custody  of  Impri- 
sonment and  there  safely  to  keep  them  untill  they  be  enlarged  by 
due  forme  of  Law  or  by  Warrant  of  the  Master  and  Wardens  of 
the  said  Guild  Granting  for  us  our  heires  and  successors  unto  the 
said  keeper  and  his  Deputy  full  power  to  receive  such  persons 
convicted  unto  him  comited  by  the  authority  aforesaid  without 
the  impeachment  of  us  our  heires  or  successors.  And  that  the 
said  Masters  and  Wardens  of  the  said  Guild  and  their  successors 
have  cognizance  of  pleas  touching  all  trespass  debts  accompts 
contracts  agreements  receipts  ffalshoods  and  imprisonments  between 
any  concerning  the  arts  aforesaid  and  their  servants  or  apprentices 
or  between  any  other  person  and  every  artificer  aforesaid  by  suit 
complaining  concerning  whatever  matter  unto  the  said  arts  apper- 
taining within  the  said  citty  suburbs  and  Franchises  thereof  even 
unto  Barbers  within  six  miles  of  the  said  citty  to  be  holden  before 
the  Master  and  Wardens  of  the  said  Guild  and  their  successors 
where  they  please  within  the  said  citty  suburbs  and  franchises 
thereof  as  also  the  Fines  ransomes  and  amerciaments  in  that 
behalfe  acrewing  when  done  and  awarded  by  the  servants  of  the 
said  Gild  to  be  collected  and  Levyed  for  the  use  of  the  said  Guild. 
And  further  we  do  for  us  our  heirs  and  successors  appoint  and 
ordain  that  when  any  person  of  the  arts  aforesaid  will  take  an 
apprentice  of  the  said  arts  he  doe  first  cause  him  who  intends  to 
be  an  apprentice  to  come  before  the  Master  and  Wardens  of 
the  said  Gild  for  the  time  being  and  the  Clerke  of  the  said  Guild 
who  are  discreetly  to  consider  if  such  an  apprentice  be  at  his  own 
free  disposall  and  be  of  good  behaviour  which  if  he  be  found  to  be 
such  that  then  he  be  received  an  apprentice  for  the  terme  of  seven 


78 


KING  JAMES'  CHARTER. 


yeares  and  that  his  Indenture  thereof  before  the  Master  and 
Wardens  of  the  said  Gild  for  the  time  being  be  entred  within 
two  months  next  ensuing  by  the  clerk  of  the  said  Guild  and  he 
who  takes  any  one  for  an  apprentice  otherwise  then  as  aforesaid 
such  takeing  shall  be  void.  Nevertheless  that  the  taker  be  holden 
forthwith  to  pay  halfe  a  Mark  for  the  use  of  the  said  Gild  or 
fraternity  and  as  often  as  any  runaway  apprentice  of  the  said 
Arts  or  of  any  of  them  in  the  said  citty  suburbs  and  Franchises 
thereof  or  as  to  Barbers  within  six  miles  of  the  said  citty  as 
is  aforesaid  shall  be  taken  into  service.  That  then  it  may  be 
lawfull  for  the  Master  of  such  apprentice  in  his  proper  person  or 
by  his  attorney  haveing  letters  testimoniall  under  the  comon  seale 
of  the  said  Guild  testifying  that  such  a  one  is  his  runaway 
apprentice  to  take  and  arrest  the  same  apprentice  wherever  he 
shall  be  found  and  to  bring  him  back  to  his  own  proper  home, 
and  to  make  him  serve  him  as  in  Justice  he  ought.  And  that 
after  every  apprentice  hath  served  out  his  time  viz1  the  terme  of 
seven  years  that  such  apprentice  by  his  master  and  by  the  said 
Master  and  Wardens  for  the  time  being  be  brought  to  the 
Gildhall  of  the  said  citty  and  that  upon  theire  testimony  he  be 
there  sworn  and  received  into  the  Liberty  of  the  said  Gild  before 
the  Mayor  of  the  city  of  Dublin.  And  that  noe  person  of  the 
said  Arts  be  hereafter  received  or  taken  into  the  obtaining  the 
Liberty  of  the  said  city  without  the  assent  of  the  Master  and 
Wardens  of  the  said  Gild  for  the  time  being  &c.'of  other  good 
men  of  the  same  arts  residing  in  the  said  city.  And  that  noe 
person  use  or  Exercise  any  of  the  Arts  aforesaid  in  the  said 
city  Suburbs  or  Franchises  thereof  or  as  to  Barbers  within  six 
miles  of  the  said  city  unless  by  the  allowance  of  such  Master  and 
Wardens  for  the  time  being  he  be  found  capable  to  practice  the 
said  Arts  and  that  he  be  admitted  into  the  Guild  of  the  Liberty  of 
said  city.  And  we  do  further  grant  unto  the  Master  Wardens  and 
Brothers  of  the  said  Gild  and  their  Successors  That  they  and 
their  Successors  have  and  hold  and  for  the  times  ensueing  enjoy 
the  same  station  precedence  and  place  among  the  Guilds  and 
Fraternityes  of  the  city  of  Dublin  now  erected  or  hereafter  to  be 
erected  in  publick  meetings  as  the  Guilds  of  Barbers  appothecaries 
and  perwigmakers  of  the  citty  of  Dublin  or  by  whatever  other  name 
they  were  Incorporated  heretofore  had  or  ought  to  have  at  any 
time  heretofore  had  or  ought  to  have  at  any  time  heretofore  (sic  in 
original)  and  no  otherwise  or  in  any  other  manner.    And  further- 


KING  JAMES'  CHARTER. 


79 


more  we  do  for  us  our  heires  and  successors  give  and  grant  unto 
the  said  Master  Wardens  and  Brothers  of  the  said  Guild  and  their 
successors  That  they  and  their  successors  or  the  major  part  of 
them  may  admitt  Women  of  the  said  Guild  as  Sisters  of  the  said 
Guild.    And  for  the  advancement  of  trade  and  to  the  intent  that 
the  poore  children  of  ffreemen  of  the  citty  of  Dublin  may  be  the 
better  maintained  We  do  for  us  our  heires  and  successors  Charge 
and  strictly  comand  the  Master  Wardens  and  brothers  of  the 
Guild  and  their  successors  that  they  and  their  successors  doe  every 
yeare  hereafter  take  two  of  the  boys  who  are  and  shall  be  in  the 
hospitall  of  the  citty  of  Dublin  att  Oxmantown  such  who  shall  be 
found  fitt  to  Learn  any  of  the  Arts  aforesaid  and  who  are  approved 
by  the  Governour  of  the  said  Hospitall  and  that  such  boys  be  by 
them  or  some  of  them  educated  in  some  of  the  said  Arts  for  seven 
yeares  then  next  ensuing  anything  in  these  presents  to  the  contrary 
notwithstanding.    And  that  there  be  in  the  said  Guild  one  Clerk 
to  write  the  Acts  and  Records  of  the  said  Guild  to  be  chosen  by 
the  Master  Wardens  and  brothers  of  the  said  Guild  for  the  time 
being  or  the  major  part  of  them.    And  we  do  for  us  our  heires  and 
successors  make  and  constitute  Thomas  Burke  Gent,  to  be  the  first 
and  present  Clerk  of  the  said  Guild  To  be  continued  in  that  office 
dureing  his  good  behaviour  and  that  the  present  Clerk  and  he  who 
shall  hereafter  be  Clerk  to  the  said  Guild  have  and  shall  have  such 
the  same  and  the  like  wages  fees  and  profitts  which  any  clerk  of 
the  said  Guild  at  any  time  heretofore  had  or  received  and  that  the 
said  Master  Wardens  and  brothers  of  the  said  Guild  and  their 
successors  or  the  major  part  of  them  may  and  can  make  and  con- 
stitute as  many  and  such  servants  and  Beadles  as  unto  them  shall 
seem  most  fitt  for  the  bussyness  of  the  said  Burrow  such  servants 
and  Beadles  to  be  continued  in  their  offices  dureing  the  pleasure  of 
the  Master  Wardens  and  Brothers  of  the  said  Guild  for  the  time 
being  or  the  major  part  of  them  so  as  the  present  clerk  and  he  who 
hereafter  shall  be  Clerk  for  the  said  Guild  and  every  Inferior 
officer  so  from  time  to  time  elected  do  before  he  exercise  his  office 
take  the  usual  corporall  oath  for  well  and  truly  exercising  his  office 
and  the  other  oaths  of  allegiance  aforesaid  before  the  Master  of  the 
said  Guild  for  the  time  being  unto  whom  we  do  for  us  our  heirs 
and  successors  give  power  to  administer  those  oaths  and  that 
they  and  their  successors  have  a  comon  scale  for  the  service  of 
their  bussiness  provided  always  and  we  do  for  us  our  heires  and 
successors  by  these  presents  reserve  and  give  full  power  and 


80 


KING  JAMES'  CHARTER. 


Authority  unto  our  Deputy  generall  and  other  cheife  governour 
or  governours  of  us  our  heires  and  successors  of  our  Kingdome  of 
Ireland  for  the  time  being  to  remove  and  declare  to  he  removed 
the  Master  Wardens  or  other  officers  of  the  said  Guild  by  these 
presents  nominated  and  constituted  or  hereafter  to  be  elected  and 
constituted  at  the  will  and  pleasure  of  our  Deputy  Generall  and 
other  cbiefe  governour  or  governours  of  us  our  heires  and  successors 
of  our  Kingdom  of  Ireland  for  the  time  being  by  any  order  of  the 
privy  councill  of  us  our  heirs  and  successors  of  our  Kingdom 
of  Ireland  under  their  hands  in  writeing  unto  them  respectively 
signified  And  as  often  as  our  deputy  generall  or  chief e  governour 
or  governours  of  us  our  heires  and  successors  of  our  Kingdom  of  Ire- 
land shall  from  time  to  time  by  any  such  order  of  our  privy  councill 
of  our  Kingdom  of  Ireland  declare  such  and  such  sort  of  Master 
Wardens  or  Officers  or  either  or  any  of  them  so  removed  or  to  be 
removed  from  their  respective  offices.  That  then  and  from  thence- 
forth all  such  person  or  persons  so  removed  or  declared  to  be  removed 
from  their  respective  offices  is  are  and  shall  without  any  further 
process  be  ipso  facto  removed.  And  so  as  often  as  the  case  shall  so 
happen  anything  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding.  And  moreover 
we  of  our  further  speciall  grace  and  of  our  certaine  knowledge  and 
meer  motion  Will  and  do  for  us  our  heires  and  successors  give 
and  grant  unto  the  said  Master  Wardens  and  Brothers  of  the  said 
Guild  and  their  successors  for  ever.  That  these  our  Letters 
Patents  and  every  article  and  clause  therein  contained  or  in  the 
inrollm'  of  the  same  be  construed  interpreted  adjudged  to  the 
best  advantage  benefitt  and  favour  of  the  said  Master  Wardens 
and  Brothers  of  the  Guild  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen  aforesaid  and 
their  successors  towards  and  against  us  our  heires  and  successors 
as  well  in  our  courts  as  elsewhere  wheresoever  without  any  confir- 
mation Lycence  or  tolleration  to  be  hereafter  procured  or  obtained. 
Notwithstanding  the  statute  of  not  putting  lands  and  tenements  to 
Mortmaine  and  notwithstanding  the  statute  made  at  Limerick  in 
the  thirty-third  yeare  of  King  Henry  the  Eighth  for  Lands  given 
by  the  King  and  any  other  statute  or  any  other  thing  cause  or 
matter  whatsoever  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding.  Provided 
always  that  these  our  Letters  be  inrolled  in  the  rolls  of  our  Court 
of  Chancery  of  our  Kingdom  of  Ireland  within  six  months  after  the 
date  of  these  presents.  In  Wittness  whereof  we  have  caused 
these  our  Lettei's  to  be  made  patent.  Wittness  our  said  Deputy 
generall  and  generall  governour  of  our  Kingdom  of  Ireland  at 


i 


ADMISSION  TO  TRADE  GUILDS. 


81 


Dublin  the  twenty  sixth  day  of  May  in  the  fourth  yeare  of  our 
reigne. 

"  Inrolled  the  fifth  day  of  July  in  the  fourth  yeare  of  the 
reigne  of  King  James  the  Second. 

"  Exd  p.  Oha.  Baldwin 

"  D.  Che.  &  Custody  Rotlor." 

During  the  greater  part,  perhaps  the  whole,  of  the  period  of  the 
existence  of  the  Companies  of  Barber-  Chirurgeons  in  both  London 
and  Dublin,  there  were  surgeons  who  repudiated  professional  con- 
nexion of  any  kind  with  the  barbers.  In  the  early  part  of  the  last 
century  there  were  many  surgeons  in  Dublin  who  were  not  con- 
nected with  the  company.  Those  persons  were  Army  Surgeons, 
and  men  of  liberal  education  who  had  studied  in  the  Univer- 
sities, or  had  served  an  apprenticeship  to  surgeons  of  good  social 
standing.  On  the  other  hand,  persons  of  a  lower  grade  in  society, 
who  were  not  "free"  of  the  Brotherhood,  frequently  practised  as 
chirurgeons  or  apothecaries,  and  were  occasionally  prosecuted  by 
the  guild. 

The  regular  mode  of  admission  to  a  guild  was  by  an  apprentice- 
ship of  five  or  seven  years'  duration — long  after  the  establishment 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  an  apprenticeship  of  seven  years 
to  a  surgeon  was  not  unusual.  The  barber-surgeons  were,  however, 
veiy  liberal  in  admitting  to  their  guild  "  foreigners,"  as  those  who 
were  not  regularly  educated  in  a  trade  were  termed.  Foreigners, 
when  admitted  to  the  privileges  of  practice,  were  termed  quarter 
brothers,  because  at  the  quarterly  meetings  of  the  guild  they  were 
obliged  to  pay  a  sum  of  money  termed  quarterage.  The  City 
Companies  were  never  very  exclusive  in  Dublin,  owing  to  the 
desire  to  induce  the  English,  Scotch,  and  foreigners  to  settle  iu 
their  town. 

In  1672  the  Lord  Lieutenant  in  Council,  acting  under  the  pro- 
visions of  an  Act  of  Parliament,  framed  a  set  of  rules  for  all  the 
fortified  towns  in  Ireland,  by  which,  on  payment  of  a  fine  of  20s.,  any 
"foreigner"  was  allowed  to  join  any  guild  of  tradesmen  he  might 
elect.  This  privilege  was  confirmed  by  an  Act  passed  in  the  19th 
year  of  the  reign  of  George  III.   The  large  number  of  Surgeons — 

o 


82 


ACTION  AGAINST  THE  BARBER-SURGEONS. 


not  barber-surgeons — practising  in  Dublin  in  the  eighteenth  century- 
is  a  proof  that  there  was  practically  free  trade  in  surgery  at  that 
time. 

By  the  charter  granted  to  the  King  and  Queen's  College  of 
Physicians  in  1692,  no  person  could  legally  practise  medicine  in 
Dublin,  or  within  a  circuit  of  seven  miles  thereof,  without  a  licence 
from  the  college  ;  yet  we  find  that  many  graduates  of  British  and 
foreign  universities  practised  in  Dublin,  and  were  never  licensed 
by  the  college.  It  would  appear,  however,  that  in  the  early  days 
of  the  college  attempts  to  prevent  barber-chirurgeons  and  apothe- 
caries from  administering  internal  remedies  had  been  made.  In 
1725  the  college  petitioned  Parliament,  setting  forth  that  their 
charter  had  been  found  insufficient  to  prevent  unskilful  and 
illiterate  persons  from  practising  physic,  and  praying  for  additional 
powers.  A  bill  to  grant  them  the  powers  sought  for  was  introduced 
into  the  House  of  Commons,  but,  owing  to  the  opposition  of  the 
barber-surgeons  and  of  other  practitioners,  it  was  without  difficulty 
defeated. 

Although  surgeons  not  free  of  the  corporation  appear  to  have 
been  rarely  interfered  with  by  the  latter  they  felt  mortified  that 
their  art,  which  they  regarded  as  a  liberal  one,  should  be  practised 
by  persons  esteemed  to  be  socially  on  the  level  of  tradesmen  who 
shaved  and  made  wigs.  In  the  Thorpe  collection  of  pamphlets  in 
the  National  Library,  Kildare-street,  there  is  a  tract  entitled 
"  Beasons  for  Begulating  the  Practice  of  Surgery  in  the  City  of 
Dublin,  by  Making  the  Surgeons  a  Distinct  Society  from  the 
Barbers,  Peruke-makers,  &c.  Humbly  offered  to  the  Considera- 
tion of  the  Lords  Spiritual  and  Temporal  and  the  Commons  in 
Parliament  Assembled."  It  bears  no  date,  but  as  "  Her  Majesty" 
is  referred  to,  it  evidently  belongs  to  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne. 
It  is  as  follows  : — 

"  There  is  not  any  place  where  surgery  hath  the  least  Beputa- 
tion  (except  in  this  Kingdom)  but  every  Person  professing  that 
Art  is  obliged  to  prove  himself  qualify'd  before  he  is  admitted  to 
Practice.  The  present  Corporation  in  this  City  is  composed  of 
Barbers  Surgeons  Apothecaries  and  Peruke-Makers  which  (instead 


THE  PURE  SURGEONS'  PETITION  FOR  INCORPORATION.  83 

of  Encouraging  the  true  Professors  of  Surgery)  is  a  refuge  for 
Empiricks  Impudent  Quacks  Women  and  other  Idle  Persons  who 
quit  the  trades  to  which  they  were  bred  and  wherein  they  might 
be  useful  to  the  Commonwealth  to  undertake  a  Profession  whereof 
they  are  entirely  ignorant  to  the  ruine  of  their  Fellow  Subjects. 
There  is  not  any  person  (tho  of  the  most  infamous  character)  who 
cannot  obtain  his  Freedom  of  the  Corporation  by  vertue  whereof 
the  meanest  Brother  assumeth  the  Liberty  and  it  is  a  sufficient 
Recommendation  for  him  to  Practice  Surgery  with  as  much 
authority  as  the  most  Experienced  Surgeon.  There  are  in  the 
Corporation  at  least  Ten  Barbers  &ct  for  one  Surgeon  so  that 
it  is  impossible  for  the  Surgeons  to  make  any  Regulation 
because  they  must  inevitably  be  out-voted  by  the  majority  of  the 
others. 

"  There  is  not  the  least  Affinity  between  Surgery  Peruke- 
Making  and  the  Feat  or  Craft  of  Barbery  it  not  being  necessary 
for  a  Surgeon  to  know  how  to  make  a  Peruke  or  Cut  Hair  nor  is 
it  any  part  of  a  Barber's  or  Peruke  Maker's  Trade  to  perform  any 
operation  in  Surgery. 

"  It  is  requisite  for  a  Surgeon  (to  arrive  to  a  tolerable  perfec- 
tion in  his  profession)  to  have  a  reasonable  understanding  of  Latin 
and  Greek  whereas  a  Peruke-Maker  or  a  Barber  may  be  Masters 
of  their  Trades  though  they  are  wholly  illiterate. 

"  "Wherefore  it  is  Humbly  offer'd  to  the  consideration  of  this 
Honurable  Assembly  whether  it  is  not  highly  and  dangerous  to 
the  health  of  Her  Majesty's  good  subjects  that  such  Barbers  &ct 
as  take  upon  them  (though  not  in  the  least  qualified)  to  Practice 
Surgery  shou'd  be  allow'd  the  same  Priviledge  therein  as  Surgeons 
who  have  taken  great  pains  to  make  themselves  Masters  of  the 
Art  of  Surgery  and  whose  Parents  have  been  at  great  expence  to 
make  them  capable. 

"  The  advantages  which  will  necessarily  arise  from  such  a 
Regulation  will  be 

"  The  preservation  of  many  Subjects'  lives  which  are  lost  by  the 
gross  Errors  and  the  Barbarous  and  Inhumane  Practices  of 
Impudent  [gnorant  Pretenders  of  which  there  are  too  many 
instances  which  daily  offer  to  the  great  prejudice  of  the  Publick 
and  discredit  of  the  Profession. 

"It  will  encourage  such  persons  as  can  afford  to  give  their 
Children  Learning  sufficient  for  the  Profession  to  breed  them  to  it. 

"  It  will  oblige  Apprentices  to  be  diligent  and  studious  in  the 


84     BARBER-CHIRURGEONS  AND  SURGEONS — CORRESPONDENCE. 


Profession  whereby  the  Kingdom  and  Army  will  be  supply'd  with 
a  succession  of  Experienced  and  Judicious  Surgeons. 

"  It  will  be  an  encouragement  to  Honest  and  Skilful  Practi- 
tioners to  converse  with  greater  freedom  so  as  to  improve  the  art. 

"  It  is  probable  (that  in  some  time)  the  Professors  of  Surgery 
in  this  Kingdom  may  acquire  such  a  reputation  as  may  prevent 
Young  Men's  going  into  foreign  Countreys  to  compleat  their 
studies. 

"  Many  other  Reasons  may  be  offer'd  but  it  is  hoped  that  these 
may  prove  sufficient  to  make  this  August  Assembly  sensible  of  the 
great  benefit  a  due  Regulation  of  the  practice  of  Surgery  will  be 
to  the  Publick  and  to  induce  them  to  Enact  such  Laws  as  in  their 
Wisdom  shall  be  thought  most  proper  to  encourage  the  true 
Practice  of  Surgery  in  this  Kingdom  and  punish  the  abuse 
thereof." 

This  statement  is  probably  that  referred  to  in  a  resolution  on 
the  books  of  the  Barber-surgeons'  Company,  dated  30th  Septem- 
ber, 1703,  to  take  measures  to  frustrate  the  attempts  of  certain 
members  of  the  guild  and  several  "  foreigners,"  who  had  combined 
together  and  presented  an  address  to  Parliament,  with  the  view  of 
"  preventing  the  members  of  the  Corporation  who  were  not  educated 
or  bred  chirurgeons  from  practising  surgery,  as  they  had  a  right 
to  do  under  their  charters,"  and  the  opinion  of  counsel  was  ordered 
to  be  taken. 

In  1716  the  Corporation  had  a  correspondence  with  Mr.  Proby, 
the  Surgeon-General,  in  reference  to  his  practising  as  a  surgeon 
without  being  free  of  the  fraternity.  They  complained  that  the 
high  position  which  he  occupied  induced  many  persons  to  practise 
surgery  in  Dublin  without  having  become  "  quarter  brethren"  of  the 
guild.  Proby  wrote  polite  replies  to  the  communications  from  the 
company,  but  expressed  his  doubts  that  all  the  surgeons  in  Dublin 
could  be  combined  in  one  body  owing  to  the  peculiar  constitution 
of  the  Corporation.  In  1721  the  communications  were  renewed.  I 
gather  from  them  that  at  that  time  the  surgeons  of  Dublin  formed 
a  society,  who  met  monthly  in  the  evening.  The  Corporation 
proposed  to  send  four  of  their  number  to  confer  with  the  Surgeons' 
Society.    The  Conference  does  not  appear  to  have  taken  place ; 


SOCIAL  PRACTICES  OF  THE  BARBER-SURGEONS.  85 


for  it  is  stated  that  at  the  surgeons'  meeting,  held  on  the  3rd 
July,  1721,  there  were  so  many  army  surgeons  present  that  the 
subject  of  amalgamation  could  not  be  discussed.  It  was,  however, 
arranged  that  four  of  the  surgeons  should  meet  a  like  number  of 
the  barber-surgeons  in  friendly  discussion.  Nothing  came  out  of 
these  deliberations. 

The  barber-surgeons  were,  like  other  guilds,  disposed  to  be 
festive  on  suitable  occasions.  As  a  body  they  favoured  Mr. 
LaTouche  in  his  celebrated  contest,  in  1767,  with  the  Marquis  of 
Kildare  for  the  representation  of  Dublin  in  the  House  of  Commons. 
In  the  Dublin  Register  and  Freeman's  Journal,  10th  November, 
1767,  the  following  advertisement  appears  : — "The  Free-Brothers 
of  the  Corporation  of  Barber-surgeons,  friends  of  J ohn  La  Touch, 
Esq.,  intend  dining  at  Mr.  Cowes,  in  Coles'  Alley,  Castle-street, 
on  this  day,  being  10th  November,  at  4  o'clock.  The  brethren 
that  intend  to  dine  are  requested  to  leave  their  names  at  the  Bar. 
Dinner  on  the  table  at  4  o'clock." 

The  guild  were,  in  common  with  the  other  city  companies, 
required  to  join  in  the  procession  which  every  third  year  perambu- 
lated the  city.  This  itinei'ary  was  termed  "  Riding  the  franchise," 
and  was  a  very  ancient  usage,  emblematic  of  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Corporation  in  the  city.  Many  of  the  brethren  were  averse 
to  taking  part  in  these  displays,  because  of  the  loss  of  time  which 
they  caused.  On  the  16th  July,  1722,  the  Company  ordered 
that  those  "  who  do  not  ride  the  franchise  be  fined  10s."  On  the 
30th  June,  1755,  the  Guild  came  to  a  different  conclusion; 
for  they  resolved  to  ask  the  Lord  Mayor  to  "  excuse  this  Corpora- 
tion "  from  riding  the  franchise.  On  1st  August,  1767,  Faulkner  s 
Journal  states  that  the  Corporation  perambulated  the  city  and  its 
liberties,  and  notices  that  the  colours  of  the  barber-surgeons  were 
purple,  cherry,  and  red,  and  those  of  the  apothecaries  purple  and 
orange. 

From  the  close  of  the  17th  century  the  brethren  appeared  really 
anxious  that  the  members  of  the  different  crafts  united  in  the 
guild  should  keep  to  their  special  calling.  Members  belonging 
to  the  barbers'  craft  were  restrained  from  practising  surgery, 


86  THE  COMPANY  BECOMING  MERE  BARBERS. 

except  bleeding  or  the  drawing  of  teeth  ;  and  the  medical  barbers 
and  the  wig-makers  were,  under  pains  and  penalties,  prevented 
from  practising  pharmacy. 

In  1736  the  number  of  the  council  of  the  Corporation  was 
increased  to  25.  In  this  year  Edward  Smith,  a  chirurgeon,  was 
master  ;  one  of  the  wardens — Bryan  M'Cabe — was  a  barber,  and 
the  second  warden,  Richard  Cox,  was  an  apothecary. 

The  surgeons  were  now  dwindling  away.  Very  few  aspirants 
for  the  franchise  appeared  to  replace  the  losses  caused  by  death. 
When  election-to-office  day  arrived,  in  1742,  it  was  found  that 
there  was  no  chirurgical  brother  who  had  not  already  filled  a 
warden's  chair ;  and  they  were  therefore  obliged  to  instal  a 
barber  in  the  warden's  chair,  which  hitherto  had  always  been 
occupied  by  a  chirurgeon  if  the  master  were  a  barber.  The  Cor- 
poration, seeing  that  they  were  rapidly  becoming  a  company  of 
pure  barbers,  made  attempts  to  rehabilitate  the  institution.  At  a 
meeting,  held  on  the  12th  October,  1741,  they  resolved  to  present 
the  freedom  of  the  Corporation  to  the  President,  Censors,  and 
Fellows  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  Shortly  afterwards  they 
enacted  that  no  surgeon  should  be  granted  the  freedom  of  the 
Corporation  until  he  had  undergone  an  examination  by  the  College 
of  Physicians,  and  had  received  from  the  College  a  certificate  of 
competency.  The  candidates  for  the  apothecaries'  craft  in  the 
guild  were  to  be  similarly  examined.  It  was  proposed,  however, 
that  whenever  there  were  twelve  qualified  chirurgeons  in  the  Cor- 
poration they  should  form  a  Board  of  Examiners,  but  the  exami- 
nations were  to  be  conducted  in  the  presence  of  the  President  and 
Censors  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  In  the  event  of  the  officers 
of  the  College  declining  or  neglecting  to  be  present,  the  examina- 
tion was  nevertheless  to  be  proceeded  with.  This  proposal  was  an 
undoubted  proof  of  the  desire  of  the  Corporation  to  improve  the 
condition  of  surgery,  but  it  does  not  seem  to  have  met  with  any 
response  from  the  College  of  Physicians. 

Some  of  the  persons  named  in  the  charter  granted  by  King 
James  II.  are  described  as  "  readers  of  anatomy,"  and  probably 
they  may  have  occasionally  delivered  lectures  on  that  subject  to 


WERE  APPRENTICES  EXAMINED  % — TAILORS'  HALL.  87 

the  guild.  The  company  were  empowered  to  examine  the  appren- 
tices as  to  their  fitness  to  be  enrolled  as  brethren.  There  is, 
however,  no  evidence  to  show  that  the  chirurgical  apprentices  who 
had  served  their  full  term  were  always,  or  even  generally,  examined 
as  to  their  competency  before  admitting  them  to  the  fraternity. 
It  is  probable  that  "  foreigners  "  were  subjected  to  some  kind  of 
examination.  Hues  Occurrences  (a  Dublin  newspaper)  for  February 
8th,  1731,  announces  the  arrival  of  the  Chevalier  Taylor.  This 
person  was  a  celebrated  oculist  and  undoubtedly  a  man  of  ability, 
but  many  of  the  faculty  regarded  him  as  a  charlatan.  The 
Dublin  barber-chirurgeons  presented  him  with  the  freedom  of  the 
Corporation,  the  diploma  being  contained  in  a  handsome  silver  box. 
This  presentation  called  forth  an  anonymous  tract  denouncing 
the  Corporation  for  conferring  their  freedom  upon  a  quack,  and 
asserting  that  they  received  for  it  the  handsome  fee  of  £161.  The 
Corporation,  in  an  advertisement  published  in  Hue's  Occurrences, 
4th  April,  1732,  repudiated  these  "slanderous  statements,"  and 
declared  that  the  Chevalier  had  been  duly  examined  and  his  skill 
fully  tested  in  surgical  operations  by  a  select  committee  com- 
posed of  eight  surgeons  and  apothecaries. 

The  minute  books  of  the  guild  show  that  early  in  the  eighteenth 
century  their  meetings  were  held  in  Tailors'  Hall,  Back-lane. 
They  were  apparently  not  rich  enough  to  build  one  for  their 
exclusive  use,  as  the  London  fraternity  and  many  of  the  Dublin 
guilds  had  done.  The  Tailors'  Hall  was  erected  in  1706,  and  for 
many  years  was  used  as  the  meeting  place  of  several  guilds  who 
had  no  halls  of  their  own.  Public  meetings  were  held  in  it,  as 
were  those  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Freemasons  and  of  the  "  United 
Irishmen,"  in  their  early  days.  When  the  Municipal  Reform  Act 
of  1840  abolished  as  legalised  corporations  the  Dublin  guilds,  the 
Tailors'  Guild  converted  their  hall  into  a  school,  and  at  present 
it  is  used  as  a  place  for  religious  meetings.  The  Merchants' 
Hall  on  Merchants'-quay,  the  Weavers'  Hall  on  the  Coombe, 
and  the  Tailors'  Hall,  were  the  only  guild  halls  at  all  comparable 
With  those  of  the  London  Companies.  It  is  worth  noting  that 
the  Tailors'  Hall  was  erected  on  the  site  of  a  building  once  a 


88 


THE  APOTHECARIES'  GUILD. 


college  of  the  University  of  Dublin,  and  subsequently  a  military 
hospital. 

In  1745  the  Barber-surgeons'  Company  began  that  process  of 
disintegration  which  95  years  later  terminated  in  their  extinction. 
The  apothecaries  belonging  to  the  guild  were  somewhat  numerous, 
whilst  the  surgical  members  were  very  .few.  There  were  apothe- 
caries, too,  in  still  greater  numbers  practising  in  Dublin  who  were 
"  foreigners."  A  charter  granted  by  George  II.  incorporated  the 
Dublin  apothecaries  into  a  guild  dedicated  to  St.  Luke.  The 
guild  were  to  be  governed  by  a  master,  two  wardens,  and  thirteen 
assistants,  who  were  to  be  elected  annually.  They  were  to  be 
exempted  from  attendance  on  juries  and  from  filling  parish  offices, 
and  empowered  to  deal  with  offenders  against  their  privileges.  The 
barber-surgeons  formed  No.  4  of  the  twenty-four  city  companies, 
the  three  companies  senior  to  them  being  Trinity  guild,  the  tailors, 
and  the  smiths.  They  had  four  representatives  in  the  Commons, 
or  lower  House  of  the  Corporation  of  Dublin.  Of  two  of  these 
they  were  deprived  after  the  incorporation  of  the  apothecaries  as 
a  distinct  guild;  and  the  latter  having  become  the. twenty-fifth  of 
the  city  guilds  were  allowed  two  representatives  in  the  Corporation. 
The  charter  is  dated  18th  September,  1745,  but  in  the  Dublin 
Journal  for  January  13,  1746,  there  is  an  advertisement  from  the 
Barber-surgeons'  Company  denouncing  certain  "refractory  brothers 
and  irregular  practitioners  amongst  the  apothecaries  for  seeking 
for  a  charter." 

In  1750  the  new  Corporation  passed  a  law  restricting  their 
membership  to  practising  apothecaries,  but  repealed  it  in  1777. 
In  1792  an  Act  of  Parliament  constituted  the  apothecaries  into 
the  Corporation  of  the  Apothecaries'  Hall,  which  still  exists.  The 
new  institution  was  a  national,  not  a  municipal  one.  Henceforth  the 
Corporation  of  Apothecaries  were  of  use  only  as  a  means  of 
acquiring  political  rights. 

The  proceedings  of  the  barber-surgeons  possess,  after  the  seces- 
sion of  the  apothecaries,  very  little  medical  interest.  The  members 
were  nearly  altogether  barbers,  or  persons  neither  chirurgeons  nor 
barbers,  who  desired  membership  for  purely  political  purposes. 


EXTINCTION  OF  BARBERS  AND  APOTHECARIES'  GUILDS.  89 

In  1773  and  1775  bills  for  regulating  the  profession  and  practice 
of  surgery  and  pharmacy  were  introduced  into  the  House  of 
Commons,  but  were  not  persevered  with. 

In  1784  the  union  between  the  barbers  and  surgeons  was  dis- 
solved de  facto,  though  perhaps  not  de  jure,  by  the  creation  of  a 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland.  The  Irish  surgeon's  privi- 
leges were  no  longer  confined  within  the  narrow  boundaries  of 
a  civic  trade's  union :  he  became  a  constituent  of  a  national 
institution.  The  Barber-surgeons'  Company  were,  however,  not 
dissolved,  nor  were  they  expressly  forbidden  to  continue  styling 
themselves  the  Fraternity  of  Barber-chirurgeons.  In  the  Dublin 
Directories,  for  many  years  after  the  foundation  of  the  College  of 
Surgeons,  the  guild  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene  are  called  the  barbers, 
but  during  the  latter  years  of  their  existence  they  are  frequently 
termed  barber-surgeons.  In  voting  the  freedom  of  their  guild,  in 
1819,  to  Alderman  Sir  William  M'Kenny,  ex-Lord  Mayor,  they 
style  themselves  barber-surgeons.  I  see  nothing  in  the  charters 
of  the  College  which  could  have  prevented  the  free  brothers  of 
the  company  from  practising  surgery. 

Very  few  surgeons  belonged  to  the  Corporation  in  the  year  1784. 
Only  one  of  the  founders  of  the  College,  Philip  Woodroffe,  was  a 
barber-surgeon  ;  he  was  admitted  on  the  17th  of  November,  1780. 
Gerard  Macklin,  State-surgeon,  was  a  warden's  peer  in  1792.  In 
1840  the  Corporation  shared  the  fate  of  the  other  municipal  bodies 
dissolved  by  the  Reform  Act.  The  last  master,  Mr.  Michael  Farrell, 
of  Hafcourt-street,  Dublin,  delivered  the  charters  and  other  docu- 
ments belonging  to  the  Company  to  the  late  erudite  Dr.  William 
Daniel  Moore,  of  Dublin,  who  deposited  them  in  the  library  of 
Trinity  College.  They  include  the  Company's  Charters,  Books  of 
Transactions  from  1703,  Lists  of  Brothers,  Roll-Book  for  1827, 
Book  of  Quarterages  and  of  Entry  of  Foreigners,  1688,  and  Book 
for  Enrolment  of  Apprentices,  dated  1535,  but  containing  no  entries 
earlier  than  1587.  All  are  contained  in  a  wooden  box  covered 
with  red  leather  and  emblazoned  with  the  arms  of  the  Company. 
Through  the  courtesy  of  the  Board  of  Trinity  College  and  of  their 
courteous  librarians  I  have  been  enabled  to  make  copies  of  the 


90 


PROVINCIAL  BARBERS'  GUILDS. 


charters,  and  to  pei'use  the  books,  &c.,  of  this  extinct  civic  and 
surgical  institution — the  most  ancient  medical  corporation  in  the 
United  Kingdom. 

In  the  provincial  cities  in  which  the  barber-surgeons  were 
sufficiently  numerous  to  form  a  society  it  seems  probable  that  they 
were  constituted  into  ordinary  trades'  guilds.  I  cannot  discover 
that  they  were  in  any  town,  save  Dublin,  incorporated  by  Royal 
authority.  In  Cork  they  were  at  an  early  period  constituted 
a  guild  by  the  Corporation  of  that  city,  whose  charter  enabled 
them  to  grant  sub-charters  to  city  companies.  On  the  23rd 
August,  1732,  the  Corporation  of  Cork  resolved — "Whereas  there 
has  been  a  Bill  preferred  by  some  refractory  persons  against  the 
Company  of  the  Barber-surgeons  of  this  City :  ordered  that  said 
Company  be  supported  in  their  ancient  rights.  If  any  freeman  do 
assist  such  refractory  persons  he  shall  be  disfranchised  :  and  we 
appoint  Mi\  Russell  Wood,  Attorney,  to  assist  the  Company  in 
preserving  their  rights."  It  would  seem  that  at  this  time  the  Cork 
surgeons  were  as  anxious  as  their  Dublin  confreres  to  sever  them- 
selves from  the  barbers.  In  Limerick  the  Barber-surgeons  were 
constituted  a  guild  by  the  Municipal  Corporation.  They  had  a 
master  and  two  wardens. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


SURGICAL  EDUCATION  AND  EXAMINATIONS  IN  IRELAND  PRIOR  TO 
THE  FOUNDATION  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  SURGEONS. 

In  the  early  ages  of  the  Christian  era,  Ireland  attained  to  gi'eat 
celebrity  as  a  centre  of  intellectual  and  religious  life  ;  but  the 
incessant  wars  waged  between  the  native  Irish  and  the  Anglo- 
Norman  settlers,  and  amongst  the  native  septs  themselves,  produced 
a  disastrous  effect  upon  the  civilisation  of  the  country.  The 
use  of  arms,  rather  than  the  cultivation  of  letters,  became  general. 
The  want  of  security  for  life  and  fortune  deterred  wealthy  persons 
from  coming  to  or  remaining  in  the  country,  to  which,  on  the 
contrary,  penniless  but  warlike  adventurers  flocked  in  great  numbers. 
Long  before  the  advent  of  the  sixteenth  century  the  earlier  civilisa- 
tion of  Ireland  had  vanished. 

In  1312  Archbishop  Leech  obtained  from  Pope  Clement  V. 
a  Bull  for  the  foundation  of  a  university  in  Ireland,  but  the 
archbishop  died  before  he  could  make  any  use  of  his  powers.  In 
1320  a  university  was  established  in  connexion  with  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral  by  Alexander  De  Becknor,  acting  on  the  authority  of 
Pope  John  XXII.  It  lasted  but  a  short  time,  and  an  attempt  to 
revive  it,  made  in  1568,  by  the  Lord  Deputy,  Sir  Henry  Sydney, 
proved  a  failure. 

In  1591  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  was  founded;  and  although  it 
nearly  perished  in  the  first  decade  of  its  existence,  it  weathered 
the  fierce  gales  to  which  it  was  exposed,  and  is  now  one  of  the 
most  important  educational  institutions  in  Europe.  Up  to  the 
year  1616  (inclusive),  109  persons  proceeded  to  degrees  in  the 
new  university,  but  only  one  of  them  graduated  in  medicine. 

In  Bishop  Bedell's  statutes  for  the  University,  framed  in  1628, 
it  is  enacted  that  one  of  the  Fellows  shall  be  a  Professor  of 


92 


PUBLIC  rilYSICIANS  AND  APOTHECARIES. 


Physic,  and  shall  deliver  lectures  in  that  faculty.  This  statute 
was  confirmed  by  Charles  I.  The  Medical  Fellows  were,  as  a  rule, 
incompetent  to  act  as  Professors  of  Physic. 

In  1598  mention  is  made  in  the  College  Register  of  a  grant  of 
£40  yearly  for  a  "  physician's  pay."  In  this  way  it  is  conjectured 
the  Regius  Professorship  originated ;  but  it  is  more  likely  that 
the  grant  was  made  to  the  College,  not  for  educational  purposes, 
but  in  order  that  it  might  supply  a  physician  for  the  use  of  the 
troops  and  other  residents  in  the  city.  The  grant  is  termed 
"  concor datum."  A  concordatum  of  twenty  shillings  and  one  day's 
pay  from  every  soldier  in  garrison  was  granted  by  Lord  Deputy 
Sydney,  in  1566,  to  Thomas  Smith,  apothecary,  to  encourage  him 
to  remain  in  Dublin,  to  act  as  apothecary,  and  to  supply  "  fresshe 
and  newe  druggs  and  other  Apothecary e  Wares  in  plentifull 
manner  to  the  nedefull  and  good  helpe  of  suche  of  the  Englishe 
byrthe  in  this  realme  resident,  and  of  the  nobilitie  and  others  of 
the  graver  and  civylier  sorte  of  this  realme."  In  1580  the  Corpo- 
ration of  Dublin  granted  a  yearly  stipend  of  £10  to  Dr.  Nicholas 
Hykie  to  induce  him  to  make  their  city  his  abode.  This,  no  doubt, 
was  the  origin  of  the  office  of  City  Surgeon.  William  Leake,  of 
20  Stephens-green,  who  died  in  1823,  was  the  last  person  to  hold 
that  office. 

On  the  10th  November,  1626,  the  Corporation  of  Cork  invited 
Mr.  Patrick  Meade,  f z  *  John,  Doctor  of  Physick,  to  practise  in 
Cork.  He  was  to  receive  £10  a  year,  rent  for  a  house.  He  was 
invited  not  only  for  his  skill,  but  also  on  account  of  his  "  family 
descent,  being  a  child  born  of  this  citie."  It  was  hoped  that  he 
would  "  minister  the  poor  physicke,  out  of  charitable  disposition, 
gratis."  By  a  curious  coincidence,  in  the  same  year  the  neigh- 
bouring Corporation  of  Youghal  permitted  "Thomas  Adams, 
Gent,,  Practitioner  in  the  Faculty  of  Physicke,"  to  keep  an 
apothecary's  shop  in  their  town,  first,  because  "  he  married  a  Free- 
man's wife  "  (widow,  rather,  let  us  trust) ;  and,  secondly,  because 
there  was  no  apothecary  in  the  town. 

In  1654  a  Fraternity  of  Physicians  was  established  in  Trinity 

*  Son  of  John  Meade. 


THE  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS. 


93 


Hall,  a  building  belonging  to  the  Dublin  University,  situated  behind 
the  south  side  of  Dame-street.  It  lasted  only  until  1667,  when  it 
was  reorganised  into  the  "  Colledge  of  Physitians  in  Dublin,"  at 
Trinity  Hall,  by  a  charter  of  Charles  II.  This  College  must  be 
regarded  as  a  dependency  of  the  University,  as  the  Board  of  Trinity 
College  appointed  the  President,  and  in  other  ways  the  institu- 
tions were  connected.  The  College  of  Physicians  were,  however, 
endowed  with  powers  analogous  to  those  of  the  London  College  of 
Physicians — no  person  could  practise  physic  in  or  within  seven 
miles  of  Dublin  without  their  permission. 

In  1 692  the  College  surrendered  their  charter,  and  were  reincor- 
porated by  William  and  Mary  under  the  title  of  the  King  and 
Queen's  College  of  Physicians  in  Ireland.  Practice  in  the  city 
and  neighbourhood  was  restricted  to  the  Fellows  and  Licentiates. 
In  the  rest  of  Ireland  only  graduates  of  Dublin,  Oxford,  and 
Cambridge  could  practise  physic,  in  addition  to  those  licensed  by 
the  College  of  Physicians. 

The  College  were  entrusted  with  the  supervision  of  apothecaries, 
druggists,  and  midwives.    Apothecaries  were  required  to  have  their 
apprentices  tested  as  to  their  knowledge  of  Latin  by  the  College. 
They  had  power  to  enter  forcibly  into  houses  where  it  was  sus- 
pected adulterated  drugs  were  kept,  and  to  seize  upon  them.  Power 
to  examine  witnesses  upon  oath,  and  to  fine  and  imprison  offenders, 
was  given  to  them.    It  was  also  ordained  that  the  College  should 
be  entitled  to  receive  annually  the  bodies  of  six  executed  male- 
factors for  "  anatomies,"  so  that  they  might  have  "  further  and 
better  knowledge,  instruction,  and  experience  in  the  faculty  and 
science  of  physic  and  surgery."    From  this  we  must  infer  that  the 
Fellows  and  Licentiates  might,  if  they  choose,  legally  practise 
surgery,  notwithstanding  the  privileges  of  the  Barber-Chirurgeon's 
Company.    In  relation  to  this  point  it  is  noteworthy  that  in  an 
Act  of  Parliament  passed  in  1743  a  Professorship  of  "  Surgery 
and  Midwifery"  was  constituted  in  connexion  with  the  College  of 
Physicians. 

It  is  evident  that  there  were  very  few  opportunities  of  studying 
anatomy  in  Ireland  up  to  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  The 


.1 


94 


INSTRUCTION  IN  ANATOMY. 


instruction  in  the  Medical  School  of  the  University  appears  to 
have  been  confined  chiefly  to  professorial  demonstrations.  There 
was  very  little  dissecting-room  work  such  as  we  now  have.  One  of 
the  statutes  of  the  University,  framed  by  Sir  William  Temple, 
provided  that  every  candidate  for  a  medical  degree  must  have  been 
present  at  the  dissection  of  three  bodies.  It  is  probable  that  these 
so-called  dissections  were  often  little  more  elaborate  than  an  exten- 
sive post-mortem  examination  for  pathological  purposes.  That  the 
College  of  Physicians  occasionally  claimed  the  bodies  of  executed 
persons  is  shown  by  some  records  referred  to  in  Dr.  Belcher's  work 
on  the  College.  An  account-book,  beginning  in  1672,  mentions 
the  items  of  expenditure  incurred  in  connexion  with  the  dissection 
of  a  body.  The  total  is  £2  4s.  10d.,  of  which  9s.  was  given  to  the 
"  souldiers  who  watched,"  and  3s.  to  "  the  said  souldiers  in  drinke." 
Some  years  later  Molyneux  describes  the  dissection  of  a  malefactor, 
and  the  conversion  of  his  osseous  remains  into  a  "  skeleton."  He 
says  that  the  dissection  lasted  for  a  week,  and  that  the  chirurgeons 
and  physicians  present  at  it  "  spoke  at  random  as  the  pax*ts  pre- 
sented themselves."  About  this  time  Mullen,  already  referred  to, 
carried  on  his  anatomical  studies,  more,  apparently,  as  an  original 
inquirer  than  a  mere  learner  of  anatomy. 

Early  in  the  eighteenth  century  there  were  several  physicians 
practising  in  Dublin  who  had  studied  in  Leyden,  Montpelier,  and 
other  continental  medical  schools,  where  they  had  the  opportunities 
of  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  practical  anatomy.  There  were  sur- 
geons, too,  who  had  been  educated  abroad,  especially  in  Paris. 
Those  persons  were  capable  of  teaching  anatomy,  and  no  doubt 
they  did  so  in  private. 

The  Company  of  Barber-Surgeons  do  not  seem  to  have  instituted 
any  systematic  courses  of  lectures  on  anatomy  or  surgery.  The 
London  fraternity,  from  an  early  period,  made  some  show  of 
educational  zeal.  Early  in  the  seventeenth  century  Dr.  Gwvn 
delivered  before  them  systematic  courses  of  lectures  on  anatomy 
and  surgery.  In  1634  Dr.  Alexander  Bead  commenced  to  lecture 
before  the  Company,  and  continued  to  do  so  for  many  years.  His 
lectures  were  published  in  a  collected  form  in  1750,  and  we  learn 


STEALING  BODIES  FOR  DISSECTION. 


95 


from  them  that  by  a  law  of  the  Barber-Surgeons'  Company  their 
lecturer  on  surgery  and  anatomy  should  be  a  doctor  of  physic. 

The  Dublin  Barber-Chirurgeons'  Guild  made  some  pretence  to 
be  an  examining  body,  but  the  education  of  apprentices  they  left 
altogether  in  the  hands  of  their  masters.  That  many  members 
of  the  Company  never  learned  the  most  elementary  anatomy  is 
evident  from  the  fact  that  some  of  them  were  quite  illiterate,  even 
so  late  as  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century.  A  man  unable  to 
write  was  unlikely  to  have  studied  anatomy. 

About  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  there  seems  to  have 
been  some  anatomical  work  going  on  in  Dublin,  as  the  robbery  of 
bodies  for  dissection  purposes  were  of  frequent  occurrence.  In 
May,  1732,  the  gravedigger  of  St.  Andrew's  churchyard  was 
committed  to  prison  for  having  aided  in  stealing  bodies  from  that 
cemetery.  The  following  advertisement  appeared  in  Faulkner's 
Dublin  Journal  for  December,  1742  : — 

"  St.  Andrew's  Paeish,  Dublin, 

"  Dec.  list,  1742. 

"  Whereas  we  are  informed  that  Richard  Fox,  late  gravedigger, 
with  the  assistance  of  several  other  persons  unknown,  hath  bar- 
barously, inhumanly,  and  wickedly  opened  the  grave  of  a  gentleman 
who  was  buried  in  the  churchyard  of  the  said  parish,  and  took 
away  his  body,  to  the  great  grief  and  trouble  of  his  friends.  We 
therefore,  the  minister,  churchwardens,  and  parishioners,  in  vestiy 
assembled,  whereof  due  notice  was  given  in  church  on  the  Lord's 
clay  next  preceding  the  date  hereof,  are  come  to  the  following 
resolutions  : — Resolved — That  the  said  R.  F.  and  his  accomplices 
be  prosecuted  with  the  utmost  severity  of  the  law.    Resolved — 
That  the  prosecution  be  carried  on  at  the  expense  of  the  parish. 
Resolved — That  all  sums  of  money  laid  out  and  expended  by  the 
said  churchwardens,  or  any  other  person  or  persons  employed  by 
them  on  such  prosecution,  be  allowed  by  this  parish  in  the  church- 
Wardens'  accounts.    Resolved — That,  if  it  be  thought  convenient 
to  carry  on  any  prosecution  against  any  other  person  or  persons 
for  taking  away  any  other  corp  or  corps  out  of  the  church  or 
churchyard  of  this  parish,  any  time  within  these  six  months  past, 
the  prosecution  shall  be  carried  on,  one-half  at  the  expense  of  the 
ltev.  Dr.  Bradford,  vicar,  the  other  at  the  expense  of  the  parish, 


96 


SIR  PATRICK  DUN. 


to  which  the  said  D.  B.  hath  agreed.  Resolved — That  the  above 
resolution  be  made  public.  Signed  by  order. — James  Fetherston, 
Vestry  Clerk. 

"  The  above  R.  F.  was  employed  by  the  sexton  of  the  said 
parish  as  gravedigger,  and  having  made  his  escape  from  justice, 
we,  the  churchwardens,  do  promise  to  pay  to  any  person  that  shall 
apprehend  the  said  Fox  and  bring  him  to  justice,  £2  5s.  6d. 
N.B. — The  said  Fox  is  blind  of  one  eye,  a  tall  thin  young  man, 
wore  a  blue  coat  and  pewter  buttons. 

"  James  Lane,  ) 

«  Joseph  Cope,}  Churchwardens. 

"  N.B. — £3  3s.  more  reward  will  be  given." 

The  following  advertisement  in  the  same  journal  shows  that  the 
body-snatchers  were  at  work  at  the  west,  as  well  as  the  east,  end 
of  the  city  : — 

"  Whereas  the  family  vault  of  George  Murphy  was  robbed  on 
the  8th  of  December  by  one  Thomas  Owen,  the  sexton  of  St. 
James's  Church,  Dublin,  who  most  wickedly  and  feloniously 
removed  the  corpse  of  the  late  Mrs.  Murphy,  which  it  is  supposed 
he  sold.  This  is  therefore  to  give  notice  that  whosoever  will 
apprehend  the  said  Thomas  Owen,  or  give  information  thereof  of 
the  whereabouts  of  the  body  of  the  aforesaid  Mrs.  Murphy,  shall 
have  ten  guineas  reward  paid  by  Mr.  Lowe,  churchwarden,  or  by 
Mr.  Murphy,  at  his  house. 

"  The  said  Owen  is  above  the  middle  height,  with  red  hair,  and 
wore  black  coat  and  breeches." 

In  1754,  George  Hendrick,  alias  "  Crazy  Crow,"  was  fined  and 
imprisoned  for  having  stolen  corpses  from  St.  Andrew's  grave- 
yard (Gilbert's  "  History  of  Dublin,"  Vol.  II.,  p.  13). 

Probably  about  this  time  dissections  were  almost  as  infrequent 
in  England  as  they  were  in  Ireland. 

The  foundation  of  an  incomplete  medical  school  in  Dublin  is 
due  to  Sir  Patrick  Dun.  He  was  born,  in  1642,  in  Aberdeen, 
and  settled  in  Ireland,  where  he  attained  to  the  positions  of  Physi- 
cian to  the  Lord  Lieutenant,  Physician-General  to  the  Forces, 
and  President  of  the  College  of  Physicians.     He  bequeathed  pro- 


FOUNDATION  OF  THE  SCHOOL  OF  PHYSIC. 


97 


perty  to  make  provision  for  "  one  or  two  Professors  of  Physick  to 
read  publick  Lectures  and  make  publick  Anatomical  dissections  of 
the  several  parts  of  human  Body's  or  Body's  of  other  animals,  to 
read  Lectures  of  Osteology,  Bandages,  and  operations  of  Chirur- 
gery,  to  read  Botanic  Lectures,  Demonstrate  Plants  publickly,  and 
to  read  public  Lectures  on  Materia  Medica,  for  the  Instruction  of 
Studients  of  Physick,  Surgery,  and  Phai'macy."  The  deed  of 
bequest  was  executed  on  the  18th  of  June,  1704,  and  he  died  on 
the  24th  of  May,  1713.  In  1715  a  royal  charter  was  obtained 
incorporating  a  King's  Professorship  of  Physic  in  the  city  of 
Dublin.  Some  law  proceedings  had  subsequently  to  be  taken  in 
reference  to  the  property  left  by  Dun.  They  terminated  in  1740, 
and  the  bequest  was  finally  determined  in  accordance  with  his 
desire. 

In  1743  an  Act  of  Parliament  was  obtained  by  which  two 
additional  professorships  were  created — namely,  "  Chirurgery  and 
Midwifery"  and  "Pharmacy  and  Materia  Medica."  The  emolu- 
ments hitherto  allocated  to  the  Chair  of  Physic  were,  after  the 
death  or  resignation  of  its  then  occupant,  to  be  divided  amongst 
the  three  professors.  It  is  said  that  Haller,  Albinus,  and  Van 
Swietman  were  willing  to  compete  for  Dun's  endowment  if  it  had 
not  been  subdivided.  Had  any  one  of  these  great  men  been 
induced  to  make  Dublin  his  home  the  Medical  School  might  in 
the  last  century  have  become  a  rival  to  Edinburgh  and  Leyden. 
The  lectures  given  by  the  three  professors  were  in  Latin,  and 
they  do  not  seem  to  have  been  of  much  utility.  The  "  School  of 
Physic,"  if  it  may  be  properly  so  termed,  was  reorganised  by 
an  Act  of  Parliament  (25  Geo.  III.,  c.  42),  and  in  March,  1786, 
three  professorships  were  filled  up — Institutes  of  Medicine,  instead 
of  Chirurgery  and  Midwifery ;  Practice  of  Medicine,  and  Materia 
Medica  and  Pharmacy.  The  same  Act  converted  the  University 
lectureships  of  Anatomy  and  Chirurgery,  Chemistry  and  Botany, 
into  professorships.  In  1800  the  School  of  Physic  Act  incor- 
porated the  Physic  School  of  the  College  of  Physicians  with  the 
Medical  School  of  the  University,  under  the  joint  control  of  the 
two  bodies. 


98 


EAKLY  ANATOMICAL  TEACHING  IN  DUBLIN. 


In  1711  the  first  anatomical  hall  and  chemical  laboratory  were 
established*  in  Trinity  College,  close  to  the  Library  :  anatomy  was 
taught  in  this  building  for  nearly  a  century  and  a  quarter.  The 
illustration  showing  these  buildings  is  copied  and  greatly  enlarged 
from  a  rare  engraving  intended  to  show  the  College  Library,  and 
kindly  lent  for  the  purpose  by  Mr.  Thomas  French,  the  obliging 
assistant  librarian  of  Trinity  College. 

Kobert  Hoyle  was  the  first  anatomical  lecturer  in  Trinity  Col- 
lege. He  was  succeeded  by  Bryan  Robinson,  an  eminent  physician, 
but  he  was  in  turn  displaced  by  Hoyle.  The  latter  was  succeeded 
by  Francis  Madden,  Thomas  Foreside  (a  physician),  Robert 
Robinson,  M.D.,  George  Cleghorn,  James  Cleghorn,  and  William 
Hartigan.  During  the  professorship  of  the  last-named  the  com- 
plete amalgamation  of  the  Physic  and  Medical  Schools  took  place. 

The  unionf  between  the  School  of  the  Physicians'  College  and 
that  of  Trinity  College  brought  these  institutions  into  connexion 
for  the  second  time  in  their  history.  In  1695  the  College  of 
Physicians  decided  to  admit  to  their  fellowship  only  Doctors  of 
Physic  of  the  University  of  Dublin,  and  the  College  acted  as  a 
board  of  examiners  for  the  medical  degrees  granted  by  the  Univer- 
sity. In  1761  the  University  constituted  their  medical  lecturers 
a  board  of  examiners,  on  account  of  the  refusal  of  the  College  to 
examine  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir)  Fielding  Ould,  a  candidate  for  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  in  Physic,  on  the  ground  that,  being  a  man- 
midwife,  he  should  not  be  admitted  to  a  medical  degree  or  licence. 
(See  page  27.) 

G.  Cleghorn's  teaching  of  anatomy  in  Trinity  College  appears  to 
have  been  a  success.  Frederick  Jebb,  writing  in  1770,  says: — 
"  Dr.  Cleghorn's  accuracy  and  laborious  application  to  anatomical 
instruction  begin  to  diffuse  their  influence."  Cleghorn's  pupils 
became  anatomical  teachers  not  only  in  Dublin  but  also  in  the 

*  Taylor,  in  his  "History  of  the  University,"  states  that  the  anatomy  theatre  was 
built  in  1705  and  taken  down  in  1835.  It  is  certain  that  the  first  stone  of  the  present 
medical  school  in  the  College-park  was  laid  July  14,  1823. 

+  There  always  had  been  a  connexion  between  the  Schools  of  the  two  Colleges ;  but 
the  Acts  of  Parliament  above  referred  to  defined  the  union  and  made  it  a  permanent 
one. 


ANATOMY  IN  THE  PEOVINCES. 


99 


provinces,  if  we  may  judge  by  the  following  curious  advertisement, 
which  appeared  in  the  "  Dublin  Journal "  for  July  28th,  1767  : — 

"  Mr.  Maxwell,*  Surgeon  of  the  Tyrone  Hospital,  being  solicited 
by  many  of  his  friends  to  establish  in  this  county  an  anatomical 
school  for  instruction  of  young  gentlemen  of  the  profession,  and  as 
he  has  served  his  apprenticeship  to  Mr.  Cleghorn,  Professor  of 
Anatomy  in  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  also  attended  his  anatomi- 
cal lectures  for  seven  years,  willing  to  render  himself  as  useful  to 
society  as  his  abilities  will  allow,  intends  on  Monday,  14th  Dec, 
at  2  o'clock,  to  begin,  at  his  house  at  Omagh,  a  course  of  lectures 
on  anatomy  and  surgery,  with  some  practical  observations  in 
midwifery,  on  the  following  terms,  viz. : — For  attending  his  lectures 
on  anatomy,  three  guineas  ;  dissecting  pupils  provided  with  subjects, 
six  guineas  ;  for  attending  his  lectures  in  general  and  the  practise 
of  the  hospital,  and  taught  to  dissect  and  to  perform  all  the 
different  operations  in  surgery,  twelve  guineas  per  annum.  Such 
pupils  as  choose  to  come  under  Mr.  Maxwell's  more  private  tuition 
may  be  provided  with  diet  and  lodging  in  his  own  house  at  fifteen 
guineas  per  annum.  To  those  Mr.  Maxwell  (considering  that  in 
order  to  make  them  good  surgeons  it  is  absolutely  necessary  to 
give  them  a  knowledge  in  Physick,  and  as  he  has  attented  for 
many  years  the  Professors  of  the  different  branches  of  Medicine  in 
Trinity  College,  and  also  the  Practise  of  Physick  for  a  considerable 
time  at  Mercer's  Hospital,  under  Doctor  Francis  Hutcheson, 
Professor  of  Chemistry)  therefore  intends  explaining  Boerhaave's 
Aphorisms,  and  reading  to  them  a  course  of  lectures  on  the 
Practise  of  Physick.    TwO  apprentices  are  wanted." 

The  reference  in  Gilborne's  book,  published  in  1775,  to  Halahan's 
methods  of  preparing  subjects  for  dissection  shows  that  the 
teaching  of  anatomy  was  not  confined  altogether  to  Trinity 
College.  Halahan  became  subsequently  a  Professor  in  the  College 
of  Surgeons'  School,  but  he  never  was  connected  with  Trinity 
College.  Some  of  the  founders  of  the  College  of  Surgeons,  who 
had  not  studied  either  in  Trinity  College  or  out  of  Ireland,  were 
good  anatomists,  and  therefore  must  have  received  private  instruc- 
tions in  dissections  from  the  surgeons  to  whom  they  had  served 

*  Probably  the  Henry  Maxwell  who,  in  1768,  was  "passed"  as  candidate  for  thu 
surgeoncy  of  the  County  Tyrone  Infirmary  by  the  County  Infirmaries  Surgical  Board. 


100 


PRIVILEGE  TO  PRACTISE  PHYSIC. 


their  apprenticeship.  About  the  time  of  the  foundation  of  the 
College  of  Surgeons  the  Anatomical  Class  in  Trinity  College 
did  not  muster  a  score.  In  1797  only  one  person  graduated  in 
Medicine  in  Dublin  University.  These  facts,  and  the  prevalence 
of  robbing  the  graves  towards  the  close  of  the  century,  prove 
apparently  that  private  dissections  were  extensively  carried  on  in 
Dublin  about  that  time. 

Reference  has  already  been  made  to  the  licensing  powers  of  the 
College  of  Physicians.  With  respect  to  physicians,  the  College 
granted  licences  to  practise  midwifery ;  but  in  1753  they  ordained 
that  no  one  practising  midwifery  should  be  examined  for  the 
licence  to  practise  physic.  Only  one  woman  ("  Mistress  Cormack  ") 
received  (1696)  the  midwifery  licence — indeed  very  few  persons 
in  the  last  century  received  it.  The  College  never  granted  a 
diploma  to  practise  surgery,  nor  do  they  seem  to  have  complied  with 
the  request  of  the  barber-surgeons  to  act  as  a  Chirurgical  Exami- 
nation Board. 

The  medical  degrees  of  Dublin  University  did  not  enable  the 
holders  thereof  to  practise  legally  in  the  city  and  suburbs  of 
Dublin,  on  account  of  the  exclusive  privileges  conferred  upon  the 
College  of  Physicians,  but  they  were  entitled  to  admission  without 
examination  to  the  College.  In  the  other  parts  of  Ireland  they 
enjoyed  the  right  to  practise.  In  England  and  Scotland  it  had 
been  held  that  University  degrees  in  Medicine  conferred  no  right 
to  practise — neither  do  they  in  Germany  at  the  present  time.  In 
1610  Dr.  Bonham,  Doctor  of  Physic  of  Cambridge  University, 
was  imprisoned  by  the  London  College  of  Physicians  for  practising 
in  London  without  their  licence. 

The  bishops  in  Ireland  possessed  the  power  of  granting  licences 
to  practise  physic,  surgery,  and  midwifery,  enjoyed  by  the  bishops 
in  other  countries ;  they  do  not  seem  to  have  used  it  much.  Mr. 
J.  T.  Gilbert,  the  historian,  has  in  his  possession  a  quarto  manu- 
script, which  formerly  belonged  to  the  Diocese  of  Down  and 
Connor,  and  is  entitled  "  A  Book  of  Presedents  for  the  Eccle- 
siastical Court.  Fran.  Wotton,  Registrarius."  It  contains  the 
following : — 


THE  BISHOPS'  MEDICAL  DIPLOMAS. 


101 


"  Licentia  Concessa  A  :  B :  ad  ■practiiand.  Artem  Chirurgicam. 

"  To  all  xrian.  people  to  whome  these  pnts.  shall  come :  R.  by  ye 
Grace  of  God :  B.  of  L  :  Sendeth  Greeting  in  ye  Lord  God  Ever- 
lasting: Whereas  for  avoycling  of  any  accident  dayly  happening 
to  many  of  his  Maties.  loveing  Subjects  by  the  unskilf  ull  practizers 
of  Surgerie  It  was  prvidently  provided  by  speciall  Acte  of  Parlia- 
ment made  for  the  reformation  thereof  In  the  third  yeare  of  the 
Raigne  of  our  Late  Soveraign  Lord  of  famous  memory  King 
Henry  the  Eight  That  it  should  not  be  Lawful  for  any  persons 
within  this  Realme  of  England  to  use  or  exercise  the  Science  or 
facultie  of  Surgerie  Except  he  were  first  Examined  approved  & 
admitted  According  to  the  Tenor  of  the  said  Statute.  Know  yee 
therefore  that  wee  the  said  Reverend  ffather  having  received 
sufficient  testimonie  from  R :  W:  C :  L :  ye  Masters  or  govnors.  of  the 
misterie  &  comonality  of  Barbers  and  Surgeons  within  the  City  of 
London  incorporated  by  ye  Due  examinacion  of  A :  B  :  of  the 
parish  of  St.  Sepulcher's  wtout  New  gate  London  a  free  Brother 
of  the  said  misterie  heretofore  approved  and  admitted  to  use  and 
exercise  ye  said  Facultie  And  examined  the  said  A :  B  :  concerning 
his  sufficiencie  therein,  Doe  now  by  these  presents  approve  the  said 
A:  B:  to  be  an  able  &  sufficient  Surgeon  &  he  being  first  solemnly 
sworne  before  Sr.  E.  S.  Kt.  Doctor  of  Lawes  our  Chancellor  to  ye 
Supremacie  of  the  Kings  most  excellent  Matie.  Wee  doe  by  these 
presents  admitt  him  the  said  A :  B :  to  use  and  exercise  the  said 
Misterie  of  Surgerie  Soe  farr  forth  as  by  the  Lawes  &  Statutes  of 
this  Realme  of  England,  wee  may  lawfully  admitt  him  thereto.  In 
witness  whereof  we  have  caused  the  hand  and  seale  of  our  office  to 
be  sett  unto  these  presents  dated  ye  " 

This  document  is  in  the  handwriting  of  the  period  of  Charles  II. 
and  is  supposed  to  have  been  copied  from  an  English  Registry  as  a 
precedent.  Similar  forms  of  licences  for  physicians  and  midwives 
are  contained  in  the  manuscript,  but  in  the  handwriting  of  the 
time  of  James  I. 

The  Surgeon-General  gave  a  certificate,  or  testimonial,  to  persons 
whom  he  considered  to  be  competent  to  act  as  surgeons.  There 
are  no  records  to  show  to  what  extent  those  certificates  were  issued, 
or  the  nature  of  the  examination  to  which  the  candidates  for  them 
were  subjected.    It  seems  likely  that  they  were  in  the  first  instance 


102 


THE  SURGEON-GENERAL. 


granted  to  persons  who  were  candidates  for  Army  Surgeoncies. 
As  the  Surgeon-General  was  also  a  civil  practitioner,  he  seems  to 
have  granted  certificates  to  persons  in  civil  practice.  This  qualifi- 
cation was  the  only  one  which  Bartholomew  Mosse,  the  founder  of 
the  Dublin  Lying-in  Hospital,  possessed. 

The  first  Chirurgeon-General  was  James  Fountaine.  He  was 
appointed  under  the  Privy  Seal,  at  Whitehall,  and  his  patent  is 
dated  in  Dublin,  5th  April,  1661.  His  fee  was  ten  shillings  a  day 
as  Chirurgeon-General,  and  four  shillings  as  Chirurgeon  to  the 
Military  Hospital,  Dublin. 

J ohn  Atkins  was  appointed  Chirurgeon-General  under  the  Privy 
Seal,  5th  August,  1676,  and  his  patent  is  dated  29th  August 
of  the  same  year.  Unless  the  patent  was  ante-dated,  these  dates 
would  show  that  the  communications  between  London  and  Dublin 
were  occasionally  more  rapid  than  is  generally  believed  to  have 
been  the  case. 

On  the  28th  February,  1679,  Charles  Thompson  was  appointed 
Chirurgeon-General.  His  patent,  dated  21st  June,  1680,  was 
revoked,  and  a  new  one  issued,  dated  11th  March,  1684,  constitut- 
ing him  and  James  Fountaine  joint  Chirurgeon-Generals. 

After  the  abdication  of  James  II.,  Robert  White  was  created 
Chirurgeon-General  by  a  patent,  dated  29th  June,  1689.  He  died 
in  1699,  and  was  succeeded  by  Thomas  Proby,  whose  patent  bears 
date  21st  August,  1699.  Proby  enjoyed  a  large  practice  and  accu- 
mulated a  considerable  fortune ;  he  was  the  ancestor  of  the  Earls 
of  Carysfort,  in  the  County  of  Wicklow. 

On  the  9th  May,  1 728,  Proby  and  J  ohn  Nicholls  were  ci*eated  by 
patent  joint  Chirurgeon-Generals ;  and  on  Proby's  death,  Nicholls 
became  (in  1730)  sole  Chirurgeon-General,  and  retained  that  posi- 
tion for  thirty-six  years.  On  his  death,  he  was  succeeded  by  William 
Ruxton,  whose  patent  is  dated  26th  February,  1767.  Ruxton 
lived  in  Hoey's-court,  which  opened  into  Cole's-alley,  a  steep  lane 
leading  from  Castle-street  to  Ship-street,  and  which,  in  1805,  was 
converted  into  the  "  Castle  Steps."  In  Cole's-alley,  close  to  the 
Chirurgeon-Generals  house,  the  Barber-Surgeons'  Guild  were  wont 
to  regale  themselves  in  the  "  Royal  Chop  House." 


THE  PHYSICIAN-GENERAL. 


103 


On  the  7th  January,  1784,  shortly  after  Ruxton's  death, 
Archibald  Richardson,  State  Surgeon,  of  Stafford-street,  was 
appointed  Chirurgeon-General.  His  patent  is  dated  13th  January, 
and  his  fee  was  fixed  at  6s.  8d.  per  day.  He  died  in  1787,  and 
was  succeeded,  on  the  10th  March,  by  George  Stewart,  whose 
patent  was  made  out  five  days  later.  His  remuneration  was  fixed 
at  6s.  8d.  per  day. 

On  the  12th  June,  1819,  Philip  Crampton  was  appointed  under 
the  title  of  Surgeon-General,  vice  Stewart,  deceased;  and  the 
patent  issued  to  him,  dated  19th  June,  specifies  his  fee  to  be  19s. 
a  day.    He  was  the  last  of  the  Surgeon-Generals. 

A  Dutchman  named  Arnold  Boate  (see  page  7)  styled  himself 
Physician- General  to  the  Army,  about  1650,  but  his  name  does  not 
appear  in  the  patent  rolls.  William  Currer,  M.D.,  an  English 
physician,  was  appointed,  under  the  Privy  Seal,  Physician-General 
to  the  Army,  on  the  3rd  July,  1660,  and  letters  patent  were  issued 
to  him  on  the  26th  June,  1663.  He  seems  to  have  received  no 
remuneration  for  his  services  before  his  patent  was  granted ;  for 
in  that  document  he  is  authorised  to  receive  a  fee  of  10s.  a  day,  to 
run  from  3rd  July,  1660. 

On  the  death  of  Currer  he  was  succeeded  by  Daniel  de  Maziers 
des  Fountaines,  M.D.  The  appointment  was  made  at  Whitehall, 
5th  February,  1668,  and  his  patent,  enrolled  in  Dublin,  bears  date 
May  15th,  1669. 

The  office  of  Physician-General,  which  was  in  abeyance  for  a 
few  years,  was  conferred  on  Sir  Patrick  Dun,  who  had  acted  as 
Physician  to  the  Army  in  1688.  He  was  appointed  at  Whitehall, 
on  the  12th  October,  1705,  and  his  patent,  enrolled  in  Dublin, 
was  dated  on  the  17th  November,  1705. 

On  the  24th  May,  1713,  John  Friend,  M.D.,  was  appointed 
Physician-General,  vice  Sir  P.  Dun,  deceased.  His  patent  was 
dated  16th  July,  and  his  fee  fixed  at  10s.  per  day.  He  was 
removed  from  his  office  and  John  Campbell,  M.D.,  appointed  in 
his  place,  on  the  14th  February,  1714.  Campbell's  patent  was 
dated  on  the  16th  July. 

Thomas  Molyneux,  M.D.  (afterwards  made  a  baronet,  see  page 


104 


THE  PHYSICIAN-GENEKAL. 


11),  was  appointed  Physician-General,  on  the  1st  of  May,  1718, 
and  his  patent  was  dated  16th  Jnne  in  the  same  year.  Molyneux 
had  a  very  lucrative  practice.  In  1711  he  built  a  fine  residence  in 
Peter-street,  which  subsequently  became  the  Molyneux  Asylum 
for  the  Female  Blind  (an  institution  which  Molyneux  founded), 
and  is  now  the  "  Albert  Church  and  Molyneux  Eetreat  for  Aged 
Females."  In  1725  Molyneux  resigned  his  office,  and  he  was 
succeeded  by  Upton  Peacock,  M.D.,  whose  patent  bears  date  10th 
February,  1725,  and  who  remained  in  office  until  his  death. 

By  patent,  dated  18th  April,  1745,  Edward  Barry,  M.D.,  was 
appointed  Physician-General ;  and,  on  March  17th,  1749,  his  son, 
Nathaniel,  was  associated  with  him  in  the  office.  On  the  death  of 
his  father,  in  1776,  the  younger  Barry  continued  in  office  until  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  1785. 

On  the  17th  March,  1785,  Charles  William  Quin,  M.D.,  was 
appointed  Physician-General,  and  his  patent  was  made  out  four 
days  later.  On  the  30th  January,  1794,  William  Harvey,  M.D., 
was  associated  with  Quin — patent  dated  12th  February,  1794; 
both  died  in  1819,  and  were  succeeded  by  Robert  Percival,  M.D. 
His  appointment  was  made  on  the  18th  March,  and  his  patent  was 
dated  5th  April,  1819.  Percival  was  a  distinguished  man;  for 
many  years  he  held  the  office  of  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the 
University,  and  in  1799  was  President  of  the  College  of  Physicians. 
His  literary  attainments  were  of  a  high  order.  Major  Robert 
Percival  Maxwell,  D.L.,  of  Groomsport,  Donaghadee,  is  Dr. 
Percival's  grandson. 

The  last  Physician-General  was  George  Cheyne,  M.D.,  Professor 
of  Medicine  to  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons.  He  was  appointed 
in  October,  1820  (vice  Percival,  resigned),  and  held  the  office  until 
1833,  when  it  became  extinct. 

The  pay  of  the  Physician-General  varied  considerably  from 
time  to  time.  For  a  long  period  it  was  £1  per  diem.  The  two 
Barrys  had  each  £365  a  year,  though  the  elder  was  for  many 
years  an  absentee  from  Ireland ;  and  on  the  death  of  the  elder, 
the  survivor  enjoyed  both  salaries  until  his  death.  When  the 
Irish  Army  Medical  Board  was  constituted  in  1795,  the  two 


THE  STATE  PHYSICIAN. 


105 


Physician-Generals  and  the  Surgeon-General  were  each  allowed 
10s.  a  day,  as  members  of  the  Board. 

Arnold  Boate,  already  referred  to,  styled  himself  Doctor  of 
Physick  to  the  State,  but  he  does  not  seem  to  have  had  a  patent 
for  that  office.  In  July,  1715,  Sir  Thomas  Molyneux,  Bart.,  was 
appointed  Physician  to  the  State,  or  State  Physician.  His  salary 
was  £66  13s.  4d.  He  resigned  the  office,  and  was  succeeded,  in 
1730,  by  Henry  Cope,  M.D.  He  also  resigned,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Kobert  Robinson,  M.D.,  whose  patent  was  dated  19th  February, 
1742.  His  fee,  which  was  greater  than  his  predecessor's,  amounted 
to  £200  a  year,  "  during  His  Majesty's  pleasure."  His  patent  was 
renewed  on  the  25th  March,  1761,  by  George  III. 

On  Robinson's  resignation,  Robert  Emmet,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  was 
appointed  in  his  stead,  on  28th  February,  1770,  and  his  patent 
was  dated  on  the  25th  of  the  month  following.  The  salary  was 
continued  at  £200.  On  the  12th  April,  1783,  Thomas  Addis 
Emmet  was  associated  with  Robert  Emmet.  Dr.  Robert  Emmet 
was  father  of  the  brilliant  and  unfortunate  Robert  Emmet,  the 
United  Irishman,  who  was  executed  on  the  20th  September,  1803, 
in  Thomas-street.  T.  A.  Emmet  was  the  son  of  Dr.  R.  Emmet. 
He  was  a  man  of  considerable  ability.  In  1781,  at  the  age  of 
seventeen,  he  won  a  scholarship  in  Trinity  College;  and  he 
graduated,  with  distinction,  in  medicine,  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh.  In  1788  he  abandoned  medicine,  and  in  1790  became 
a  member  of  the  Irish  Bar.  He  joined  the  United  Irishmen,  and, 
alter  suffering  nearly  three  years'  imprisonment,  eventually  was 
permitted  to  expatriate  himself.  He  died  in  the  United  States,  in 
1827. 

A  patent,  dated  18th  May,  1788,  constituted  Robert  Emmet, 
M.D.,  and  Stephen  Dickson,  M.D.,  joint  State  Physicians ;  each 
received  a  salary  of  £200.  On  the  6th  May,  1797,  James  Cleghorn, 
M.D.,  replaced  Dickson.  The  patent  of  Emmet  and  Dickson  was 
dated  13th  May.  On  the  8th  May,  1803,  Alexander  Jackson, 
M.D.,  succeeded  Emmet,  and  on  17th  December  a  patent  consti- 
tuted Cleghorn  and  Jackson  joint  State  Physicians,  at  a  combined 
salary  of  £365.     Cleghorn  died  in  1826,  and  Jackson  remained 


106  THE  STATE  SURGEON,  DENTIST,  AND  OCULIST. 

sole  State  Physician  until  his  death,  in  1835.  With  him  the 
office  became  extinct. 

The  office  of  State  Chirurgeon,  or  Surgeon,  was  created  by- 
patent,  on  1st  July,  1774,  and  was  first  filled  by  Archibald 
Richardson,  who  resided  in  Stafford-street.  The  salary  was  fixed 
at  £131  13s.  4d.  In  1784  George  Stewart  succeeded  Richardson, 
who  became  Chirurgeon-General ;  and  in  1787,  Stewart  having 
become  Chirurgeon-General,  John  Neill,  or  Neile,  of  Dominick- 
street,  succeeded  him.  In  1791  Gustavus  Hume  and  Clement 
Archer  were  appointed  joint  State  Surgeons.  Archer  being  dead, 
and  Hume  having  resigned,  Gerard  Macklin  was  appointed  State 
Surgeon,  on  the  22nd  October,  1806 ;  with  him  the  office  expired, 
in  name  at  least. 

In  October,  1831,  a  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons 
recommended  the  reduction  of  the  salaries  of  the  State  Physician 
and  Surgeon  to  £100  each;  and  another  Select  Committee,  in 
July,  1834,  recommended  the  abolition  of  the  office  of  State 
Physician,  but  made  no  reference  to  that  of  State  Surgeon.  On 
Macklin's  death,  in  1848,  the  salary  of  £100,  which  it  was  proposed 
should  in  future  be  paid  to  the  State  Surgeon,  was  transferred  to 
the  office  of  Surgeon  to  the  Household  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant, 
held  by  Dr.  George  W.  Hatchell  since  1838,  and  the  salary  con- 
nected with  which  was  paid  by  the  Lord  Lieutenant.  Dr. 
Hatchell  having  resigned  the  office,  on  becoming,  in  1857,  Physi- 
cian-in-Ordinary  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant,  he  was  succeeded  by 
the  late  Dr.  James  Stannus  Hughes,  who  died  in  1884.  The 
present  Surgeon  to  the  Household  is  Dr.  Thomas  Nedley,  celebrated 
for  his  wit  and  his  vocal  powers  ;  he  may  be  regarded  as  the  State 
Surgeon,  under  a  new  name,  appointed  by  letter,  but  not  by  letters 
patent. 

The  first  State  Dentist  was  Robert  Blake,  M.D.,  appointed  in 
1821. 

In  1822  Isaac  Ryal,  a  retired  Naval  Surgeon,  was  created  State 
Oculist.  He  died  in  1827,  and  the  office  remained  in  abeyance 
until  1880,  when  Dr.  Archibald  Hamilton  Jacob,  F.R.C.S.,  was 
appointed  Oculist  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant,  Earl  Cowper;  under 


MEDICAL  OFFICERS  OF  THE  VICEROY,  ETC. 


107 


the  regime  of  his  successor,  Earl  Spencer,  the  office  remained  in 
abeyance.  His  Excellency  the  Earl  of  Carnarvon  appointed  Dr. 
Jacob  his  Oculist,  in  July,  1885.  Br.  Charles  Fitzgerald  is 
Oculist  to  the  Queen  in  Ireland. 

The  office  of  State  Apothecary  was  instituted  in  1784,  and  was 
first  filled  by  Henry  Hunt,  of  Mary-street. 

In  1829  P.  Simon,  M.D.,  was  installed  in  the  office  of  State 
Cupper,  but  held  it  only  until  1833. 

The  Lord  Lieutenants,  in  former  times,  generally  had  their 
private  medical  attendants,  one  of  whom,  at  one  time,  occupied  the 
position  of  "  gentleman-at-large." 

In  1833  the  Marquis  of  Wellesley  had  a  Physician-in-Ordinary, 
Sir  Joseph  de  Courcy  Laffan,  and  a  "  Physician-Extraordinary," 
namely,  James  E.  Anderson,  M.D.  The  first  "  Surgeon-in- 
Ordinary"  was  John  F.  Purcell,  M.D.  (1838).  Sir  James  Murray, 
M.D.,  and  Dr.  (afterwards  Sir)  Francis  William  Smith,  M.D., 
were,  in  1835,  Physicians-in-Ordinary  to  Lord  Mulgrave,  after- 
wards the  Marquis  of  Normanby. 

James  O'Beirne  was  the  first  Surgeon-in-Ordinary  in  Ireland, 
and  Sir  Philip  Cramp  ton  the  first  Surgeon-Extraordinary,  to  the 
King,  in  Ireland. 

It  is  curious  that  for  many  years  the  state  officers  of  George  III. 
included  an  "Anatomist."  Mr.  St.  Andre  discharged  the  duties 
of  that  office,  whatever  they  may  have  been,  for  many  years.  In 
connexion  with  the  fact  of  there  being  an  Official  Anatomist  in 
the  Court  of  George  III.,  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  king's 
son,  afterwards  George  IV.,  was  very  fond  of  anatomy.  When  a 
youth  he  and  one  of  his  brothers  studied  the  science  under  John 
Hunter  (vide  Life  of  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  Vol.  II.,  p.  355).  Few 
know  that  magnificent  anatomical  drawings  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci 
are  preserved  in  the  Eoyal  Library  in  Windsor  Castle. 

The  first  purely  surgical  examining  board  in  Ireland  was  created 
under  the  provisions  of  an  Act  of  the  Irish  Parliament,  passed  in 
1765,  establishing  county  infirmaries  for  the  reception  of  poor 
persons  suffering  from  non-infectious  diseases,  or  diseases  requiring 
surgical  treatment.    The  Act  provided  that  no  surgeon  should  be 


108 


THE  COUNTY  INFIRMAKIES  BOARD. 


appointed  to  a  county  infirmary  unless  he  had  been  examined  and 
certified  to  be  competent  by  a  board  of  surgeons.  The  board  con- 
sisted of  the  Surgeon-General  and  the  sm-geons  to  Steevens'  and 
Mercers  Hospitals  for  the  time  being.  Their  first  meeting  was 
held  at  the  "  Musick  Hall,"  Fishamble-street,  on  the  1st  August, 
1766,  the  Surgeon-General  (Nicholls)  in  the  chair.  The  following 
members  attended : — Messrs.  Whiteway,  Croker,  Foreside,  and 
Woodroffe,  from  Steevens'  Hospital ;  and  Messrs.  Daunt,  Gibbon, 
Shewbridge,  Whittingham,  and  Hume,  from  Mercer's  Hospital. 
They  decided  to  advertise  in  the  newspapers  their  readiness  to 
examine  candidates.  On  Friday,  15th  August,  the  board  resolved 
to  examine  in  the  following  subjects : — Anatomy,  including  oste- 
ology, myology,  angiology,  neurology,  and  splanchnology ;  surgery, 
including  wounds,  fractures,  and  dislocations,  tumours  and  ulcers, 
operations  of  the  head,  operations  of  the  trunk,  operations  of  the 
extremities  ;  chirurgical  pharmacy.  The  fee  for  examination  was 
fixed  at  £1  2s.  9d.,  to  pay  for  the  expenses  of  meetings,  &c.  (the 
examiners  were  not  paid).  The  diploma  issued  by  the  board  was 
a  neat  document,  printed  from  a  copper  plate.  The  board,  in 
accordance  with  the  convivial  usages  of  the  period,  dined  together 
upon  their  second  meeting,  and  upon  many  subsequent  occasions. 

On  September  1st  the  first  candidates  were  examined — namely, 
George  Pope,  for  the  Carlow  Infirmary ;  Peter  Concanon,  for 
Louth ;  F.  K.  Gervais,  for  Armagh  ;  Wm.  Cleapem,  for  Meath  ; 
Robert  Travers,  for  Roscommon ;  Wm.  West,  for  Wicklow ;  and 
Ebenezer  Jacob,  for  Wexford  Infirmary.  The  board  granted 
certificates  to  all  the  candidates,  "  it  appearing  that  they  had 
severally  served  an  apprenticeship  of  five  years  to  a  surgeon,  and 
were  in  all  respects  Quallified." 

The  meetings  of  the  board  were,  after  the  first  one,  held  at 
Mercer's  Hospital.  Nicholls  never  attended  any  of  them,  save  the 
first ;  but  he  did  not  long  survive  after  the  establishment  of  the 
board.  His  successor,  Ruxton,  occasionally  attended.  On  April 
16,  1791,  the  board  passed  a  resolution  in  favour  of  transferring 
their  powers  to  the  College  of  Surgeons.  On  the  9th  June,  1795, 
the  fee  for  examining  a  candidate  was  raised  to  five  guineas.  The 


THE  COUNTY  INFIRMARIES  BOARD. 


109 


board  met  for  the  last  time  on  8th  March,  1796,  on  which  occasion 
they  passed  Mr.  Robert  Young  Armstrong,  candidate  for  the 
Oavan  Infirmary.  No  fee  was  charged  to  him,  because  he  was  a 
licentiate  of  the  College  of  Surgeons.  It  is  interesting  to  know 
that  twelve  years  after  the  foundation  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  persons  were  elected  surgeons  to  the  county  infirmaries 
who  were  not  members  of  any  surgical  corporation. 

The  Act  of  Parliament,  36th  Geo.  III.  c.  9,  enacted  that  only 
those  who  held  the  letters  testimonial  of  the  Irish  College  of 
Surgeons  were  eligible  to  hold  the  office  of  surgeon  to  a  county 
infirmary ;  and  this  exclusive  privilege  granted  to  the  College  was 
confirmed  by  Acts  passed  in  the  54th  Geo.  III.  c.  20  (1814),  and 
3rd  &  4th  William  IV.  (1833),  and  6th  &  7th  William  IV.  (Grand 
Jury  Act).  For  the  greater  part  of  a  century  an  indispensable 
qualification  for  holding  the  office  of  surgeon  to  a  county  infirmary 
was  the  possession  of  the  letters  testimonial  of  the  Irish  College 
of  Surgeons  :  at  present  any  qualified  surgeon  can  hold  these 
appointments. 

Notwithstanding  the  formidable  curriculum  adopted  by  the 
Board  they  were  evidently  very  lenient  during  at  least  the  earlier 
years  of  their  existence ;  if  they  were  not,  then  the  opportunity 
for  studying  anatomy  must  have  been  much  greater  in  Dublin  in 
the  years  1760-90  than  is  generally  believed.  On  one  point  the 
board  were  most  particular — that  was  as  to  the  regularity  of  the 
candidates'  indentures.  Twice  they  refused  to  examine  Mr.  Per- 
cival  Banks  on  the  ground  that  his  apprenticeship  was  irregular ; 
ultimately,  but  only  upon  the  ground  that  he  had  been  pronounced 
competent  by  the  College  of  Surgeons,  they  gave  him  a  qualified 
certificate.  In  1766  they  passed  19  candidates  and  rejected  3, 
because  they  had  served  less  than  five  years  as  apprentices.  In 
the  following  year  19  were  passed,  3  were  rejected  on  the  defective 
indentures  ground,  and  2  were  found  to  be  defective  in  their 
surgical  knowledge.  In  1768,  4  were  passed,  and  one  rejected 
on  account  of  imperfect  indentures.  No  candidate  presented  him- 
self in  1769.  In  1770,  3  were  passed.  In  1770-71  no  candidates 
were  examined.    During  the  following  ten  years  23  were  passed, 


110 


EDINBURGH  MEDICAL  SCHOOL. 


and  there  was  no  rejection.  In  1783-85  no  work  was  done.  In 
1786,  7  were  passed,  and  one  rejected  on  the  ground  of  imperfect 
indentures.  No  one  was  examined  in  1787,  and  in  the  following 
year  2  candidates  were  rejected  on  the  usual  grounds.  At  the 
remaining  meetings  of  the  board  18  were  passed,  3  were  rejected 
on  account  of  insufficient  apprenticeship,  and  only  one  for  insuffi- 
ciency of  knowledge.  Thus  the  Board,  during  their  thirty  years' 
career,  rejected  only  3  candidates  on  account  of  imperfect  know- 
ledge, whilst  13  failed  to  pass  by  reason  of  defective  indentures. 
The  total  number  of  candidates  passed  amounted  to  94. 

In  1796  the  board  were  dissolved,  and  their  duties  transferred* 
to  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  last  century  and  during  the  first  quarter 
of  the  present  one  very  few  Irish  students  graduated  in  medicine 
in  the  University  of  Dublin.  During  this  period  the  Edinburgh 
University  degrees  became  the  most  sought  for,  and  many  sur- 
geons studied  in  the  school  of  that  University.  The  following 
figures  show  its  remarkable  progress  and  the  large  proportion  of 
Irishmen  studying  medicine  in  it.  The  medical  graduates  increased 
from  1  in  1726  to  12  in  the  year  1750,  22  in  1775,  and  50  in  1800. 
The  graduates  in  the  last  quai'ter  of  the  last  century  numbered 
800,  of  whom  237  were  Irish,  217  English,  179  Scotch,  and  167 
colonists  and  foreigners.  At  present  very  few  Irishmen  take  the 
M.D.  degree  of  Edinburgh,  though  many  apply  for  the  diplomas 
of  the  Edinburgh  Colleges  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

*  By  36th  Geo.  BEL,  c.  9,  sec.  83,  confirmed  by  6th  &  7th  William  IV.,  c.  4,  sec.  116. 


 J 


CHAPTER  Y. 


INCORPORATION  OF  THE  IRISH  SURGEONS. 

It  lias  already  been  mentioned  that  there  were  always  surgeons  in 
Dublin  who  were  not  free  of  the  Barber-Chirurgeons'  Guild. 
There  were  surgeons  in  the  Guild  who  were  dissatisfied  with  their 
corporate  connexion  with  the  barbers  and  peruke  makers.  As 
early  as  1721  the  surgeons  formed  a  society  which  met  periodically. 
On  the  29th  March,  1780,  a  number  of  surgeons  constituted  them- 
selves into  the  "  Dublin  Society  of  Surgeons."  Their  names  were 
as  follows: — Wm.  Ruxton  (Surgeon-General),  H.  T.  Lyster, 
P.  Woodroffe,  Francis  Foreside,  James  Sullivan,  Wm.  Dease, 
George  Stewart,  J.  Henthorn,  F.  M'Evoy,  John  Neale,  H.  F. 
Morris,  John  Harden,  S.  Croker  King,  Thomas  Edwards,  R.  S. 
Obre,  Robert  Bowes,  Clement  Archer,  A.  Winter,  and  Vernon 
Lloyd.  James  Boyton,  Peter  Reilly,  James  Mills,  Israel  Read, 
Charles  Boulger,  Michael  Keogh,  and  H.  Jebb,  subsequently  joined 
the  Society.  They  met  in  "  The  Elephant  Tavern,"  Essex-street, 
at  "  The  King's  Arms,"  Smock-alley,  and  the  other  "  King's  Arms," 
in  Fownes-street,  at  the  "  Eagle,"  Eustace-street,  and  the  Music 
Hall,  Fishamble-street.  They  dined  together  quarterly.  Their 
secretary  was  Mr.  Henthorn,  who  afterwards  for  a  long  period,  filled 
the  same  office  in  connexion  with  the  College  of  Surgeons.  The 
Committee  of  the  Society  reported,  at  a  meeting  held  on  the  15th 
June,  1780,  that  they  had  come  to  the  following  resolutions  : — 

"Resolved — That  it  appears  to  this  Committee  that  the 
profession  of  Surgery  in  France,  England,  and  Scotland, 
previous  to  the  several  incorporations  of  the  Surgeons  of 
Paris,  London,  and  Edinburgh,  was  irreputable,  poor,  and 
unimproved. 

"  Resolved — That  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  Committee  that  a 
Royal  Charter,  dissolving  the  preposterous  and  disgraceful 
union  of  the  surgeons  of  Dublin  with  the  barbers,  and 
incorporating  them  separately  and  distinctly,  upon  liberal 


112      PETITION  TOR  INCORPORATION  OF  THE  SURGEONS. 

and  scientific  pi'inciples,  would  highly  contribute,  not 
only  to  their  own  emolument  and  the  advancement  of  the 
profession  in  Ireland,  but  to  the  good  of  society  in  general 
by  cultivating  and  diffusing  surgical  knowledge." 

As  to  the  second  resolution  the  Society  unanimously  agreed  with 
their  Committee.  Shortly  afterwards  the  Society  began  to  collect 
guinea  subscriptions,  for  the  purpose  of  defraying  the  expense  of 
procuring  a  charter.  Mr.  John  Butler,  who  was  appointed  agent 
to  take  the  necessary  steps  for  petitioning  for  one,  was  requested 
to  wait  upon  the  Attorney-General  and  to  offer  him  a  fee  for  the 
draft  of  a  charter  for  "  incorporating  the  surgeons  of  Dublin 
into  a  Royal  College."  The  Society  do  not  seem  to  have  held 
any  formal  meetings  after  the  3rd  May,  1781;  but  the  members 
had  their  petition  presented  in  the  following  terms  : — 

"  TO  HIS   EXCELLENCY   FREDERICK   EARL    OF    CARLISLE,  LORD 
LIEUTENANT  GENERAL  AND  GENERAL  GOVERNOR  OF  IRELAND. 

"  The  humble  petition  of  Henry  Morris  [and  12  others],  on 
behalf  of  themselves  and  others  the  principal  surgeons  of  the  city 
of  Dublin, 

"  Sheweth, — That  by  the  royal  charter  bearing  date  in  the 
nineteenth  year  of  the  reign  of  her  late  Majesty,  Queen  Elizabeth, 
the  surgeons  of  the  city  of  Dublin  were  incorporated  with  the 
barbers  or  peruke-makers. 

"  That  since  the  grant  of  the  said  charter  for  uniting  the  said 
two  professions  in  one  corporation,  those  practising  surgery  have, 
from  their  sole  study  of,  and  constant  application  to  the  science  of 
surgery,  rendered  the  profession  and  practice  thereof  of  great 
public  utility  to  this  Kingdom ;  and  that  the  barbers  or  peruke- 
makers  belonging  to  the  said  united  corporation,  are  now  and  for 
many  years  have  been  employed  in  a  business  foreign  to  and 
independent  of  the  practice  of  surgery. 

"That  the  surgeons,  who  are  now  become  a  numerous  and 
considerable  body,  find  their  union  with  the  barbers  inconvenient 
in  many  respects,  and  in  no  degree  conducive  to  the  progress  of 
surgical  knowledge. 

"  That  in  the  eighteenth  year  of  the  reign  of  his  late  Majesty, 
King  George  II.,  the  surgeons  of  the  City  of  London,  who,  from 
the  thirty-second  [year  of  the]  reign  of  King  Henry  VIII.,  had 


STATEMENT  OF  THE  BARBER-SURGEONS. 


113 


been  united  in  one  corporation  with  the  barbers,  were  separated 
from  them,  and  made  a  distinct  corporation,  by  means  whereof  the 
profession  of  surgery  has  been  highly  cultivated  and  improved  in 
England. 

"  That  your  petitioners  humbly  conceive  that  a  similar  regula- 
tion in  this  kingdom  would  be  a  means  of  further  improving  the 
science  of  surgery,  and  of  great  advantage  to  the  public. 

"^our  petitioners  therefore  humbly  pray  your  Excellency  to 
recommend  to  His  Majesty,  that  His  Majesty  may  be  graciously 
pleased  to  grant  his  royal  letters  patent,  under  the  great  seal  of 
this  kingdom,  for  dissolving  and  vacating  the  union  and  incorpora- 
tion of  the  barbers  and  surgeons  by  the  said  charter  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  and  for  making  your  petitioners,  and  such  others  as 
may  hereafter  be  elected  members,  a  separate  and  distinct  corpo- 
ration, by  the  style  and  title  of  '  The  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
in  Ireland ;'  with  such  powers  and  authorities,  and  under  such 
regulations,  as  are  contained  in  the  annexed  draft  (which  is 
humbly  submitted),  or  in  such  other  manner  as  to  His  Majesty  in 
his  great  wisdom  shall  seem  meet." 

The  petition  and  draft  of  proposed  charter  were  submitted,  by 
direction  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant,  to  the  Barber-Surgeons  Com- 
pany for  their  comments  thereon.  The  Company,  on  the  3rd 
December,  1781,  drew  up  the  following  statement  in  reply  to  the 
surgeons'  petition : — 

"to  his  excellency  frederick  earl  of  carlisle,  lord 
lieutenant  general  and  general  governor  of  ireland. 

"  Mat  it  please  your  excellency  : — 

"  In  obedience  to  your  Excellency's  order,  bearing  date  the  19th 
day  of  November  last,  whereby  your  Excellency  was  graciously 
pleased  to  refer  to  us  the  annexed  petition  from  Henry  Morris, 
William  Ruxton,  George  Daunt,  John  Whiteway,  Henry  Lyster, 
Robert  Bowes,  Samuel  Croker  King,  Gustavus  Hume,  John  Neil, 
Philip  Woodroffe,  Francis  Foreside,  William  Dease,  and  James 
Henthorn,  on  behalf  of  themselves  and  others  the  principal  surgeons 
of  the  city  of  Dublin,  together  with  a  draft  of  a  charter  hereunto 
also  annexed,  and  to  which  they,  the  said  surgeons,  in  their  said 
petition  referred  ;  and  that  we  should  examine  the  allegations 
thereof,  and  report  unto  your  Excellency  a  true  state  of  the  case 

I 


114 


STATEMENT  OF  THE  BARBER-SURGEONS. 


together  with  our  opinion  thereon,  whether  there  is  any  or  what 
objection  to  granting  the  prayer  of  the  petitioners : 

"  We  the  Master,  Wardens,  and  Fraternity  of  Barbers  and 
Chirurgeons,  &c.,  or  Guild  of  St.  Mary  Magdelene,  within  the 
city  of  Dublin,  in  full  Hall  assembled,  having  maturely  examined 
the  matters  so  to  us  referred,  beg  leave  humbly  to  submit  to  your 
Excellency  the  following  true  state  of  the  case,  with  our  opinion 
thereon,  and  objections  to  the  granting  of  the  prayer  of  the 
petitioners  in  the  full  extent  which  they  desire,  or  dissolving  the 
charter  granted  to  our  predecessors  in  the  nineteenth  year  of 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

"  We  find  that  the  barbers  of  the  city  of  Dublin,  have  been  an 
ancient  and  loyal  corporation,  incorporated  by  royal  charter  granted 
to  them  and  their  successors  for  ever,  by  King  Henry  VI.,  in 
the  twenty-fifth  year  of  his  reign,  and  were  then  considered, 
reputed,  and  allowed  to  be  the  only  persons  fit  and  properly 
qualified  to  exercise  the  art  or  mystery  of  chirurgery  within  the 
said  city  of  Dublin,  the  liberties  and  precincts  thereof. 

"  We  also  find  that  there  afterwards  appeared  in  the  said  city  of 
Dublin,  a  society  or  community  of  men  who  took  upon  themselves 
to  practise  or  exercise  the  said  art,  and  assumed  the  name  or 
appellation  of  chirurgeons ;  and  that  Queen  Elizabeth  of  glorious 
memory,  in  the  nineteenth  year  of  her  reign,  upon  the  joint  appli- 
cation of  the  then  Master  and  Wardens  and  fraternity  of  barbers, 
and  of  the  said  society  or  community  of  chirurgeons,  was  graciously 
pleased  by  her  royal  charter  to  incorporate  them  together,  and 
make  them  one  body  politic  for  ever,  by  the  name  of  '  The  Master, 
Wardens,  and  Fraternity  of  Barbers  and  Chirurgeons,  of  the 
Guild  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene  within  the  City  of  Dublin,'  with 
divers  extensive  and  exclusive  privileges  to  them  and  their  suc- 
cessors. 

"  We  find  that  the  said  corporation  of  barbers  and  chirurgeons 
was  strengthened,  enlarged,  and  flourished  after  the  said  union 
and  charter  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  all  along  cultivated,  assisted, 
and  improved  each  other,  until  some  of  the  surgeons  have  of  late 
years  thought  proper  to  absent  themselves  from  the  community, 
company,  public  assemblies,  and  offices  of  the  said  corporation  of 
barbers  and  chirurgeons  ;  but  several  of  the  said  surgeons  are  still 
free  brothers  of  the  said  corporation,  and  thereby  enjoy  the  several 
privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens  of  Dublin. 


RESIDENCES  OF  THE  COLLEGE  FOUNDERS. 


115 


"  That  the  Master  and  Wardens,  and  each  individual  of  the 
said  corporation,  are  in  duty  bound  to  hand  down  inviolably  to 
their  successors  the  royal  charter  so  granted  to  them  as  aforesaid, 
without  any  diminution,  violation,  surrender,  or  forfeiture  thereof. 

"  We  are  therefore  humbly  of  opinion,  for  the  reasons  aforesaid, 
that  we  cannot  nor  ought  we,  by  any  act  or  concurrence  whatso- 
ever, consent  that  the  prayer  of  the  petitioners  should  be  granted, 
so  as  to  dissolve,  disannul,  or  make  void  the  said  royal  charter  so 
granted  to  our  predecessors  by  the  said  Queen  Elizabeth ;  and 
humbly  submit  to  your  Excellency  that  the  same  cannot  be  dis- 
solved or  disannulled  without  our  incurring  some  forfeiture  thereof, 
or  surrendering  the  same ;  any  such  forfeiture  whereof  we,  as 
faithful  and  loyal  Protestant  subjects  of  the  best  of  kings,  shall 
always  carefully  and  dutifully  endeavour  to  avoid. 

"  Permit  us  at  the  same  time  to  return  to  your  Excellency  our 
most  sincere  and  unfeigned  thanks  for  your  candour  and  con- 
descension in  referring  the  said  petition  to  this  corporation. 

"  Given  under  our  common  seal,  at  our  Hall  in  Back-lane,  this 
14th  day  of  December,  1781. 

"  Caleb  Hughes,  Master. 
[Seal.~\  Laurence  Ball, 

James  Blacklin, 

"  Daniel  Bourne,  Clerk  of  Guild." 

The  charter  sought  for  was  granted,  and  is  dated  11th  February, 
1784.  The  surgeons  named  in  it  lived  in  the  central  and  western 
parts  of  the  city — the  least  fashionable  but,  at  that  time,  mostly 
very  respectable.  King  lived  in  26  Jervis-street,  where  Todd  and 
Burns'  "  Monster  House  "  is  now  situated.  Bowes'  house  was  49, 
and  Costello's  18,  in  the  same  street;  Whiteway  lived  close  by  in 
28  Stafford-street;  Woodroffe  resided  in  2  St.  Andrew-street; 
Dease  in  42  Usher's-quay  ;  Neale  in  3  Domi nick-street ;  Hume  in 

3  Suffolk-street ;  Vance  in  College-green ;  Lindsay  in  92  Dame- 
street;  Edwards  in  7  Great  Britain-street ;  L'Estrange  in  Eustace- 
street;  Boulger  in  85  Exchequer-street;  Stewart  in  32  Mary- 
street;  M'Evoy  in  13,  and  Obre  in  18,  Abbey-street;  Hartigan  in 
8  South  King-street ;  Sparrow  in  133  Capel-street ;  Sullivan  in 

4  Fisher's-lane  (there  is  now  hardly  a  worse  purlieu  in  Dublin); 


\  Wardens. 


116        THE  FIRST  CHARTER  GRANTED  TO  THE  COLLEGE. 


and  Hentliorn  in  16  St.  Andrew-street.  Of  the  members 
admitted  immediately  after  the  charter  was  received  no  fewer 
than  six — Gabriel  Clarke,  F.  Drury,  J.  Horan,  M.  Keogh,  John 
O'Berne,  and  P.  0.  Roney — lived  in  Meath-street,  now  a  very  poor 
locality.  At  this  time  many  of  the  members  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  resided  in  such  fashionable  quarters  as  Stephen's-green, 
Harcourt-street,  Kildare-street,  Granby-row,  and  Sackville-street. 

The  following  is  the  charter  : — 

©COrfle  the  SEfurlr,  by  the  Grace  of  God,  of  Great  Britain, 
France  and  Ireland,  King,  Defender  of  the  Faith,  and  so  forth. 
To  all  unto  whom  these  Presents  shall  come  greeting. 

Whereas  we  are  informed  by  the  humble  Petition  of  Henry 
Morris,  William  Ruxton,  George  Daunt,  John  Whiteway,  Henry 
Lyster,  Robert  Bowes,  Samuel  Croker  King,  Gustavus  Hume, 
John  Neale,  Philip  Woodroofe,  Francis  Foreside,  William  Dease, 
and  James  Henthorn,  on  Behalf  of  themselves  and  others,  principal 
Surgeons  of  the  City  of  Dublin,  That  the  Regulation  of  the  Pro- 
fession of  Surgery  is  of  the  utmost  Importance  to  the  Publick,  and 
highly  necessary  to  the  Welfare  of  Mankind,  and  that  the  Publick 
sustains  great  Injury  from  the  Defects  in  the  present  System  of 
Surgical  Education  in  our  Kingdom  of  Ireland,  and  that  the 
regularly  educated  Surgeons  of  the  City  of  Dublin,  in  our  Kingdom 
of  Ireland,  (who  are  become  a  numerous  and  considerable  Body) 
find  themselves  incompetent  (from  the  want  of  a  Charter)  to 
establish  a  liberal  and  extensive  System  of  Surgical  Education  in 
our  said  Kingdom.  And  the  Petitioners,  by  their  said  Petition, 
having  prayed  that  we  would  be  graciously  pleased,  by  Letters 
Patent  under  our  Great  Seal  of  our  said  Kingdom  of  Ireland,  to 
incorporate  the  said  Petitioners  and  others  hereinafter  particularly 
mentioned. 

"  And  we  being  graciously  pleased  to  approve  of  the  said  Institu- 
tion, and  to  provide  that  a  due  and  seasonable  Regulation  may  be 
made,  and  that  an  apt,  proper  and  legal  Corporation  may  be  con- 
stituted and  established  in  our  said  City  of  Dublin,  of  regular  able 
and  experienced  Practitioners  in  Surgery,  endowed  with  Powers, 
Jurisdictions  and  Privileges,  convenient  and  requisite  for  the 
purpose  aforesaid. 

"  Our  Will  and  Pleasure  therefore  is,  and  We  do  hereby  grant, 
ordain,  constitute  and  appoint  the  said  Henry  Morris,  George 


THE  FIRST  CHARTER  GRANTED  TO  THE  COLLEGE.  117 

Daunt,  John  Whiteway,  Henry  Lyster,  Robert  Bowes,  Samuel 
Oroker  King,  Gustavus  Hume,  John  Neale,  Philip  Woodroofe, 
William  Dease,  and  James  Henthorn,  and  such  others  as  shall 
from  time  to  time  be  elected  in  the  Manner  hereinafter  directed, 
to  be  for  ever  a  Body  politic  and  corporate,  which  at  all  times 
hereafter  shall  consist  of  a  President  and  Commonalty,  and  shall 
be  called  by  the  Name  of  The  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in 
Ireland,  and  by  the  aforesaid  Name  they  shall  have  perpetual 
Succession,  and  shall  and  may  for  ever  hereafter  implead  and  be 
impleaded  before  all  manner  of  J ustices  in  all  Courts,  and  in  all 
manner  of  Actions  and  Suits.  And  also,  that  they  and  their 
Successors,  by  the  same  name,  shall  be  at  all  times  hereafter,  for 
ever,  able  and  capable  in  Law,  to  purchase,  enjoy  and  take  Lands, 
Tenements,  Rents  and  Hereditaments,  not  exceeding  the  yearly 
Rent  or  Value  of  One  Thousand  Pounds  Sterling ;  and  also  Goods 
and  Chattels,  and  all  other  Things  of  what  Name,  Nature  or 
Quality  the  same  may  be ;  and  also  to  grant,  demise,  alien,  assign 
and  dispose  of  the  said  Lands,  Tenements,  Rents,  Hereditaments, 
Goods  and  Chattels,  and  to  do  and  execute  all  other  Things,  lawful, 
necessary  and  convenient,  for  the  common  Profit  of  the  said 
College ;  and  also  that  they  and  their  Successors  shall  and  may  for 
ever  hereafter  have  a  Common  Seal,  which  shall  always  be  and 
remain  in  the  Custody  of  the  President  of  the  said  College  for  the 
Time  being ;  and  that  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  to  and  for  the 
said  College,  lawfully  convened,  or  the  major  Part  of  the  Members 
thereof,  for  the  Time  being,  to  break,  alter,  change  or  make  void, 
the  said  Seal  from  Time  to  Time,  as  to  them  shall  seem  requisite 
and  fit. 

"  And  further,  our  Will  and  Pleasure  is,  That  it  shall  and  may  be 
lawful  for  the  said  Corporation,  from  Time  to  Time,  to  elect,  chuse 
and  appoint  one  President,  and  six  Censors,  and  to  elect,  chuse  and 
appoint  twelve  Members  of  the  said  College  to  be  the  Court  of 
Assistants  of  the  said  College ;  and  also  to  elect  such  Number  of 
Persons  qualified  as  herein  mentioned  as  they  shall  think  fit,  to  be 
of  the  aforesaid  Commonalty.  The  said  President,  Censors  and 
twelve  Persons,  to  be  continued  in  the  said  respective  Offices  for 
such  Time  as  is  hereinafter  set  forth. 

"  And  further,  That  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  such  President 
for  the  Time  being  to  appoint,  by  Deed  or  Instrument  under  his 
Hand  and  Seal,  some  Person  who  shall  have  obtained  such  Letters 


118       THE  FIRST  CHARTER  GRANTED  TO  THE  COLLEGE. 


Testimonial  as  herein  mentioned,  to  be  Vice-President  of  the  said 
College,  which  Vice-President  shall,  in  the  Absence  of  the  President, 
have  all  and  singular  the  same  Powers  and  Authorities  as  the  said 
President  would  have  if  personally  present. 

"  And  further,  That  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  to  and  for  the 
President,  or  in  his  Absence  the  Vice-President,  and  Censors,  or 
any  two  of  them,  with  six  or  more  of  the  said  Commonalty  of  the 
said  College,  for  the  Time  being,  when  and  as  often  as  the  said 
President,  or  in  his  Absence  the  Vice-President,  shall  think  fitting 
to  hold  Courts  and  Assemblies,  in  order  to  treat  and  consult  about 
the  State  and  Government  of  the  said  College.  And  that  it  shall 
be  lawful  for  the  President,  or  in  his  Absence,  the  Vice-President, 
Censors,  and  Commonalty,  so  assembled,  or  the  major  Part  of  them 
so  assembled,  to  make,  ordain,  constitute,  establish,  ratify,  confirm, 
alter,  annul,  revoke  or  abrogate,  from  Time  to  Time,  such  By-laws, 
Ordinances,  Rules  and  Constitutions,  as  to  them  shall  seem 
requisite  for  the  Regulation,  Government  and  Advantage  of  the 
said  Body,  so  as  such  By-laws,  Rules  and  Constitutions  be  agree- 
able to  the  Laws  and  Statutes  of  our  Realm,  and  be  communicated 
to  the  Members  of  the  said  College  at  large,  lawfully  convened  by 
Summonses,  and  be  ratified  and  confirmed  by  the  Majority  of  the 
Members  so  convened. 

"And  our  further  Will  and  Pleasure  is,  That  our  said  well- 
beloved  Subject  Samuel  Croker  King,  be  First  President  of  the 
said  College  of  Surgeons;  and  that  the  said  Henry  Morris,  George 
Daunt,  John  Whiteway,  Henry  Lyster,  Robert  Bowes  and  Gustavus 
Hume,  be  the  First  six  Censors  of  the  said  College  of  Surgeons ; 
and  that  the  said  John  Neale,  Philip  Woodroofe,  William  Dease, 
James  Henthorn  and  Arthur  Winter,  Michael  Keogh,  Archibald 
Richardson,  James  Mills,  Vernon  Lloyd,  James  Boyton,  George 
Stewart  and  Ralph  Smyth  Obre,  be  the  First  twelve  Assistants, 
each  of  them  to  continue  from  the  Day  of  the  Date  of  these  our 
Letters  Patent,  until  the  first  Monday  in  January  One  Thousand 
Seven  Hundred  and  Eighty-five,  then  next  ensuing,  and  from  and 
after  the  said  Day  until  some  other  meet  and  sufficient  Members  of 
the  said  Corporation  be  elected  and  sworn  into  the  said  respective 
Offices  of  President,  Censors  and  Assistants,  if  they  respectively 
shall  so  long  live,  or  be  not  sooner  removed. 

"  And  our  further  Will  and  Pleasure  is,  That  it  shall  and  may 
be  lawful  for  the  said  Censors  of  the  College  aforesaid,  or  any  two 


THE  FIRST  CHARTER  GRANTED  TO  THE  COLLEGE.  119 

of  them,  to  give  and  administer  unto  the  said  first  President  his 
personal  Oath  on  the  Holy  Evangelists,  well,  truly  and  faithfully 
to  attend  and  execute  the  said  Office  or  Place  of  President  of  the  same 
College;  and  also  full  Power  and  Authority  unto  the  said  first 
President,  after  he  shall  he  so  sworn,  to  give  and  administer  to  the 
said  Censors,  .and  to  such  Vice-Presidents  as  he  shall  appoint,  and 
to  all  and  every  Person  and  Persons  whomsoever  to  be  constituted 
by  these  our  Letters  Patent,  Officers  or  Members  of  the  said 
College,  his  and  their  like  corporal  Oath  on  the  Holy  Evangelists, 
well,  truly  and  faithfully  to  attend  and  execute  his  and  their  several 
and  respective  Office  or  Offices,  Place  or  Places ;  and  that  the  suc- 
ceeding President  and  Presidents,  before  he  or  they  shall  enter  on 
the  said  Office  or  Offices  respectively,  shall  take  the  Oaths  hereby 
appointed  to  be  taken  by  the  President  before  the  next  preceding 
President,  or  before  the  next  preceding  Censors,  or  any  two  of 
them ;  and  the  Censors  so  to  be  elected  as  herein-after  directed, 
shall,  from  Time  to  Time,  before  they  shall  respectively  enter  on 
their  respective  Offices,  take  such  respective  Oaths  as  aforesaid 
before  the  President  or  Vice-President,  for  the  Time  being,  or 
before  the  next  preceding  President  or  Vice-President,  or  any  two 
of  the  next  preceding  Censors  and  the  Assistants,  so  to  be  elected, 
as  herein-after  directed,  from  Time  to  Time,  shall  likewise,  before 
they  or  any  of  them  enter  on  their  respective  Offices,  take  the 
Oath  hereby  appointed  to  be  taken  by  them,  before  the  President, 
Vice  President,  or  any  of  the  two  Censors,  for  the  Time  being ; 
and  such  Vice-President  and  Vice-Presidents  shall,  from  Time  to 
Time,  before  he  and  they  shall  enter  on  his  and  their  Offices,  take 
the  Oath  hereby  appointed  to  be  taken  by  them,  before  the  Presi- 
dent for  the  Time  being,  which  Oath  the  said  President,  Vice- 
President  and  Censors  respectively,  or  any  two  of  such  Censors, 
are  hereby  respectively,  required  and  empowered  to  administer. 

"  And  our  further  "Will  and  Pleasure  is,  That  the  said  College 
lawfully  convened  may,  from  Time  to  Time,  elect  a  Register  or 
Secretary,  and  elect  such  other  Officer  or  Officers,  Servant  or 
Servants,  as  to  them  shall  seem  necessary  for  the  better  regulation 
of  the  said  College. 

"And  our  further  Will  and  Pleasure  is,  That  the  President,  or 
any  two  of  the  Censors,  shall,  upon  the  first  Monday  of  January, 
in  the  Year  of  our  Lord  One  Thousand  Seven  Hundred  and  Eighty- 
five,  and  on  the  first  Monday  in  the  Month  of  January  in  every 


120       THE  FIRST  CHARTER  GRANTED  TO  THE  COLLEGE. 

succeeding  year,  between  the  Hours  of  Nine  and  Three  of  the  said 
Day,  or  within  three  Days  next  ensuing,  by  regular  Summonses 
convene  the  Members  of  the  said  Collge,  at  any  convenient  Place 
within  the  City  of  Dublin.  And  the  said  College  shall  and  may, 
by  Ballot,  elect,  chuse  and  appoint  out  of  the  Members  at  large  of 
the  said  College,  by  the  Majority  of  Votes,  one  Person  to  be  Presi- 
dent, and  six  other  Persons  to  be  Censors,  for  the  then  succeeding 
Year ;  and  then  and  there  also  in  like  Manner  elect,  chuse  and 
appoint  out  of  the  Members  of  the  said  College  twelve  Persons,  to 
be  of  the  Court  of  Assistants  for  the  then  succeeding  Year. 

"And  our  further  Will  and  Pleasure  is,  That  when  and  so  often 
as  the  President  or  any  of  the  Censors  or  Assistants  shall  die, 
resign,  or  be  removed  before  the  Expiration  of  the  Year  or  other 
Time  for  which  he  shall  be  elected  to  serve,  then  and  so  often  it- 
shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  said  College,  being  duly  convened 
by  Summonses,  to  elect  a  President,  Censor  or  Assistant,  as  the 
Case  may  be,  in  the  Place  and  Stead  of  the  President,  Censor  or 
Assistant  so  dying,  resigning  or  being  removed ;  and  such  Person, 
so  elected,  shall  serve  for  the  Remainder  of  the  Year,  or  other 
Time  for  which  the  said  President,  Censor  or  Assistant  so  dying, 
resigning  or  being  removed,  was  so  elected  to  serve. 

"  And  our  further  Will  and  Pleasure  is,  That  the  Censors  of 
the  said  College,  or  any  four  of  them,  together  with  the  President, 
or  in  his  Absence  the  Vice-President  shall,  from  Time  to  Time, 
upon  request  made  to  the  President,  or  in  his  Absence  to  the  Vice- 
President,  or  any  one  of  the  said  Censors,  examine  every  Person 
who  shall  have  served  an  Apprenticeship  of  five  Years  to  any 
regularly  educated  Surgeon,  and  who  shall  intend  to  become  a 
Member  of  said  College ;  and  if  such  President,  or  in  his  Absence 
the  Vice-President,  and  such  four  Censors,  or  the  Majority  of 
such  President  or  Vice-President,  and  last  mentioned  Censors, 
shall  be  of  Opinion  that  such  Person  so  examined  is  duly  qualified 
to  practise  Surgery,  then  they,  or  the  Majority  of  them  as  afore- 
said, shall  give  each  Person  so  examined  and  qualified  as  aforesaid, 
such  Certificate  or  Letters  Testimonial  of  his  Qualification  to 
practise  under  the  Common  Seal  of  the  said  College,  as  to  the 
said  President  and  last  mentioned  Censors,  or  the  major  Part  of 
them,  shall  seem  reasonable  and  just — And  that  the  several 
Persons,  so  examined  and  approved  of,  shall  be  deemed  qualified  to 
be  elected  Members  of  the  said  College,  the  said  President,  or  in 


THE  FIRST  CHARTER  GRANTED  TO  THE  COLLEGE.  121 

his  Absence  the  Vice-President,  and  Censors,  have  first  taken  the 
following  Oath,  that  is  to  say : — /,  A.  B.,  do  solemnly  and  sincerely 
promise  and  siv ear,  that  J  toill,  to  the  best  of  my  Knowledge,  Skill  and 
Judgment,  without  Hatred,  Soil-will,  Partiality,  A  ffection,  Favour 
or  Fear,  justly,  equally  and  faithfully  discharge  the  Trust  and  execute 
the  Poxoers  vested  in  me  by  a  certain  Charter,  whereby  the  Surgeons 
of  the  City  of  Dublin  are  incorporated  by  the  name  of  "  The  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland  " — So  help  me  God. — Which  Oath 
is  to  be  administered  to  the  President,  or  in  his  Absence  to  the 
Vice-President,  by  the  said  Censors,  or  any  two  of  them ;  and  the 
President  is  to  administer  the  same  Oath  to  the  said  Censors  ;  and 
they  are  hereby  respectfully  authorised  and  required  to  administer 
the  same  accordingly. 

"  And  our  further  Will  and  Pleasure  is,  That  in  Case  any  Person 
examined  as  aforesaid  shall  think  himself  agrieved  by  the  Judgment 
of  the  said  President,  Vice-President,  and  Censors  or  Examiners, 
he  may  lodge  an  Appeal  from  such  Judgment  of  the  said  President, 
Vice-President,  and  Censors  or  Examiners,  to  the  President  and 
Court  of  Assistants,  who  shall  be  required  upon  such  Appeal  to 
re-examine  the  Party  so  complaining,  within  a  reasonable  Time ; 
and  if,  upon  such  Re-examination,  he  shall  appear  duly  qualified 
as  aforesaid,  then  to  grant  him  such  Letters  Testimonial  as  afore- 
said, as  to  the  said  President,  or  in  his  Absence  the  Vice-President, 
and  Court  of  Assistants,  or  to  the  major  Part  of  them,  shall  appear 
just  and  reasonable.  The  said  Court  of  Assistants  first  taking  the 
said  Examiners'  Oath  directed  by  this  Charter,  which  Oath  the 
President,  or  in  his  Absence  the  Vice-President,  is  hereby  author- 
ised and  required  to  administer ;  and  that  the  said  several  Persons, 
so  examined  and  approved  of,  shall  be  deemed  qualified  to  practise 
Surgery  and  to  be  elected  Members  of  the  said  College. 

"  And  our  further  will  and  pleasure  is,  That  all  Persons  being 
Members  of  the  said  College  shall,  for  so  long  a  Time  as  he  and 
they  shall  exercise  and  practise  the  said  Profession  of  Surgery, 
and  no  longer,  be  freed  and  exempted  from  the  several  Offices  of 
Constable,  Church-Warden,  and  all  other  Parish,  Ward,  and  Leet 
Offices,  and  from  serving  upon  any  J ury  or  Inquest  in  any  County, 
City  or  Town,  in  our  said  Kingdom  of  Ireland,  upon  his  or  their 
producing  Letters  Testimonial  under  the  Common  Seal  of  the  said 
College  of  such  his  Examination  and  Approbation. 

"  And  lastly,  we  do  declare  and  ordain,  That  these  our  Letters 


122       THE  FIRST  CHARTER  GRANTED  TO  THE  COLLEGE. 

Patent,  and  every  Clause,  Sentence  and  Article  herein  contained, 
or  the  Inrollment  thereof  in  our  High  Court  of  Chancery  in  our 
said  Kingdom  of  Ireland,  shall  be  in  all  Things  firm,  valid,  suffi- 
cient and  effectual  in  the  Law  unto  the  said  College  and  their 
Successors,  according  to  the  Purport  and  Tenor  thereof,  without 
any  further  Grant,  License  or  Toleration  from  us,  our  Heirs  or 
Successors,  to  be  procured  or  obtained. 

"  Provided  always,  that  these  our  Letters  Patent  be  inrolled  in 
the  Rolls  Office  of  the  High  Court  of  Chancery  in  our  said 
Kingdom  of  Ireland,  within  six  Months  next  ensuing  the  Date 
hereof ;  otherwise  these  our  Letters  Patent  to  be  void  and  of  none 
Effect,  any  Thing  herein  contained  to  the  contrary  in  any  wise 
notwithstanding. 

"  In  Witness  whereof,  we  have  caused  these  our  Letters  t° 
be  made  Patent. — Witness  our  Lieutenant-General  and  General 
Governor  of  our  said  Kingdom  of  Ireland,  at  Dublin,  the  eleventh 
Day  of  February,  in  the  twenty-fourth  Year  of  our  Reign. 

"  Conway. 

"  Inrolled  in  the  Office  of  the  Rolls  of  his  Majesty's  High 
Court  of  Chancery  of  Ireland,  the  ninth  Day  of  March, 
in  the  twenty-fourth  Year  of  the  Reign  of  King  George 
the  Third,  &c,  and  examined  h^ 

"  M.  Paterson,  Junr.   \  Deputy  Clerks  and 
and  v     Keepers  of  the 

Francis  Perry,        )  Rolls." 


CHAPTER  VI. 


THE  COLLEGE  UNDER  THEIR  FIRST  CHARTER. 

The  birth  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland  fitly  took 
place  in  the  great  maternity  founded  by  Surgeon  Bartholomew 
Mosse.  On  Tuesday,  the  2nd  of  March,  1784,  the  voice  of 
the  College  was  first  heard  in  the  board-room  of  the  Rotunda 
Hospital.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  minute  of  the  Board 
of  Governors  of  the  hospital  permitting  the  meetings  of  the 
College  within  the  institution  is  signed  by  the  Lord  Lieutenant 
(the  fourth  Duke  of  Rutland),  as  chairman  of  the  meeting.  Samuel 
Croker-King,  president,  and  the  following  members  were  present : — 
John  Whiteway,  Robert  Bowes,  and  Gustavus  Hume,  Censors  ; 
and  Michael  Keogh,  Philip  Woodroofe,  Arthur  Winter,  Vernon 
Lloyd,  William  Dease,  James  Boyton,  Ralph  S.  Obre,  and  James 
Henthorn,  Assistants.  Those  persons  having  "  sworn  "  one  another 
into  their  respective  offices,  proceeded  to  consider  Mr.  Archibald 
Richardson's  (Surgeon-General)  letter  declining  to  take  an  oath 
or  to  attend  the  meetings  of  the  College ;  whereupon  it  was 
resolved  to  regard  his  letter  as  one  of  resignation.  Richardson's 
name  appears  in  the  charter  granted  to  the  College.  James  Mills, 
who  had  been  named  as  an  assistant  in  the  charter,  died  before 
he  was  sworn  in  ;  and  George  Daunt,  a  censor,  resigned  his  office 
without  having  been  sworn  in. 

The  next  proceeding  was  the  election  of  Henthorn  as  Secretary 
and  Dease  as  Treasurer  for  the  remainder  of  the  current  year. 
The  College  then  resolved  themselves  into  a  "Court  of  Examiners," 
and  elected  the  following  to  be  Members  of  the  College : — George 
Doyal,  William  Vance,  James  Sullivan,  Francis  M  Evoy,  Clement 
Archer,  William  Hartigan,  Thomas  Edwards,  Sir  Henry  Jebb, 
Charles  Bolger,  Isreal  Reade,  John  Hallahan,  Richard  Rice 
Gibbon,  John  Doyle,  Alexander  Lindsey,  Edward  Kent,  Francis 
L'Estrange,  James  Scott,  Paul  Houston,  Patrick  Cusack  Roney, 


124 


FIRST  ELECTED  MEMBERS  OF  THE  COLLEGE. 


James  Rivers,  John  Adrien,  Christopher  Fitzsimon,  Gabriel 
Clarke,  Thomas  Costello,  James  Horan,  George  Renny,  Benjamin 
Wilson,  William  Leake  (City  Surgeon),  Henry  Lennon,  Robert 
Moore  Piele,  William  Whiteway,  Henry  Lyster,  Richard  Sparrow, 
James  Farrel,  William  Swan,  Edward  Whiteway,  Abraham  Bolton, 
John  Esmond,  George  O'Brien,  William  Lee,  Andrew  Wilson, 
John  O' Berne,  Alexander  Graydon,  John  Forde,  Peter  Reilly, 
Henry  Greene,  John  Morton,  James  Reilly,  Frederick  Drury,  and 
William  Cleapam.  On  the  8th  March  they  were  all  sworn  in  as 
members,  with  the  exception  of  Cleapam,  who  neglected  to  pay 
the  fees. 

All  the  foregoing  persons  were  first  granted  "  Letters  Testi- 
monial," qualifying  them  to  practise  surgery  before  they  were 
elected  members.  At  the  present  time  a  candidate  may  obtain 
the  Fellowship  of  the  College  without,  in  the  first  place,  becoming 
a  Licentiate  thereof.  The  last  survivor  of  the  members  elected 
at  the  first  meeting  of  the  College  was  Robert  Moore  Peile ;  he 
died  February  4th,  1858,  exactly  seventy-four  years  after  the 
foundation  of  the  College. 

At  the  second  meeting  of  the  College  a  "  very  elegant 
address"  was  given  by  the  President,  for  which  he  received  their 
thanks. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  College,  held  on  the  16th  March,  1784,  it 
was  decided  to  advertise  in  the  public  journals  that  the  President, 
Vice-President,  and  Censors  were  prepared  to  examine  all  regularly- 
educated  surgeons,  and  to  grant  to  those  found  competent,  Letters 
Testimonial,  qualifying  the  holders  thereof  to  practise  surgery  and 
to  be  eligible  for  election  as  members  of  the  College. 

On  the  8th  May  a  committee  of  nine  were  elected  to  prepare  and 
digest  "  a  code  of  by-laws  "  for  the  advancement  of  the  profession 
and  better  regulation  of  the  College.  A  committee  were  appointed 
to  make  inquiries  as  to  the  acquisition  of  premises  suitable  for  "  a 
Hall  for  carrying  on  the  business  of  the  College."  On  the  15th 
May  a  select  committee,  corresponding  to  what  we  would  now 
term  a  standing  committee,  were  elected.  On  that  occasion  Mr. 
Patrick  Byrne,  of  No. -35  College-green,  was  appointed  bookseller 


FIRST  CODE  OF  BY-LAWS. 


125 


and  printer  to  the  College.  He  appears  to  have  subsequently 
acted  as  agent  also. 

On  Saturday,  10th  July,  the  College  met  to  receive  the  draft 
by-laws  prepared  by  the  select  committee.  In  this  year,  and  for 
many  subsequent  ones,  they  adopted  parliamentary  usages.  On 
this  occasion  they  resolved  themselves  into  a  "  committee  of  the 
whole  house,"  and  the  president  vacated  the  chair.  After  discus- 
sing the  proposed  by-laws,  paragraph  by  paragraph,  the  president 
"  resumed "  the  chair,  and  the  vice-president,  or  other  chairman, 
"  reported  progress  "  to  him.  It  was  decided  to  print  the  report 
and  to  discuss  it  again  at  a  future  meeting.  The  by-laws  were 
discussed  and  amended  at  several  subsequent  meetings,  and  were 
finally  appi'oved  of  on  the  11th  December;  they  were  thirty-nine 
in  number.  The  more  important  provisions  of  those  by-laws  were 
as  follows : — 

Each  member  was  to  pay  one  guinea  annually  towards  defraying 
the  expenses  of  the  College  and  establishing  a  library.  It  is  less 
than  half  a  century  since  this  subscription  was  abolished. 

Four  meetings  of  the  College  were  to  be  held  yearly,  exclusive 
of  the  meeting  for  election  of  officers. 

The  Court  of  Examiners  were  to  meet  at  two  o'clock.  The 
members  who  arrived  ten  or  more  minutes  late  were  to  be  fined 
five  shillings,  and  those  absent,  one  guinea.  The  fine  was  always 
remitted  if  the  cause  of  absence  was  illness  or  absence  from  town. 

Examinations  were  to  be  held  in  the  presence  of  the  College, 
four  days  after  notices  to  that  effect  had  been  issued. 

The  candidates  were  to  be  examined  on  two  days  in  anatomy, 
physiology,  surgery,  and  surgical  pharmacy.  The  fee  for  the 
Letters  Testimonial  was  to  be  ten  guineas,  and  for  membership  an 
additional  twenty  guineas.  Licences  in  midwifery  were  to  be 
granted  to  doctors  of  physic  (who  were  not  members  of  the  College 
of  Physicians)  and  qualified  surgeons  who  on  examination  were 
found  to  be  competent ;  ten  guineas  were  to  be  charged  for  the 
diploma.  The  by-law  relating  to  midwifery  diplomas  was  the 
result  of  conferences  held  with  the  College  of  Physicians.  The 
first  midwifery  diploma  was  granted  to  Charles  Simpson,  on  the 


126 


FIRST  CODE  OF  BY-LAWS. 


15th  December,  1791.  Power  to  elect  honorary  members  was 
to  be  taken.  The  president,  within  one  month  after  his  election, 
was  to  appoint  a  vice-president. 

The  15th  bye-law  enacted  : — "  That  for  the  better  advancement 
of  the  profession,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  College  to  elect  or 
appoint  a  Professor  or  Professors,  who  shall  annually  give  a  regular 
course  or  courses  of  lectures  on  anatomy,  physiology,  the  practice 
and  operation  of  surgery  and  midwifery ;  and  that  all  apprentices 
or  pupils  to  the  members  of  the  College,  whose  names  shall  be  duly 
registered  as  hereinafter  set  forth,  may  attend  the  said  course  or 
courses  gratis." 

Members  were  to  be  prohibited  from  taking  apprentices  or  pupils 
without  having  them  previously  examined  by  the  president,  or 
vice-president,  and  two  of  the  censors.  The  pupils  or  apprentices 
approved  of  were  to  pay  five  guineas  in  order  to  become  "  registered 
pupils  "  of  the  College.  A  portion  of  the  fees  so  obtained  was  to 
be  devoted  towards  the  maintenance  of  professorships. 

Members  were  to  be  prohibited  from  taking  a  less  fee  than  200 
guineas  for  an  intern  apprentice,  or  100  for  an  extern  apprentice. 
He  might,  however,  take  an  apprentice  without  any  fee.  No 
member  was  to  be  permitted  to  have  more  than  two  apprentices 
without  special  leave  from  the  College. 

The  members  and  licentiates  were  to  be  prohibited  from  con- 
sulting with  surgeons,  usually  resident  in  Dublin,  who  were  not 
members  of  the  College.  A  second  conviction  of  this  offence  was 
to  render  the  member  liable  to  expulsion. 

Any  member  making  a  false  statement  to  a  magistrate  as  to  the 
state  of  any  person's  health  was  to  be  expelled  from  the  College. 
The  members  were  to  be  prohibited  from  accusing  each  other 
outside  the  College  of  malpractices,  and  from  soliciting  votes  when 
candidates  for  office  in  the  College. 

The  first  honorary  members  of  the  College  were  Robert  Adair, 
of  London,  Benjamin  Bell,  of  Edinburgh,  and  Richard  Houghton, 
of  Dublin. 

The  College  worked  hard  during  the  first  year  of  their  existence, 
having  held  no  fewer  than  twenty  meetings.    They  held  confer- 


COLLEGE  WORK  IN  1784. 


127 


ences  with  the  College  of  Physicians  in  reference  to  the  examina- 
tion of  candidates  for  diplomas  in  midwifery ;  the  result  is  seen  in 
the  bye-laws  just  referred  to. 

The  physicians  and  surgeons  of  those  days  were  evidently  not 
rigid  Sabbatarians,  seeing  that  deputations  of  the  Colleges  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  conferred  together  on  Sunday,  the  31st 
October,  1784. 

Shortly  after  their  incorporation  the  members  of  the  College 
revived  the  practice  of  dining  together,  which  had  been  instituted 
by  the  Society  of  Surgeons  ;  in  November,  1784,  the  President  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  accepted  an  invitation  to  dine  with  them. 

In  this  year  Mr.  Gibbons,  a  member,  charged  Mr.  Gustavus 
Hume  with  being  guilty  of  improper  conduct  towards  himself  and 
Sir  Henry  Jebb,  but  on  hearing  his  statement  and  Hume's  reply 
to  it,  the  College  unanimously  called  upon  Gibbons  to  withdraw 
his  charge. 

The  College  commenced  business  early  in  their  second  year  by 
meeting  on  3rd  January.  They  presented  a  piece  of  plate  to  the 
Matron  of  the  Lying-in  Hospital,  who  no  doubt  made  the  College 
comfortable  in  the  great  maternity.  Nor  were  the  porter  and 
housemaid  forgotten ;  they  were  each  presented  with  a  guinea. 

On  the  8th  January  Mr.  Henthorn  was  elected  Secretary,  and 
continued  for  many  years  to  discharge  the  duties  of  that  office. 

The  income  of  the  College  up  to  3rd  January,  1785,  amounted 
to  £395  17s. 

On  the  8th  January,  1785,  the  College  resolved  to  request  the 
Provost  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  to  present  the  following  peti- 
tion to  the  Irish  House  of  Commons : — 

"  To  the  Right  Honble.  and  Honble.  the  Knights,  Citizens,  and 
Burgesses  in  Parliament  assembled. 

"  The  Humble  Petition  of  The  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in 
Ireland, 

"  Sheweth, — That  from  the  defective  system  of  Surgical 
Education  in  this  Kingdom  many  Students  are  annually  obliged 
to  resort  to  other  Countries  in  order  to  perfect  themselves  in  the 
Profession  of  Surgery — 


128 


THE  COLLEGE  PETITIONS  FOR  STATE  AID. 


"  That  to  remedy  this  Inconvenience  and  to  promote  the  Culti- 
vation of  Surgical  Knowledge,  his  Majesty  was  graciously  pleased 
to  grant  his  Royal  Letters  Patent  bearing  date  at  Dublin  the 
eleventh  day  of  February,  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty 
four,  constituting  your  Petitioners  a  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in 
Ireland  with  divers  jurisdictions,  priviledges,  and  immunities — 

"  That  your  Petitioners  for  want  of  a  Fund  to  erect  an  Hall  where 
the  various  branches  of  the  Profession  might  be  regularly  and 
scientifically  taught  by  Practitioners  in  Surgery,  and  where  they 
might  be  enabled  to  co-operate  with  the  other  Physick  Schools  in 
this  City,  so  as  to  establish  a  compleat  system  of  Medical  Education 
in  this  Kingdom,  find  themselves  incompetent  to  carry  his  Majesties 
gracious  intentions  fully  into  effect — and  they  humbly  beg  leave 
to  represent  to  this  Honble.  House  that  this,  now  the  only 
Nation  in  Europe  destitute  of  such  an  establishment  which  has 
been  proved  by  the  experience  of  other  Countries  to  be  essentially 
necessary  to  the  welfare  of  the  People — 

"  Your  Petitioners  therefore  humbly  pray  this  Honble.  House, 
to  grant  such  aid  as  to  them  in  their  wisdom  shall  seem  meet." 

The  first  candidate  examined  for  Letters  Testimonial  was  John 
Birch,  who  for  many  years  afterwards  practised  at  Roscrea. 
According  to  the  minute  book  of  the  College  he  was  examined  on 
the  12th  and  14th  August,  1784,  but  the  minute  book  of  the  Court 
of  Examiners  records  that  the  examination  took  place  on  the  13th 
and  14th  of  January,  1785  ;  the  date  given  in  the  College  minute 
book  is  evidently  the  correct  one,  as  I  find  Mr.  Roche's  name  in  a 
printed  list  of  the  members  and  licentiates  issued  in  January,  1785. 

Mr.  Solomon  Richards  was  the  second  candidate  who  received 
the  Letters  Testimonial.  Both  the  College  and  the  Court  of 
Examiners'  minute  books  agree  in  fixing  the  dates  of  his  examina- 
tion on  the  17th  and  19th  February,  1785.  On  the  2nd  May 
following  he  was  admitted  a  member. 

The  Court  of  Examiners  consisted  of  the  president  and  six 
censors,  one  of  whom  was  vice-president.  At  each  sitting  two  of 
the  censors  administered  an  oath  to  the  president,  who  then  admi- 
nistered a  similar  oath  to  the  censors.  In  cases  where  candi- 
dates were  rejected  they  had  a  right  of  appeal  to  the  "  Court  of 
Assistants,"  who  consisted  of  the  president  or  vice-president  and 


EXAMINATIONS  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


129 


twelve  members  of  the  College.  If  the  court  were  of  opinion  that 
the  candidate  was  competent  to  practise  surgery  they  were  em- 
powered to  grant  him  Letters  Testimonial.  This  right  of  appeal 
was  not  often  exercised.  The  first  appeal  was  made  in  July,  1791, 
by  John  Tomlinson,  and  proved  successful. 

The  examinations  were  open  to  the  members,  licentiates,  and 
registered  pupils  of  the  College.  The  latter  appear  to  have  been 
so  highly  gratified  by  the  possession  of  this  privilege  that,  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1785,  they  presented  an  address  to  the  College  expressing 
their  thanks  and  their  sense  of  the  advantages  which  they  enjoyed 
by  being  permitted  to  listen  to  tbe  examinations.  The  College, 
however,  on  the  7th  August,  1786,  decided  to  exclude  all  save 
members  and  honorary  members  from  their  examinations. 

In  September  Mr.  Jordan  Roach,  of  Drogheda,  received  the 
letters  testimonial. 

In  1786  only  one  candidate  was  examined,  so  that  at  this  time 
there  was  almost  no  demand  for  the  honours  of  the  College. 

In  1787  four  candidates  and  in  1788  two  candidates  received 
Letters  Testimonial. 

In  1789  there  were  for  the  first  time  more  than  one  candidate 
examined  at  a  meeting  of  the  court.  Three  presented  themselves, 
one  only  of  whom  was  admitted.  The  successful  candidate  was 
Percival  Banks,  father  of  Dr.  Banks,  at  present  Regius  Professor 
of  Medicine  and  Physician  to  the  Queen.  The  others  were  rejected 
on  the  ground  that  they  had  not  been  regularly  educated  as  sur- 
geons; their  competency  was  not  otherwise  tested.  The  licen- 
tiates admitted  in  this  year  numbered  only  two.  At  a  meeting  of 
the  court  held  on  October  13th  Mr.  C.  B.  Bell,  a  registered  pupil 
of  the  College,  was  examined  and  rejected. 

Before  the  establishment  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  it  was 
Unusual  in  Ireland  for  physicians  to  meet  surgeons  in  consultation. 
In  May,  1785,  the  College  adopted  the  report  of  a  special  com- 
mittee recommending,  in  the  interest  of  the  public,  that  the  mem- 
bers of  the  professions  of  surgery  and  physic  should  reciprocally 
consult  together.  Copies  of  the  resolution  were  forwarded  to  all 
the  physicians  resident  in  Dublin  and  to  the  city  magistrates. 

K 


130 


THE  COLLEGE  CONSIDERS  A  SURGICAL  CASE. 


The  magistrates  appear  to  have  expressed  approval  of  this  proposal ; 
how  the  physicians  received  the  intimation  is  not  recorded. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  College  held  on  the  7th  November  Surgeon 
John  Henry  submitted  the  case  of  a  soldier  belonging  to  the  61st 
Regiment  who  had  died  whilst  under  his  treatment.  He  described 
the  symptoms  of  the  patient's  ailment  at  great  length,  and  detailed 
the  treatment  which  he  had  adopted,  and  wound  up  with  the  fol- 
lowing quaere : — "  If  the  real  circumstances  of  the  accident  had 
been  known,  could  any,  and  what,  means  have  been  adopted,  or 
could  any,  or  what,  surgical  operation  have  been  performed  with  a 
prospect  of  relief  to  the  patient  %  "  The  College  referred  the 
quaere  to  the  Court  of  Examiners,  who  in  due  course  reported  that 
in  their  opinion  no  method  of  treatment  or  surgical  operation  could 
have  afforded  effectual  relief  to  the  sufferer. 

On  the  9th  January,  1786,  the  College  directed  a  committee  to 
prepare  a  memorial  to  the  House  of  Commons  asking  for  pecuniary 
assistance  to  provide  a  hall  for  meeting  in  and  for  carrying  on  the 
instruction  of  their  pupils  in  the  arts  of  surgery  and  anatomy. 
On  the  same  occasion  they  resolved  to  present  a  piece  of  plate,  of 
the  value  of  thirty  guineas,  to  their  Secretary,  Mr.  Henthorn. 
Being  in  a  liberal  mood  they  voted  ten  guineas  to  the  "  Buildings 
Fund  "  of  the  Rotunda  Hospital,  and  two  guineas  to  the  servants 
of  that  institution. 

On  the  2nd  September  a  committee  was  directed  to  seek  for 
suitable  premises  in  which  the  meetings  of  the  College  could  be 
held  and  their  business  transacted.  The  committee  were  requested 
to  prepare  a  petition  for  presentation  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant  soli- 
citing a  royal  grant  to  "  enable  the  College  to  build  an  house  for 
their  use." 

On  the  7th  May,  1787  a  by-law  was  approved  of  prohibiting 
members  and  licentiates  from  practising  as  apothecaries  or  drug- 
gists or  from  keeping  a  shop  in  the  city  or  Liberties  of  Dublin. 
On  the  same  day  it  was  resolved  to  arbitrate  in  any  disputed 
cases  relative  to  fees  charged  for  surgical  treatment  which  might 
be  submitted  to  the  College 

During  this  year  the  College  continued  to  press  the  Government 


PETITIONS  FOR  PECUNIARY  AID. 


131 


for  pecuniary  aid  to  found  a  school  of  surgery.  Petitions  were 
addressed  to  the  Eight  Hon.  John  Hely  Hutchinson,  Secretary  of 
State  for  Home  Affairs  (he  was  also  Provost  of  Trinity  College), 
the  Earl  of  Carhampton,  and  Lieutenant-General  Cunningham, 
pressing  the  claims  of  the  College  for  State  aid. 

The  following  is  the  petition  which  was  submitted  to  Mr.  Orde, 
Chief  Secretary  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant : — 

"  To  the  Et.  Honble.  Thos.  Orde,  &c,  &c. 

"  Sir, — The  judicious  and  comprehensive  plan  of  education  you 
have  with  so  much  ability  lately  submitted  to  the  consideration  of 
Parliament  induced  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland  to 
lay  before  you  a  detail  of  their  present  situation  and  intentions 
relative  to  the  establishment  of  a  compleat  surgical  school  in  this 
c  ity  for  the  instruction  of  their  youth. 

"  Impressed  with  a  clue  sense  of  gratitude  for  the  polite  attention 
with  which  you  was  pleased  to  honour  their  application,  the  College 
presume  to  hope  that  as  the  welfare  of  the  publick  is  deeply  con- 
cerned in  the  speedy  accomplishment  of  their  pixrfessional  views, 
they  will  be  included  in  the  final  adjustment  of  a  system  of  such 
extensive  national  utility,  and  that  reflects  such  distinguished 
credit  on  the  policy  and  liberality  of  the  proposer,  more  especially 
as  this  is  now  the  only  capital  in  Europe  unprovided  with  a  hall 
for  the  purpose  of  anatomical  dissections  and  of  giving  lectures  on 
the  practice  of  surgery,  which  experience  has  shown  to  be  highly 
conducive  to  the  general  safety  and  interests  of  the  community." 

On  this  occasion  the  College  met  in  the  Assembly  Eooms,  Wil- 
liam-street, often  used  as  a  picture  gallery.  They  passed  into  the 
possession  of  the  Corporation  and  were  tised  for  their  assemblies, 
and  are  now  the  courts  in  which  the  Lord  Mayor  and  the  President 
of  the  Court  of  Conscience  dispose  of  petty  cases  of  debt. 

On  the  22nd  June  the  College  met  at  the  house  of  their  Secre- 
tary, Mr.  Henthorn,  16  St.  Andrew-street,  and  continued  to 
assemble  there  until  the  2nd  November,  1789 ;  after  that  date 
pney  met  in  their  own  premises  in  Mercer-street. 

The  College  expended  in  1787  the  sum  of  £30  16s.  4£d.,  and 
the  balance  in  thfc  treasurer's  hands  on  the  1st  January,  1788,  was 
£136  16s.  4d. 


132     REFUSAL  TO  RECEIVE  SUBJECTS.  — DRURY  EXPELLED. 


In  February,  1788,  a  letter  was  received  from  the  Earl  of  Car- 
hampton  regretting  that  the  state  of  the  public  finances  did  not 
permit  of  State  pecuniary  aid  being  afforded  to  establish  a  surgical 
school. 

On  the  30th  October  one  of  the  high  sheriffs  of  the  city  of 
Dublin  addressed  to  the  secretary  the  following  letter : — 

"  Mr.  Sheriff  Tweedy  presents  his  compliments  to  Surgeon 
Henthorn.  He  waited  on  him  as  secretary  to  the  College  of  Sur- 
geons of  Ireland  in  order  to  deliver  to  him  the  body  of  Frederick 
Lambert  for  dissection,  pursuant  to  the  Act  of  Parliament.  Mr. 
Tweedy  will  be  thankful  for  Mr.  Henthorn's  answer. 

"  30th  October,  1788." 

To  which  Mr.  Henthorn  replied  : — 

"  Sir, — I  this  moment  had  the  honour  of  receiving  your  note 
informing  me  that  you  were  ready  to  deliver  to  me,  as  Secretary  to 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  the  body  of  Frederick  Lambert, 
pursuant  to  Act  of  Parliament. 

"  I  am  to  acquaint  you  that  the  College  regret  it  is  not  in  their 
power  to  comply  with  the  Act  by  receiving  the  body,  as  Govern- 
ment has  not  yet  enabled  them  to  procure  an  hall  for  public 
dissection. 

"  I  have  the  honour,  &c, 

"  J.  Henthorn. 

"  October  30th,  1788, 
"  3  o'clock." 

This  incident  was  fully  availed  of  in  subsequent  applications  for 
assistance  to  found  an  anatomical  school. 

In  1788  the  College  income  was  £65  19s.  6d.,  and  the  expendi- 
ture £26  16s.  O^d.  Thirty  guineas  were  voted  to  the  Secretary  to 
be  by  him  applied  in  purchasing  a  piece  of  plate  for  himself  ;  this 
was  an  acknowledgment  of  his  services  to  the  College. 

On  the  28th  February,  1789,  the  College,  having  first  obtained 
a  legal  opinion  as  to  their  expulsive  powers,  expelled  Mr.  Frederick 
Drury,  one  of  the  members.  His  offence  consisted  in  having  given 
false  and  corrupt  testimony  as  to  the  state  of  a  person's  health  in 
the  case  of  Eagan  against  Hardy. 


THE  THEATRE  OF  ANATOMY,  MERCER-STREET. 


133 


In  this  year  the  College  were  occupied  in  schemes  for  founding 
schools  of  anatomy  and  surgery.    They  succeeded,  through  the 
exertions  of  Mr.  Patrick  Byrne,  their  bookseller,  in  obtaining  pre- 
mises in  Mercer-street.    On  the  3rd  day  of  August,  1789,  they 
authorised  the  Court  of  Examiners  to  affix  the  College  seal  to  the 
lease  for  999  years  by  which  the  premises  were  acquired  at  a  yearly 
rent  of  £26.    They  consisted  of  an  old  house  which  had  been 
occupied  by  the  charity  children  of  the  parish  of  St.  Peter.   It  stood 
upon  portion  of  the  ground  whereon,  in  the  16th  century,  the  Leper 
House,  or  Hospital  of  St.  Stephen  existed.    The  Hospital  Church 
of  St.  Stephen — a  monastic  institution — was  suppressed  in  the 
time  of  Henry  VIII.,  and  converted  into  a  parish  church ;  the 
graveyard  of  this  church  still,  to  a  small  extent,  exists  at  the  rere 
of  Mercer's  Hospital.    In  process  of  time  the  church  decayed,  and 
ceased  to  be  used  after  1680.   The  parish  was  united  to  St.  Peter's 
Parish.    In  1724  a  portion  of  the  graveyard  was  leased  by  the 
minister  and  churchwardens  of  St.  Peter's  Parish  to  Mrs.  Mercer, 
who  erected  thereon  an  institution  for  poor  girls.    In  1734  the 
asylum  was  converted  into  an  hospital,  which  still  exists.    It  was 
rebuilt  in  1754,  and  enlarged  a  few  years  ago.    Early  in  the  cen- 
tury the  hospital  acquired  the  Mercer-street  property  of  the  College 
of  Surgeons,  and  for  many  years  the  lecture  theatre  was  used  for 
the  purpose  of  demonstrations  in  surgery  for  the  instruction  of  the 
pupils  attending  this  old  and  useful  institution.     Last  year  the 
whole  of  the  buildings  which  formerly  were  in  possession  of  the 
College  were  taken  down,  and  a  new  wing  to  the  hospital  is  about 
to  be  erected  on  the  site.    Whilst  clearing  away  the  old  buildings 
the  workmen  came  acros  numerous  osseous  specimens  used  in  the 
teaching  of  anatomy  in  former  days. 

The  old  building  in  Mercer-street  acquired  by  the  College 
of  Surgeons  was  dignified  by  the  title  of  "  Tdieatre."  It 
consisted  mainly  of  a  large  apartment,  which  contained  a  few 
semicircular  rows  of  seats  made  of  pinewood.  Lectures  were 
delivered  in  this  theatre,  which  was  also  occasionally  used  as  a  dis- 
secting room.  There  were  two  or  three  other  smaller  apartments, 
»n  which  dissections,  the  preparation  of  "  subjects,"  &c,  were 


134 


THE  PHYSICO-CHIRURGICAL  SOCIETY. 


carried  on.  That  the  buildings  were  of  no  great  value  is  evident 
from  the  fact  that  they  were  sold  by  the  College  for  £300  to  the 
governors  of  Mercer's  Hospital.  A  small  door  at  the  rere  of  the 
buildings  opened  into  a  narrow  passage  which  led  towards  Digges- 
lane.  During  the  21  years  in  which  the  theatre  was  occupied  by 
the  College  many  hundreds  of  subjects  were,  in  the  quiet  hours  of 
the  night,  brought  into  it  through  this  back  door. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  College  in  their  own  premises  was  held 
on  the  4th  January,  1790.  Thanks  were  voted  to  the  late  Presi- 
dent, Mr.  Dease,  and  the  secretary  for  the  active  part  which  they 
had  taken  "  in  establishing  a  school  for  the  younger  part  of  the 
profession,"  which  was  described  as  "  an  institution  so  essential  to 
future  interests  of  the  profession."  On  the  same  occasion  a 
memorial  was  received  from  a'  number  of  members  and  licentiates 
of  the  Colleges  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  setting  forth  their 
intention  of  establishing  a  physico-chirurgical  society,  and  praying 
the  protection  of  the  College  and  permission  to  hold  their  meetings 
in  the  theatre,  Mercer-street.  At  the  following  meeting  the  per- 
mission was  granted,  and  for  many  years  this  society  continued  to 
meet  in  the  Mercer -street  buildings.  Their  collection  of  books 
became  in  process  of  time  the  nucleus  of  the  noble  library  which 
the  College  now  possesses.  Many  valuable  papers  were  read  before 
this  soeiety,  and  their  meetings  were  generally  attended  by  the 
office-bearers  of  the  College.  A  few  weeks  after  the  formation  of 
this  society,  a  large  number  of  pupils  and  students  obtained  per- 
mission to  form  a  class  in  connection  with  them,  to  meet  once  a 
week  in  the  theatre,  for  the  purpose  of  mutual  improvement. 

On  the  28th  January,  the  College  were  specially  convened  to 
consider  the  following  communication  from  a  number  of  apothecaries 
and  druggists  anxious  to  establish  an  Apothecaries'  Hall : — 

"  To  E.  S.  Obre,  Esq.,  President  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons 

in  Ireland. 

"  SiE, — In  consequence  of  the  very  flattering  attention  so  politely 
expressed  by  your  Secretary  to  our  Chairman,  we,  the  Committee 
appointed  by  the  general  meeting  of  the  Apothecaries  and  Druggists 
in  this  City,  have  the  honor  of  laying  before  you  the  Resolutions 


FOUNDATION  OF  THE  APOTHECARIES'  HALL. 


135 


agreed  on  by  them,  for  forming  an  Apothecaries'  Hall  in  Dublin,  on 
an  enlarged  plan. 

"  Should  the  sentiments  of  this  very  respectable  College  coincide 
with  these  Resolutions,  we  shall  immediately  proceed  to  form  the 
general  plan,  which  we  hope  will  deserve  their  concurrence  and 
support. 

"  We  have  the  honor  to  be,  &c  , 
"  Signed,  John  Clarke,  Chairman. 

"Resolutions  of  the  Apothecaries  and  Druggists  of  this  City, 
unanimously  agreed  to  at  a  Meeting,  holden  the  16th  day  of 
Jany.,  1790  :— 

"  That  the  establishment  of  an  Apothecaries'  Hall  in  this  City 
would  be  a  great  National  benefit. 

"  That  to  make  such  an  Institution  permanent  and  respectable,  it 
is  absolutely  necessary  to  take  in  the  aid  of  every  branch  of  medi- 
cine. 

"  That  physicians,  surgeons,  apothecaries,  druggists  and  chy mists, 
following  their  respective  professions  in  this  kingdom,  be  considered 
eligible  to  subscribe. 

"That  a  copy  of  these  Resolutions  be  sent  to  the  King  and 
Queen's  College  of  Physicians,  and  to  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons, to  request  their  concurrence  and  aid  in  forming  and  digesting 
a  plan  for  this  purpose. 

"  Signed, 

"John  Clarke,  Chairman." 

The  College,  having  considered  this  statement,  and  received  a 
deputation  in  reference  to  it,  resolved  unanimously — "  That,  as  the 
said  Resolutions  appear  to  us  well  calculated  to  serve  the  public 
essentially,  they  deserve  our  entire  concurrence,  and  shall  have  our 
warmest  support." 

The  College  income  in  1789  was  £65  8s.  3d. 

At  a  meeting  held  on  the  9th  February,  1790,  it  was  agreed 
that  a  committee  of  three  members  should  confer  Avith  a  like 
number  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  the  committee  of  gentle- 
men who  proposed  to  establish  an  Apothecaries'  Hall.  The  results 
of  their  deliberations  ultimately  led  to  the  foundation  of  the  Apothe- 
caries' Hall,  in  1792-    For  sometime  after  their  incorporation,  the 


136     FIRST  GOVERNMENT  GRANT.  — NEW  PREMISES  ACQUIRED. 


members  of  the  new  Society  held  their  meetings  in  the  Theatre, 
Mercer-street. 

On  the  9th  March,  1790,  the  Court  of  Examiners,  by  direction 
of  the  College,  presented  a  petition  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant,  praying 
for  pecuniary  assistance,  to  enable  them  to  extend  their  Schools  of 
Surgery  and  Anatomy,  which  were  quite  inadequate  to  the  wants 
of  a  rapidly-increasing  class  of  pupils.  In  reply  to  this  petition,  the 
Lord  Lieutenant  (the  tenth  Earl  of  Westmoreland)  promised  that 
he  would  assist  the  College  by  procuring  for  them  a  grant  of  £1,000, 
"  within  the  space  of  two  or  three  years."  The  money  was,  how- 
ever, obtained  in  April,  1791.  The  grant  was  expedited,  chiefly, 
through  the  good  offices  of  Mr.  Edward  Cooke,  Secretary  at  War, 
and  Mr.  Robert  Hobart,  Chief  Secretary  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant. 
Grateful  addresses  were  presented  to  those  gentlemen.  Surgeon 
Renny  was  indefatigable  in  pressing  upon  the  Government  the 
claims  of  the  College,  and  the  latter  were  fully  sensible  of  the 
value  of  his  services. 

In  1790  the  College  purchased  from  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wilson,  of 
Castle-market,  a  house  in  Digges-lane.  The  acquisition  of  this 
house  enabled  a  passage  to  be  made  from  the  premises  in  Mercer- 
street  into  Digges-lane,  one  end  of  which  entered  Stephen-street, 
and  the  other  ramified  into  the  notorious  Bow-lane.  This  passage 
facilitated  the  conveyance  of  subjects,  in  a  very  private  way, 
into  the  theatre  in  Mercer-street.  The  passage  became,  in  due  time, 
known  as  Digges-court,  or  Bramble.'s-court  (from  the  name  of  a 
silversmith,  whose  house  abutted  upon  it)  ;  the  five  small  cottages 
in  it  were  removed  some  years  ago,  and  the  entrance  to  the  former 
court  is  now  the  back  gate  of  Mercer's  Hospital. 

On  the  25th  August,  in  this  year,  the  famous  John  Hunter  was 
elected  an  honorary  member.  He  showed  his  appreciation  of  the 
compliment  by  presenting  to  the  College  copies  of  his  published 
works. 

In  1791  the  Surgeons  to  the  County  Infirmaries  were  requested 
to  furnish  quarterly  returns,  showing  the  number  of  patients  received 
into  those  institutions,  and  the  general  methods  of  treatment 
adopted  ;  the  results  of  this  application  were  altogether  unsatis- 


THE  LOCK  HOSPITAL  FOUNDED. 


137 


factory.  About  this  time  the  College  suggested  to  the  Government 
the  desirability  of  establishing  an  extensive  hospital  for  the  treatment 
of  venereal  diseases — a  suggestion  which  almost  immediately  led  to 
the  foundation  of  the  Westmoreland  Lock  Hospital  (the  Earl  of 
Westmoreland  was  Lord  Lieutenant  at  the  time),  in  Townsend- 
street.  The  institution  was  opened  on  the  20th  November,  1792. 
The  first  Board  of  Directors  consisted  of  the  Presidents  and  Vice- 
Presidents  of  the  Colleges  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  the 
Physician-General,  the  Surgeon-General,  the  State-Physician,  the 
State-Surgeon,  the  Surgeon  to  the  King's  Military  Infirmary,  the 
Professor  of  Surgery  to  the  College  of  Surgeons,  and  the  two  senior 
Surgeons  to  the  Hospital  for  the  time  being.  For  many  years  the 
Hospital  staff  were  elected  as  follows : — Two  Physicians  were  chosen 
annually  by  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  two  senior  and  four 
assistant-Surgeons  by  the  College  of  Surgeons.  The  Court  of 
Examiners  annually  balloted  for  those  appointments.  This  mode 
of  electing  the  medical  staff  was  suggested  to  Government  by  the 
Physician-General,  Dr.  C.  W.  Quin,  who  at  that  time  resided  in 
Harcourt-street. 

The  income  of  the  College  in  1791  amounted  to  £326  9s.  3d. 
On  the  23rd  February,  1792,  the  College  agreed  to  present  the 
following  petition  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant  : — 

"  To  his  Excellency  John,  Earl  of  Westmoreland,  Lord  Lieutenant- 
General  and  General  Governor  of  Ireland. 

"The  humble  petition  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in 
Ireland — 

"  Sheweth — That  your  Petitioners  were  incorporated  in  1784,  by 
Letters  Patent,  constituting  and  appointing  them  a  Body  Corporate, 
with  divers  jurisdictions,  privileges  and  immunities,  for  the  pur- 
pose (as  expressed  in  their  Charter)  of  promoting  the  cultivation  of 
surgical  knowledge  in  this  kingdom. 

"  That  your  Petitioners,  considering  themselves  as  pledged  to 
use  the  best  efforts  to  forward  his  Majesty's  gracious  intentions,  did 
immediately  establish  a  Surgical  School  in  Dublin,  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  their  youth  in  anatomy  and  surgery,  and  did  appoint 
professors  from  their  own  body,  who  have  given  regular  annual 
lectures  in  those  sciences. 


138 


PETITION  FOR  ASSISTANCE.  — LAW  PROCEEDINGS. 


"  That  such  are  the  beneficial  effects  which  have  already  flown 
from  the  adoption  of  those  measures,  that  nearly  100  pupils  now 
attend  the  lectures  (besides  Surgeons  and  mates  of  the  army  on 
this  establishment,  who  are  admitted  gratis),  and  there  are  good 
grounds  to  believe  that  their  number  will  annually  increase,  so  as 
to  render  this  Institution  an  object  of  national  concern. 

"That  your  Petitioners  have  expended  £1,000  in  erecting  a 
Surgical  Theatre  and  Dissecting-rooms,  which  they  now  find  to  be 
too  small  to  accommodate  their  pupils ;  and  having  thereby  incurred 
a  considerable  debt,  under  which  they  at  present  labour,  they  are 
utterly  unable  to  make  such  additions  to  their  buildings  as  are 
become  indispensably  necessary. 

"Your  Petitioners,  therefore,  humbly  pray  that,  as  a  Society 
engaged  in  the  advancement  of  a  science  of  much  public  utility, 
they  may  be  recommended  by  your  Excellency  to  his  Majesty,  for 
such  mark  of  his  royal  bounty  as  may  enable  your  Petitioners  to 
complete  the  buildings,  which  are  essential  for  carrying  the  pur- 
poses of  their  Institution  into  full  effect." 

In  1792  the  income  of  the  College  was  £285  0s.  9±d. 

On  the  5th  August  the  pleasant  fiction  of  presenting  a  piece  of 
plate  to  the  Secretary,  Mr.  Henthorn,  was  again  enacted.  The  £50 
voted  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing  plate  for  the  Secretary  was  in 
reality  a  small  salary  for  which  good  service  was  rendered. 

In  1793  the  College  received  a  revenue  of  £396  4s.,  and  expended 
£362  15s.  9d.    In  the  following  year  the  revenue  fell  to  £228  5s.  9d. 

In  1795  Mr.  Frederick  Drury  instituted  proceedings  in  the  Court 
of  Queen's  Bench  to  compel  the  College  to  reinstate  him  as  a 
member.  In  order  to  qualify  themselves  to  give  evidence  in  this 
case,  Messrs.  O'Berne,  Archer,  Richards,  Dease,  M'Evoy,  Kenny, 
Henthorn,  and  Obre  resigned  their  membership.  They  were  subse- 
quently re-elected. 

Drury's  action  failed,  but  the  College  had  to  pay  £200  in  law 
costs,  to  recover  which  they  proceeded  against  Drury.  He  appealed 
in  abject  terms  not  to  press  for  the  costs,  which  he  declared  he  was 
unable  to  pay,  but  his  appeal  was  rejected.  Those  law  proceedings 
seem  to  have  had  some  effect  in  determining  Mr.  Hume  to  resign 
the  office  of  President  which  he  then  held,  and  he  did  so  on  May 


EXPULSION  AND  CENSURE  OF  MEMBERS. — PRESENTS.  139 

4,  1795.  Clement  Archer,  V.P.,  was  elected  president  on  the  9tli 
May  following.  The  presidential  chair  has  never  since  been  vacated 
until  the  expiration  of  the  otficial  year,  and  no  President  died  whilst 
in  office. 

The  College  revenue  in  1795  amounted  to  £462  Os.  10|d.,  and 
the  expenditure  to  £571  2s.  9d. 

On  July  19th  the  College  declined  to  co-operate  with  the  College 
of  Physicians  in  the  preparation  of  a  pharmacopoeia,  on  the  ground 
that  their  "  interference  "  was  "  unnecessary." 

The  College  income  in  1796  amounted  to  £339  16s.  Id.,  and 
the  expenditure  to  £307  4s.  10d.;  and  in  1797  the  income  was 
£196  12s.  3d.  and  the  outcome  £132  lis.  7^d.  About  this  time 
the  annual  fees  paid  by  members  were  discontinued  for  a  while,  as 
the  income  from  other  sources  sufficed  to  meet  all  wants. 

On  November  14th,  1798,  the  College  had  before  them  the  case 
of  one  of  their  members,  William  Lawless,  who  it  was  alleged  had 
"  been  notoriously  engaged  in  the  late  rebellion."  It  was  decided  to 
omit  his  name  from  the  printed  list  of  members.  On  the  4th 
February,  1799,  Mr.  Lawless  was  expelled. 

In  1798  the  College  income  was  £184  5s.  9d. 

On  the  29th  October,  1799,  Mr.  Jordan  Eoche,  of  Drogheda, 
was  censured  for  having  made  a  public  charge  against  Sir  Henry 
Jebb,  instead  of  appealing  to  the  College.  He  was  cautioned  against 
a  repetition  of  the  offence  under  penalty  of  having  his  Letters 
Testimonial  withdrawn.  He  appears  to  have  humbly  submitted  to 
the  censure  of  the  College. 

On  the  11th  February,  1800,  they  presented  fifty  guineas  to  their 
Secretary,  Mr.  Henthorn,  and  a  like  sum  in  trust  for  the  benefit  of 
the  family  of  a  deceased  member,  Mr.  Paul  Houston,  who  was  one 
of  the  first  batch  of  members  admitted  in  1784.  He  resided  in 
25  Greek-street,  now  one  of  the  worst  purlieus  in  the  city. 

On  the  2nd  February,  1801,  Mr.  Obre,the  treasurer,  was  presented 
with  a  piece  of  plate  of  the  value  of  fifty  guineas. 

In  1802  a  Mr.  R.  W.  Rorke  was  refused  re-examination  for 
Letters  Testimonial,  on  the  ground  that  he  had  been  twice  rejected 
by  the  Court  of  Examiners  and  once  by  the  Court  of  Appeal.  The 


140 


RE-EXAMINATION  OF  CANDIDATES. 


College  having  asked  the  advice  of  counsel  (Mr.  Saurin  and  Mr. 
Plunket,  who  subsequently  became  Lord  Plunket  and  attained  to 
eminence  as  a  lawyer  and  orator),  were  informed  that  "  the  College 
would  not  be  justified  by  the  former  transactions  in  refusing  a  new 
examination,  but,  as  to  the  repetition  of  such  an  examination  in  case 
the  applicant  should  be  again  rejected,  it  must  depend  on  the  exercise 
of  a  sound  discretion  with  respect  to  the  probability  of  any  change 
having  taken  place  in  the  qualifications  of  the  candidate  since  such 
rejection."  Subsequently  a  bye-law  was  passed  providing  that  no 
candidate  who  had  been  rejected  could  be  re-examined  until  two 
years  had  elapsed  from  the  date  of  his  rejection,  and  that  every  such 
candidate  should  produce  before  the  Court  of  Examiners  documen- 
tary evidence  of  study  subsequent  to  his  rejection.  It  was  an  error 
to  fix  so  long  an  interval  as  two  years  between  examination  and  re- 
examination, as  an  examiner  would  certainly  hesitate  less  in  rejecting 
a  candidate  if  he  would  be  eligible  for  re-examination  within  a 
reasonable  period.  The  evidence  of  further  study  required  was,  on 
the  other  hand,  a  wise  enactment,  which  will  probably  soon  be  again 
insisted  upon. 

In  1804  the  College  directed  attention  to  the  unsatisfactory  state 
of  the  County  Infirmaries,  which  they  alleged  could  only  be  remedied 
by  bringing  those  Institutions  under  the  "  immediate  inspection  and 
control "  of  the  College. 

In  January  this  year  the  "  Porter  and  Messenger,"  Anthony 
M'Mahon,  died,  and  was  succeeded  by  Neile  Lawlor,  at  a  salary  of 
£20  per  annum.  Now  that  oaths  of  office  are  becoming  obsolete,  it 
may  create  a  smile  to  learn  that  Lawlor  was  duly  "sworn  in  "  to  his 
office.  One  of  the  provisions  of  the  oath  perhaps  was  "  secrecy,"  for  in 
those  days  the  proceedings  in  the  anatomical  department  were  often 
shrouded  in  the  deepest  mystery.  The  "  messages  "  of  Lawlor's 
predecessor  were,  no  doubt,  chiefly  in  the  direction  of  "Bully's 
Acre,"  wherein  the  bodies  of  the  poor  were  generally  interred. 
M'Mahon  made  a  substantial  addition  to  his  modest  salary  by  doing 
a  large  business  in  the  sack-em-up  line.  In  1800  he  received  from 
the  Anatomical  Professors  of  the  College  (Messrs.  Halahan  and 
Dease)  the  sum  of  £125  2s.  Od  for  subjects.    Early  in  this  century 


COLLEGE  RECEIVES  £6,000.—  TODD'S  APPOINTMENT.  141 


the  usual  price  of  a  subject  was  £1  2s.  9d.,  the  value  of  the  old 
golden  guinea. 

In  1804  the  revenue  was  £142  0s.  3d.    In  this  year  the  friends 
of  the  College,  but  more  especially  Dr.  Renny,  were  pressing  their 
claims  for  a  liberal  grant  of  money  upon  the  Government.  Nor 
were  the  latter  indisposed  to  listen  to  those  applications,  which  were 
chiefly  made  in  the  form  of  private  communication".    At  that  time 
the  country  was  waging  war  almost  over  the  whole  world.  There 
was  an  urgent  demand  for  competent  surgeons  for  the  navy  and 
army,  and  the  supply  was  unequal  to  the  demand.    Men  were 
appointed  surgeons  who  had  only  a  year's  experience  as  a  student, 
and  two  or  three  months'  education  sufficed  to  qualify  a  second  or 
third  mate  in  a  ship  of  war.    The  Government  were  not  insensible 
to  the  deplorable  fact  that  the  care  of  the  6ick  and  wounded 
"defenders  of  their  country"  was  too  often  entrusted  to  inex- 
perienced, imperfectly  educated,  and  often  almost  illiterate  so-called 
surgeons.    Had  they  not  been  actuated  by  such  a  conviction  they 
certainly  would  not  have  been   so  liberal  in  procuring  grants 
of  money  for  the  Irish  College  of  Surgeons,  at  a  time  when 
the  pressure  of  taxation  was  severely  felt  by  all  classes.  The 
Government  wanted  skilful  surgeons,  and  they  considered  that  the 
money  voted  to  the  College  of  Surgeons  would  be  more  than  repaid 
to  the  State  in  the  form  of  properly  educated  practitioners,  for 
service  in  the  army  and  navy.    To  Dr.  Renny  belongs  the  credit 
of  having  most  persistently  advocated  the  claims  of  the  College  for 
State  assistance  upon  those  grounds. 

1805  is  a  memorable  year  in  the  history  of  the  College.  The 
revenue  which  they  derived  from  ordinary  sources  amounted  to 
£251  6s.  Od. ;  but  from  an  extraordinary  source — namely,  Parliament, 
they  received  £6,000.  Business,  especially  that  of  their  Court  of 
Examiners,  had  by  this  time  greatly  increased,  and  in  order  to 
expedite  it  the  College  instituted  the  office  of  Assistant  Secretary, 
to  which  on  the  3rd  February,  1 804,  one  of  their  members,  Charles 
llawkcs  Todd,  was  appointed. 

So  soon  as  it  seemed  certain  that  Parliament  would  supply  funds 
for  the  purpose  of  erecting  more  suitable  buildings,  it  was  decided 


142 


PURCHASE  OF  THE  QUAKERS'  CEMETERY. 


to  abandon  the  Mercer-street  site,  and  on  the  22nd  July,  1805,  an 
agreement  was  entered  into  for  the  acquisition  of  a  cemetery,  at  the 
junction  of  York-street  with  St.  Stephen's- green,  belonging  to  the 
Society  of  Friends,  or  "  Quakers."  Mr.  Samuel  Bewley  has  kindly 
permitted  me  to  examine  the  minute-books  of  the  Society  of  Friends, 
from  which  I  learn  that,  in  1697,  they  purchased  ground  in  Cork- 
street  for  the  purpose  of  providing  a  new  burial-ground.  From 
this  entry  I  infer  that  the  burial-ground  in  St.  Stephen's-green 
had  become  crowded  before  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century.  I 
find  that  the  average  annual  number  of  burials  in  it  during  the  seven 
years  previous  to  its  purchase  by  the  College  was  only  three.  The  sum 
paid  for  it  was  £4,500,  of  which  £36  were  recovered  by  the  sale  of 
old  materials.  The  cemetery  had  a  frontage  of  100  feet  towards  St. 
Stephen's-green  and  of  250  feet  towards  York-street,  or  a  superficies 
of  25,000  feet.  Under  a  penalty  of  £2,000  the  College  bound 
themselves  to  leave  unbroken-up  for  a  century  a  space  100  feet 
long  and  100  feet  wide  ;  but  this  stipulation  was  violated  both  in 
1825  and  in  1836,  when  the  buildings  were  extended.  In  January, 
1836,  the  Society  of  Friends  considered  the  propriety  of  taking  law 
proceedings  against  the  College  for  the  violation  of  their  compact, 
but  they  resolved,  in  the  "  interests  of  peace,"  to  take  no  action  in 
the  matter.  At  the  present  moment  there  is  very  little  of  the 
original  burial-ground  that  is  not  covered  with  buildings.  The  side 
of  St.  Stephen's-green  upon  which  the  new  acquisition  is  situated 
was  known  for  more  than  a  century  as  the  Frenchman's  Walk ;  it 
had  been  a  fashionable  promenade  for  the  French  Huguenots  who 
had  settled  in  Dublin,  chiefly  in  the  neighbourhood  of  St.  Stephen's- 
green.  They  gave  names  to  Aungier-street,  French-street,  Digges 
or  Digue's-street,  and  Mercer,  or  Mercier-street.  The  settlement  of 
Huguenot  families  conferred  substantial  benefit  upon  the  trade  and 
commerce  of  Dublin.  New  industries  were  introduced  by  them,  and 
an  improved  system  of  banking  established.  Their  churches  have 
ceased  to  exist;  but  the  cemeteries  which  they  formed  in  Peter- 
street  and  Merrion-row  are  carefully  conserved  at  the  present  time. 
They  were  a  cultured  people.  In  1732  they  formed  a  Florists'  Club, 
who  met  periodically  at  the  "Rose"  Tavern  in  Drumcondra-lane 


THE  COLLEGE  BECOMES  KICH. 


143 


(now  Dorset-street),  gave  prizes  to  their  members,  and  encouraged 
the  introduction  and  acclimatisation  of  exotic  plants.  The  sale 
of  birds,  rabbits,  &c,  in  St.  Patrick's-close  and  Bride-street  is  a 
local  institution,  originated  by  the  French  workmen  in  the  silk 
and  tabinet  industries.  The  celebrated  Dr.  Fleury  belonged  to  a 
Huguenot  family,  as  did  also  Physician-General  Fontaine. 

On  the  17th  of  March,  1806,  the  foundation-stone  of  the  new 
buildings  was  laid,  with  great  ceremony,  by  the  Lord  Lieutenant ; 
and  in  tho  same  year  Parliament  granted  a  sum  of  £4,500  towards 
their  completion.  In  this  year  the  income  of  the  College  amounted 
to  £593  4s. 

At  a  meeting  held  on  the  17th  November,  Mr.  Gerard  Macklin, 
the  President,  complained  that  a  member  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians had  refused  to  meet  him  in  consultation,  whereupon  it  was 
unanimously  resolved  that  such  conduct  was  "injurious  to  both 
professions  and  the  public."  Macklin  at  the  time  was  "  State 
Surgeon." 

In  this  year  the  College  stated,  in  answer  to  an  inquiry  from  the 
College  of  Physicians,  London,  that  there  was  very  little  quackery 
in  Ireland,  and  that  the  encroachment  of  empirics  on  the  regular 
practitioners  were  not  so  serious  as  to  require  legislative  interference 
for  their  suppression. 

On  the  29th  November  a  petition  to  Parliament  was  adopted 
praying  for  further  pecuniary  aid  towards  the  erection  of  new  build- 
ings ;  the  result  was  a  further  grant  of  £9,517,  which  the  College 
received  early  in  1807. 

In  1807  it  was  resolved  that  every  member  or  Licentiate  who 
took  more  than  two  apprentices,  should  pay  for  each  additional  one 
the  sum  of  10  guineas,  in  addition  to  the  usual  fee.  In  this  year  the 
College  income  amounted  to  £433  16s.  6d.  Up  to  1807  Parliament 
had  granted  £20.017,  of  which  £4,550  had  been  expended  in  pur- 
chasing ground,  and  the  rest  on  the  buildings,  law  costs,  &c. 

In  1808  it  was  found  necessary  to  extend  the  dissecting-room 
accommodation,  and  to  make  other  alterations  and  additions,  for 
which  purposes  Parliament  provided  £5,300.  In  this  year  Richard 
Carmichael  proposed  a  plan  for  the  foundation  of  a  ''Cancer 


144 


THE  COLLEGE  OF  SURGEONS  IN  1810. 


Hospital,"  but  the  proposal  was  not  carried  into  effect.  The  year's 
revenue  was  £609  8s.  9d.,  out  of  which  the  College  presented  £50 
(for  the  ostensible  purpose  of  purchasing  a  piece  of  plate)  to  their 
Secretary,  Mr.  Hen  thorn. 

In  1809  £4,550  received  from  Parliament  was  expended  in 
purchasing  a  plot  of  ground  60  feet  in  width  (fronting  St.  Stephen's- 
green)  and  250  feet  in  depth.  Two  old  houses  upon  it  were 
pulled  down.  This  extension  caused  the  College  premises  to 
be  bounded  on  the  northern  side  by  Glover' s-alley — in  ancient 
times  not  a  very  reputable  place,  as  we  may  infer  from  its  whilom 
designation,  Rapparee-ailey.  The  extension  to  Glover's-alley 
enabled  the  school  officials  to  bring  in  subjects  by  a  much  more 
private  way  than  through  the  gate  in  York-street. 

Towards  the  close  of  1809  the  new  buildings  were  completed. 
They  consisted  of  a  two-storied  edifice,  having  cut-granite  front- 
ages towards  St.  Stephen's-green  and  York-street.  The  Plate 
shows  the  appearance  which  the  building  presented  in  1810.  I 
shall  try  to  describe  its  interior.  The  hall  was  the  apartment 
which  still  exists  as  an  inner  hall,  from  which  access  is  had  to  the 
present  library,  the  fellows'  room,  and  the  registrar's  office.  On 
the  left  side  of  the  hall,  on  entering  from  the  Green,  there  was  a 
small  room  occupied  by  the  professors,  and  the  corresponding  apart- 
ment on  the  opposite  was  a  waiting  or  reception  room.  A  room 
behind  that  occupied  by  the  professors,  and  having  a  window  open- 
ing into  York-street,  was  the  secretary's  office.  Behind  this  office 
there  was  another  room,  with  a  window  opening  into  York-street — 
this  was  the  library.  A  large  room  on  the  second  story,  with 
windows  opening  upon  the  Green,  was  devoted  to  the  meetings  of 
the  College  and  their  committees,  and  to  the  Court  of  Examiners. 
This  is  still  the  College  meeting  room.  A  large  room  at  the  rere 
of  the  board-room  was  devoted  to  museum  purposes.  The  few  re- 
maining rooms  on  the  second  story  and  the  underground  story 
were  allocated  to  the  resident  officers  of  the  College.  This  disposi- 
tion of  the  apartments  was  not  perfected  for  some  years.  In  the 
yard,  at  the  rere  of  the  buildings  above  described,  a  lecture  theatre, 
a  large  dissecting-room,  a  smaller  one  (for  private  use),  and  two 


MERCER-STREET  PREMISES  SOLD. 


145 


porters'  lodges,  were  erected  The  greater  portion  of  the  premises 
in  Mercer-street  were  retained  until  1812  for  the  use  of  the  pro- 
fessors of  Surgical  Pharmacy  and  Botany,  and  the  rest  was  offered 
to  the  Governors  of  Mercer's  Hospital,  at  a  rent  of  £3  10s. — the 
amount  paid  by  the  College  for  their  possessions  in  Digges-court. 
After  prolonged  negotiations  it  was  discovered  that  a  portion  of  the 
ground  occupied  by  the  College  was  in  reality  the  property  of  the 
hospital.  Ultimately  the  premises  were  sold  to  the  hospital  for 
£300,  of  which  only  £200  were  actually  received. 

The  total  amounts  of  the  Parliamentary  grants  up  to  the  year 
1809  was  £29,867,  but  the  whole  of  this  sum  did  not  reach  the 
College  treasury,  having  been  reduced  by  various  official  fees  to 
£29,104  7s.  2d. 

The  architect  who  designed  and  superintended  the  erection  of  the 
new  buildings  was  Mr.  Edward  Parke,  of  No.  31  William-street. 
He  received  for  his  trouble  £1,421  0s.  7d.,  inclusive  of  £320  allowed 
for  an  architectural  clerk. 

Up  to  the  4th  March,  1810,  the  net  sum  received  from  Parlia- 
ment, together  with  £34  14s.  5d.  realised  by  the  sale  of  old  materials, 
amounted  to  £29,139  Is.  7d. ;  and  the  same  amount,  to  the  penny, 
was  expended  within  the  same  period.  The  acquisition  of  ground 
cost  £9,100. 

In  1811  the  Physico-Chirurgical  Society  adopted,  with  the  sanc- 
tion of  the  College,  a  new  rule  enabling  them  to  elect,  in  addition 
to  their  official  President  and  Vice-President  (the  similar  office- 
bearers in  the  College),  a  President  and  Vice-President  from  their 
own  body.  They  also  passed  a  law  prohibiting  the  alienation  of 
any  portion  of  their  library  without  the  sanction  of  the  College.  I 
have  heard  an  old  member  of  this  Society  state  that  their  meetings 
were  well  attended,  and  their  discussions  interesting  and  instructive. 

In  reply  to  an  inquiry  from  the  National  Vaccine  Establishment, 
London,  the  College  expressed  an  opinion  to  the  following  effect: — 
That  the  practice  of  vaccination  had  increased  in  Ireland  beyond  the 
expectation  of  its  most  sanguine  supporters  ;  that  no  ill  effects  could 
be  justly  ascribed  to  it;  that  both  surgeons  and  physicians,  appa- 
rently without  exception,  approved  of  it ;  that  the  public  acknow- 

L 


146 


THE  SCHOOLS. — NEW  PROFESSORSHIP. 


ledged  its  utility ;  that  inoculation  was  employed  by  respectable 
practitioners  only  as  a  means  of  testing  the  prophylactic  power  of 
vaccination  ;  and  lastly,  that  vaccination  had!  decreased  the  mortality 
from  smallpox. 

On  the  5th  August  the  College  reduced  from  two  years  to  one 
year  the  time  appointed  to  elapse  between  the  examination  of  a  can- 
didate and  his  re-examination  after  rejection. 

On  November  4th  they  resolved  not  to  recognise  any  hospital 
which  had  not  at  least  twenty  beds.  This  resolution  arose  out  of  an 
application  from  Surgeon  Kirby  to  recognise  St.  Peter's  and  St. 
Bridget's  Hospital,  in  which  there  were  very  few  beds. 

On  December  4th  they  adopted  a  petition  to  Parliament  requesting 
pecuniary  assistance  to  enable  them  to  increase  the  accommodation 
in  their  schools,  rendered  necessary  by  the  wants  of  an  increasing 
number  of  pupils  ;  £2,000  were  granted. 

In  this  year  their  income  amounted  to  £1,013  Is.  5£d.,  and  in  the 
following  year  it  rose  to  £1,180  16s. 

In  1813  a  Professorship  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine 
was  instituted,  Dr.  Cheyne  being  the  first  occupant  of  the  chair. 

The  fee  for  examining  a  registered  pupil  was  fixed  at  ten  guineas; 
and  it  was  resolved  that  candidates  for  the  midwifery  diploma  should 
produce  evidence  of  having  attended  a  course  of  lectures  in  mid- 
wifery and  a  lying-in  hospital  for  at  least  four  months. 

In  this  year  the  question  of  the  propriety  of  abolishing  apprentice- 
ship as  the  only  portal  to  the  College  was  raised  by  Mr.  Edward 
Geoghegan.  He  gave  the  following  notice  of  motion,  but  did  not 
follow  it  up: — "That  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  College  that  the 
service  of  an  apprenticeship  to  the  profession  of  surgery  is  deroga- 
tory to  the  honour  and  dignity  of  a  learned  profession,  and  injurious 
to  the  interests  of  science  and  the  public." 

On  November  6th  the  College  passed  a  resolution  declaring  the 
salaries  of  the  surgeons  to  the  county  infirmaries  insufficient. 

College  revenue  in  1813,  £1,485  Is.  10£d. 

On  February  14th,  1814,  it  was  decided  that  candidates  for 
admission  as  registered  pupils  should  be  examined  in  the  following 
books:— Sallust,  six  books  of  the  JEneid  of  Virgil,  the  Satires  and 


CLASSICAL  EXAMINATIONS. — COLLEGE  ALTERATIONS.  147 


Epistles  of  Horace,  the  Greek  Testament,  Murphy's  Lucian,  and 
lour  books  of  Homer's  Iliad.  A  generation  later  the  London  College 
of  Surgeons  still  required  no  classical  knowledge  on  the  part  of  their 
candidates. 

In  this  year  the  expediency  of  establishing,  under  the  auspices  of 
the  College,  an  Infirmary  for  the  treatment  of  diseases  of  the  eye, 
was  entertained.  A  deputation  waited  upon  the  Lord  Lieutenant 
and  the  Duchess  of  Dorset,  and  obtained  promises  of  their  patronage 
and  support  for  the  proposed  Institution.  Ultimately  the  College 
decided  that  they  could  not  with  propriety  found  an  hospital  in  their 
corporate  capacity. 

In  1814  the  revenue  amounted  to  £1,639  12s.  7^d.  The  frequent 
occurrence  of  a  halfpenny  in  the  receipts  is  curious. 

In  1815  the  Medical  Society  of  the  University  of  Dublin 
appointed  the  President  of  the  College  to  be  one  of  their  official 
visitors  at  their  meetings.  The  revenue  in  this  year  amounted  to 
£1,053  5s.  9d. 

Shortly  after  the  erection  of  the  buildings  in  St.  Stephen's-green 
Mr.  Todd,  Assistant  Secretary,  was  assigned  apartments  in  them, 
receiving  some  which  had  been  originally  intended  for  other  purposes. 
In  1815  he  proposed  to  vacate  his  apartments  in  order  that  they 
might  be  used  in  connexion  with  the  museum,  library,  and  reading 
room.  The  library  was  formed  out  of  the  long  room  facing  York- 
street,  and  the  room  over  it  was  converted  into  a  museum — a  small 
room  over  the  back  hall  being  attached  to  it  as  a  store  room. 
The  two  small  rooms  on  the  northern  side  of  the  hall  were  con- 
verted into  an  office  for  the  secretary,  and  a  waiting  and  clerk's 
room.  A  room  over  the  back  parlour,  an  attic,  and  the  kitchen,  were 
assigned  to  the  housekeeper,  who  was  appointed  to  take  charge  of 
the  premises. 

On  the  27th  June,  1816,  Mr.  John  Humphries  was  elected  clerk 
and  housekeeper,  at  a  salary  of  £50  per  annum,  with  an  allowance 
of  coals  and  candles.  He  was  also  allowed  £20  a  year  for  a  hall 
porter  or  messenger.  For  some  years  before  this  the  College  was 
provided  with  a  "  Janitor,"  whose  salary  was  £30  yearly.  Shortly 
"fter  the  appointment  of  the  porter,  Christopher  Dixon,  his  salary 


148     EXAMINATIONS  AT  DIFFERENT  COLLEGES  CONTRASTED. 

was  raised  to  £30,  and  he  was  entitled  to  receive  a  fee  of  2s.  6d.  from 
each  student  attending  lectures,  on  presenting  the  student  with  his 
lecture  "  ticket."  Many  of  the  elder  and  even  middle  aged  members 
of  the  College  recollect  Christopher  Dixon,  or,  as  he  was  familiarly 
termed,  "  Kit."  So  far  back  as  1805  he  was  employed  as  a  procurer 
of  subjects  for  dissections  in  the  College  school;  and  as  he  was 
himself  an  active  "resurrectionist,"  many  were  his  hair-breadth 
escapes.  But  he  did  not  always  succeed  in  "  snatching  "  his  body; 
on  one  occasion  he  was  captured  whilst  attempting  to  raise  one 
from  a  grave  in  the  well-known  "happy  hunting  grounds"  of  the 
sack-em-ups — Bully's  Acre.  A  rope  was  tied  round  his  waist,  he 
was  dragged  off  to  the  Liffey  at  Island  Bridge,  and  was  repeatedly 
immersed  in  the  river  until  he  was  nearly  drowned. 

On  the  4th  November,  1816,  the  College  addressed  a  remonstrance 
to  Sir  Robert  Peel,  in  reference  to  a  Bill  before  the  House  of 
Commons,  the  provisions  of  which  appeared  to  entrench  upon  the 
privileges  of  the  College.  The  particular  provision  to  which  special 
objection  was  made  was  that  which  permitted  the  diplomates  of  the 
London,  Dublin,  and  Edinburgh  Colleges  of  Surgeons  to  practise  or 
hold  appointments  in  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom.  It  must  be 
admitted  that  at  this  period  the  examinations  at  the  Irish  College 
were  superior  to  those  at  the  sister  Colleges.  The  London  Insti- 
tution required  the  candidate  for  their  diploma  to  produce  certificates 
of  only  two  courses  of  lectures  on  anatomy  and  surgery  (which  might 
be  attended  within  the  space  of  one  year),  and  of  one  year's 
attendance  at  hospital.  The  candidate  might,  so  far  as  a  liberal 
education  was  concerned,  be  almost  illiterate.  At  this  period,  and 
for  a  quarter  of  a  century  later,  the  lowest  types  of  Irish  students 
sought  in  the  London  College  the  diploma  which  they  and  their 
teachers  well  knew  could  not  by  such  imperfectly  taught  or  unin- 
telligent persons  be  obtained  at  home.  Sir  Astley  Cooper  relates 
the  following  anecdote  of  an  Irish  candidate  before  the  Examining 
Board  of  the  London  College: — "What  is  a  simple  and  what  is  a 
compound  fracture?"  asked  the  examiner.  The  reply  was — "A 
simple  fracture  is  when  a  bone  is  broke,  and  a  compound  fracture 
when  it's  all  broke."  Sir  Astley  asked  what  he  meant  by  "  all  broke?" 


GENERAL  PRACTITIONERS  OBJECTED  TO. 


149 


"  I  mean,"  he  replied,  "broke  into  smithereens,  to  be  sure."  "I 
ventured  to  ask  him  what  was  '  smithereens.'  He  turned  upon  me 
with  an  intense  expression  of  sympathy  upon  his  countenance,  '  You 
don't  know  what  is  smithereens?    Then  I  give  you  up ! ' " 

The  receipts  of  the  College  in  1816  totted  up  £1,086  7s.  7^-d. 

In  1817  a  proposal  for  the  establishment  of  an  order  of  general 
practitioners  under  the  title  of  surgeon  apothecaries  was  rejected. 
The  suggestion  came  from  one  of  the  members,  Mr.  Barlow,  who 
practised  at  Bath.  The  College  came  to  the  conclusion  that  if  such 
an  order  were  instituted  in  Dublin  it  would  "  materially  tend  to  lower 
the  profession  of  surgery  in  the  confidence  and  estimation  of  the 
public."  In  this  year  the  College  corresponded  with  the  London 
and  Edinburgh  Colleges,  urging  the  desirability  of  having  a  uniform 
system  of  surgical  education  established  throughout  the  United 
Kingdom. 

The  revenue  in  1817  was  £1,277  14s.  2d. 

On  the  2nd  March,  1818,  a  petition  to  Parliament  against  a  Bill 
for  regulating  the  medical  profession,  then  before  the  Legislature, 
was  adopted.  The  College  approved  of  the  Bill  so  far  as  it  pro- 
hibited medical  practice  for  lucre  by  unlicensed  persons,  and  also  the 
proposal  to  enable  all  regularly  educated  surgeons  to  practise  in  all 
parts  of  the  United  Kingdom;  but  they  complained  of  the  injustice 
of  restricting  the  candidates  for  examination  by  the  Irish  College  to 
apprentices  who  had  served  at  least  five  years,  whilst  no  such  restric- 
tion was  imposed  upon  the  London  and  Edinburgh  Colleges.  It 
was  averred  that  there  were  at  that  time  residing  in  Ireland  persons 
possessing  the  diploma  of  the  London  College  who,  before  receiving 
it,  had  never  seen  practice  in  a  public  hospital,  and  whose  professional 
education  extended  over  a  neriod  not  exceeding  eighteen  months. 
The  wording  of  the  petition — a  lengthy  document — shows  that  the 
College  did  not  wish  to  be  placed  in  the  position  occupied  by  the 
sister  Colleges,  but,  on  the  contrary,  desired  that  all  candidates  for 
surgical  qualifications  should  be  obliged  to  study  their  profession 
during  a  reasonably  long  period. 

At  this  time  the  cost  of  professional  education  was  about  as 
follows : — 


150  COST  OF  BECOMING  A  SURGEON. 

£   S.  a. 

170  12  6 

6  10  3 

11    7  6 

60   0  0 


£248  10  3 

The  above-mentioned  fee  for  apprenticeship  was  charged  for 
extern  apprentices ;  the  minimal  fee  for  the  intern  apprentices  was 
300  guineas,  but  many  surgeons  refused  to  take  a  smaller  fee  than 
£500.  The  fee  for  the  Letters  Testimonial  was,  to  registered 
pupils,  £34  2s.  6d.,  which  sum,  added  to  the  educational  fees,  totted 
up  to  the  respectable  figures  of  £282  12s.  9d. 

The  original  fee  for  the  Letters  Testimonials  was  £11  7s.  6d., 
which  sum  was,  in  1792,  increased  to  £22  5s.;  in  1807  the  amount 
was  altered  to  £34  2s.  6d.  In  1814  the  fee  for  persons  who  were 
not  registered  pupils  was  fixed  at  £68  5s.  The  original  one  for 
membership,  paid  by  a  licentiate,  was  £22  15s.,  but  this  amount  was, 
on  March  8th,  1792,  reduced  to  £11  7s.  6d. 

From  May  4th,  1807,  each  member  and  licentiate  paid  to  the 
College  £11  7s.  6d.  for  every  apprentice  in  excess  of  two  indentured 
to  him.  At  this  time  the  minimal  fee  for  a  surgeon's  apprentice  in 
Scotland  was  £60,  exclusive  of  board;  the  apprentices  paid  £25 
to  the  College.  The  period  of  apprenticeship  was  five  years,  with 
leave  to  shorten  it  by  one  year  on  proof  of  satisfactory  progress. 

From  the  foundation  of  the  Irish  College  their  pupils  were 
required  to  possess  at  least  the  elements  of  a  liberal  education.  In 
1784  a  fee  of  £5  13s.  9d.  was  charged  to  each  pupil  for  his 
examination  in  the  classics  and  his  registration,  if  approved  of.  In 
1809  the  amount  was  increased  to  £11  7s.  6d. 

In  1818  Joseph  Humphreys,  clerk  and  housekeeper  to  the 
College,  got  into  pecuniary  difficulties;  was  arrested  and  placed  in 
the  Debtors'  Prison.     The  College  appear  to  have  sympathised 


Fee  as  apprentice  - 

Stamp  and  indentures  -  -  - 

Registry  fee  to  the  College 

Probable   expenses  of  attendance  on 

lectures,  and  at  hospitals,  and  for 

anatomical  dissections 


Humphrey's  dismissal. —Honorary  members.  151 

with  his  misfortunes,  for  they  gave  him  three  months'  leave  of 
absence  in  order  to  compose  his  affairs  by  "  taking  the  benefit  of  the 
Insolvents'  Act."  In  1819  his  wife,  who  appears  to  have  been  an 
ardent  worshipper  of  the  rosy  god,  was  detected  in  the  act  of  trans- 
ferring some  of  the  College  property  to  a  pawnbroker's  establishment. 
This  discovery  resulted  in  the  expulsion  of  the  Humphreys  family 
from  the  College  buildings. 

On  May  4th,  1818,  it  was  decided  that  candidates  for  registration 
as  pupils  should  be  examined  only  on  the  second  and  last  Saturday 
in  every  month,  and  that  a  rejected  candidate  should  not  be  admitted 
to  re-examination  within  a  less  period  than  three  months  from  the 
date  of  rejection.  The  examiners  were  the  president  or  vice-presi- 
dent, and  two  censors. 

In  1818  the  income  amounted  to  £1,367  14s.  10^d. 

On  the  5th  July,  1819,  the  appointment  by  the  Finance  Com- 
mittee of  Mr.  Peter  Ruttledge  Courtney  to  be  clerk  and  house- 
keeper was  approved  of.  He  discharged  the  duties  of  those  offices 
until  1832,  when  he  died. 

The  revenue  rose  to  £1,526  5s.  3d.  in  1819. 

In  1820  the  College  resolved  to  establish  a  museum  upon  a 
proper  scale  (see  chapter  on  museum),  and  in  the  same  year  they 
elected  as  honorary  members — Astley  Cooper,  John  Pearson,  John 
Abernethy  of  London,  Antonio  Scarpa  of  Pavia,  and  S.  J.  Sbm- 
mering  of  Munich. 

On  May  8th  it  was  resolved  to  request  the  Secretary  and  Trea- 
surer to  sit  for  their  portraits.  Henthorn's  full-sized  portrait  now 
adorns  the  southern  wall  of  the  Board-room,  but  Obre"  did  not  live 
to  sit  to  the  painter.  On  the  29th  June  he  tendered  his  resignation 
as  Treasurer,  an  office  in  which  he  had  succeeded  Woodroffe,  first 
Treasurer,  and  had  held  for  27  years.  Obre  died  a  few  weeks 
afterwards,  and  he  was  succeeded  as  Treasurer  by  Andrew  Johnston. 
It  was  resolved  that  for  the  future  the  Treasurer  should  not  keep 
more  than  £200  in  hands,  and  that  the  funds  of  the  College  in 
excess  of  that  sum  should  be  invested  in  Government  stock. 

In  this  year  there  was  investigated  a  charge  of  malpraxis  made 
against  Dr.  Woodroffe,  of  Cork,  by  a  man  named  Roade,  upon 


152 


ADDRESS  TO  THE  KING. —  EXAMINATION. 


whom  he  had  operated  for  stone  three  years  previously.  Having 
heard  both  accuser  and  accused,  the  College  came  to  the  conclusion 
that  the  charge  had  been  unfounded,  and  had  been  made  for  the 
purpose  of  extorting  money  from  Dr.  Woodroffe. 

The  revenue  in  1820  was  £1,711  14s.  O^d.    The  College  had  in 
3-|  per  cent,  stocks  £8,200 ;  they  had  now  become  a  rich  corporation. 

In  1821  the  College  presented  an  address,  loyal,  dutiful,  and 
congratulatory,  to  King  George  IV.,  on  the  occasion  of  his  visit  to 
Ireland.  They  resolved  to  commemorate  it  by  placing  a  marble 
bust  of  his  Majesty  in  the  College.  This  work  of  art  is  now  to  be 
seen  on  a  pedestal  in  the  Board-room.  It  was  sculptured  by  Mr. 
Edward  Smith  at  a  cost  of  80  guineas.  In  the  following  year  Mr. 
Smith  executed  the  pedestal  upon  which  the  king's  bust  reposes ; 
it  cost  £18.  In  their  address  the  College  say : — "  We  acknow- 
ledge that  to  the  munificence  of  the  Crown  we  are  indebted  for 
our  charter  of  incorporation  and  for  the  splendid  establishment 
we  now  possess  in  this  city,  by  which  we  are  enabled  to  conduct 
the  school  of  surgery,  and  to  cultivate  that  department  of  science 
which  has  been  placed  under  our  superintendence." 

The  revenue  in  1821  was  £1,609  18s.  3d.  Up  to  this  time  the  only 
indispensable  qualification  for  examination  for  the  Letters  Testimonial 
was  apprenticeship.  Candidates  usually  presented  certificates  show- 
ing that  they  had  attended  at  hospital,  and  lectures  and  dissections; 
but  those  certificates  were  not  essential  documents. 

The  College,  in  1822,  took  counsel's  opinion  as  to  their  power  to 
prescribe  a  particular  course  of  education  for  the  candidates  for 
their  diplomas.  They  were  advised  by  the  Right  Hon.  W.  C. 
Plunket  that  they  could  not  dispense  with  the  five  years'  apprentice- 
ship, but  that  they  had  the  power  to  require  candidates  to  pursue 
any  course  of  study  prescribed  for  them. 

Up  to  this  time  the  examinations  were  held  in  a  roomy  apartment 
lacing  York-street.  This  was  now  given  to  the  Secretary  for  office 
purposes,  and  the  examinations  in  many  subsequent  years  were  held 
in  the  Board-room. 

In  1822  the  domestic  establishment  consisted  of  a  clerk  and 
housekeeper  (Mr.  Courtney),  a  porter,  a  housemaid,  a  porter  in  the 


ESTABLISHMENT  EXPENSES. — NON-APPKENTICES.  153 

School,  a  female  servant,  and  a  temporary  porter  (during  six  winter 
months)  in  the  School.  The  salaries  were  as  modest  as  the  establish- 
ment. Mr.  Courtney  received  a  salary  of  £50,  and  allowances  for  the 
housemaid,  abstergent  operations,  &c,  which  brought  up  his  whole 
revenue  to  £95  10s.  He  had  also  free  apartments  and  fuel.  The 
hall  porter  enjoyed  a  salary  of  £20  a  year  and  a  suit  of  clothes. 
The  School  porter  received  30  guineas  a  year  and  a  small  gratuity 
upon  each  lecture  ticket,  and  the  School  female  servant  was  re- 
munerated for  keeping  that  department  clean  by  receiving  10 
guineas  yearly.  The  housemaid  was  paid  by  Mr.  Courtney,  and  the 
temporary  porter  received  10s.  6d.  weekly. 

In  1822  the  revenue  amounted  to  £2,154  7s.  lid. 

In  1823  the  revenue  of  the  College,  for  the  first  time  during 
many  years,  fell.  Still  it  amounted  to  the  respectable  figure  of 
£1,667  Is.  lOd. ;  £8,500  were  at  this  time  invested  in  the  public 
funds. 

In  1824  the  College  was  greatly  exercised  in  connection  with  the 
proposal  to  admit  to  examination  for  the  Letters  Testimonial  persons 
who  had  not  served  an  apprenticeship  A  committee  were  appointed 
to  consider  the  question  of  medical  education,  and  the  report  which 
the  education  committee  drew  up  was  referred  for  consideration  to 
another  and  a  larger  committee.  Both  committees  were  pretty 
equally  divided  on  the  subject  of  the  admission  of  non-apprentices 
to  examination.  On  the  2nd  August,  1824,  a  report  came  before 
the  College  from  the  larger  committee.  Mr.  J.  W.  Cusack,  who 
was  favourable  to  the  proposal  for  admitting  non-apprentices  to 
examination,  moved  that  the  report  be  received.  An  amendment, 
that  the  consideration  of  the  question  (ie.,  that  discussed  in  the 
report),  was  proposed  by  Mr.  Thomas  Wright,  but  was  rejected,  on 
a  division,  by  25  votes  to  21.  After  the  rejection  of  a  second 
amendment  differing  but  little  from  the  first,  Mr.  Cusack's  proposal 
was  carried  by  22  votes  to  20.  This  was  the  first  of  the  fights  that 
preceded  the  granting  of  the  second  charter  to  the  College. 

On  the  13th  August  the  College  met  again  in  reference  to  this 
subject.  They  resolved  to  memorialise  the  Lord  Lieutenant  to 
recommend  the  King  to  grant  them  increased  powers  to  enforce 


154 


EXTENSION  OF  THE  COLLEGE  RESOLVED  UPON. 


an  improved  system  of  surgical  education,  and  to  admit  to  examina- 
tion every  well-qualified  man,  whether  educated  in  Great  Britain  or 
in  Ireland.  A  hostile  amendment  was  negatived  by  29  votes  to  26. 
As  soon  as  this  resolution  came  to  the  knowledge  of  the  London 
College  of  Surgeons  that  body  entered  a  caveat  against  a  new 
charter  being  granted  without  their  knowledge.  At  the  same  time 
they  requested  Sir  Robert  Peel,  the  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland,  to 
introduce  into  Parliament  a  Bill  for  the  better  regulation  of  the 
practice  of  surgery  in  the  United  Kingdom.  As  Sir  Robert  had 
not  been  able  to  deal  satisfactorily  with  the  Medical  Bill  which  he 
had  previously  taken  charge  of,  he  does  not  seem  to  have  enter- 
tained the  proposal  of  the  London  College.  The  Irish  College 
were  evidently  not  much  offended  with  the  sister  College,  for  they 
agreed  to  delay  applying  for  a  new  charter  until  they  had  corre- 
sponded on  the  subject  of  medical  education  with  other  licensing 
surgical  institutions.  On  the  1st  November  the  committee  appointed 
to  draw  up  a  petition  for  a  new  charter  unanimously  recommended 
"that  the  consideration  of  the  question  be  indefinitely  postponed,"' 
and  the  College  acquiesced. 

In  1824  the  College  income  amounted  to  £2,443  Os.  Id. 

In  1825  the  College  resolved  to  enlarge  and  beautify  their  build- 
ings. Mr.  William  Murray,  assisted  by  Mr.  Carolan,  acted  as  their 
architect.  A  contract  for  making  the  necessary  alterations  and 
enlargements  was  made  with  Messrs.  Murray  &  Dwyer  (this  firm 
soon  after  became  Edward  and  Arthur  Murray,  32  James's-street), 
for  the  sum  of  £6,385.  The  foundation-stone  was  laid  on  the  25th 
August  by  the  Marquis  Wellesley,  Lord  Lieutenant,  and  a  brilliant 
assembly.  The  medical  officers  of  the  garrison  were  present  in  full 
dre?s.  A  silver  trowel  (for  manufacturing  which,  by  the  way,  Alder- 
man West  received  £26  6s.  7d.)  was  presented  to  his  Excellency, 
which,  no  doubt,  he  used  in  a  workmanlike  manner.  The  altera- 
tions were  completed  early  in  1827.  The  buildings  then  presented 
the  appearance  which  they  still  exhibit.  It  was  at  first  intended  to 
extend  them  across  Glover 's-alley,  which  would  have  increased  the 
frontage  considerably,  but  this  design  was  abandoned  for  the  sake  of 
insuring  the  College  from  fire  in  the  event  of  a  conflagration  in  the 

DO  O 


THE  PHARMACOPOEIA. — TODD's  DEATH. 


155 


adjacent  houses.  A  comparison  of  the  frontispiece  with  the  engrav- 
ing on  the  opposite  page  will  show  how  greatly  the  College  buildings 
were  improved  in  1825-7.  The  additions  consisted  of  a  new 
entrance  hall,  an  examination  hall,  a  committee  room  and  an  office  on 
the  first  floor,  and  apartments  for  the  museum  on  the  second  story. 
The  building  thus  completed  consists  of  a  rusticated  basement 
story,  supporting  a  facade  in  the  Doric  order.  In  the  centre  there 
are  4  fluted  columns,  flanked  on  each  side  by  3  three-quarter  fluted 
columns.  The  central  columns  are  surmounted  by  a  triangular 
pediment,  which  supports  statues  of  Esculapius,  Hygeia,  and 
Minerva,  each  7  feet  in  height.  The  tympanum  is  charged  with 
the  Royal  Arms,  sculptured  in  relief.  These  works  of  art  were 
executed  by  Mr.  John  Smith,  a  Dublin  sculptor  of  acknowledged 
merit,  at  a  cost  of  £313,  including  the  expense  of  placing  them  in 
position. 

In  this  year  the  College  again  declined  an  invitation  to  join  with 
the  College  of  Physicians  in  the  preparation  of  a  new  edition  of  the 
Pharmacopoeia.  At  this  time,  too,  Kirby  renewed  his  proposal  to 
found  a  College  hospital.  It  was  not  entertained,  as  the  mind  of 
the  College  was  completely  engrossed  in  the  plans  for  extending  the 
museum  and  library. 

In  1825  the  income  was  £2,906  Is.  4^d.,  and  the  funded  property 
amounted  to  £9,475  19s.  2d. 

In  1826  the  College  sustained  a  loss  by  the  death  of  Mr.  Todd, 
Assistant  Secretary  for  20  years.  He  was  succeeded  on  the  1st  May 
by  James  W.  Cusack.  Mr.  Henthorn,  Secretary,  received  a  present 
of  £200  for  (as  usual)  the  ostensible  purpose  of  purchasing  a  piece 
of  plate. 

On  the  1st  May  it  was  resolved  that  it  was  expedient  to  found  a 
fund  for  the  benefit  of  the  widows  and  orphans  of  members  and 
licentiates,  and  a  large  committee  were  formed  to  carry  out  the 
resolution. 

On  the  13th  August  a  committee  of  5  were  appointed  to  take  steps 
for  establishing  a  medical  society  in  connection  with  the  College  of 
Surgeons.  It  seems  odd  that  the  resolution  was  not  to  establish  a 
surgical  one. 


156 


TKEASURER  RESIGNS.— NEW  PROFESSORS. 


The  income  of  the  College,  always  increasing,  made  a  great 
upward  bound  this  year,  and  reached  the  large  sum  of  £3,912  2s.  7d. 
The  heavy  expenditure  of  the  year,  on  the  other  hand,  reduced 
the  invested  capital  to  £6,800.  About  this  time,  the  College 
seemed  to  be  almost  unanimous  in  desiring  a  new  Charter,  which 
would  enable  them  to  compete,  under  more  advantageous  circum- 
stances, with  the  London  College.  On  the .  7th  February,  the 
draft  of  a  new  one  was  brought  before  a  well-attended  meeting — 
forty-one  members  being  present — and  was  accepted.  The  draft 
of  the  proposed  Charter  was  next  submitted  to  the  Attorney- 
General,  who  put  it  into  legal  shape,  and  the  Lord  Lieutenant 
subsequently  undertook  to  recommend  the  King  to  grant  a  Charter, 
in  accordance  with  the  wishes  of  the  College. 

The  revenue  in  1827  was  £4,779  7s.  4d. 

Having  shown  the  steady  increase  of  the  College  income,  from  a 
few  pounds  a  year  to  nearly  five  thousand,  it  will  suffice  to  state 
that  ever  since  the  revenue  has  been  several  thousand  pounds  per 
annum. 

Mr.  Johnston,  treasurer,  having  stated  that  his  office  was  a  source 
of  loss  to  him,  as  well  as  of  much  trouble,  tendered  his  resignation, 
unless  he  were  allowed  a  percentage  upon  the  receipts.  On  Feb- 
ruary 11th,  1828,  his  resignation  was  accepted,  and,  in  his  stead,  a 
treasury-committee  appointed. 

On  June  16th,  the  Court  of  Examiners  elected  James  Apjohn, 
M.D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry.  This  was  a  new  creation,  and  on 
the  4th  August  following,  they  elected  Henry,  afterwards  Sir 
Henry,  Marsh,  M.D.,  Professor  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Medicine,  in  succession  to  Dr.  Whitley  Stokes ;  and  on  the  same 
date  the  clerk's  salary  was  increased  to  £100  per  annum. 

The  Charter  sought  for  was  granted  by  the  King,  and  bears  date 
the  2nd  June,  1829.  It  was  enrolled  in  the  High  Court  of  Chancery 
in  Ireland,  on  the  19th  September,  1828.  The  costs  incurred  in 
procuring  it  amounted  to  £728  8s.  4|d.,  of  which  the  following 
were  the  principal  items: — To  the  Attorney-General,  for  report, 
£94  10a.  ;  his  Majesty's  letter,  £179  9s.;  attorney  for  "fiant," 
£49  7s.  6d. ;  the  Lord  Chancellor  and  his  Secretary,  £129  16s.  2|d. 


NATURE  OF  NEW  CHARTER. 


157 


(note  the  farthings  !)  ;  and  the  Clerk  of  the  Hanaper  and  his  Deputy, 
£135  3s.  2d. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  first  Charter  the  Vice-President  was 
appointed  by  the  President,  as  is  still  the  law  at  the  College  of 
Physicians.  The  Charter  of  1828  provided  for  the  election  of  the 
Vice-President  by  the  College  at  large. 

The  really  important  change  in  the  constitution  of  the  College, 
was  the  power  conferred  to  admit  candidates  for  examination  who 
were  not  indentured  apprentices. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


THE  SECOND  CHARTER. 

"  ©torgf  tilf  dFout'tfl,  by  the  Grace  of  God,  of  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  King,  Defender  of  the 
Faith,  and  soforth,  to  all  unto  whom  these  Presents  shall  come, 
greeting. 

"Whereas  our  Royal  Father  and  predecessor,  King  George 
the  Third,  of  blessed  memory,  duly  considering  that  the  regulation 
of  the  Profession  of  Surgery  was  of  the  utmost  importance  to  the 
public,  and  highly  necessary  to  the  welfare  of  mankind,  and  that 
the  public  sustained  great  injury  from  the  defects  in  the  system 
of  surgical  education  in  Ireland,  and  that  the  regularly  educated 
Surgeons  of  the  City  of  Dublin,  in  our  Kingdom  of  Ireland  (who 
had  become  a  numerous  and  considerable  body),  found  themselves 
incompetent,  from  the  want  of  a  Charter,  to  establish  a  liberal 
and  extensive  system  of  surgical  education  in  our  said  kingdom, 
by  his  Letters  Patent,  bearing  date  the  11th  day  of  February,  in 
the  24th  year  of  his  Reign,  did  erect,  found,  and  establish  a 
College  or  Corporation  of  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  Dublin,  by  the 
name  of  '  The  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland.' 

"  And  whereas  the  wise  and  benevolent  design  and  intention 
of  our  Royal  Father  has,  from  that  period  to  the  present  day,  had 
the  most  beneficial  influence,  by  improving  the  Profession  of 
Surgery,  and  thus  promoting  the  welfare  of  the  nation  at  large, 
and  particularly  by  providing  a  sufficient  number  of  properly 
educated  surgeons,  as  well  for  the  service  of  the  Public  in  general 
as  for  that  of  our  Army  and  Navy. 

"  And  whereas  we  are  graciously  pleased  to  approve  of  the  said 
institution  and  foundation,  and  conceiving  that  certain  alterations 
mav  be  made  in  said  Charter,  so  as  to  constitute  a  Corporation  in 
our  City  of  Dublin,  consisting  of  regular,  able,  learned,  and 
experienced  practitioners  in  surgery,  endowed  with  powers,  juris- 
dictions, and  privileges,  convenient  and  requisite  for  enforcing  a 
due  course  of  .regular  education  for  the  apprentices  and  students 
of  surgery,  previous  to  their  tendering  themselves  to  the  College 
for  examination,  and  further  empowering  the  Corporation  to  create 


THE  SECOND  CHAETER  GRANTED  TO  THE  COLLEGE.  159 


a  fund  (payable  by  their  members,  licentiates,  apprentices,  and 
others  applying-  for  instruction  and  examination)  sufficient  for 
keeping  the  several  buildings  and  schools  of  the  said  College'  in 
proper  repair,  enlarging  them  when  required,  and  supplying  the 
library  and  museum  thereof  with  suitable  books  and  anatomical 
preparations,  as  well  as  for  discharging  all  salaries  and  defraying 
all  other  expenses  which  the  said  College  may  incur. 

"Know  ye,  therefore,  that  we,  of  our  special  grace,  certain 
knowledge,  and  mere  motion,  in  compliance  with  the  humble 
petition  of  the  President  and  Members  of  said  Corporation  in 
College  assembled,  presented  to  our  right  trusty  and  entirely 
beloved  cousin  and  counsellor,  Richard,  Marquis  Wellesley,  our 
late  Lieutenant-General  and  General  Governor  of  Ireland;  and 
by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  our  right  trusty  and 
entirely  beloved  cousin  and  counsellor,  Henry  William,  Marquis 
of  Anglesey,  K.G.,  our  now  Lieutenant-General  and  General 
Governor  of  that  part  of  our  said  United  Kingdom  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  called  Ireland  ;  and  upon  the  surrender  made 
by  the  said  President  and  Members  of  the  aforesaid  Letters 
Patent,  granted  by  our  Royal  Father,  which  we  have  graciously 
accepted,  and  according  to  the  tenor  and  effect  of  our  Letters 
under  our  Privy  Signet  and  Royal  Sign  Manual,  bearing  date  at 
our  Court,  at  Windsor,  the  second  day  of  June,  1828,  in  the  ninth 
year  of  our  reign,  and  now  enrolled  in  the  Rolls  of  our  High  Court 
of  Chancery  of  Ireland,  have  granted,  ordained,  constituted,  and 
appointed,  and  by  these  Presents,  for  us,  our  Heirs  and  Successors, 
do  grant,  ordain,  constitute,  and  appoint  James  Henthorn,  Rawdon 
M'Namara,  John  Hart,  George  Renny,.  Francis  White,  Robert 
Moore  Peile,  Robert  Barlow,  William  Corbet,  Francis  L'Estrange, 
Francis  Hopkins,  Michael  Molony,  John  Morton,  Francis  Rogau, 
Joseph  M.  Ferrall,   John  Adrien,  William  Wall  ace,  William 
Bevan,  John  Tandy  Wilkinson,  Christopher  Wall,  William  Har- 
grave,  Gerard  Macklin,  Arthur  Jacob,  Charles  Benson,  Robert 
Hamilton,  James  Duggan,  Christopher  Fleming,  Benjamin  Wilson, 
William  H.  Porter,  George  Peacocke,  John  Tomlinson,  William 
^  ilson,  John  T.  Adrien,  Edward  Geoghegan,  Farrell  Mulvey, 
Thos.  E.  Bcattv,  Augustus  Heron,  Maurice  Collis,  Richard  R. 
Gregory,  Abraham  Colics,  William  P.  O'Reilly,  Abraham  Palmer, 
Augustus  Quest  Short,  Charles  Johnson,  Edward  Hutton,  John 
A.  Garnett,  Thomas  Rumley,  James  P.  Lynch,  Joseph  Stringer, 


160      THE  SECOND  CHARTER  GRANTED  TO  THE  COLLEGE. 


James  Willett,  Kichard  Twigg,  Thomas  L.  Whistler,  Andrew  P. 
Maziere,  Richard  Morrison,  Philip  Crampton,  Robert  Adams, 
Charles  Davis,  Richard  Carmichael,  Robert  Harrison,  John 
Houston,  Cusack  Roney,  William  Tagert,  Joseph  Ferguson, 
Samuel  Wilmot,  Thomas  Wright,  Robert  Pentland,  Andrew 
Johnston,  John  A.  Creighton,  George  Greene,  Joseph  Doyle, 
Henry  Daunt,  Samuel  Cusack,  James  McEvoy,  William  Daniell, 
William  I.  Greer,  Edward  Barlow,  Ephraim  M'Dowell,  George 
Pierce,  John  T.  Kirby,  Luke  W.  Whitestone,  Thomas  C.  Reed, 
Brabazon  Noble,  John  Peebles,  Robert  Shekleton,  Thomas  Hew- 
son,  Richard  P.  O'Reilly,  Travers  R.  Blackley,  Alexander  Read, 
James  O'Beirne,  John  Macdonnell,  Lodge  Hall,  Hugh  Carmichael, 
Valentine  Flood,  Matthew  Quinlan,  Launcelot  Armstrong,  John 
F.  Lewery,  William  Auchinleck,  Charles  E.  H.  Orpen,  Thomas 
Belton,  James  Smith,  George  Roe,  Andrew  Ellis,  William  Stewart, 
Josiah  Smyly,  Matthew  Stewart,  James  W.  Cusack,  Samuel  H. 
Halahan,  Benjamin  Alcock,  James  Kerin,  John  Patterson,  and 
such  others  as  shall  from  time  to  time  be  elected,  iu  the  manner 
hereinafter  directed,  to  be  for  ever  a  body  politic  and  corporate, 
and  which,  at  all  times  hereafter,  shall  consist  of  a  President, 
Vice-President,  and  Commonalty,  and  shall  be  called  by  the  name 
of  'The  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland,' 

"  And  by  the  aforesaid  name  shall  have  perpetual  succession, 
and  shall  and  may,  for  ever  hereafter,  implead  and  be  impleaded, 
before  all  manner  of  justices  in  all  courts,  and  in  all  manner  of 
actions  and  suits ;  and  also,  that  they  and  their  successors  by  the 
same  name  shall  be,  at  all  times  hereafter  for  ever,  able  and 
capable  in  law  to  hold,  purchase,  enjoy,  and  take  a  hall,  with  con- 
venient appurtenances ;  and  also  any  other  buildings,  lands,  tene- 
ments, rents,  and  hereditaments,  wheresoever  situate,  not  exceeding 
the  yearly  rent  or  value  of  two  thousand  pounds  sterling ;  and  also, 
obligations,  goods,  and  chattels,  and  all  other  things,  of  what 
nature,  name,  and  quality  the  same  may  be,  and  also  to  grant, 
demise,  alien,  assign,  and  dispose  of  certain  lands,  tenements,  and 
hereditaments,  rents,  goods  and  chattels,  and  enforce  and  sue  upon 
said  obligations,  and  to  do  and  execute  all  other  things  lawful, 
necessary,  and  convenient  for  the  common  profit  of  the  said 
College ; 

"  And  also  that  they  and  their  successors  shall  and  may,  for 
ever  hereafter,  have  a  Common  Seal,  which  shall  always  be  and 


THE  SECOND  CHARTER  GRANTED  TO  THE  COLLEGE.  161 

remain  in  the  custody  of  the  President  of  the  said  College  for  the 
time  being;  and  that  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  to  and  for  the 
said  College,  lawfully  convened,  or  the  major  part  of  the  Members 
thereof,  for  the  time  being,  present  at  such  meeting,  to  break, 
alter,  change,  or  make  void,  the  said  Seal,  from  time  to  time,  as 
shall  seem  requisite  and  fit. 

"  And  our  further  will  and  pleasure  is,  that  it  shall  and  may  be 
lawful  for  the  Members  of  the  said  Corporation,  from  time  to 
time,  in  manner  hereinafter  mentioned,  to  elect,  choose,  and 
appoint  by  ballot,  one  Member  from  amongst  themselves  to  be 
President,  and  one  other  Member  from  amongst  themselves  to  be 
Vice-President,  and  six  other  Members  from  amongst  themselves 
to  be  Censors,  and  to  elect,  choose,  and  appoint  twelve  other 
Members  from  amongst  themselves  to  be  the  Court  of  Assistants 
of  the  said  College;  and  also,  to  elect  such  number  of  persons, 
being  Licentiates,  and  qualified  as  herein  mentioned,  as  they  shall 
think  fit,  to  be  of  the  aforesaid  Commonalty,  and  members  of  said 
College ;  the  said  President,  Vice-President,  Censors,  and  twelve 
Assistants,  to  be  continued  in  their  said  respective  offices  for  such 
time  as  is  hereafter  set  forth;  and  said  members  of  the  Com- 
monalty to  be  and  continue  during  life,  unless  removed  for  mis- 
behaviour. 

"  And  our  further  will  and  pleasure  is,  that  the  Vice-President 
so  elected  shall,  in  the  absence  of  the  President,  have  all  and 
singular  the  same  powers  and  authorities  as  the  said  President 
should  have  if  personally  present ;  and  also,  that  in  all  votes,  ballots, 
scrutinies,  or  divisions  of  the  College,  or  its  Courts  of  Censors  or 
Assistants,  the  President  or  Vice-President  being  chairman,  or 
whoever  shall  be  chairman  in  their  absence,  shall  not  vote,  except 
there  be  an  equality  of  voices,  in  which  case  he  shall  give  a  casting 
vote. 

"  And  our  further  will  and  pleasure  is,  that  it  shall  and  may  be 
lawful  to  and  for  the  President,  or  in  his  absence  the  Vice- 
President  and  Censors,  or  any  two  of  them,  with  six  or  more  of 
the  members  of  the  said  College  for  the  time  being,  when,  and  as 
often  as  the  said  President,  or  in  his  absence  the  Vice-President, 
shall  think  fitting,  or  upon  a  request  made  in  writing  to  him  by 
twelve  or  more  members,  to  hold  courts  and  assemblies,  in  order  to 
treat  and  consult  about  the  state  and  government  of  the  said 
College,  and  the  administration  of  the  affairs  thereof ;  and  that  it 

ftt 


162     THE  SECOND  CHARTER  GRANTED  TO  THE  COLLEGE. 


shall  be  lawful  for  the  President,  or  in  his  absence,  the  Vice- 
President,  Censors,  and  Members  so  assembled,  to  make,  ordain, 
constitute,  establish,  ratify,  and  confirm,  alter,  annul,  revoke,  or 
abrogate,  from  time  to  time,  such  bye-laws,  ordinances,  rules  and 
constitutions  as  to  them  shall  seem  requisite  for  the  regulation, 
government  and  advantage  of  the  said  body,  and  the  application 
and  administration  of  the  funds  and  property  thereof,  or  touching 
or  concerning  qualifications  of  Candidates  for  Letters  Testimonial, 
the  enrolment,  registry,  matriculation,  admission,  and  examination 
of  Members,  Pupils,  Students,  and  Apprentices,  the  fees  to  be 
payable  by  them,  and  every  of  them,  to  the  said  College,  or  to  any 
Member  or  Licentiate  thereof,  the  terms  and  conditions  of  admis- 
sion, on  taking  them  or  any  of  them,  and  also  for  inflicting  upon 
all  and  every  delinquent  or  offender,  whether  Apprentice,  Pupil, 
Member,  or  Licentiate,  such  reasonable  pains,  penalties,  and 
punishments  by  censure,  suspension,  amotion,  or  fine,  as  to  them, 
the  said  President,  Vice-President,  and  Members,  or  the  majority 
of  them  so  convened,  shall  seem  meet,  provided  such  pecuniary 
penalty  shall  not  exceed,  in  any  case,  the  sum  of  fifty  pounds,  and 
so  as  such  bye-laws,  rules,  and  constitutions  be  agreeable  to  the 
laws  and  statutes  of  our  realm,  and  be  communicated  to  the  Mem- 
bers of  said  College  at  large,  lawfully  for  that  purpose  convened 
by  summons,  and  be  ratified  and  confirmed  by  the  majority  of  the 
Members  present  when  so  convened. 

"And  our  further  will  and  pleasure  is,  that  our  said  well- 
beloved  subject,  Cusack  Eoney,  be  first  President  of  said  College  ; 
that  the  said  William  Auchinleck  be  first  Vice-President  of  said 
College;  and  that  the  said  Samuel  Wilmot,  James  William  Cusack, 
Rawdon  McNamara,  Francis  White,  Arthur  Jacob,  and  William 
Henry  Porter  be  the  first  six  Censors  of  said  College  of  Surgeons ; 
and  that  the  said  Abraham  Colles,  Andrew  Johnston,  Thomas 
Hewson,  Alexander  Read,  Charles  Johnson,  Maurice  Collis,  Thomas 
Rumley,  Robert  Adams,  William  Tagert,  Robert  Harrison,  James 
O'Beirne,  and  Ephraim  McDowel,  be  the  first  twelve  Assistants, 
each  of  them  to  continue  from  the  day  of  the  date  of  these  our 
Letters  Patent,  until  the  first  Monday  in  January,  in  the  year  of 
our  Lord  1829,  and  from  and  after  the  said  day,  until  some  other 
meet  sufficient  Members  of  the  said  Corporation  be  elected  and  sworn 
into  the  said  respective  offices  of  President,  Vice-President,  and 
Assistants,  if  they  respectively  shall  so  long  live,  or  be  not  removed. 


THE  SECOND  CHARTER  GRANTED  TO  THE  COLLEGE.  163 


"  And  our  further  will  and  pleasure  is,  that  it  shall  and  may  be 
lawful  for  the  said  Censors  of  the  College  aforesaid,  or  any  two  of 
them,  to  give  and  administer  unto  the  said  first  President,  his 
personal  oath  on  the  Holy  Evangelists,  or  (if  of  the  people  called 
Quakers  or  Seceders),  his  solemn  affirmation,  well,  truly,  and  faith- 
fully to  attend  and  execute  the  said  office  or  place  of  President  of 
t lie  said  College;  and  also,  full  power  and  authority  unto  the  said 
first  President,  after  he  shall  be  so  sworn,  to  give  and  administer 
unto  the  said  Censors,  and  the  said  Vice-President,  and  to  all  and 
every  person  and  persons  whomsoever  to  be  constituted  by  these 
our  Letters  Patent,  Officers  or  Members  of  the  said  College,  his 
and  their  like  corporal  oaths  on  the  Holy  Evangelists,  or  (if  of  the 
people  called  Quakers  or  Seceders),  his  and  their  solemn  declaration 
and  affirmation,  well,  truly,  and  faithfully  to  attend  and  execute 
his  and  their  several  and  respective  office  or  offices,  place  or  places, 
duty  or  duties,  and  that  the  succeeding  President  and  Vice-Presi- 
dents, before  he  or  they  shall  enter  into  the  said  office  or  offices 
respectively,  shall  respectively  take  an  oath,  or  (if  of  the  people 
called  Quakers  or  Seceders),  his  or  their  declaration  and  affirmation 
to  the  same  purport  and  effect  as  that  hereby  appointed  to  be  taken 
by  the  President  before  the  next  preceding  President,  or  before 
the  next  preceding  Censors,  or  any  two  of  them  ;  and  the  Censors 
so  to  be  elected  as  hereinafter  directed,  shall,  from  time  to  time, 
before  they  shall  enter  on  their  respective  offices,  take  such  respec- 
tive oaths  or  declarations  and  affirmations  as  aforesaid,  before 
the  President  or  Vice-President  for  the  time  being,  or  before  the 
next  preceding  President  or  Vice-President,  or  any  two  of  the 
next  preceding  Censors,  and  the  Assistants,  so  to  be  elected  as 
hereinafter  directed,  from  time  to  time,  shall  likewise,  before  they 
or  any  of  them  enter  on  their  respective  offices,  take  the  oath  or 
declaration  and  affirmation  hereby  appointed  to  be  taken  by  them 
before  the  President,  Vice-President,  or  any  two  of  the  Censoi's 
for  the  time  being,  which  oath  or  declaration  and  affirmation  the 
said  President,  Vice-President,  and  Censors,  or  any  two  of  such 
Censors,  are  hereby  respectively  required  and  empowered  to  ad- 
minister; and  also,  to  administer  to  all  and  every  person  and 
persons  whomsoever,  to  be  constituted  by  these  our  Letters  Patent, 
or  hereafter  to  be  elected  Officers  or  Members  of  the  said  College, 
or  to  whom  any  Letters  Testimonial,  Certificate,  or  Diploma  shall 
be  granted,  and  their  like  corporal  oaths  on  the  Holy  Evangelists, 


164     THE  SECOND  CHARTER  GRANTED  TO  THE  COLLEGE. 


or  declai-ation  and  affirmation,  well,  truly,  and  faithfully  to  attend 
and  execute  his  and  their  several  and  respective  office  or  offices, 
place  or  places,  duty  or  duties. 

"  And  our  further  will  and  pleasure  is,  that  the  said  President, 
Vice-President,  and  Members  of  the  said  College  lawfully  convened 
may,  by  the  majority  of  votes  of  those  so  convened  and  assembled, 
from  time  to  time,  elect  and  appoint  a  Registrar  or  Secretary,  and 
elect  and  appoint  such  other  officer  or  officers,  servant  or  servants, 
for  such  periods,  and  at  such  salaries,  and  on  such  terms  as  to 
them  shall  seem  meet  and  necessary  for  the  better  regulation  of 
said  College. 

"  And  our  further  will  and  pleasure  is,  that  the  President, 
Vice-President,  or  any  two  of  the  Censors,  shall,  upon  the  first 
Monday  of  January,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1829,  and  on  the 
first  Monday  in  the  month  of  J anuary  in  every  succeeding  year, 
between  the  hours  of  nine  and  three  of  the  said  day,  or  within 
three  days  next  ensuing,  by  regular  summonses  issued  forty-eight 
hours  previously,  convene  the  Members  of  the  said  College,  at  the 
Hall  of  said  College,  or  other  convenient  place  within  the  City  of 
Dublin,  and  the  said  Members,  or  a  majority  of  the  Members  there 
assembled  shall,  and  may,  by  ballot,  elect,  choose,  and  appoint,  out 
of  the  Members  of  the  said  College,  by  the  majority  of  the  votes 
of  the  Members  who  shall  be  so  then  present  and  assembled,  one 
Member  to  be  President,  one  Member  to  be  Vice-President,  and 
six  other  Members  to  be  Censors  for  the  then  succeeding  year; 
and  then  and  there  also,  in  like  manner,  elect,  choose,  and  appoint, 
out  of  the  Members  of  said  College,  twelve  persons  to  be  of  the 
Court  of  Assistants  for  the  then  succeeding  year. 

"  And  our  further  will  and  pleasure  is,  that  if  the  said  Members 
shall  not  be  so  convened  upon  the  first  Monday  of  January,  or 
within  three  days  next  ensuing,  in  any  year,  or  if  no  election  of  a 
President,  Vice-President,  Censors,  or  Assistants,  or  of  any  of  said 
officers,  shall  be  made  upon  any  first  Monday  of  J  anuary,  or  within 
three  clays  next  ensuing,  in  any  year,  or  if  such  elections  being 
made,  they  or  any  of  them  shall  afterwards  become  void,  whether 
such  omission  or  avoidance  shall  happen  through  the  default  of  the 
officer  or  officers  who  ought  to  convene,  or  hold,  or  preside  at  the 
assembly,  when  such  election  or  elections  is  or  are  to  be  made,  or 
by  any  accident  or  other  means  whatsoever,  the  said  Corporation 
shall  not  thereby  be  deemed  or  taken  to  be  dissolved  or  disabled 


THE  SECOND  CHARTER  GRANTED  TO  TOE  COLLEGE.  165 


from  electing  such  officer  or  officers  so  omitted  to  be  elected,  or 
whose  election  shall  be  avoided,  for  the  future,  but  in  every  case 
where  it  shall  happen  that  an  election  of  such  officers,  or  any  of 
them,  shall  be  omitted,  or  fail  to  be  made  pursuant  to  the  directions 
and  regulations  hereinbefore  prescribed,  or  such  election  being 
made,  shall  afterwards  become  void  as  aforesaid,  the  officer  or 
officers  who  filled  said  office  or  offices  so  failed  or  omitted  to  be 
supplied,  shall  continue  to  fill  said  offices  for  the  time,  and  the 
President,  Vice-President,  or  any  two  of  the  Censors  shall,  on 
being  thereto  so  required,  by  notice  in  writing,  signed  by  any  six 
Members  of  said  Corporation,  by  regular  summons,  issued  six  clear 
days  previously,  convene  the  Members  of  the  said  College,  to  the 
Hall  of  said  College,  or  other  convenient  place  within  the  City  of 
Dublin,  upon  a  day,  and  at  an  hour,  between  the  hours  of  nine  and 
three,  to  be  prefixed  and  mentioned  in  said  summons,  and  the  said 
Members,  or  majority  of  the  Members  then  assembled,  shall,  and 
may,  in  manner  aforesaid,  proceed  to  ballot,  elect,  choose,  and 
appoint  out  of  the  Members  of  said  College,  a  Member  or  Members 
to  fill  and  supply  said  office  or  offices,  or  such  of  them  as  shall  have 
been  so  omitted  or  failed  to  be  filled  up,  elected  to,  or  supplied,  or 
become  void  for  such  part  of  the  succeeding  year  as  shall  be  then 
to  come  and  unexpired. 

"  And  our  further  will  and  pleasure  is,  that  when  and  so  often 
as  the  President,  Vice-President,  or  any  of  the  Censors  or  Assist- 
ants shall  die,  resign,  or  be  removed  before  the  expiration  of  the 
year,  or  other  time  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected  to  serve, 
then  and  so  often  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  said  Members 
of  the  said  College,  being  duly  convened  by  like  summonses,  or  a 
majority  of  those  who  shall  meet  and  assemble  for  that  purpose,  to 
elect  from  amongst  themselves  a  President,  Vice-President,  Censor, 
or  Assistant,  as  the  case  may  be,  in  the  place  and  stead  of  the 
President,  Vice-President,  Censor,  or  Assistant  so  dying,  resigning, 
or  being  removed,  and  such  person,  being  so  elected,  shall  serve 
for  the  remainder  of  the  year  or  other  time  for  which  the  said 
President,  Vice-President,  Censor,  or  Assistant  so  dying,  resigning, 
or  being  removed,  was  so  elected  to  serve. 

"  And  our  further  will  and  pleasure  is,  that  the  Censors  of  the 
said  College,  or  any  four  or  more  of  them,  together  with  the 
President,  or  in  his  absence  the  Vice-President,  shall  from  time  to 
time  upon  request  made  to  the  President,  or  in  his  absence  to  the 


166     THE  SECOND  CHARTER  GRANTED  TO  THE  COLLEGE. 


Vice-President,  or  any  one  of  the  said  Censors,  and  upon  payment 
of  such  fee  or  deposit,  not  exceeding  one  hundred  pounds,  as  by 
any  Bye-Law,  Rule,  or  Regulation  of  the  said  College,  duly  made 
and  published,  shall  he  required  and  provided  to  be  paid  and  .lodged 
with  the  President  or  Vice-President  of  said  College,  for  the  use 
of  said  College,  and  the  support  of  its  institutions,  buildings, 
schools,  museum,  and  library,  and  defraying  all  other  necessary 
expenses,  examine  every  person  who  shall  have  served  an  apprentice- 
ship of  five  years  to  any  Member  or  Licentiate  of  the  College,  and 
pursued  his  studies  conformably  to  the  system  of  education  to  be 
hereafter  laid  down  in  the  Bye-Laws  of  the  College,  for  those  who 
are  apprentices,  or  for  such  persons  who,  not  having  been  appren- 
tices, or  served  such  apprenticeship  as  aforesaid,  have  duly  con- 
formed, observed,  performed,  and  fulfilled  the  rules,  regulations, 
and  enactments  provided  and  contained  in  the  Bye-Laws  of  said 
College,  for  and  in  respect  of  the  professional  education  of  students 
of  surgery,  not  apprentices,  who  shall  produce  such  documents  and 
certificates  as  shall,  by  any  of  said  Bye-Laws,  be  required  to  prove 
and  shew  that  his  professional  education  has  been  in  all  respects 
conformable  and  agreeable  to  the  provisions  and  enactments  of 
said  Bye-Laws,  and  the  Rules  of  said  College,  and  who  shall  not 
have  incurred  the  censure  of  said  College  for  misbehaviour  and 
breach  of  its  laws  or  discipline,  or  having  incurred  such  censure, 
shall  have  purged  and  made  satisfaction  for  the  same,  according 
and  agreeably  to  said  laws  and  discipline  ;  and  if  such  President, 
or  in  his  absence  the  Vice-President,  and  such  four  or  more,  or  the 
majority  of  such  President,  or  Vice-President,  and  last-mentioned 
Censors  shall  be  of  opinion  that  such  person,  so  examined,  is  duly 
qualified  to  practise  surgery,  then  they  or  the  majority  of  them 
as  aforesaid,  shall  give  each  person  so  examined  and  qualified  as 
aforesaid,  such  certificate  or  Letters  Testimonial  of  his  qualifica- 
tion to  practise  under  the  Common  Seal  of  the  said  College,  as  to 
the  said  President  and  last  mentioned  Censors,  or  the  major  pari 
of  them,  shall  seem  reasonable  and  just,  upon  his  performance  or 
compliance  with  the  following  requisites  and  provisions,  that  is  to 
say,  every  such  person  so  examined  and  approved  of,  shall,  before 
he  shall  obtain  or  be  entitled  to  claim  or  demand  such  Letters 
Testimonial,  or  Certificate,  make  and  subscribe  the  following  oath 
or  declaration  and  affirmation :  'I,  A.B.,  do  solemnly  swear  (or  if 
a  Quaker  or  Seceder,  do  solemnly  and  sincerely  declare  and 


THE  SECOND  CHARTER  GRANTED  TO  THE  COLLEGE.  167 

promise)  that  I  will  observe  and  be  obedient  to  the  Statutes, 
Bye-Laws  and  Ordinances  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in 
Ireland,  and  that  I  will,  to  the  utmost  of  my  power,  endeavour 
to  promote  the  reputation,  honor,  and  dignity  of  the  said  College, 
and  that  I  will  not,  at  any  time  hereafter,  practise,  follow,  or 
pursue  the  business  or  profession  of  an  apothecary  or  druggist, 
or  sell  drugs  or  medicines  within  the  City  of  Dublin,  or  at  any 
place  within  ten  miles  thereof,  so  help  me  God ; '  and  shall  at  the 
same  time,  in  the  presence  of  the  said  President  or  Vice-President, 
sign,  seal,  and  execute  a  bond  or  obligation  in  and  for  the  sum  of 
five  hundred  pounds  to  the  said  College,  conditioned  for  the  due 
and  faithful  observance,  performance,  and  fulfilment  of  all  and 
every  the  Statutes,  Bye-Laws,  and  Ordinances  of  said  College, 
and  of  the  said  declaration  and  all  matters  and  provisions  in  them, 
or  any  of  them,  contained,  or  to  be  contained,  which  said  bond  or 
obligation  the  said  College  is  hereby  empowered  to  take,  enforce, 
and  sue  upon. 

"  And  our  further  will  and  pleasure  is,  that  the  President,  or  in 
his  absence  the  Vice-President  and  Censors,  shall,  previous  to 
every  such  examination,  take  the  following  oath,  that  is  to  say : — 
'  I,  A  .B.,  do  solemnly  and  sincerely  promise  and  swear,  that  I  will, 
to  the  best  of  my  knowledge,  skill,  and  judgment,  without  hatred, 
evil- will,  partiality,  affection,  favor,  or  fear,  justly,  equally,  and 
faithfully  discharge  the  trust,  and  execute  the  powers  vested  in  me 
by  a  certain  Charter  of  his  Majesty,  King  George  the  Fourth, 
whereby  the  Surgeons  of  the  city  of  Dublin  are  incorporated  by 
the  name  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland,  so  help  me 
God : '  or  (being  of  the  people  called  Quakers  or  Seceders)  shall 
make  his  solemn  declaration  and  affirmation  to  the  same  effect, 
which  oath  or  affirmation  is  to  be  administered  by  the  senior 
present,  to  the  President,  or  in  his  absence  to  the  Vice-President, 
who  is  to  administer  the  same  oath  to  the  said  Censors,  and  they 
are  hereby  respectively  authorized  and  required  to  administer  the 
same  oath  accordingly,  and  that  in  case  any  person  examined  as 
aforesaid  shall  think  himself  aggrieved  by  the  judgment  of  the 
said  President  and  Censors,  or  Examiners,  he  may  lodge  an  appeal 
from  such  judgment  to  the  said  President  or  Vice-President, 
and  Court  of  Assistants,  or  some  one  or  more  of  the  Members 
thereof,  who  shall  be  required  on  such  an  appeal  to  re-examine  the 
party  so  complaining,  within  a  reasonable  time ;  and  if  upon  such 


163     THE  SECOND  CHARTER  GRANTED  TO  THE  COLLEGE. 

re-examination  he  shall  appear  to  them,  or  the  major  part  of  them 
there  assembled  (such  major  part  not  being  or  consisting  of  less  or 
fewer  than  seven  Members  of  said  Court)  duly  cpialified  as  afore- 
said, then  to  grant  him  such  Letters  Testimonial  or  Certificate 
upon  his  making  and  subscribing  the  oath  or  declaration,  and 
executing  the  bond  directed  to  be  made  and  executed  by  Licen- 
tiates upon  their  admission,  but  not  otherwise  ;  the  Members  of 
said  Court  of  Assistants  first  making  the  said  examination  oath,  or 
declaration,  or  affirmation  directed  by  this  our  Charter,  which  the 
President,  or  in  his  absence  the  Vice-President,  is  hereby  authorized 
and  required  to  administer ;  and  that  the  said  several  persons  so 
examined,  approved  of,  and  admitted,  shall  be  deemed  qualified  to 
practise  Surgery,  and  shall  receive  such  Letters  Testimonial, 
Certificate  or  Diploma,  as  is  usually  given  by  the  President  and 
Court  of  Censors,  upon  their  compliance  with  and  performance  of 
all  the  hereinbefore  mentioned  requisites  and  provisions. 

"  And  that  the  said  College  shall  have  full  power  to  choose  and 
appoint  in  like  manner  as  other  officers  of  the  said  Corporation  are 
hereinbefore  directed  to  be  elected  and  appointed,  a  Court  of 
Examiners  to  examine  such  persons  as  may  require  it,  being 
Members  or  Licentiates  of  the  College,  touching  their  ability, 
skilfulness,  and  knowledge,  previous  education,  and  experience  in 
midwifery,  and  to  grant  to  such  person  so  examined  and  qualified, 
such  Certificate  of  his  qualification  to  practise  midwifery,  and 
exercise  the  profession  thereof  under  the  Seal  of  said  Corporation 
or  College,  as  to  them  shall  seem  meet;  the  Members  of  such 
Court  of  Examiners  to  be  elected  annually,  at  the  times  herein- 
before appointed  for  the  election  of  other  officers  of  the  said 
Corporation. 

"  And  also,  that  all  persons  whatever,  being  Members  or  Licen- 
tiates of  the  said  College  of  Surgeons,  shall  for  so  long  a  time  as 
he  and  they  shall  exercise  and  practise  the  said  profession  of 
surgery,  and  no  longer,  be  freed  and  exempted  from  the  several 
offices  of  churchwarden,  and  all  other  parish,  ward,  and  leet  offices, 
and  from  serving  npon  any  jury  or  inquest,  in  any  county,  city, 
or  town  in  our  said  kingdom  of  Ireland,  upon  his  or  their  producing 
Letters  Testimonial,  Certificate,  or  Diploma,  under  the  Common 
Seal  of  the  said  College  of  such  his  examination  and  approbation. 

"  And  our  further  will  and  pleasure  is,  and  we  do  hereby  ordain 
that  these,  our  Letters  Patent,  and  every  clause,  sentence,  and 


TOE  SECOND  CHARTER  GRANTED  TO  TOE  COLLEGE.  169 


article  therein  contained,  or  the  enrolment  thereof  in  our  High 
Court  of  Chancery,  in  that  part  of  our  said  United  Kingdom 
called  Ireland,  shall  be  in  all  things  firm,  valid,  sufficient,  and 
effectual  in  the  law  unto  the  said  College,  and  their  successors, 
according  to  the  purport  and  tenor  thereof,  without  any  further 
grant,  licence,  or  toleration  from  us,  our  heirs,  and  successors,  to 
be  procured  or  obtained :  provided  these,  our  Letters  Patent,  be 
enrolled  in  the  Rolls  Office  of  the  High  Court  of  Chancery,  in 
that  part  of  our  said  United  Kingdom  called  Ireland,  within  six 
months  next  ensuing  the  date  hereof,  otherwise,  these  our  Letters 
Patent,  to  be  void  and  of  none  effect,  any  thing  herein  contained 
to  the  contrary  thereof  in  anywise  notwithstanding.  In  witness 
whereof  we  have  caused  these  our  Letters  to  be  made  Patent. 
Witness,  Henry  William,  Marquis  of  Anglesey,  our  Lieutenant- 
General  and  General  Governor  of  Ireland,  at  Dublin,  the  thirteenth 
clay  of  September,  in  the  ninth  year  of  our  reign. 

"  Granard. 

"Enrolled  in  the  Office  of  the  Rolls  of  His  Majesty's 
High  Court  of  Chancery  in  Ireland,  this  nineteenth 
day  of  September,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
twenty-eight. 

"  ERAS.  J.  NASH." 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


THE  COLLEGE  UNDER  THEIR  SECOND  CHARTER. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  College,  under  their  new  Charter,  was 
held  on  the  29th  September,  1828.  All  the  office-bearers  (nineteen 
in  number)  and  thirty-three  other  members  were  present.  It  was 
agreed  that  members  and  licentiates,  admitted  under  the  first 
Charter,  were  privileged  to  continue  as  such  under  the  new  one, 
provided  they  took  the  oath  prescribed  by  it. 

In  November,  a  member,  Mr.  Morrison,  of  Limerick,  took  the 
hint  which  the  College  gave  him,  to  cease  his  professional  adver- 
tisements in  the  newspapers. 

The  latter  part  of  the  year  was  expended  in  framing  new  bye- 
laws.  At  this  time  the  College  premises  were  valued,  for  rating 
purposes,  at  £600  per  annum. 

In  1829,  a  set  of  new  educational  bye-laws  was  published.  The 
following  were  their  essential  provisions  : — 

A  registered  apprentice  submitted  proofs  that  he  had  attended  in 
the  dissecting-room,  at  hospital,  and  at  lectures  on  anatomy  and 
physiology,  surgery,  medicine,  chemistry,  materia  medica,  and 
midwifery. 

Non-apprentices  produced  certificates  showing  that  he  had  been 
engaged  in  professional  study  in  an  hospital  or  school  of  medicine 
or  surgery  for  a  full  term  of  six  years.  He  lodged  certificates  of 
attendance  at  a  surgical  hospital — containing  at  least  fifty  beds — 
during  five  sessions  of  six  months,  or  three  entire  years,  and  of 
attendance  at  three  courses  on  anatomy,  three  on  surgery,  two  on 
chemistry,  one  on  materia  medica,  one  on  medicine,  and  one  on 
midwifery,  and  a  certificate  showing  that  he  had  dissected  during 
three  Winter  Sessions.  Shortly  afterwards  a  certificate  of  attendance 
on  a  course  of  lectures  on  medical  jurisprudence  was  required. 

All  candidates  had  to  pass  the  examination  in  general  education 
before  presenting  themselves  for  the  professional  examination. 
The  entrance  examination  to  T.C.D.  was  accepted  as  an  equivalent 


THE  EDUCATIONAL  CURRICULUM  IN  1830. 


171 


to  the  College  examination,  but  it  is  not  now  received  as  such. 
The  candidate  was  liable  to  be  called  upon  to  operate  on  the  dead 
body.  He  was  expected  to  read  a  thesis  in  Latin  or  English  upon 
a  professional  subject,  or  to  describe  a  series  of  cases  which  he  had 
observed  in  hospital,  with  his  observations  thereon.  Three  of  the 
candidate's  years  of  professional  study  had  to  be  passed  in  Dublin, 
London,  Edinburgh,  or  Glasgow.  The  examination  fee  was — for 
registered  apprentices,  thirty  guineas;  for  non-apprentices,  sixty 
guineas.  The  fees  for  registering  were  twenty  guineas.  Rejected 
candidates  were  ineligible  for  re-examination  until  one  year  after 
their  rejection.  The  examiners  were  unpaid,  though  many  of 
them  attended  examinations  more  than  eighty  times  in  one  year, 
and  if  absent  or  late,  without  sufficient  cause,  were  fined. 

In  1830  the  educational  curriculum  could  be  compared  favourably 
with  that  of  any  other  licensing  medical  body  in  Europe.  This 
College  was  the  only  surgical  one  who  submitted  their  candidates 
to  an  examination  in  the  classics.  They  now  required  proof  of  a 
knowledge  of  medicine,  chemistry,  and  medical  jurisprudence,  so 
that  the  diplomates  could  with  truth  aver  that  they  had  been 
subjected  to  an  examination  in  which  their  knowledge  of  medical 
science,  as  well  as  the  mechanical  treatment  of  disease,  had  been 
tested.  It  cannot  be  denied  that  the  diplomas  of  the  Irish  College 
were  held  in  high  estimation  about  this  time.  That  the  strictness 
of  the  examination  of  candidates  for  them  was  in  harmony  with  the 
extensive  curriculum  of  education  imposed  by  the  College  may  be 
inferred  from  the  fact  that  large  percentages  of  the  candidates  Avere 
rejected.  The  rejection  of  a  large  proportion  of  candidates,  who 
had  studied  for  three  years  or  so,  is  what  might  be  expected, 
but  those  who  presented  themselves  in  the  Examination  Hall  in 
Stephen's-green  were  not  raw  lads,  but  were  men  who  had  spent 
six  or  seven  years  in  the  study  of  their  profession.  The  records 
of  the  Court  of  Examiners  for  the  years  1819,  1822,  and  1823, 
cannot  be  found ;  but,  excluding  those  years,  I  find  that  during  the 
period  1815-1833,  380  candidates  for  Letters  Testimonial  were 
examined,  of  whom  fifty-four  were  rejected. 

About  fifty  years  ago  anatomical  studies  were  prosecuted  in  the 


172 


STUDY  OF  ANATOMY  IN  DUBLIN. 


Dublin  Schools  with  great  ardour  and  success.  The  teachers  were 
men  whose  names  are  imperishably  associated  with  the  annals  of 
surgery  and  anatomy  in  this  country.  Macartney  taught  at  the 
University;  Todd,  Colles,  Wilmot,  Harrison,  and  Jacob  at  the 
College;  Kirby,  Ellis,  Hayden,  and  Butcher  at  the  two  Schools  in 
Peter-street;  Hargrave  in  the  Digges-street  School;  Ousack,  Porter, 
Houston,  Hart,  and  Carlisle  at  Park-street  School;  Carmichael, 
M'Dowel,  Adams,  M'Donnell,  Flood,  and  Power  at  the  Richmond 
School ;  and  Hillis  and  Irvine  at  the  Marlborough-street  School. 

For  many  years  anatomy  and  surgery  were  taught  by  the  same 
person,  and  this  was  the  case  in  some  of  the  Schools  so  late  as  1830. 
The  teacher  knew  exactly  the  kind  of  anatomical  knowledge  neces- 
sary for  the  proper  performance  of  surgical  operations,  and  that 
kind  of  anatomy  he  taught  with  a  thoroughness  which  probably 
was  not  exceeded  in  the  schools  of  any  other  city.  The  kind  of 
anatomy  termed  minute  or  transcendental  received,  no  doubt,  scant 
attention  in  the  Dublin  Schools  half  a  century  ago ;  bnt  the  object 
of  the  teacher  was  the  education  of  surgeons,  not  the  advancement  of 
anatomical  science.  It  is  nevertheless  to  be  regretted  that  so  few 
of  the  many  accomplished  anatomists  in  Dublin  during  the  first  half 
of  the  century  devoted  themselves  to  original  research.  Had  the 
reverse  been  the  case,  the  Dublin  School  might  have  contributed 
as  brilliantly  to  anatomical  science  as  it  did  to  the  art  of  surgery 
and  the  practice  of  physic. 

At  this  time  willing  tribute  was  paid  to  the  merit  of  the  Irish 
School  of  Surgery.  When  Sir  Benjamin  C.  Brodie,  Bart.,  was 
examined,  in  1828,  before  the  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of 
Commons  on  anatomy,  he  said,  speaking  of  the  Dublin  students: — 
"  I  believe  the  majority  of  them  are  better  anatomists  than  the 
English  students."*  When  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  Bart.,  Serjeant- 
Surgeon  to  the  King,  was  examined  before  the  Select  Committee 
of  the  House  of  Commons  on  medical  education,  he  said: — 
"  There  is  a  galaxy  of  talent  in  the  profession  in  Dublin.  I  do  not 
know  of  any  town  inferior  in  size  to  London  in  which  there  is  a 
greater  combination  of  talent  than  in  Dublin."!    Mr.  George  J. 

*  Page  28  of  Report.  +  Part  2  of  Report,  page  107.    May  2,  1S34. 


OPINIONS  OF  IRISH  SURGEONS — BENNETT'S  CASE.  173 

Guthrie,  the  well-known  army  surgeon,  President  of  the  London 
College  of  Surgeons  in  1834,  was  examined  before  this  Committee. 
He  was  asked  what  he  thought  as  to  the  desirability  of  his  College 
following  the  example  of  the  Dublin  College,  by  permitting  qualified 
persons  to  be  present  at  the  examinations.  In  reply,  he  expressed 
his  belief  that  it  would  not  be  desirable,  because,  he  said,  the  Dublin 
candidates  were  "  under  very  different  circumstances  with  respect  to 
affe  and  education."  When  asked  did  he  mean  that  the  Dublin 
candidates  were  "  older  and  better  educated,"  he  replied,  "  Yes." 
Dr.  James  Somerville,  Inspector  of  Anatomy,  was  examined,  and 
having  been  asked  a  question  respecting  the  late  Surgeon  James 
Richard  Bennett,  he  said: — "Mr.  Bennett  was  a  distinguished 
anatomist,  as,  I  may  say,  generally  all  members  of  the  Dublin 
College  of  Surgeons  are." 

The  Mr.  J.  R.  Bennett  to  whom  Dr.  Somerville  referred  studied 
from  1815  till  1820  at  the  College  of  Surgeons  and  the  Richmond 
Hospital,  and  he  took  the  diploma  of  the  College  in  1820.  A  small 
property  which  he  possessed  he  relinquished  in  favour  of  his  family, 
and  in  1822  proceeded  to  Paris.  In  that  city  he  studied  for  some 
time  under  such  teachers  as  Dupuytren  and  Laennec,  and  then 
became  a  teacher  himself.  About  that  period  the  number  of 
British  medical  students  in  Paris  was  close  on  200.  Bennett's 
private  classes  in  anatomy  were  conducted  in  apartments  in  the 
anatomical  school  at  the  Hospital  La  PitiS.  Their  success  became 
so  great  as  to  excite  the  jealousy  of  the  French  students  and 
perhaps  teachers.  Representations  were  made  to  the  Government 
that  there  was  a  scarcity  of  subjects  at  La  PitiS  School,  and  that 
Bennett  caused  the  scarcity.  Bennett's  means  of  teaching  were 
seriously  interfered  with,  and  he  applied  for  protection  to  the 
British  ambassador,  who  referred  to  his  Government  for  instruc- 
tions. Getting  no  redress,  he  proceeded  to  London,  and  sub- 
mitted his  case  to  Mr.  Canning,  then  Foreign  Secretary.  Mr. 
Canning  asked  the  opinion  of  the  London  College  of  Surgeons 
upon  it,  and  received  from  that  body  an  adverse  one.  This  act  of 
illiberality  was  no  doubt  prompted  by  the  desire  of  the  College  to 
see  British  students  studying  in  London  rather  than  in  Paris. 


174 


INSTITUTION  OF  MIDWIFERY  DIPLOMA . 


They  were  unwilling  to  encourage  such  men  as  Bennett  to  attract 
his  countrymen  to  the  schools  of  Paris.  The  subsequent  conduct 
of  the  College  towards  Bennett  did  not  atone  for  their  action  in 
reference  to  the  Paris  affair.  When  he  settled  in  London  as  a 
private  anatomical  teacher  they  refused  to  recognise  his  lectures, 
on  the  ground  that  he  was  not  connected  with  an  hospital,  although 
Dr.  Somerville  states  that  he  was  "  the  most  successful  teacher  of 
anatomy  he  ever  knew."  The  injustice  done  to  Bennett  was  the 
more  inexcusable  from  the  fact  that  the  College  had  previously 
recognised  the  lectures  of  non-hospital  teachers.  Since  those  days 
the  London  College,  like  many  other  public  bodies,  have  become 
more  liberal  and  enlightened,  and  at  present  no  surgical  qualification 
is  more  highly  valued  than  the  M.R.C.S. 

I  have  referred  to  Mr.  Bennett's  interesting  and  unfortunate  case — 
firstly,  because  it  relates  to  a  curious  phase  in  the  history  of  anatomical 
teaching;  secondly,  because  Bennett  may  be  regarded  as  the  type  of 
the  Irish  anatomist  produced  during  the  most  brilliant  epoch  of  the 
Irish  School  of  Medicine. 

The  Edinburgh  Medical  Journal,  referring  in  1837  to  proposed 
medical  legislation,  said :  — "  The  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in 
Dublin  is,  perhaps,  the  most  enlightened  surgical  incorporation  in 
Europe,  and  requires  from  its  members  a  greater  range  of  accurate 
knowledge  than  any  other  body,  excepting  the  Medical  Faculty  of 
the  University  of  Edinburgh." 

On  the  5th  of  March  the  College  resolved  that  they  would  not 
insist  for  a  short  period  (subsequently  extended  to  1st  May,  1831) 
upon  the  new  educational  curriculum  being  strictly  observed,  pro- 
vided the  candidates  gave  proof  that  they  had  received  an  educa- 
tion fully  equivalent  to  that  prescribed  in  the  curriculum.  On  the 
same  occasion  they  instituted  a  Board  of  Examiners  for  a  special 
diploma  in  midwifery  and  diseases  of  women  and  children.  The 
fee  was  fixed  at  five  guineas;  on  the  13th  August  it  was  reduced  to 
one  guinea.  It  was  decided  that  only  those  members  and  licentiates 
who  might  obtain  this  diploma  should  have  in  future  asterisks 
affixed  to  their  names  in  the  printed  lists  of  the  College.  The  extra 
qualifications  required  for  the  new  diploma  consisted  of  attendance 


FOUNDATION  OF  A  HOSPITAL  AGREED  TO. 


175 


at  two  courses  of  lectures,  each  of  six  months'  duration,  or  of  four 
courses,  each  lasting  three  months  ;  attendance  for  six  months  at  a 
maternity ;  and  attendance  at  30  labours. 

On  the  23rd  July,  John  T.  Adrien  was  elected  Professor  of 
Medical  Jurisprudence.  There  was  but  one  other  applicant  for  the 
office,  Thomas  E.  Beatty,  who  subsequently,  on  the  death  of  Adrien, 
succeeded  him  in  the  Professorship. 

On  the  1st  Feb.,  1830,  the  College  unanimously  resolved  that  no 
licentiate  could  be  proposed  as  a  member  until  he  had  been  four  years 
a  licentiate.  On  the  same  occasion  it  was  decided  that  facilities  should 
be  afforded  to  members  who  wished  to  dissect  in  the  College  School. 

On  the  9th  September,  1830,  the  College  resolved  to  appoint  a 
"  responsible  resident  officer  without  a  family,"  and  to  style  him 
Registrar  and  Accountant.  He  was  to  be  accountable  for  the  care 
of  the  library  and  museum. 

On  the  7th  February,  1831,  the  College  elected  Baron  Cuvier  as 
honorary  member,  and  resolved  that  his  diploma  should  be  presented 
to  him  in  a  silver  box. 

On  the  11th  July  it  was  resolved  to  found  a  Society  for  the 
improvement  of  Medical  Science. 

On  the  15th  September  the  question  as  to  the  establishment  of  a 
College  hospital  was  again  discussed.  Mr.  White  proposed,  and 
Mr.  Kirby  seconded,  a  resolution  appointing  a  committee  to  consider 
if  such  an  object  could  be  carried  into  effect,  and  to  report  on  the 
subject  to  the  College.  An  amendment,  moved  by  Mr.  Colles 
and  seconded  by  Mr.  M' Dowel — that  legal  opinions  should  be 
obtained  as  to  the  practicability  of  applying  the  College  funds  to 
the  maintenance  of  a  clinical  hospital — was  lost,  27  votes  being  for 
and  30  against  it.  The  original  motion  was  then  agreed  to.  Sub- 
sequently the  College  found  it  impossible  to  carry  out  this  resolution. 
The  delicate  problem  of  the  appointment  of  officers  for  such  an 
institution  was  found  insoluble,  as  every  membr  not  already  con- 
nected with  an  hospital  was,  probably,  willing  and  anxious  to  serve . 
In  1832  the  project  was,  but  in  another  way,  realised.  The  Pro- 
fessors of  the  College  combined  and  purchased  a  house  in  Upper 
Baggot-strcct,  which  they  converted  into  the  "  City  of  Dublin 


176 


SURGICAL  SOCIETY. —  CHAIR  OF  MEDICINE. 


Hospital,"  although  it  was  outside  the  city  boundaries.  The 
founders  were — Jacob,  Harrison,  Apjohn,  Beatty,  Benson,  and 
Houston,  the  last  named  being  the  curator  and  an  anatomical  demon- 
strator in  the  College  School.  A.  Colles,  Sir  Henry  Marsh,  and 
Wilmot  were  appointed  consultants.  Dr.  Apjohn  is  now  the  sole 
survivor  of  the  founders  of  this  hospital.  During  many  years  the 
physicians  and  surgeons,  with  but  few  exceptions,  were  connected 
with  the  College  School,  but  now  not  one  of  its  medical  staff  is 
attached  to  it.  During  its  first  twenty  years  the  average  number  of 
pupils  attending  this  hospital  was  85,  almost  all  being  students  in 
the  College  School. 

On  the  17th  November,  1832,  the  first  meeting  of  the  new 
Medical  Society  was  held  ;  the  name  given  to  it  was  "  The  Surgical 
Society  of  Ireland."  Its  council  of  21  members  was  elected  by 
the  College,  and  the  subscription  was  fixed  at  a  guinea  annually. 
The  Society  included  65  members  and  54  licentiates  of  the  College, 
together  with  15  physicians  termed  associates.  The  College  fitted 
up,  at  a  cost  of  £50,  a  room  for  the  Society,  and  placed  in  it  for  a 
few  days  the  periodicals  taken  for  the  library.  For  many  years  the 
Society  flourished,  the  ablest  surgeons  and  physicians  of  the  day 
being  constant  attendants  at  its  meetings.  It  lasted  until  it  and 
other  medical  societies  of  Dublin  were  combined,  in  1882,  into 
"  The  Academy  of  Medicine  in  Ireland." 

On  Marsh's  resignation  of  the  Chair  of  Medicine,  the  College, 
on  the  14th  June,  resolved  by  a  majority  of  30  to  5  that  "  no  person 
who  is  not  a  member  or  licentiate  of  the  College  shall  be  elected 
Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Medicine."  This  illiberal  resolution 
remained  in  force  until  1844.  At  this  time,  however,  it  should  be 
stated  as  "  extenuating  circumstances "  that  the  College  felt  very 
sore  with  the  University  and  the  College  of  Physicians  on  account 
of  the  refusal  of  these  bodies  to  recognise  the  certificates  issued  by 
the  Professors  of  the  College  of  Surgeons. 

On  the  28th  July,  John  Kirby  was  elected  Marsh's  successor; 
his  competitors  were — Orpen,  Hargrave,  Benson,  Greene,  Alcock, 
and  Evanson.  All  save  Orpen  ultimately  became  Professors  in  the 
College  or  other  schools. 


DEATH  OF  HENTHORN  AND  COURTNEY. 


177 


On  the  5th  November  the  College  resolved  to  refuse  recognition 
of  the  lectures  proposed  to  be  delivered  in  a  medical  school  about  to 
be  established  by  the  Apothecaries'  Hall,  on  the  ground  that  the 
Apothecaries'  Hall  was  not  a  medical  corporation,  and  had  no  light 
to  devote  its  funds  to  the  founding  of  a  medical  school.  Up  to 
this  time  the  certificates  of  the  Professors  of  Chemistry  and  Botany 
of  the  Hall  had  been  acknowledged  by  the  College.  On  the  14th 
November,  1844,  the  College  rescinded  the  foregoing  resolution. 

In  this  year  the  College  lost  by  death  the  services  of  Mr.  Henthorn, 
who  since  the  foundation  of  the  College  had  with  unflagging  zeal 
and  extraordinary  punctuality  discharged  his  duties  as  their  Secretary. 
On  the  2nd  December  his  aged  widow,  whom  he  left  in  poor  cir- 
cumstances, was  voted  a  gratuity  of  £200.  Mr.  J.  VV.  Cusack 
succeeded  Mr.  Henthorn  as  Secretary,  and  Mr.  R.  Harrison 
succeeded  Mr.  Cusack  as  Assistant  Secretary.  The  cold  hand  of  death 
was  in  this  year  also  laid  upon  another  old  servitor  of  the  College. 
Early  in  January  Mr.  Courtney,  the  Clerk,  "passed  over  to  the 
majority."  The  College  generously  granted  a  gratuity  of  £100  to 
his  family.  Courtney  was  a  man  of  some  education,  but  he  did 
not  keep  the  records  of  the  College  in  an  orderly  manner.  He 
appears  to  have  been  somewhat  of  an  "  original  character."  The 
author  of  the  remarkable  letters  signed  "  Erinensis,"  in  the  early 
numbers  of  the  Lancet,  describes  him  (in  1824)  as  "  a  gentleman  in 
black,  with  snowy  temples,  raven  voice,  and  a  wild  Irish  physiog- 
nomy— who  perambulates  here  with  an  air  somewhat  unsuited  to  his 
avocation." 

After  Courtney's  death  Mr.  Cornelius  O'Keeffe  was  appointed 
Superintendent  of  the  domestic  affairs  of  the  College  as  well  as 
Registrar,  at  a  salary  of  £80,  exclusive  of  the  usual  fees  received 
from  the  successful  candidates  for  Letters  Testimonial.  The  office 
of  Clerk  to  the  College  was  abolished. 

In  December  the  Lord  Lieutenant,  who  had  appointed  as 
successor  to  Mr.  Henthorn  at  the  Lock  Hospital  a  surgeon  not  con- 
nected with  the  College,  revoked  the  appointment  on  learning  that 
it  had  given  offence  to  the  College.  He  subsequently  appointed  a 
licentiate  of  the  College  to  the  situation. 

N 


178       SURGEONS  CANNOT  DISPENSE. —THE  ANATOMY  ACT. 

In  this  year  the  College  buildings  were  lighted  by  the  "  Oil  Gas 
Company." 

On  the  24th  April  the  College  adopted  new  educational  by-laws, 
in  virtue  of  which  the  registered  pupils  were  examined  half  yearly  in 
four  different  classes  according  to  seniority.  It  is  remarkable  that 
after  the  lapse  of  exactly  half  a  century  a  nearly  identical  principle 
of  examination  was  again  adopted  by  the  College. 

In  this  year  the  College  had  the  opinion  of  counsel  that  the 
members  and  licentiates  were  debarred  from  supplying  medicines,  even 
gratuitously,  to  their  own  patients.  When  Mr.  Hayden  set  up  his 
five  shilling  fee  practice  he  employed  a  licentiate  apothecary  to 
dispense  the  medicines  included  in  the  fee. 

On  the  1st  August,  1832,  Parliament  passed  an  Act  (2nd  &  3rd 
Wm.  IV.,  c.  75)  for  regulating  the  study  of  anatomy.  It  was  one 
of  the  most  important  statutes  relating  to  medical  education  ever 
enacted  in  these  countries ;  it  will  therefore  be  necessary  to  review 
the  circumstances  which  led  to  the  passing  of  this  measure. 

Although  it  was  always  admitted  that  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
anatomy  was  indispensable  to  the  proper  performance  of  surgical 
operations,  yet  the  legal  provisions  for  the  supply  of  subjects  for 
dissection  were  of  the  most  meagre  character  in  these  countries. 
The  Medical  and  Surgical  Corporations  were  entitled  at  first  to  a 
limited  number  of  the  bodies  of  executed  malefactors ;  but  an  Act 
passed  in  the  reign  of  George  II.  directed  that  the  bodies  of 
murderers  should  be  given  up  for  dissection.    We  have  seen  that 
shortly  after  the  foundation  of  the  College  they  were  obliged  to 
refuse  to  dissect  the  body  of  a  criminal  offered  to  them  by  the 
sheriff,  on  the  ground  that  they  had  no  place  in  which  the  dissection 
could  be  conducted.    An  Act  (10th  George  IV.,  c.  24)  directed 
that  in  cases  where  the  judges  ordered  the  bodies  of  murderers  to  be 
dissected  the  College  of  Surgeons  were  to  receive  them  for  that 
purpose.    They  were  conveyed  to  the  College  not  only  from  the 
gaols  of  the  city  and  county  of  Dublin,  but  also,  occasionally,  from 
distant  assize  towns.    Very  often  the  corpse  of  a  murderer  was 
followed  to  the  College  gates  by  his  weeping  relatives,  or  by  a  howling 
mob.    A  small  portion  of  the  anatomical  theatre  was  set  apart  for 


DISSECTION  OF  MALEFACTORS'  BODIES  OBJECTED  TO.  179 


persons  who  might  desire  to  witness  the  dissections  of  malefactors 
bodies.    On  the  13th  March,  1831,  the  High  Sheriff  of  Cavan  wrote 
to  the  College  asking  them  to  receive  the  bodies  of  five  men  who 
were  to  be  executed  on  the  following  day. 

Although  in  an  early  period  of  the  history  of  the  Medical  Cor- 
porations they  were  glad  enough  to  procure  the  bodies  of  malefactors 
for  dissection,  they  seem  to  have  considered  in  the  early  part  of  this 
century  the  compulsory  dissection  of  criminals'  bodies  imposed  upon 
them  as  a  degradation  rather  than  a  privilege.  On  the  8th  February, 
1830,  the  Clerk  of  the  Crown  wrote  to  the  College  pointing  out 
that  under  10th  Geo.  IV.,  c.  24,  they  should  provide  for  the  dis- 
section of  criminals,  as  the  Assizes  would  soon  be  held.  They 
made  an  order  that  except  in  Dublin  the  bodies  should  be  delivered 
to  the  County  Infirmaries.  Two  days  before  the  receipt  of  this 
communication  Crampton  proposed  at  a  meeting  of  the  College  a 
strongly-worded  resolution,  expressing  the  desire  of  the  College  to 
be  relieved  of  the  degrading  duty  of  dissecting  the  bodies  of 
executed  criminals.  It  was  unanimously  adopted,  and  Crampton 
was  requested  to  sound  the  Government  privately  upon  the  subject. 
Two  years  later  the  obnoxious  Act  of  George  IV.  was  repealed.  It 
really  never  was  of  much  use,  for  even  if  the  bodies  of  all  the 
criminals  executed  in  the  United  Kingdom  and  Ireland  were 
conveyed  to  the  various  ai  atomical  schools  (a  difficult  operation) 
the  supply  would  be  quite  in-uTcient.  In  England  and  Wales  the 
number  of  executions  during  the  period,  1805-1820,  amounted  to 
1,150,  or  an  annual  average  of  (nearly)  76.  As  many  of  the  persons 
executed  were  guilty  of  such  crimes  as  arson,  robbery,  &c,  the 
average  annual  number  of  bodies  of  murderers  probably  did  not 
exceed  38. 

On  the  Continent,  especially  in  France  and  Holland,  the  autho- 
rities, even  in  the  last  century,  provided  that  the  bodies  of  destitute 
persons  who  had  died  in  eleemosynary  institutions  should,  under 
certain  circumstances,  be  devoted  to  anatomical  dissections.  Early 
in  the  century  there  was  practically  an  unlimited  supply  of  subjects 
in  all  the  medical  schools,  even  in  that  situated  in  the  small  town  of 
Montpelier.    The  prices  of  the  subjects— usually  not  more  than 


180      HOW  SUBJECTS  FOR  DISSECTION  WERE  PROCURED. 

7  or  8  francs — enabled  the  students  to  dissect  several  bodies  during 
a  session. 

In  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  there  was  practically  but  one  way 
of  obtaining  bodies  for  dissection — namely,  by  stealing  them  from 
churchyards.    In  Dublin  and  its  neighbourhood  there  were  unusually 
good  opportunities  for  obtaining  bodies  in  this  way.    There  were 
several  ancient  burial-grounds  at  convenient  distances  from  the  city 
which  were  either  only  partly  enclosed,  or  were  protected  by  low 
walls,  easily  scaled.    Some  of  them  were  situated  in  lonely  places — 
Kilgobbin  and  Killester,  for  example.     The  graveyard,  however, 
which  supplied,  perhaps,  the  larger  number  of  subjects  to  the  Dublin 
Schools  is  that  termed,  in  popular  parlance,  "  Bully's  Acre,"  owing 
to  the  number  of  rowdies  or  bullies  who  have  been  interred  in 
it.    It  is  situated  on  one  side  of  the  avenue  of  elms  leading  to  the 
Royal  Hospital,  and  has  long  been  disused  as  a  place  of  sepulture. 
Before  the  passing  of  the  Anatomy  Act  the  interments  in  this 
burial-ground  were  very  numerous,  because  no  charge  was  made  for 
the  graves ;  it  was  what  is  termed  a  free  burial-ground.    The  lowest 
classes  brought  their  dead  to  this  place,  and  as  they  were  too  poor 
to  employ  persons  to  watch  the  graves  at  night,  the  latter  were 
robbed  of  their  ghastly  contents,  usually  with  perfect  impunity.  It 
was  only  on  rare  occasions  that  the  sack-em- up  men  and  the  medical 
students  who  accompanied  them  were  disturbed  at  their  work. 
Besides,  the  caretaker  of  the  cemetery  was,  it  is  believed,  always  a 
confederate,  and  gave  the  necessary  signals  to  the  resurrection  men 
that  they  might  or  might  not,  as  the  case  might  be,  enter  the  burial- 
ground.    Various  methods  of  getting  the  body  out  of  its  grave  were 
used.    Sometimes  the  earth  over  the  coffin  was  removed  by  means 
of  a  spade  or  shovel  provided  with  a  short  handle;  at  other  times 
the  clay  was  scooped  out  by  means  of  the  hands  and  sticks  of  the 
operators.    When  the  head  of  the  coffin  was  reached,  a  grappling- 
ron  was  inserted  beneath  the  lid,  and  then  every  one  tugged  at  the 
rope  attached  to  the  iron  until  the  lid  was  broken  across.    The  rope 
was  next  made  fast  to  the  neck  of  the  corpse,  and  the  body  was 
hauled  to  the  surface.    The  grave-clothes  were  never  taken  away, 
as  it  was  a  common  notion  that  it  was  not  illegal  to  steal  a  dead 


ENCOUNTERS  WITH  THE  "  RESURRECTIONISTS."  181 

body,  whereas  to  purloin  its  shroud  was  a  misdemeanour  according 
to  law.  This  idea  was  erroneous,  as  the  robbery  of  a  body  was  an 
offence  against  the  common  law,  though  one  which  was  tacitly 
condoned  by  the  authorities. 

The  bodies  were  generally  removed  from  the  burial  grounds  to 
the  anatomical  schools  in  a  covered  cart,  or  in  a  vehicle  now  rarely 
met  with  in  Dublin — the  covered  car.  Oases  have  occurred  in 
which  students,  who,  without  being  assisted  by  the  dissecting-room 
porter  or  professional  resurrectionist,  had  taken  up  bodies,  con- 
veyed them  on  foot  to  the  dissecting  room.  Their  plan  consisted 
in  putting  a  suit  of  old  clothes  on  the  body,  and,  with  a  student  on 
each  side  supporting  it,  making  it  stagger  along  like  a  drunken  man. 
Inquisitive  watchmen  now  and  then  proved  impediments  in  the  path- 
way of  the  resurrectionist.  They  were  generally  disposed  of  by  means 
of  a  bribe,  but  occasionally  they  attacked  the  resurrectionists,  whom, 
however,  they  rarely  were  able  to  capture.  Many  "free  fights" 
took  place  between  parties  of  sack-em-up  men  and  the  men  guarding 
graves  in  rural  cemeteries.  On  several  occasions  these  encounters 
resulted  in  loss  of  life.  The  resurrectionists,  and  sometimes  the 
students  who  assisted  them,  carried  firearms.  The  marks  of  their 
bullets  are  still  visible  on  some  of  the  tombstones  in  Kilarobbin 
Ohurchyard,  near  the  Dublin  mountains.  Resurrection  men  were 
occasionally  caught  in  the  act  of  conveying  bodies  for  dissection, 
under  circumstances  which  collected  mobs  round  them.  They  were 
"  ducked"  in  the  Liffey  or  unmercifully  beaten.  On  one  occasion  so 
severe  a  castigation  with  a  wire  cat-o'-nine-tails  was  administered  to 
a  sack-em-up  man  that  he  expired  from  the  effects.  About  the 
same  time  another  of  the  fraternity  was  kicked  and  cuffed  to  death. 

During  the  first  quarter  of  the  present  century  subjects  in  the 
required  number  were  readily  procurable  in  Dublin  at  a  cost  of  one 
guinea  each.  Gradually  they  became  more  difficult  to  obtain,  and 
much  larger  prices  were  demanded  for  them  by  the  traffickers  in 
bodies.  The  numbers  of  students  in  the  dissecting  rooms  of  the 
United  Kingdom  were  steadily  increasing,  and  the  professional 
resurrectionists  combined  to  demand  higher  prices  for  the  subjects. 
They  ceased  to  be  merely  assistants  to  the  students  in  their  expedi- 


182 


CRIMES  OF  HARE  AND  BURKE. 


tions  to  the  cemeteries,  and  stole  the  bodies  directly  on  their  own 
account,  disposing  of  them  subsequently  to  the  anatomical  lecturers. 
They  rifled  the  graves  where  rich  people  had  been  interred,  and 
even  stole  bodies  from  vaults  beneath  the  churches.  They  bribed 
sextons,  grave-diggers,  undertakers'  assistants,  &c,  to  give  them  timely 
information  of  impending  funerals,  so  that  they  might  be  present  at 
them,  and  note  the  situation  and  depth  of  the  grave.  Not  unfre- 
quently  they  acted  as  assistants  to  undertakers — 

"  By  day  it  was  his  trade  to  go, 

Sending  the  black-coach  to  and  fro  ; 

And  sometimes  at  the  gate  of  woe, 
With  emblems  suitable, 

He  stood  with  brother-mutes  to  show- 
That  life  is  mutable. 

But  long  before  they  passed  the  ferry, 

The  dead,  that  he  had  helped  to  bury, 

He  sack'd  (he  had  a  sack  to  carry)  the  bodies  off  in  ; 
In  fact,  he  let  them  have  a  very  short  fit  of  coffin." 

The  large  number  of  anatomical  students  in  Edinburgh*  created  a 
demand  for  subjects,  which  that  comparatively  small  city  could  with 
difficulty  supply — hence  the  price  of  subjects  was  very  high.  It  is 
highly  probable  that  during  the  first  quarter  of  this  century  many 
persons  were  murdered  with  the  object  of  selling  their  bodies  for 
dissection.  A  miscreant  named  Burke,  residing  in  Edinburgh,  was 
convicted  in  1828  of  the  murder  of  an  old  woman,  whose  body  he 
disposed  of,  for  anatomical  purposes,  to  the  celebrated  anatomist, 
Knox.  Burke  and  an  associate  named  Hare,  there  is  the  strongest 
reason  to  believe,  murdered  at  least  16  persons,  for  the  purpose  of 
selling  their  bodies  to  the  lecturers  on  anatomy.  They  inveigled 
their  victims,  generally  strangers,  into  their  houses,  where  they 
made  them  drunk,  and  then  smothered  them.  Hare  became  King's 
evidence,  and  thereby  escaped  being  hanged.    Burke  was  executed. 

*.Iu  1826  and  1827  the  average  was  900.  In  the  12  London  schools  in  1826  the 
number  was  907. 


PANIC  IN  DUBLIN — "  RESURRECTION  "  RIOTS. 


183 


He  was  the  odious  cause  of  a  new  verb — to  burke — being  introduced 
into  our  language. 

The  publication  of  the  crimes  of  Burke  and  Hare  sent  a  thrill  of 
horror  throughout  the  United  Kingdom,  and,  no  doubt,  hastened 
legislation  for  the  purpose  of  legitimately  securing  subjects  for  dis- 
section. About  this  time  it  became  generally  known  that  bodies  for 
dissection  were  exported  from  Ireland  to  London,  Glasgow,  and 
Edinburgh,  and  for  the  first  time  during  the  century  subjects 
became  very  scarce  in  Dublin.  In  London  the  price  of  a  body, 
which  at  the  beginning  of  the  century  was  about  two  guineas, 
gradually  rose  to  from  eight  to  fourteen  guineas ;  and  a  quarter  of 
a  century  later,  so  difficult  was  it  to  procure  them,  that  casts  were 
actually  used  for  teaching  purposes  in  several  of  the  London  schools. 

For  a  period  of,  perhaps,  thirty  or  forty  years,  bodies  were  ex- 
ported from  the  north  of  Ireland  to  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh.  The 
usual  practice  was  to  smuggle  them.  They  were  landed  from  boats 
on  lonely  parts  of  the  coast,  particularly  that  of  Ayrshire.  Some- 
tmes  they  were  concealed  in  the  holds  of  vessels  laden  with  lime- 
stone, imported  from  Belfast  and  other  Irish  ports. 

The  announcement  of  the  crimes  of  Burke  and  Hare,  and  the 
discovery  that  dead  bodies  were  imported  from  Dublin,  created 
great  alarm  amongst  timid  people  in  that  city.  Many  of  them 
would  not  venture  out  of  their  homes  after  nightfall  or  go  into 
lonely  places  even  in  the  daylight.  They  feared  that  some  local 
Burke  might  pounce  upon  them,  murder  them,  and  dispose  of  the 
bodies  to  the  surgeons.  The  detection  in  January,  1828,  of  a  body 
about  to  be  exported,  caused  a  popular  tumult  in  the  streets,  and 
led  to  the  murder,  by  an  infuriated  mob,  of  a  man  named  Luke 
Redmond,  a  porter  in  the  College  of  Surgeons.  There  is  little 
doubt  as  to  the  complicity  of  all  the  professional  resurrection  men  in 
the  exportation  of  bodies,  and  it  is  certain  that  the  practice  had 
prevailed  for  several  years  before  its  discovery  in  1827.  It  is  a 
curious  circumstance  that  for  several  years  previous  to  1828  a 
company  of  purveyors  of  subjects  actually  made  the  school  of  the 
College  a  kind  of  warehouse  for  their  ghastly  goods.  Not  one  of 
them  was  directly  connected  with  the  College  or  any  other  anatomical 


184 


EXPORTATION  OF  SUBJECTS. 


school ;  nevertheless  they  were  permitted  to  store  their  subjects  in 
the  College  school  until  they  disposed  of  them  either  to  the  pro- 
fessors of  anatomy,  to  the  lecturers  in  other  Dublin  institutions,  or 
to  anatomists  in  London  or  Edinburgh.  Thi3  disgraceful  state  of 
affairs  must  either  have  been  connived  at  by  the  servants  of  the 
College,  or  else  the  school  was  at  that  time  a  place  open  to  anyone 
to  deposit  dead  bodies  in. 

The  exportation  of  bodies  was  carried  on  almost  exclusively  by 
two  men,  named  Collins  and  Daly.  The  former  resided  in  Peter- 
street,  and  the  latter  in  D'OHer-street.  They  and  their  employees 
appear  to  have  been  most  wanton  in  their  treatment  of  the  graves. 
They  smashed  tombstones,  and  strewed  the  habiliments  of  the  dead 
over  the  ground,  and  on  one  occasion  exposed  naked  dead  bodies  on 
the  public  road.  It  was  chiefly  through  the  practices  of  these  men 
and  their  employees  that  the  price  of  subjects  rose  from  one  guinea 
to  from  six  to  eight  guineas,  and  they  caused  such  a  scarcity  of 
subjects  as  for  a  while  seemed  to  threaten  the  existence  of  anatomical 
teaching  in  Dublin.  The  measures  which  in  1828  the  College 
adopted  prevented  these  men  from  warehousing  the  subjects  in  the 
school,  and  several  rules  were  enacted  which  served  to  increase 
the  supply  of  bodies  and  to  put  a  stop  to  abuses  which  had  gradually 
sprung  up  in  the  anatomical  department.  Nevertheless  the  expor- 
tation of  subjects  to  England  continued,  but  under  much  greater 
difficulties.  Higher  prices  were  demanded  for  the  subjects,  and  in 
December,  1831,  £38  were  paid  for  three  Irish  bodies  by  a  London 
anatomist. 

In  August,  1831,  the  College  and  the  teachers  in  the  private 
schools,  with  the  exception  of  those  in  the  Richmond  Hospital  school, 
entered  into  an  arrangement  for  a  fair  distribution  of  the  subjects 
available  for  dissection.  The  medical  officers  in  the  majority  of  the 
hospitals  agreed  to  allow  the  unclaimed  bodies  of  persons  who  had 
died  in  these  institutions  to  be  conveyed  to  a  dep6t  in  the  College 
of  Surgeons  for  the  common  use  of  all  the  anatomical  schools. 
Shortly  afterwards  the  Anatomy  Act  was  passed,  and  the  arrange- 
ment for  a  fair  distribution  of  subjects  was  made  permanent  under 
its  provisions. 


COMMITTEE  OF  HOUSE  OF  COMMONS  ON  ANATOMY.  185 

In  1828  a  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  was 
appointed  to  inquire  into  the  subject  of  anatomical  teaching  They 
examined  several  witnesses,  including  Professor  Macartney,  of 
Dublin.  The  evidence  which  they  heard  is  to  be  found  in  the 
Report  from  the  Select  Committee  on  Anatomy,  ordered  to  be 
printed  22nd  July,  1828.  The  publication  of  this  Report  not  only 
served  to  heighten  the  dislike  to  the  practices  of  the  resurrection  men, 
but  it  also  incited  sympathy  with  the  students  of  medicine,  who  were 
obliged  to  study  anatomy  under  difficulties  not  encountered  in  the 
continental  countries.  In  Dublin,  even  before  the  publication  of 
this  Report,  there  was  a  strong  feeling  in  favour  of  legitimately  pro- 
viding subjects  for  anatomical  studies.  In  the  course  of  a  fortnight 
ninety-nine  gentlemen,  all  in  good  positions  in  society,  voluntarily 
signed  the  following  document: — 

*'  We,  whose  names  are  hereunto  affixed,  being  convinced  that 
the  knowledge  of  anatomy  is  of  the  utmost  value  to  mankind, 
inasmuch  as  it  illustrates  various  branches  of  natural  and  moral 
science,  and  constitutes  the  very  foundation  of  the  healing  art ;  and 
believing  that  the  erroneous  opinions  and  vulgar  prejudices  which 
prevail  with  regard  to  dissection  will  be  most  effectually  removed 
by  practical  examples,  do  hereby  deliberately  and  solemnly  express 
our  desire  that  at  the  usual  period  after  death  our  bodies,  instead  of 
being  interred,  should  be  devoted  by  our  surviving  friends  to  the 
more  rational,  benevolent,  and  honourable  purpose  of  explaining  the 
structure,  functions,  and  diseases  of  the  human  being." 

At  that  time  there  was  a  vase  in  the  Museum  of  Trinity  College, 
which-it  was  stated  contained  the  ashes  of  the  heart  of  a  Dr.  O'Connor. 
It  rested  upon  a  marble  pedestal,  and  bore  the  following  inscription  : — 
"  Presented  by  Dr.  Macartney  to  the  memory  of  the  man  who,  freed 
from  superstitious  and  vulgar  feelings,  bequeathed  his  body  for  the 
honourable  purpose  of  giving  to  others  that  knowledge  which  he 
had  employed  for  the  benefit  of  his  fellow-creatures." 

On  the  Report  of  the  Committee  on  Anatomy  being  laid  before 
Parliament,  a  Bill  to  carry  the  suggestions  contained  in  it  into  effect 
was  introduced  into  the  House  of  Commons.  It  was  not,  however, 
until  1st  August,  1832,  that  an  Act  was  passed  to  regulate  the 


186  ANATOMICAL  INSPECTORS. — NEW  CURRICULUM. 


practice  of  anatomy.  It  enacted  that  in  Great  Britain  the  Home 
Secretary,  and  in  Ireland  the  Chief  Secretary,  might  grant  a  licence 
to  any  qualified  person  to  practise  anatomy,  under  certain  conditions. 
It  provided  for  the  appointment  of  inspectors  of  anatomical  schools, 
who  were  to  make  periodical  returns  to  the  Home  or  Chief  Secretary 
as  to  the  number  of  bodies  dissected,  and,  so  far  as  could  be  ascer- 
tained, the  name  and  age  of  each  person  whose  body  was  consigned 
for  dissection.  The  inspectors  were  to  visit  the  anatomical  schools. 
The  salary  for  each  inspector  was  not  to  exceed  £100  a  year,  with 
such  other  sum  for  official  expenses  as  might  be  considered  reason- 
able. It  repealed  the  Act  relating  to  the  dissection  of  the  bodies  of 
murderers,  and  authorised  in  several  ways  the  supplying  of  bodies 
for  dissection.  No  body  was  to  be  removed  for  anatomical  pur- 
poses until  forty-eight  hours  after  death.  The  passing  of  this  Act 
extinguished  the  resurrection  men's  occupation,  and  the  supply  of 
bodies  from  the  workhouses,  &c,  to  the  Dublin  schools  has  ever 
since  been,  except  on  a  few  occasions,  sufficient.  Sir  James  Murray, 
the  first  inspector  of  anatomy  in  Dublin,  was  appointed  in  1834. 
He  died  in  1870;  and  in  January,  1871,  was  succeeded  by  the 
present  inspector,  Dr.  Daniel  F.  Brady,  F.R.C.S.L,  J.P. 

On  the  6th  of  May,  1833,  the  College  resolved  to  have  a  bust 
of  Mr.  Kirby  executed  in  acknowledgment  of  his  munificent  gift 
to  the  Museum. 

On  the  17th  June,  1833,  the  College  adopted  by-laws  relative  to 
candidates  for  Letters  Testimonial  in  which  the  period  of  study 
insisted  upon  was  five  years.  This  was  the  first  retrograde  move- 
ment which  only  ended  when  it  became  possible  for  a  student  to 
obtain  the  license  of  the  College  two  years  and  nine  months  after 
he  had  commenced  his  studies. 

The  Marquis  of  Wellesley  had  shown  a  desire  that  the  applica- 
tion of  the  College  for  a  new  charter  should  prove  successful,  and  he 
helped  materially  towards  that  consummation.  He  was  superseded 
as  Viceroy  before  the  charter  was  actually  received,  but  on  his 
reappointment  in  1833  the  College  expressed  their  gratitude  to  him 
in  a  formal  address.  This  address  was  resolved  upon  after  a  long 
debate  at  two  meetings,  and  by  a  majority  of  29  to  22  votes.  This 


RELIGIOUS  TOLERATION  IN  THE  COLLEGE. 


187 


want  of  unanimity  was  not  due  to  any  political  hostility  towards  the 
Marquis  or  his  Government,  for  Liberals  and  Conservatives,  Whigs 
and  Tories,  voted  for  and  against  the  proposition  ;  it  resulted  from  a 
desire  to  preserve  the  character  of  the  College  as  a  completely  non- 
political,  non-sectarian  institution,  except  in  reference  to  matters 
affecting  the  profession  of  surgery. 

From  their  foundation  to  the  present  the  College,  in  at  least  their 
corporate  capacity,  have  never  exhibited  religious  or  political  in- 
tolerance. Although  a  large  majority  of  the  members  have  always 
professed  the  Protestant  religion,  the  Roman  Catholic  minority  have 
never  been  deprived  of  their  fair  proportion  of  the  honours  and 
emoluments  in  the  power  of  the  College  to  bestow.  At  a  time 
when  the  Municipal  Corporations  and  many  Public  Boards  rarely 
appointed  a  Roman  Catholic  to  any  office  of  honour  or  profit,  the 
College  of  Surgeons  elected  Roman  Catholics  to  be  their  Presidents 
and  Professors.  William  Dease,  Francis  M'Evoy,  Richard  Dease, 
James  Rivers,  Cusack  Roney,  James  Kerin,  Francis  White,  James 
O'Beirne,  Andrew  Ellis,  Leonard  Trant,  and  Christopher  Fleming, 
all  Roman  Catholics,  occupied  the  Presidential  chair  during  the 
first  three-quarters  of  a  century  of  the  existence  of  the  College — 
11  out  of  a  total  of  57  Presidents.  This  religious  toleration  was 
not  confined  to  the  surgeons.  In  1687  the  College  of  Physicians 
elected  Dr.  Crosbie,  a  Roman  Catholic,  to  be  their  President.  The 
Board  of  Trinity  College  at  that  time  claimed  to  have  the  power 
of  confirming  the  election  of  President  of  the  Physician's  College, 
and  they  vetoed  Crosbie's  election.  Nevertheless,  the  Physicians 
again .  elected  him,  and  on  the  continued  refusal  of  the  Board  of 
Trinity  College  to  recognise  him,  the  College  of  Physicians  remained 
until  1690  without  a  legally  constituted  President. 

On  the  1st  September,  1834,  the  salary  of  Mr.  O'Keeffe  was 
increased  to  £100,  and  as  he  had  been  sent  to  London  in  connection 
with  the  inquiry  on  Medical  Education  before  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, and  had  shown  great  zeal  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  the 
College  gave  him  a  gratuity  of  £50.  For  this  purpose  the  vote 
was  not  an  open  one,  but  a  secret  ballot. 

On  the  2nd  of  February  a  Committee  were  appointed  to  con- 


188      BKITISII  ASSOCIATION. — ROTUNDA  HOSPITAL  DIPLOMA. 


sider  the  best  means  of  establishing  a  fund  for  the  widows  and 
orphans  of  members  and  licentiates. 

During  the  meeting  of  the  British  Association  in  Dublin  in 
August,  1835,  many  of  the  members  were  entertained  at  a  public 
breakfast  in  the  College.  I  find  that  the  costs  of  the  breakfast  were 
£98  12s. — it  was  therefore  a  substantial  one.  Several  of  the  mem- 
bers read  papers  in  the  Medical  Section  of  the  Association,  which 
it  is  worth  noticing  was  instituted  at  this  meeting. 

On  the  2nd  November,  1835,  the  College  resolved  to  offer 
prizes  for  essays  on  the  best  methods  for  securing  the  appointment 
of  the  most  competent  medical  teachers.  On  the  27th  of  the  same 
month  they  resolved — Kirby  having  resigned  his  Professorship — to 
appoint  two  Professors  of  Medicine. 

On  the  16th  January,  1836,  a  Committee  were  appointed  to 
inquire  into  the  nature  of  the  charters  proposed  to  be  granted  to  a 
contemplated  University  in  London,  and  to  Colleges  in  London  and 
elsewhere;  £100  was  placed  at  the  Committee's  disposal  to  meet 
expenses,  such  as  the  consulting  of  counsel,  &o.  On  the  1st  February 
Professors  Tiedmann  and  Cloquet  were  elected  honorary  members. 

In  1836  the  College  protested  against  the  issuing  of  diplomas 
in  midwifery  by  the  authorities  of  the  Rotunda  Hospital.  The 
College  held  that  the  Board  of  the  Hospital  was  not  empowered 
by  charter  to  grant  licenses.  The  hospital  continues  to  issue  these 
diplomas,  but  they  are  not  registrable  qualifications  in  midwifery. 
In  this  year  the  College  entrusted  to  Mr.  Kirk  the  execution  of 
a  bust  of  Mr.  Cusack. 

On  the  19th  September  Mr.  Colles,  whose  health  had  been  failing 
for  some  time,  resigned  his  Professorship,  which  he  had  held  for  32 
years.  The  College,  on  the  1st  October,  unanimously  resolved  to 
have  his  portrait  painted,  and  his  bust  sculptured,  and  to  present 
him  with  a  piece  of  plate. 

On  the  10th  May,  1837,  the  College  appointed  Messrs.  Evanson 
and  Corr  a  deputation  to  proceed  to  London  to  watch  the  progress 
of  legislation,  as  some  measures  affecting  the  medical  profession 
were  on  the  tapis.  These  gentlemen  were  to  receive  three  guineas 
per  diem,  and  "  travelling  expenses  to  and  from  London." 


COUNTY  INFIRMARIES. — F  IT  ARM  AC  Y  COURT. 


189 


It  had  always  been  a  grievance  with  the  physicians  that  the 
medical  officers  of  the  County  Infirmaries  should  exclusively  be 
appointed  from  amongst  the  surgeons.  In  1837  a  number  of  the 
Fellows  and  Licentiates  of  the  College  of  Physicians  petitioned 
Parliament  to  remedy  this  grievance  by  directing  the  appointment 
of  both  physicians  and  surgeons  to  the  Infirmaries.  The  prayer  of 
the  physicians  does  not  seem  unreasonable,  but  several  of  the  state- 
ments contained  in  their  petition  were  controverted  in  a  counter- 
petition  presented  to  Parliament  by  the  College  of  Surgeons  in 
June,  1837.  The  allegations  which  seem  to  have  given  most 
offence  to  the  College  were  that  the  surgeons  to  the  Infirmaries  were 
not  only  the  apothecaries  but  the  "providores"  of  provisions,  &c, 
to  those  institutions,  and  that  they  were  the  surgeons  to  the  gaols, 
and  medical  attendants  in  the  Fever  Hospitals.  In  this  affair  the 
surgeons  were  victorious. 

On  the  6th  October  the  College  resolved  to  appoint  a  Court  of 
Pharmacy  to  examine  the  registered  pupils  in  pharmacy,  materia 
medica,  and  chemistry.  This  was  a  blow  aimed  at  the  apothecaries, 
who  at  that  time  were  not  in  good  odour  with  the  College.  The 
new  Court  granted  certificates  of  competency  in  pharmacy,  which 
are  still  possessed  by  many  of  the  Fellows  and  Licentiates  of  the 
College.  The  certificate  in  pharmacy  was  not  delivered  until  the 
candidate  had  qualified  for  the  Letters  Testimonial. 

On  the  6th  November,  1837,  the  College  voted  a  subscription  of 
one  hundred  guineas  to  the  Zoological  Society  in  recognition  of 
their  services  in  promoting  a  knowledge  of  comparative  anatomy  in 
Ireland.  Many  of  the  skeletons  in  the  College  museum  were 
prepared  from  animals  that  had  died  in  the  Society's  gardens. 

On  the  30th  November  it  resolved  not  to  recognise  lectures 
delivered  by  any  person  keeping  an  apothecary's  shop.  This  resolu- 
tion was  rescinded  on  the  24th  November,  1842. 

On  December  21st  the  College  resolved  to  hold  monthly  evening 
reunions.  On  the  same  occasion  they  agreed  to  the  discontinuance 
of  the  annual  subscription  of  one  guinea,  payable  by  the  members 
of  the  Surgical  Society,  and  resolved  to  grant  an  annual  sum,  not 
exceeding  £25,  to  the  Society. 


190 


THE  APOTHECARIES  ATTACKED. 


On  the  16ih  January,  1838,  the  College,  in  a  most  voluminous 
petition  presented  to  Parliament,  formulated  a  terrible  indictment 
against  the  apothecaries.  They  averred  that  all  the  advantages 
supposed  to  be  the  result  of  the  institution  of  the  Apothecaries'  Hall 
had,  in  reality,  no  existence.  They  denounced  the  apothecary  aa 
an  imperfectly  educated  person,  who  whilst  he  had  usurped  the 
place  of  the  physician  and  the  surgeon,  had  not  properly  per 
formed  the  functions  legally  assigned  to  him.  The  College  desired 
to  have  their  members  and  licentiates  who  were  found  competent 
by  the  Court  of  Pharmacy  empowered  to  dispense  medicines  to  their 
own  patients.  The  petition  was  presented  to  the  House  of  Commons 
by  Mr.  Henry  Warburton,  M.P. 

The  apothecaries  were,  as  might  be  expected,  highly  indignant  at 
these  proceedings ;  they  repudiated  the  terms  "  mischievous "  and 
"  dangerous,"  as  applied  to  their  incorporation  by  the  College,  as 
"  altogether  unwarranted  and  untrue."  They  resolved  to  resist  the 
injurious  attempt  to  deprive  the  apothecary  of  that  station  which 
by  public  opinion  and  professional  knowledge  he  has  so  long  and 
deservedly  occupied. 

Since  those  days  the  apothecary  has  lost  his  monopoly  in  the 
dispensing  of  medicines,  but  he  has  continued  to  the  present  to  act 
as  a  general  practitioner. 

The  apothecaries  were,  however,  not  unanimous  in  their  view  as 
to  their  true  functions.  Many  of  them,  especially  the  late  Mr.  M. 
Donovan,  a  man  of  conspicuous  ability,  were  most  anxious  that  the 
apothecaries  should  be,  as  they  were  on  the  Continent,  pure  pharma- 
ciens.  They  went  so  far  as  to  make  an  attempt  to  procure  the 
foundation  of  a  College  of  Pharmacy  for  Ireland.  The  men  who  held 
those  views  formed  the  well-known  "  Committee  of  Apothecaries," 
which  existed  for  about  four  years. 

On  November  5th,  1838,  the  College,  having  taken  legal  opinion, 
came  to  the  conclusion  that  they  were  not  prohibited  by  law  in 
their  charter  from  dispensing  medicines  to  their  own  patients; 
and  they  resolved  to  defend  any  action  at  law  in  relation  to  this 
matter  which  might  be  instituted  against  any  of  their  members  or 
licentiates. 


COLLEGES  AGREE  TO  A  UNIFORM  CURRICULUM.  191 

On  the  30th  January  the  first  of  the  evening  scientific  meetings 
came  off  with  great  eclat — the  Lord  Lieutenant  and  89  other 
persons,  many  of  them  noblemen  and  high  officials,  being  present. 
The  cost  of  the  entertainment  was  £28  12s.  4d. 

Early  in  1838  deputations  from  the  three  Colleges  of  Surgeons 
held  conferences  in  London,  and  agreed  upon  the  following  points : — 
(1)  That  the  candidates  for  surgical  qualifications  should  possess  a 
"suitable  preliminary  education;"  (2)  that  the  schools  and  hospitals 
recognised  in  each  country  by  the  College  of  that  country  should  be 
acknowledged  by  the  other  Colleges  ;  (3)  that  evidence  of  21 
months  of  hospital  practice,  and  of  attendance  during  two  full  sessions 
at  lectures  on  anatomy  and  surgery,  and  of  one  course  on  each  of  the 
following  subjects — medicine,  chemistry,  materia  medica,  midwifery, 
botany, and  medical  jurisprudence ;  also  two  sessions  in  the  dissecting 
room ;  (4)  that  the  members  of  any  College  which  does  not  examine 
in  medicine,  pharmacy,  and  midwifery  be  required  to  produce  (as 
qualifications  for  holding  such  appointments)  a  certificate  of  exami- 
nation in  these  subjects  from  a  properly  constituted  authority,  or  to 
produce  a  degree  in  medicine  from  a  university  requiring  bond  fide 
in  those  subjects  before  granting  such  a  degree.  Some  other  points 
of  less  importance  were  agreed  upon,  one  being  that  candidates 
should  not  be  less  than  21  years  of  age.  The  College  adopted  the 
resolutions  of  the  delegates,  but  expressly  on  the  understanding 
that  the  amount  of  education  required  in  candidates  was  "  a  mini- 
mum," and  the  Irish  delegates  were  directed  to  use  their  influence 
to  have  the  minimal  hospital  attendance  increased  to  24  months,  and 
to  make  the  period  of  study  absolutely  four  full  sessions. 

The  Edinburgh  College  adopted  the  resolutions  of  the  delegates, 
as  did  also,  with  some  modifications,  the  London  College.  Subse- 
quenty  it  was  found  that  the  latter  body  had  not  fully  acted  up 
to  their  promises.  The  higher  education  henceforth  required  by  the 
Ciindidates  for  licenses  of  those  institutions  was  the  immediate  result 
of  the  action  of  the  Irish  College.  The  College,  too,  laboured  hard 
to  prevent  the  Medical  Charities  Bill  from  being  converted  into  a 
statute  likely,  as  they  thought,  to  be  injurious  to  the  interests  of  the 
surgical  profession,  and  especially  to   their  members.     In  this 


192       STATISTICS. — LANGLEY'S  CASE. — PROPOSED  UNION. 


endeavour  they  were  materially  assisted  by  the  late  Dr.  Henry 
Maunsell,  who  proved  himself  an  able  writer  and  eloquent  debater. 
Professor  Williams  also  at  this  time  became  a  leader  in  the  College 
counsels,  and  wrote  many  articles  in  favour  of  the  College  in  the 
public  journals. 

On  August  6th  the  College  agreed  upon  an  address  to  the  Lord 
Lieutenant,  requesting  that  medical  statistics  should  be  collected  at 
the  next  census,  and  offering  to  prepare  forms  for  the  purpose.  On 
the  same  occasion,  Sir  B.  C.  Brodie,  Bart.,  and  Sir  G.  Ballingall, 
President  of  the  Edinburgh  College  of  Surgeons,  were  elected 
honorary  members. 

In  September  a  curious  case  came  before  the  College.  One  of  their 
members,  Mr.  C.  Langley,  of  Nenagh,  complained  of  the  conduct 
of  a  magistrate,  who  had  impugned  the  veracity  of  a  medical  certifi- 
cate which  he  had  given.  At  the  request  and  expense  of  the 
College,  the  President  proceeded  to  Nenagh  and  examined  Mr. 
Langley's  patient.  His  report  led  to  the  College  bringing  the 
matter  under  the  notice  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant. 

On  January  23rd,  1839,  the  College  resolved  to  admit  to  the 
examination  for  Letters  Testimonial  those  holding  qualifications 
from  other  surgical  corporations. 

On  April  2nd  it  was  agreed  to  petition  Parliament  as  to  the 
injustice  of  medical  men  being  obliged  to  give  evidence  in  criminal 
cases,  before  coroners  and  magistrates,  without  being  remunerated 
for  their  loss  of  time. 

In  this  year  the  College  endeavoured  to  effect  a  union  of  the 
physicians  and  surgeons,  under  the  designation  of  the  Medical 
Union  of  Ireland.  Overtures,  with  this  object,  were  made  to  the 
College  of  Physicians,  but  they  were  not  entertained  by  that  body. 
Nevertheless,  a  congress  of  physicians  and  eurgeons,  including 
sixty-one  delegates  from  the  counties,  assembled  on  the  29th  May, 
at  the  College  of  Surgeons,  to  discuse  the  matter.  Several  resolu- 
tions were  passed,  including  the  following: — "Resolved — That  it  is, 
therefore,  our  opinion  a  legislative  measure  should  be  sought  for  by 
us,  to  unite  the  medical  profession  of  Ireland  into  a  corporation, 
upon  such  principles  as  shall  constitute  them  one  National  Faculty, 


ASSISTANT  SECRETARY. — PAID  EXAMINERS. 


193 


and  thereby  identify,  in  feeling  and  interests,  the  great  mass  of 
provincial  practitioners  with  their  metropolitan  brethren." 

A  deputation  of  the  new  society  shortly  afterwards  waited  upon 
the  Lord  Lieutenant,  and  submitted  their  proposals  to  him,  which, 
in  the  usual  diplomatic  manner,  his  Excellency  said  should  "  receive  " 
his  most  careful  consideration.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  this 
attempt  to  unite  medical  practitioners  into  one  body,  and  to  have 
such  examinations  for  the  student  as  would,  if  he  passed  them, 
qualify  him  to  practise  any  department  of  the  healing  art,  ended  in 
failure.  The  College,  undoubtedly,  were  not  to  blame  for  this 
unfortunate  result. 

On  the  6th  January  Mr.  Small  was  elected  Assistant-Secretary, 
in  place  of  Mr.  Jacob,  but  he  resigned  on  the  4th  November 
following.  The  office  then  ceased  to  exist,  and  the  duties  pertaining 
to  it  were  transferred  to  the  Registrar. 

A  large  part  of  1840  was  consumed  in  correspondence  with  the 
other  Surgical  Colleges  in  reference  to  medical  education. 

On  January  3  3th,  1841,  a  motion  to  give  £30  to  each  of  the 
Censors,  for  their  services  during  1840,  was  carried  on  a  division  by 
twenty-two  to  two.  This  is  the  first  time  that  the  examiners  were 
paid,  except  for  examining  candidates  for  the  army  and  navy 
medical  services.  In  1842  it  was  agieed  that  the  Censors  should 
each  receive  half  a  guinea  for  each  examination  in  which  he  was 
engaged. 

The  average  income  of  the  College,  during  the  years  1838-39-40, 
was  only  £2,050,  and  the  average  expenditure  £2,170. 

On  the  1st  November,  1841,  the  College  founded  a  Professorship 
of  Hygiene,  or  Public  Health.  On  the  13th  December  a  Professor- 
ship of  Botany  was  founded.  Lectures  on  this  subject  had,  how- 
ever, been  for  many  years  delivered  in  the  school. 

In  1842  the  College  invited  the  attention  of  the  Irish  and  Scotch 
Medical  Corporations  to  regulations  of  the  English  Poor-law  Com- 
missioners, excluding  all  practitioners  from  the  office  of  Union- 
Surgeon,  unless  provided  with  a  London  qualification.  Sir  James 
Graham's  Medical  Bill  was,  at  this  time,  before  Parliament,  and  its 
provisions  were  considered  satisfactory  by  the  College. 

o 


194 


A  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER  GRANTED. 


At  several  meetings  held  in  1842,  various  proposed  changes  in 
the  constitution  of  the  College  were  considered,  and  were,  as  a  rule, 
adopted.  They  included  the  formation  of  a  Governing  Council,  the 
institution  of  an  order  of  Fellows,  and  the  creation  of  a  paid  Court 
of  Examiners,  instead  of  the  Courts  of  Censors  and  Assistants. 

On  the  24th  January,  1843,  the  consideration  of  the  clauses  of 
the  proposed  supplemental  Charter  was  completed,  and  directions  to 
have  it  put  into  legal  form  given. 

The  supplemental  Charter  was  granted  on  the  11th  January, 
1844.  The  authorities  relinquished  the  fees  to  which  they  were 
entitled,  as  did  also  the  law  officers  of  the  Crown ;  consequently, 
the  expense  of  procuring  the  Charter  was  reduced  from  £220  to 
£94  17s.  3d.  The  reason  assigned  for  the  abatement  of  fees  was 
the  short  period  that  had  elapsed  since  the  payment  of  a  large  sum 
on  account  of  the  second  charter.  The  period  was,  however,  nearly 
fourteen  years. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


THE  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHAKTEK. 

"  ©tCtOria,  by  the  Grace  of  God,  of  the  United  Kingdom  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Queen,  Defender  of  the  Faith,  and 
soforth.    To  all  unto  whom  these  Presents  shall  come,  greeting. 

"  Whereas  the  body  politic  and  corporate  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  in  Ireland  was  incorporated  or  re-established  under 
and  by  virtue  of  a  certain  Charter  or  Letters  Patent,  bearing  date 
the  thirteenth  day  of  September,  in  the  ninth  year  of  the  reign  of 
King  George  the  Fourth,  or  otherwise,  as  in  such  Letters  Patent 
mentioned  or  referred  to ;  and  the  said  College  is  now  regulated 
and  governed  by  the  provisions  of  such  Charter  or  Letters  Patent, 
and  according  to  certain  Bye-Laws  and  Ordinances  made  by  the 
said  College  for  its  regulation  and  better  government. 

"And  whereas  the  body  politic  and  corporate  of  the  said 
College  at  present  consists  of  persons  named  and  created  Members 
of  the  said  College  by  the  said  Charter,  or  since  duly  elected  to  be 
such  Members.  And  whereas  certain  other  persons  have  received 
Letters  Testimonial,  Certificates  or  Diplomas  under  the  Common 
Seal  of  the  said  College,  qualifying  them  to  practise  Surgery,  who 
are  called  Licentiates,  but  are  not  included  in  the  body  politic  and 
corporate  of  the  said  College.  And  whereas  the  governing  body 
of  the  said  College  consists  of  the  Members  of  the  College,  or  a 
majority  of  those  Members  present,  who,  being  lawfully  convened, 
shall  meet  and  assemble  for  that  purpose ;  one  of  the  Members  of 
the  said  College  being  the  President,  and  one  other  Member  the 
Vice-President,  and  six  other  Members  being  Censors,  and  twelve 
other  Members  being  Assistants  of  the  said  College. 

"  And  whereas,  in  order  more  effectually  to  promote  and 
encourage  the  study  and  practice  of  the  art  and  science  of  Surgery, 
it  appears  to  us  expedient  that  the  several  persons  who  are  now 
Members  of  the  said  College  should  be  called  Fellows,  and  that 
other  persons  may  be  appointed  or  elected  Fellows,  in  the  manner 
and  subject  to  the  regulations  hereinafter  provided ;  and  that  all 
persons  who  may  hereafter  become  Fellows  of  the  said  College, 


196 


THE  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER. 


but  not  those  who  are  by  these  presents  named  and  constituted 
Fellows,  nor  such  other  persons  as  shall  be  appointed  and  enrolled 
as  Fellows  within  one  year  from  the  date  of  these  Presents  in  the 
manner  hereinafter  provided,  should  be  required,  in  order  to  obtain 
a  Fellowship  of  the  said  College,  to  pass  through  a  longer  and 
higher  course  of  studies,  and  to  have  attained  a  greater  age  than 
shall  be  required  in  the  case  of  those  persons  who  shall  hereafter 
be  constituted  Licentiates  of  the  said  College,  according  to  the 
provisions  hereinafter  contained. 

"And  whereas  it  is  further  expedient  that  certain  other  per- 
sans  may  be  appointed  Licentiates  of  the  said  College  as  aforesaid, 
in  the  manner  and  subject  to  the  regulations  hereinafter  provided, 
and  that  the  offices  of  Censors  and  Assistants  of  the  said  College 
should  be  respectively  abolished,  and  that  all  the  powers  and 
privileges  of  the  said  body  politic  and  corporate  for  the  government 
thereof,  and  the  superintendence  and  advancement  of  surgical 
education  and  practice,  should  be  vested  in  and  exercised  by  an 
Executive  Council  of  the  said  College,  to  be  constituted  and  chosen 
as  hereinafter  mentioned,  and  that  certain  further  powers  and 
privileges  should  be  granted  to  the  said  College. 

"  Know  ye,  therefore,  That  we,  of  our  special  grace,  certain 
knowledge,  and  mere  motion,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  our  right  trusty  and  right  well  beloved  cousin  and  councillor, 
Thomas  Philip,  Earl  De  Grey,  our  Lieutenant-General  and  General 
Governor  of  that  part  of  our  said  United  Kingdom  called  Ireland, 
and  according  to  the  tenor  and  effect  of  our  Letter,  under  our 
Privy  Signet  and  Royal  Sign  Manual,  bearing  date  at  our  Court 
at  Saint  James's,  the  twenty-fifth  day  of  November,  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  forty-three,  in  the  seventh  year  of  our  reign, 
and  now  enrolled  in  the  Rolls  of  our  High  Court  of  Chancery,  in 
that  part  of  our  said  United  Kingdom  called  Ireland,  have  granted, 
declared,  ordained,  and  directed,  and  by  these  Presents  for  us,  our 
heirs  and  successors,  do  grant,  declare,  ordain,  and  direct : — 

"  1.  That  all  persons  who  are  Members  of  the  said  College  at 
the  date  of  these  Presents,  together  with  such  persons  as  shall  be 
appointed  and  enrolled  in  manner  hereinafter  provided,  within  one 
year  from  the  date  hereof,  and  also  such  persons  as  shall,  from 
time  to  time,  be  elected  and  admitted  after  examination  had  in 
manner  hereinafter  provided,  shall  be  and  become  Fellows  of  the 
said  College,  and  be  called  or  known  by  the  name  or  style  of 


THE  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER. 


197 


•The  Fellows  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons  in 
Ireland,'  and  shall  exercise  and  enjoy  all  and  singular  the  gifts, 
grants,  liberties,  privileges  and  immunities,  possessions,  real  and 
personal,  whatsoever,  by  any  act  or  acts  of  Parliament,  or  by  any 
Letters  Patent,  granted  and  confirmed  unto,  and  lawfully  acquired 
by,  the  said  body  politic  and  corporate,  or  which  might  be  exercised 
and  enjoyed  by  them  as  Members  for  the  time  being  of  the  said 
College,  and  not  hereby  altered  or  amended. 

"  2.  And  that  all  persons  who  are  Licentiates  of  the  said  College 
at  the  date  of  these  Presents,  together  with  such  other  persons  as 
shall  be  appointed  and  enrolled  within  one  year  from  the  date  of 
these  Presents,  in  the  manner  hereinafter  provided,  and  also  such 
other  persons  as  shall  hereafter  from  time  to  time  be  admitted 
Licentiates  by  examination,  shall  be  and  become  and  be  called 
Licentiates  of  the  said  College ;  and  such  Licentiates  shall  respec- 
tively exercise  and  enjoy  all  rights  of  practice  in  the  art  or  science 
of  Surgery  or  otherwise,  which  are  commonly  enjoyed  by  Members 
of  the  said  College,  and  shall  have  free  access  to  the  library  and 
museum  thereof,  subject  to  such  regulations  as  the  Council  may, 
from  time  to  time,  lay  down  and  direct  to  be  observed,  and  be 
eligible  or  admissible  to  the  rank  of  Fellowship  of  the  said  College, 
subject  to  the  conditions  and  regulations  hereinafter  contained. 

"  3.  And  We  do  hereby,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  direct 
and  command  that,  from  and  after  the  election  of  the  Council  of 
the  said  College,  as  hereinafter  provided,  and  the  acceptance  of 
the  office  of  Councillors  by  the  persons  in  that  behalf  chosen 
thereunto,  the  offices  of  Assistants  and  Censors  of  the  said  College 
shall  be  abolished,  and  the  present  manner  of  electing  a  President 
and  Vice-President  and  other  officers  of  the  said  College  shall 
cease. 

"  4.  And  We  do  hereby,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  grant, 
declare,  and  appoint  that  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  Fellows 
of  the  said  College,  from  time  to  time,  in  manner  hereinafter 
mentioned,  to  choose  by  ballot  one  person  from  amongst  them- 
selves to  be  President,  and  one  other  person  from  amongst  them- 
selves to  be  a  Vice-President,  and  any  number  of  persons  from 
amongst  themselves,  and  not  exceeding  the  number  of  twenty-one, 
including  the  said  President  and  Vice-President,  to  be  the  Council 
of  the  said  College,  the  said  President,  Vice-President,  and  other 
Members  of  the  said  Council  to  be  continued  in  the  said  respective 


198 


THE  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER. 


offices  for  such  time  as  is  hereinafter  set  forth ;  and  the  presence 
of  at  least  one-third  part  of  the  said  Council  shall  be  necessary  to 
constitute  a  meeting  of  the  said  Council  competent  to  transact 
business  and  perform  the  duty  of  the  said  Council. 

"5.  And  We  do  hereby,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  grant, 
declare,  and  appoint  that  the  President  and  Vice-President  shall 
be  ex-officio  Members  of  the  said  Council  of  the  said  College,  and 
the  Vice-President  shall  and  may,  in  the  absence  of  the  President, 
have  the  same  powers  and  authorities  as  the  said  President  would 
have  if  personally  present,  and  that  in  all  votes,  ballots,  scrutinies, 
or  divisions  at  any  meeting  of  the  Fellows  or  Members  of  the  said 
College,  or  of  the  Council,  the  President  or  the  Vice-President, 
or  such  other  person  as  may  preside  over  such  meeting  and  be 
chairman  thereof,  shall  not  vote  unless  there  be  an  equality  of 
votes,  in  which  case  he  shall  give  a  casting  vote. 

"  6.  And  We  do  hereby  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  ordain 
and  appoint  that  the  President,  or  in  his  absence  the  Vice-President, 
when  and  as  often  as  the  said  President,  or  in  his  absence  the 
Vice-President,  shall  think  fitting,  may  or  upon  a  request  in 
writing  made  to  him  by  twelve  or  more  Fellows  of  the  said  College, 
shall,  without  wilful  delay,  convene  a  meeting  of  the  Fellows  at 
large,  and,  with  such  of  the  said  Fellows  as  may  attend  thereat, 
deliberate  and  consult  about  the  state  and  government  of  the  said 
College,  and  the  administration  of  the  affairs  thereof,  and  shall  be 
at  liberty  to  recommend  to  the  consideration  of  the  Council  of  the 
said  College  such  matters  as  to  the  said  Fellows  so  assembled  may 
seem  expedient. 

"  7.  And  that  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  to  and  for  the  Council, 
or  a  majority  of  such  of  the  Members  thereof  as  shall  assemble 
(the  whole  number  then  and  there  present  not  being  less  than 
one-third  part  of  the  whole  Council),  to  exercise  the  powers  and 
privileges  and  perform  the  duties  and  functions  of  the  said  body 
politic  and  corporate,  as  the  governing  or  executive  Council  of  the 
said  College,  and  in  all  respects  to  act  for  or  on  behalf  of  the  said 
College  as  lawfully  representing  the  same,  and  so  to  make  and 
publish,  and  also  to  alter,  change,  and  annul,  from  time  to  time, 
such  Bye-laws,  Rules,  Ordinances,  and  Constitutions  as  to  them 
shall  seem  requisite,  for  the  regulation,  good  government,  and 
advantage  of  the  said  body,  and  the  Licentiates  of  the  said  College, 
and  the  administration  of  the  funds  and  property  thereof,  or  con- 


THE  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER. 


199 


corning  qualifications  of  the  candidates  for  Letters  Testimonial ; 
the  Enrolment,  Registry,  Matriculation,  Admission,  and  Examina- 
tion of  Fellows,  Licentiates,  Pupils,  Students,  and  Apprentices, 
the  fees  to  be  payable  by  them  and  every  of  them  to  the  said 
College,  or  to  any  Fellows,  or  to  any  Licentiate  thereof,  the  terms 
and  conditions  of  admission  on  taking  them  or  any  of  them,  and  to 
provide  and  enact  Bye-Laws  and  Rules  for  the  Regulation  of 
meetings  and  assemblies  under  these  Presents  to  be  holden,  and 
the  adjournment  thereof,  as  occasion  may  require.  And  in  case  of 
any  emergency,  wherein  the  directions  in  these  Presents  could  not 
be  followed,  to  make  provision  for  such  emergency,  and  direct  the 
manner  of  assembling,  electing,  or  other  act  or  transaction  necessary 
for  the  government,  discipline,  or  continuance  of  the  said  body 
corporate,  and  the  said  College,  and  also  to  provide  regulations  for 
inflicting  upon  any  delinquent,  whether  Apprentice  or  Pupil,  Fellow 
or  Licentiate,  such  reasonable  pains,  penalties,  and  punishments  by 
censure,  suspension,  amotion  or  fine,  as  to  them  so  assembled  shall 
seem  meet,  provided  such  pecuniary  penalty  shall  not  exceed,  in 
any  case,  the  sum  of  fifty  pounds,  and  that  such  Bye-Laws,  Rules, 
and  Constitutions  shall  not  be  repugnant  or  contrary  to  the  laws 
and  statutes  of  our  realm,  and  such  Bye-Laws,  Rules,  Ordinances, 
and  Constitutions,  and  acts  and  proceedings  of  the  Council  shall 
be,  from  time  to  time,  reported  to  the  Fellows  in  College  assembled 
in  manner  herein  provided.  Provided  always,  and  it  is  our  further 
will  and  pleasure,  that  no  Bye-Laws  hereafter  to  be  made  by  the 
said  Council  shall  be  of  any  force  until  our  approval  thereof  shall 
have  been  signified  to  the  said  College,  under  the  hand  of  one 
of  our  principal  Secretaries  of  State,  or  the  same  shall  have  been 
otherwise  approved  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  directed  by  us,  with 
the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Lords  Spiritual  and  Temporal  and 
Commons  of  our  realm,  in  Parliament  assembled. 

"  8.  And  We  have  made,  nominated,  constituted,  and  appointed, 
and  by  these  Presents  we  do  make,  nominate,  constitute,  and  appoint 
James  O'Beirne  to  be  President  of  the  said  College,  and  John  Hart 
to  be  Vice-President  of  the  said  College,  and  at  once  to  enter  upon 
their  said  respective  offices,  and  perform  the  duties  thereof  respec- 
tively, and  to  continue  until  the  appointment  of  their  successors 
to  the  said  respective  offices,  and  the  acceptance  thereof  by  such 
persons  elected  in  such  manner  as  hereinafter  mentioned. 

"  9.  And  We  do  hereby,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  ordain, 


200 


THE  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER. 


direct,  and  appoint  that,  within  one  week  after  the  date  of  these 
Presents,  the  Fellows  of  the  said  College  shall  be  summoned  to 
assemble  together  by  the  said  President,  or  by  other  the  President 
for  the  time  being,  or  in  his  absence,  or  by  his  assent  or  permission, 
by  the  Vice-President  for  the  time  being,  by  special  summons, 
indicating  the  time  and  place  of  said  meeting  so  to  be  convened, 
and  the  purpose  thereof ;  which  said  summons  or  notice  shall  be 
addressed  respectively  to  each  person  who  shall  be  a  Fellow  of  the 
said  College  at  the  time  of  transmitting  the  same,  in  case  his 
residence  shall  be  known  by  such  President  or  Vice-President,  and 
shall  be  transmitted  through  the  General  Post  Office  of  the  City 
of  Dublin,  three  clear  days  at  least  before  the  day  appointed  for 
the  said  meeting ;  and  in  case  such  notice  or  summons  shall  not  be 
transmitted  in  manner  and  within  the  time  aforesaid,  then  the 
Fellows  of  said  College  shall  and  may  meet  and  assemble  together 
there,  on  the  Monday  first  after  the  expiration  of  one  week  from 
the  date  of  these  Presents,  at  the  hour  of  twelve  o'clock,  at  the 
said  College ;  and  in  any  of  the  cases  aforesaid  the  said  Fellows  so 
assembled  shall  proceed  to  elect  and  choose  the  said  Council  of  the 
said  College  in  manner  hereinbefore  mentioned  ;  and  the  chairman 
of  such  meeting  shall  and  may,  at  the  close  of  said  poll  or  election, 
announce  the  result  thereof,  and  declare  the  sevei'al  persons  elected 
and  chosen  to  be  and  be  constituted,  together  with  the  said 
President  and  Vice-President,  the  Council  of  the  said  College  as 
aforesaid,  arid  shall  thenceforth  so  continue  until  the  election  and 
appointment  of  their  successors  in  manner  hereinafter  provided, 
and  shall  possess,  enjoy,  and  exercise  all  the  corporate  powers, 
privileges,  and  authorities  of  the  said  body  politic  and  corporate,  as 
far  as  the  same  relate  to  the  good  government,  regulation,  discipline, 
and  control  of  the  said  College,  or  the  practice  of  the  said  art  or 
science  of  Surgery,  and  shall,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  be  the 
governing  or  executive  body  in  Council  thereof. 

"  10.  And  We  do  hereby  further  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors, 
ordain,  declare,  and  direct  that,  whenever  and  so  often  as  it  shall 
be  necessary  to  elect  an  Examiner  or  Examiners,  or  a  Professor  or 
Professors,  of  the  said  College,  the  President  or  Vice-President, 
together  with  not  less  than  two-thirds  of  the  other  Members  of  the, 
said  Council  for  the  time  being  in  that  behalf  convened  shall 
assemble;  or  in  case  of  the  absence  or  non-attendance  of  the 
President  or  Vice-President,  then  not  less  than  three-fourths  of 


THE  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER. 


201 


the  said  Council,  exclusive  of  said  President  or  Vice-President, 
shall  meet  and  assemble  together,  pursuant  to  a  special  summons 
in  that  behalf  to  be  issued  and  transmitted  as  aforesaid,  three  clear 
days  at  least  before  such  meeting  and  assemblage ;  and  being  so 
assembled  shall  choose  and  appoint  by  lot  seven  Members  of  such 
Council,  or  as  near  thereto  as  may  be  ;  which  said  persons  so 
chosen  and  appointed  shall  proceed  forthwith  to  elect  by  a  majority 
of  voices  such  Examiner  or  Examiners,  Professor  or  Professors,  to 
respectively  examine  or  teach,  as  the  case  may  be,  such  branches 
of  surgical,  medical,  and  colllateral  arts  or  sciences  as  the  Council 
may  direct  with  respect  to  any  or  each  of  the  Examinatorships  or 
Professorships  to  be  instituted,  filled  up,  and  elected,  provided  the 
said  Members  of  the  Council,  so  by  lot  appointed,  shall  find  among 
the  candidates  for  the  said  offices  of  Examiner  or  Professor  a 
person  or  persons  having  such  qualifications  as  the  Council  may, 
from  time  to  time,  determine  by  Bye-Law  to  be  necessary ;  and 
also,  being  in  their  judgment,  or  in  the  judgment  of  the  majority 
of  them,  fit  and  competent  to  discharge  the  duties  of  said  office  of 
Examiner  or  Professor,  as  the  case  may  be ;  and  the  said  Members 
of  such  Council,  so  by  lot  appointed  or  chosen,  shall  thereupon 
make  and  subscribe  the  following  declaration  : — 

"  '  /,  do  solemnly  and  sincerely  promise  and  declare 

that  I  will,  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge,  skill,  and  judgment,  without 
hatred,  evil-will,  partiality,  affection,  favour,  or  fear,  justly,  equally* 
and  faithfully  discharge  the  trust  now  reposed  in  me  to  elect  the  most 
fit  and  proper  person  to  fill  the  situation  of  Examiner  (or  Professor) 
of 

And  further,  that  I  consider  myself  bound  to  elect  the  candidate  who 
affords  the  most  unquestionable  proofs  of  good  character  and  of 
ability,  acquirements,  industry,  and  perseverance  applied  to  the  branch 
for  which  I  am  now  called  upon  to  elect  a  Professor  (or  Examiner) ; 
and  that  I  do  not  consider  previous  services  in  the  College,  in  this  or 
any  other  department,  as  establishing  a  peculiar  claim  to  a  preference. 
And  also,  that  I  have  not,  directly  or  indirectly,  promised  to  vote  for 
or  favour  any  particular  candidate.'  And  such  declai*ation  shall 
be  duly  administered  to  them  respectively  by  the  President  or 
Vice-President,  or  any  Member  of  the  Council  who  shall  be  then 
present,  and  such  declaration  shall  be  taken,  and  such  appointment 
by  lot  of  seven  Members,  to  make  such  election,  shall  be  made  at  a 


202 


THE  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTEE. 


meeting  of  the  Fellows  of  the  College  duly  convened  as  herein- 
before provided. 

"  11.  And  We  do  hereby  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  ordain, 
declare,  and  direct  that  the  President  or  Vice-President,  with  other 
Members  of  said  Council  of  the  said  College  shall,  in  manner 
aforesaid,  elect,  or  cause  to  be  elected,  from  the  persons  who  shall 
offer  themselves  to  the  Council  of  said  College  as  candidates  for 
the  said  office,  provided  the  said  Members  of  Council,  by  lot 
appointed  to  elect  to  the  office  of  Examiner,  shall  find  among  the 
candidates  for  the  said  office  a  person  or  persons,  in  their  judg- 
ment, or  in  the  judgment  of  the  majority  of  them,  fit  and  com- 
petent to  discharge  the  duties  thereof,  six  or  more  persons  to  be 
Examiners  of  said  College,  such  candidates  for  such  office  as 
Examiners  not  being  Members  of  said  Council,  and  if  elected  as 
Examiners  shall  not  be  capable  of  being  elected  as  Members  of  the 
Council,  so  long  as  they  hold  the  office  of  Examiners,  and  such 
Examiners  so  elected,  if  Professors  or  Lecturers,  or  Teachers,  shall, 
so  long  as  they  hold  the  office  of  Examiners,  cease  to  hold  the  office 
or  perform  the  duties  of  Professors,  Lecturers,  or  Teachers,  except 
as  Clinical  Lecturers  in  Hospitals.  And  they,  the  said  President 
or  Vice-President,  and  Council,  shall  in  like  manner,  from  time  to 
time,  fill  up  any  vacancy  or  vacancies  that  may  occur  in  the  body 
of  Examiners,  so  that  the  said  Examiners  shall  always  consist  of 
such  number  of  persons  as  shall  be  from  time  to  time  determined 
by  any  Bye-law  of  the  said  College ;  and  they  shall  in  like  manner 
elect  Professors  of  the  said  College,  when  and  so  often  as  a  vacancy 
or  vacancies  shall  occur,  from  the  persons  who  shall  offer  them- 
selves to  the  Council  of  the  said  College  as  candidates  for  the  said 
office ;  provided  the  Members  of  Council,  by  lot  appointed  to  elect 
to  the  office  of  Professors,  shall  find  among  said  candidates  for  the 
said  office  a  person  or  persons  in  their  judgment,  or  in  the  judg- 
ment of  the  majority  of  them,  fit  and  competent  to  the  discharge 
of  the  duties  thereof,  so  that  the  Professors  of  the  said  College 
shall  always  consist  of  thirteen  persons,  unless  such  number  shall 
be  altered  by  any  Bye-Laws  of  the  said  College ;  and  the  said 
persons  so  respectively  elected  and  appointed  to  fill  the  said  respec- 
tive offices  of  Examiner  or  Professor,  shall  respectively  hold  and 
enjoy  their  said  office  during  such  period  as  shall  be  fixed  by  Bye- 
Laws  of  the  said  College,  to  be  duly  enacted  for  that  purpose,  and 
such  Examiners  shall  be  entitled  to  such  salary,  emolument,  and 


THE  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHAIiTEU. 


203 


reward,  as  the  said  Council  shall,  by  any  Rule  or  Bye-Law  in  that 
behalf,  make  or  provide  for  any  person  so  chosen  and  appointed  an 
Examiner  as  aforesaid.  That  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the 
President  or  Vice-President  and  Council  of  the  said  College,  from 
time  to  time,  to  elect  and  appoint  a  Secretary,  and  also  to  elect  and 
appoint  a  Registrar,  and  such  other  officer  or  officers,  servant  or 
servants,  for  such  periods,  and  at  such  salaries,  as  to  thein  shall 
seem  meet,  for  the  better  regulation  of  the  said  College. 

"  12.  And  We  do  hereby  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  grant, 
ordain,  and  appoint,  that  the  President,  or  in  his  absence  the  Vice- 
President,  or  any  two  Members  of  the  Council,  shall,  upon  the  first 
Monday  in  the  month  of  June,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
forty-four,  or  in  ten  days  thereafter,  and  upon  the  first  Monday  in 
June  in  every  succeeding  year,  or  within  ten  days  thereafter,  con- 
vene a  meeting  of  the  Fellows  of  said  College  at  the  Hall  of  the 
said  College,  or  some  other  convenient  place  within  the  City  of 
Dublin  by  special  summons  as  hereinafter  provided,  and  the  said 
Fellows,  or  such  of  them  as  shall  assemble  in  pursuance  of  such 
summons,  shall  then  and  there  elect  yearly,  by  ballot,  out  of  their 
own  body,  by  a  majority  of  votes  of  such  Fellows  as  shall  be  then 
and  there  present,  one  person  to  be  President,  and  one  other  person 
to  be  Vice-President,  and  any  number  of  persons  from  amongst 
themselves,  and  not  exceeding  the  number  of  twenty-one,  including 
the  said  President  and  Vice-President,  to  be  Members  of  the 
Council  of  said  College  for  the  then  succeeding  year,  which  per- 
sons so  elected  shall  respectively  serve  in  the  offices  to  which  they 
shall  be  so  elected  for  and  during  one  whole  year,  and  thenceforth 
until  others  shall  be  duly  elected  in  their  places  respectively,  and 
notices  in  writing  of  every  such  meeting  shall  be  delivered  or  sent 
by  post,  addressed  to  the  usual  place  of  abode  of  each  of  the  said 
Fellows  then  residing  in  Ireland,  where  the  same  is  known  at  the 
said  College,  and  every  such  notice  shall  specify  the  time  and  place 
at  which  such  meeting  shall  be  held. 

"  13.  And  We  do  hereby  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  grant 
and  ordain,  that  in  case  such  election  shall  not  be  held  and  com- 
pleted as  aforesaid,  or  if  at  any  time  any  vacancy  shall  occur  by 
death,  resignation,  removal  or  incapacity  of  the  President,  or  Vice- 
President,  or  any  Member  of  the  said  Council,  or  any  other  officer 
of  the  said  College  hereby  nominated,  or  hereafter  to  be  elected, 
then  and  in  such  case  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  any  two  of 


204 


THE  SPPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER. 


the  Fellows  of  the  said  College,  on  being  thereunto  so  required  by- 
notice  in  writing,  signed  by  any  six  Fellows,  to  issue  a  summons 
six  clear  days,  and  thereby  convene  a  meeting  of  the  Fellows  of 
said  College,  at  the  Hall  of  said  College,  or  other  convenient  place 
within  the  City  of  Dublin,  upon  a  day,  and  at  an  hour,  before  the 
hours  of  nine  and  three,  to  be  mentioned  in  such  summons,  and  the 
said  Fellows  shall  then  and  there  elect  by  ballot  out  of  their  own 
body,  by  a  majority  of  votes  of  such  Fellows  as  shall  be  then  and 
there  present,  a  person  or  persons  to  fill  up  and  supply  the  said 
office  or  offices,  or  such  of  them  as  shall  have  so  become  vacant  or 
required  to  be  filled  up,  for  such  part  of  the  ensuing  year  as  shall 
be  then  to  come  and  unexpired,  and  that  the  person  or  persons  so 
elected  shall  thereupon  enter  the  office  to  which  he  or  they  shall 
have  been  so  elected,  and  shall  serve  for  the  remainder  of  the  year, 
and  thenceforth  until  a  new  appointment  and  election  be  made  as 
hereinbefore  provided,  and  shall  have  all  the  powers,  privileges, 
and  authorities  which  would  have  belonged  to  him  or  them  if  origi- 
nally elected  and  appointed  thereunto. 

"  14.  And  We  do  hereby  enjoin  and  require  that  the  oath  or 
affirmation,  or  declaration  required  by  the  said  hereinbefore,  in  part, 
recited  Charter  or.  Letters  Patent,  to  be  taken  or  made  by  the  Pre- 
sident, Vice-President,  Censors,  Assistants,  Officers,  or  Members, 
or  Licentiates  of  the  said  College  respectively  shall,  save  where 
the  same  is  hereby  altered  or  annulled,  be  taken  or  made  by  the 
President  or  Vice-President,  Members  of  the  Council,  Fellows, 
Examiners,  Officers,  or  Licentiates  of  the  said  College  appointed, 
or  to  be  appointed  under  these  Presents ;  and  the  President  or 
Vice-President,  or  Members  of  the  Council,  or  any  two  of  them, 
shall  administer  such  oath,  or  affirmation,  or  declaration,  save  as 
aforesaid,  at  such  time,  and  in  such  manner  as  the  President,  Vice- 
President,  and  Censors,  or  any  two  of  them,  were  empowered  and 
required  to  administer  the  same  by  the  said  Letters  Patent. 

"  15.  And  We  do  hereby  further  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors, 
grant  and  declare  that  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  Council 
of  the  said  College,  at  any  time  or  times  before  the  expiration  of 
one  year  from  the  date  hereof,  by  Diploma  or  Diplomas,  under  the 
Seal  of  the  said  College,  and  in  such  form  as  the  said  Council  shall 
think  fit,  and  upon  payment  of  a  fee  for  admission,  not  exceeding 
fifty  pounds,  to  be  paid  and  lodged  with  the  President  or  Vice- 
President  of  the  said  College,  for  the  use  of  the  said  College,  to 


THE  SUPPLEMEMTAL  CHARTER. 


205 


appoint  and  enrol  any  person  or  persons,  being  a  Licentiate  or 
Licentiates  of  the  said  College,  or  Practitioner  or  Practitioners  in 
Surgery,  whom  they  shall  think  fit  to  be  a  Fellow  or  Fellows  of  the 
said  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland ;  and  that  it  shall  and 
may  in  like  manner  be  lawful  for  the  Council  of  the  said  College, 
at  any  time  or  times  before  the  expiration  of  one  year  from  the  date 
hereof,  by  Certificate  or  Certificates,  or  Diploma  or  Diplomas,  under 
the  Seal  of  said  College,  and  in  such  form  as  the  said  Council  shall 
think  fit,  and  upon  payment  of  a  fee  for  admission  not  exceeding 
fifty  pounds,  to  be  paid  and  lodged  with  the  President  or  Vice- 
President  of  the  said  College,  for  use  of  the  said  College,  to  appoint 
and  enrol  any  person  or  persons,  being  a  Practitioner  or  Practi- 
tioners in  Surgery,  whom  they  shall  think  fit  to  be  a  Licentiate  or 
Licentiates  of  the  said  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland. 

"  16.  And  We  do  hereby  further  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors, 
ordain,  direct,  and  appoint  that,  except  as  hereinbefore  mentioned, 
no  person  shall  become  or  be  admitted  a  Fellow  of  the  said  College 
until  after  he  shall  have  attained  the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  and 
shall  also  have  gone  through  such  extended  course  of  studies,  and 
have  complied  with  such  other  rules  and  regulations  and  conditions 
as  the  Council  of  the  said  College  shall  from  time  to  time  consider 
expedient  and  direct,  nor  unless  he  shall  have  passed  such  special 
examination  by  the  Examiners  of  the  said  College  as  the  Council 
shall,  from  time  to  time,  think  fit  and  direct  that  candidates  for  a 
Fellowship  of  said  College  shall  undergo ;  but  every  fit  and  proper 
person,  having  attained  such  age,  and  gone  through  such  extended 
course  of  studies,  and  complied  with  such  rules  and  regulations 
and  conditions,  and  passed  such  special  examination,  shall  be  ad- 
missible as  a  Fellow  of  the  said  College  in  the  manner  hereinafter 
specified.  Provided  always,  and  our  will  and  pleasure  is,  that 
every  person  so  admitted  a  Fellow  of  the  said  College,  and  not 
being  already  a  Member  or  Licentiate  thereof,  shall  also,  by  virtue 
of  such  his  admittance  as  a  Fellow,  become  and  be  called,  and  be 
considered  admitted  as  a  Member  or  Licentiate  of  the  said  College, 
and  that  the  fee  to  be  paid  on  the  admittance  of  every  new  Fellow 
as  last  aforesaid,  over  and  above  the  stamp  duty  on  his  admittance 
or  Diploma,  shall  be  any  such  sum  not  exceeding  the  sum  of  one 
hundred  pounds,  as  the  Council  of  the  said  College  shall,  from 
time  to  time,  think  fit  and  direct. 

"  17.  And  We  do  hereby  further  declare  and  direct,  that  from 


206 


THE  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER. 


henceforth  no  person  shall  be  eligible  as  a  Fellow  of  the  said 
College  who  shall,  by  the  judgment  of  said  Council,  be  declared  to  be 
concerned,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  in  practising  pharmacy ;  and 
if  any  person  shall,  in  the  opinion  and  by  the  judgment  of  the  said 
Council,  be  declared  to  be  concerned,  either  directly  or  indirectly, 
in  the  practice  of  pharmacy  after  he  shall  have  become  a  Fellow 
by  virtue  of  this  Charter,  or  shall  have  been  appointed  or  admitted 
a  Fellow  of  the  said  College,  then,  and  in  every  such  case,  and 
after  previous  notice  to,  and  hearing  of,  such  Fellow,  as  under  the 
circumstances  the  Council  shall  think  proper,  it  shall  be  lawful  for 
such  Council  to  censure  and  admonish  such  person,  and  if  the  case 
should  so  require  (whereof  the  Council  shall  determine)  to  recall 
and  to  declare  the  Letters  Testimonial  or  Diploma  of  such  Fellow 
to  be  void,  and  thereupon  every  such  Fellow  shall  cease  to  be  a 
Fellow  of  said  College. 

"  18.  And  We  do  hereby  further  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors, 
declare  and  direct,  that  if  it  shall  at  any  time  hereafter  appear 
that  any  Licentiate  or  Fellow  of  said  College  shall  have  obtained 
his  Letters  Testimonial  or  his  Diploma  respectively,  by  any  fraud, 
false  statement,  or  imposition,  or  that  either  before  or  after  obtain- 
ing such  his  Letters  Testimonial  or  Diploma,  he  shall  have  wilfully 
violated  any  Bye-Law,  Rule,  or  Regulation  of  the  said  College, 
then  and  in  every  such  case,  and  after  such  previous  notice  to,  and 
such  hearing  of,  such  Fellow  or  Licentiate,  as  under  the  circum- 
stances the  Council  of  the  said  College  shall  think  proper,  it  shall 
be  lawful  for  the  Council  to  pass  such  judgment  or  censure  upon 
the  person  so  offending,  or  (in  case  it  should  seem  expedient)  to 
recall  and  to  declare  the  Letters  Testimonial  or  Diploma  respec- 
tively, of  such  Fellow  or  Licentiate,  to  be  void,  and  thereupon 
every  such  Licentiate  or  Fellow  shall  accordingly  cease  to  be  a 
Licentiate  or  a  Fellow  of  the  said  College,  as  the  case  may  be. 

"  19.  And  We  do  hereby  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  further 
ordain  and  appoint  that  the  Examiners  of  said  College,  or  so  many 
of  them  as  may  hereafter  be  declared  necessary  to  constitute  a 
court  or  board  by  any  Bye-Law,  shall,  from  time  to  time,  upon 
request  made  to  the  President,  or  in  his  absence,  to  the  Vice-Presi- 
dent, or  any  two  of  the  Council  of  the  said  College,  examine  in 
such  form  and  manner,  and  on  such  subjects  as  the  Council  may, 
from  time  to  time,  direct  and  prescribe,  every  person  who  shall  be 
desirous  of  obtaining  the  Certificate  or  Letters  Testimonial  of  the 


Till?  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER. 


207 


said  College  of  his  qualification  to  practise  under  the  Common 
Seal  of  the  said  College,  and  who  shall  have  duly  observed  and 
fulfilled  the  Rules,  Regulations,  Conditions,  and  Ordinances  pro- 
vided and  contained  in  the  Bye-Laws  of  the  said  College,  and 
in  the  said,  in  part,  recited  Letters  Patent  in  respect  of  such 
candidates  for  the  Certificate  or  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  said 
College :  and  in  case  the  said  Examiners  shall  be  satisfied  with  the 
result  of  such  examination,  and  shall  certify  to  the  said  Council  to 
the  effect  aforesaid,  then,  and  in  such  case,  the  said  Council  shall 
give  to  each  person  so  examined  and  qualified  such  Certificate  or 
Letters  Testimonial  of  his  qualification  to  practise,  under  the 
Common  Seal  of  the  said  College,  as  to  the  said  President  and  . 
Council,  or  to  the  majority  of  them,  shall  seem  just,  subject  to 
such  regulations  in  respect  thereof  as  the  Council  of  the  said 
College  shall  direct  upon  his  performance  of  or  compliance  with  all 
and  every  the  requisites  and  provisions  in  the  Statutes,  Bye-Laws, 
and  Ordinances  of  the  said  College,  and  in  the  said  Letters  Patent 
contained,  in  respect  of  such  person,  save  that  instead  of  the  oath 
or  affirmation  and  declaration  appointed  to  be  taken  by  the  said 
Letters  Patent,  every  such  person  so  examined  and  approved  of 
shall,  before  he  shall  obtain  or  be  entitled  to  claim  such  Letters 
Testimonial  or  Certificate,  make  and  subscribe  the  following  de- 
claration : — '  1,  A.  B.,  do  solemnly  and  sincerely  declare  and  promise 
that  I  will  observe  and  be  obedient  to  the  Statutes,  Bye-Laws,  and 
Ordinances  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland,  and  that  I 
will,  to  the  utmost  of  my  power,  endeavour  to  promote  the  reputation, 
honour,  and  dignity  of  the  said  College.' 

"  And  that  the  Examiners,  or  any  number  of  them,  declared  by 
the  Bye-Law  to  be  competent  to  transact  business  as  a  Court  of 
Examiners,  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  President,  or  in  his 
absence  the  Vice-President,  and  two  or  more  Members  of  the 
Council,  from  time  to  time,  in  like  manner,  upon  request  made  to 
the  President,  or  in  his  absence  to  the  Vice-President,  and  upon 
payment  of  the  fee  hereinbefore  mentioned,  examine,  in  such  form 
and  manner,  and  on  such  subjects  as  the  Council  may,  from  time 
to  time,  direct  and  prescribe,  any  candidate  for  a  Fellowship  who 
shall  prove  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  President,  or  Vice-President 
and  Council,  that  he  has  attained  the  age  at  which  persons  are  by  • 
these  Presents  qualified  to  be  admitted  a  Fellow  of  the  said 
College ;  and  if  such  candidate  shall  pass  such  examination  as  the 


208 


TIIK  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER. 


Council  of  the  said  College  shall,  from  time  to  time,  think  fit  and 
direct  that  candidates  for  a  Fellowship  shall  undergo,  to  the  satis- 
faction of  the  said  Examiners,  to  be  certified  to  the  said  Council, 
then  and  in  such  case  the  said  Council  shall  grant  to  such  persons 
such  Diploma  under  the  Seal  of  the  said  Corporation  or  College, 
and  in  such  form  as  the  Council  of  the  said  College  shall  direct, 
upon  his  performance  or  compliance  with  the  following  requisites 
and  provisions,  that  is  to  say :  every  person  so  examined  and 
approved  of  shall,  before  he  shall  obtain  or  be  entitled  to  obtain 
such  Diploma,  make  and  subscribe  the  following  declaration  and 
affirmation  : — '  /,  A.  B.,  do  solemnly  and  sincerely  declare  that  I  am 
twenty-Jive  years  of  age  and  upivards,  and  that  J  ivill  observe  and  be 
obedient  to  the  Statutes,  Bye-Laws,  and  Ordinances  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland,  and  that  I  will,  to  the  utmost  of  my 
power,  endeavour  to  promote  the  reputation,  honour,  and  dignity  of 
the  said  College,  and  that  I  do  not  now  practise  the  business  or 
profession  of  an  apothecary  or  druggist,  or  indirectly  sell  drugs  or 
medicines,  and  that  I  will  not,  so  long  as  I  shall  be  a  Fellow  of  the  said 
College,  practise  such  business  or  profession.'  And  all  persons  who 
ai'e  Members  of  said  College  at  the  date  of  these  Presents,  and 
are  hereby  created  Fellows,  shall  take  and  subscribe  the  said 
declaration. 

"  20.  And  we  do  hereby  further  ordain  and  direct  that  Examiners 
of  the  said  College,  or  so  many  of  them  as  shall  be  declared  com- 
petent to  transact  business  as  a  Court  of  Examiners,  shall  in  like 
manner,  from  time  to  time,  upon  request  made  to  the  President,  or 
in  his  absence  to  the  Vice-President,  or  any  two  of  the  Council, 
examine  in  such  form  and  manner,  on  such  subjects  as  the  Council 
mav,  from  time  to  time,  direct  and  prescribe,  such  persons  as  may 
so  require  it,  being  Fellows  or  Licentiates  of  the  College,  touching 
their  ability,  skilfulness,  and  knowledge,  previous  education  and 
experience  in  midwifery ;  and  in  case  the  said  Examiners  shall  be 
satisfied  with  the  result  of  such  examination,  and  shall  certify  to 
the  said  Council  to  that  effect,  then  and  in  such  case  the  said 
Council  shall  grant  to  such  person  so  examined  and  qualified  such 
Certificate  of  his  qualification  to  practise  midwifery  and  exercise 
the  profession  thereof,  under  the  Seal  of  the  said  Corporation  or 
College,  and  in  such  form  as  the  Council  of  the  said  College  shall 
direct. 

"  21.  And  we  do  hereby  enjoin  and  require  that  such  Examiners 


THE  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER. 


209 


shall,  on  being  appointed  to  their  respective  offices,  take  the  follow- 
ing declaration,  that  is  to  say  : — A.  B.,  do  solemnly  and  sincerely 
promise  and  declare  that  I  will,  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge,  skill, 
and  judgment,  without  hatred,  evil-ioill,  partiality,  affection,  favour,  or 
fear,  justly,  equally,  and  faithfully  discharge  the  trust  and  execute  the 
powers  vested  in  me  by  a  certain  Supplemental  Charter  granted  by 
Her  Majesty,  Queen  Victoria,  to  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in 
Ireland.'  Such  declaration  is  to  be  administered  by  the  Senior 
Examiner  present,  to  the  President,  or  in  his  absence  to  the  Vice- 
President,  who  is  to  administer  the  same  declaration  to  the  said 
Examiners,  and  they  are  hereby  respectively  authorised  and  required 
to  administer  the  same  accordingly. 

"  22.  And  we  do  hereby  grant  and  declare  that  it  shall  be  and 
may  be  lawful  for  the  said  College,  at  all  times  hereafter,  and 
upon  all  such  occasions  as  they  shall  think  proper  and  expedient, 
to  exercise  and  enjoy  the  right  and  privilege  of  having  a  Mace, 
and  causing  the  same  to  be  borne  by  such  officer  as  they  shall 
appoint  for  that  purpose. 

"  23.  And  we  do  hereby  further  declare  our  will  and  pleasure  to 
be  that,  except  in  the  respects  hereby  altered,  the  said  College 
shall  continue  to  have  all  such  and  the  same  jurisdictions,  powers, 
authorities,  and  discretions,  for  and  with  respect  to  the  government 
of  the  said  College,  as  such  College  now  has,  under  or  by  virtue  of 
the  said  hereinbefore  recited  Charter  or  Letters  Patent,  or  in  any 
other  lawful  manner  whatsoever.  And  we  do  hereby  further  for 
us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  grant  and  confirm  unto  them  all  such 
jurisdictions,  powers,  authorities,  und  discretions  accordingly. 

"  24.  And  we  do  hereby  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  further 
grant  unto  the  said  College  that  these  our  Letters  Patent,  or  the 
enrolment  or  exemplification  thereof,  shall  be  in  and  by  all  things 
good,  firm,  valid,  sufficient,  and  effectual  in  law,  according  to  the 
true  intent  and  meaning  hereof,  notwithstanding  the  not  fully  or 
not  duly  reciting  the  said  in  part  recited  Letters  Patent,  or  the  date 
thereof,  or  any  other  omission,  imperfection,  defect,  matter,  cause, 
or  thing  whatsoever  in  the  same,  to  the  contrary  thereof,  in  anywise 
notwithstanding,  and  shall  be  taken,  construed,  and  adjudged  in 
the  most  favourable  and  beneficial  sense,  for  the  best  advantage  of 
the  said  body  politic  and  corporate,  and  their  successors,  as  well  as 
| 11  all  Courts  of  Record  as  elsewhere,  and  by  all  and  singular  the 
officers  and  ministers  of  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  provided 

p 


210 


THE  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER. 


always  that  these  our  Letters  Patent  be  enrolled  in  the  office  of 
our  High  Court  of  Chancery  in  that  part  of  our  said  United 
Kingdom  called  Ireland,  within  six  months  next  ensuing  the  date 
hereof,  otherwise  these  our  Letters  Patent  to  be  void  and  of  none 
effect.  In  witness  whereof,  we  have  caused  these  our  Letters 
to  be  made  Patent :  witness,  Thomas  Philip  Earl  de  Grey,  our 
Lieutenant-General  and  General  Governor  at  Ireland,  at  Dublin, 
the  eleventh  day  of  January,  in  the  seventh  year  of  our  reign. 

"  C.  Fitzsimon. 

"  Enrolled  in  the  Office  of  the  Rolls  of  Her  Majesty's 
High  Court  of  Chancery  in  Ireland,  the  twenty- 
fourth  day  of  January,  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  forty-four. 

"WILLIAM  WEBB, 

"Deputy  Keeper  of  the  Rolls." 


CHAPTER  X. 


THE  COLLEGE  UNDER  THEIR  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  College,  under  the  provisions  of  their 
supplemental  Charter,  was  held  on  Thursday,  the  16th  January, 
1844.  Seventy-one  members  were  present.  The  first  Council  of 
nineteen  members — the  President  and  Vice-President  were  named 
in  the  Charter— were  then  elected  as  follows: — Sir  Philip  Crampton, 
Bart.,  Richard  Carmichael,  Samuel  Wilmot,  Alexander  Read, 
William  Auchenleck,  James  William  Cusack,  James  Kerin,  Arthur 
Jacob,  William  H.  Porter,  Thomas  Rumley,  William  Tagert,  John 
Peebles,  Thomas  E.  Beatty,  William  Hargrave,  Charles  Benson, 
John  Houston,  Andrew  Ellis,  Robert  C.  Williams,  Henry  Maunsell; 
with  the  exceptions  of  Houston,  Peebles,  and  Maunsell,  all  were 
past  Presidents,  or  subsequently  became  Presidents. 

The  Council  at  once  assumed  the  government  of  the  College, 
and  up  to  the  21st  May  held  thirty-three  meetings.  Henry 
Maunsell  was  appointed  provisional  Secretary  to  the  Council  at  the 
first  meeting,  and  at  the  last  one,  held  before  the  re-election  of  a 
new  Council,  he  was  presented  with  a  cheque  for  twenty-five 
guineas ;  he  remained  for  many  years  Secretary  to  the  Council. 
On  the  14th  June,  the  salary  of  the  Secretary  to  the  Council  was 
fixed  at  £100  per  annum,  and  he  was  expected  to  go  to  London, 
or  elsewhere,  on  College  business,  without  further  charge,  except 
for  expenses. 

On  the  30th  January  the  Council  resolved  to  admit,  without 
examination,  the  licentiates  to  the  Fellowship,  provided  they  applied 
before  the  11th  January,  1845.  The  fee  for  Fellows  residing  in 
Dublin  was  fixed  at  twenty  guineas,  and  for  country  Fellows  ten 
guineas,  provided  their  Letters  Testimonial  bore  date  prior  to  1839. 
The  fee  for  other  Fellows  was  thirty  guineas,  for  those  who  resided 
in  or  within  ten  miles  of  Dublin,  and  twenty  guineas  if  they  resided 
beyond  those  limits. 


212 


NATURE  OF  FELLOWSHIP  EXAMINATION. 


The  Council  decided — perhaps  with  too  much  liberality — to  allow 
the  persons  who  obtained  Letters  Testimonial  up  to  the  10th  January, 
1845,  to  become,  without  further  examination,  Fellows.  It  was 
also  resolved  to  admit,  during  one  year,  all  surgical  civil  practi- 
tioners and  medical  officers  in  the  army,  navy,  and  East  India 
Company's  service,  provided  they  were  of  seven  years'  standing. 

The  College,  after  the  10th  January,  1845,  consisted  of  two 
grades  of  members  admitted  after  examination.  The  Bills  for 
regulating  the  practice  of  medicine,  which  had  been,  or  were 
intended  to  be,  introduced  into  the  House  of  Commons,  but  which 
had  fallen  through,  provided  for  a  uniform  minimal  standard  of 
education.  The  College  of  Surgeons  desired  that  the  examination 
for  their  licence  should  be  a  minimal  one,  whilst  that  for  the  higher 
grade  of  Fellow  should  be  stricter  and  more  extensive.  At  the 
present  time  many  persons  are  of  opinion  that  the  Fellowship  should 
be  conferred  on  licentiates  of  several  years'  standing,  without  oblig- 
ing them  to  pass  a  strict  examination.  This  idea  contemplates  a 
reversion  to  the  old  mode  of  election,  without  examination,  such  as 
is  still  practised  by  the  College  of  Physicians.  The  intention  of 
the  framers  of  the  supplemental  Charter  was  clearly  to  have  a 
minimal  and  maximal  standard  of  education  at  their  examinations. 
Before  1844  a  man  was  elected  a  member  because  of  his  long  stand- 
ing in  the  profession,  or  his  social  position,  but  certainly  not  on 
account  of  his  superior  education.  After  1844  any  candidate, 
however  humble  in  his  social  status,  could  present  himself  for  the 
Fellowship  examination  without  having  previously  entered  the  order 
of  the  licentiates.  He  had  to  show  that  his  knowledge  of  the 
medical  sciences  was  greater  than  would  suffice  to  pass  him  for  the 
Letters  Testimonial ;  and  to  insure  that  the  candidate  had  ample  time 
to  acquire  the  necessary  amount  of  technical  information,  he  was  not 
to  be  admitted  to  examination  under  the  age  of  twenty-five  years. 
As  to  the  position  of  the  distinguished  members  of  the  College, 
the  Council  afforded  a  dignified  place  for  them,  subject  to  the 
annual  suffrages  of  the  Fellows  at  large. 

In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  supplemental  Charter, 
the  first  Council  elected  as  Fellows  forty-two  licentiates  of  the 


ADMISSION  OF  FELLOWS. — NEW  CUItKTCULA. 


213 


College,  and  twenty-nine  qualified  practitioners  in  surgery — total, 
seventy-one;  of  these,  thirteen  still  survive,  and  fifty-eight  have 
"  passed  over  to  the  majority."  The  total  number  ultimately 
admitted  amounted  to  354  Fellows,  of  whom  226  were  licentiates, 
and  128  were  qualified  practitioners.  During  the  year  forty-two 
licentiates  were  admitted  by  examination,  of  whom  the  majority 
subsequently  became  Fellows,  without  examination.  It  is  pleasant 
to  record  that  no  one  was  admitted  to  the  Fellowship  who  had  no 
diploma,  except  a  few  surgeons  who  had  served  in  the  navy  and 
army. 

On  the  5th  March,  1844,  the  new  Board  of  Examiners  were 
elected  as  follows : — Examiners  in  Surgery  and  Medicine,  Messrs. 
Collis,  Adams,  and  Hutton  ;  in  Anatomy,  Messrs.  M'Donnell  and 
Jameson  ;  in  Materia  Medica,  Chemistry,  and  Medical  Jurispru- 
dence, Mr.  M'Coy ;  and  in  Midwifery,  Mr.  Nixon.  The  remune- 
ration to  each  Examiner  was  fixed  at  10s.  6d.  per  candidate  for 
examination.  The  Council  devoted  much  time  in  the  preparation 
of  by-laws  and  in  determining  upon  an  educational  curriculum. 
The  oy-laws,  &c,  were  confirmed  by  Sir  James  Graham,  the  Home 
Secretary,  in  August.  So  far  as  the  general  government  of  the 
College  wa3  concerned,  no  change  of  vital  importance  was  made  from 
1844  until  1884,  when  the  method  of  electing  Professors  and 
Examiners  was  altered,  as  will  be  described  further  on.  The  regu- 
lations affecting  candidates  have  been  in  several  respects  altered  since 
1844.  In  that  year  the  more  important  points  in  relation  to  the 
examinations  for  Letters  Testimonial  were  as  follows : — The  candi- 
dates were  required  to  pass  an  examination  in  the  Latin  and  Greek 
languages,  and  to  show  that  they  had  studied  professionally  during  a 
period  of  not  less  than  four  years,  of  which  three  had  been  spent  in 
Dublin,  London,  Edinburgh,  or  Glasgow.  They  were  to  produce 
certificates  of  three  years'  hospital  practice,  and  of  attendance  on 
three  courses  of  lectures  on  Anatomy,  Physiology,  and  Surgery, 
two  on  Chemistry,  one  on  Materia  Medica,  one  on  Medicine,  one  on 
Midwifery,  and  one  on  Medical  Jurisprudence  ;  also  of  attendance 
during  three  sessions  in  the  dissecting-room.  This  curriculum 
virtually  permitted  a  student  to  present  himself  for  examination 


214  EXAMINATIONS  FOR  THE  FELLOWSHIP. 

two  and  a  half  years  after  the  commencement  of  his  studies.  As 
compared  with  the  educational  requirements  previously  insisted  upon, 
there  was  a  decided  reduction  in  the  minimal  period  of  study.  So 
far  as  the  element  of  time  was  concerned,  the  educational  standard 
of  the  College  was  lowered.  We  have,  in  fact,  seen  that  it  was 
evidently  the  intention  of  the  framers  of  the  supplemental  Charter 
that  such  should  be  the  case.  The  qualifications  for  the  Fellowship 
were  to  be  the  equivalent,  perhaps  somewhat  more  than  the  equi- 
valent, of  the  qualifications  for  the  license  granted  before  1844. 
Perhaps  it  was  a  mistake  not  to  allow  candidates  for  the  higher 
grade  to  enter  for  it  at  an  earlier  age.  It  might  have  been  wise  to 
encourage  the  student  to  work  for  the  Fellowship  before  he  sought 
for  practice.  If  the  majority  of  the  surgeons  who  entered  their 
profession  through  the  portals  of  the  Irish  College  had  obtained 
the  Fellowship  whilst  fresh  from  the  schools,  the  reputation  of  the 
Irish  surgeons  as  anatomists  might  still  be  as  bright  as  in  the 
days  of  Colles  and  Crampton.  Candidates  for  the  Fellowship  were 
required  to  study  for  a  period  of  six  years.  In  addition  to  the 
certificates  necessary  for  the  license,  he  had  to  produce  evidence  of 
attendance  on  courses  of  lectures  on  Comparative  Anatomy,  Botany, 
and  Natural  Philosophy,  He  had  to  show  that  he  had  either  been 
a  House  Surgeon  or  a  dresser  in  a  hospital.  Lastly,  he  had  to  pre- 
sent a  medical  thesis,  or  observations  on  six  or  more  medical  cases. 
Bachelors  of  Arts  were  allowed  to  present  themselves  after  five 
years'  study.  The  fee  for  the  license  was  £21  and  for  the  Fellow- 
ship £36  15s.  for  those  proposing  to  live  in  Dublin,  and  £26  5s.  for 
all  others.  Licentiates  on  becoming  Fellows  paid  twenty  guineas 
or  ten  guineas,  according  as  they  went  on  the  town  or  country  list. 
No  one  could  be  admitted  to  examination  without  first  becoming  a 
"  registered  pupil"  of  the  College,  for  which  a  fee  of  £5  5s.  was 
payable.  The  candidates  might  enter  as  registered  pupils  at  any 
period  before  they  presented  themselves  for  professional  exami- 
nation. 

On  the  3rd  June,  and  at  the  largest  meeting  of  the  College 
hitherto  held,*  a  new  Council  was  elected  for  a  period  of  one  year. 

*  114  Fellows  were  present. 


sugden's  prize. — council's  powers  re  BY-LAWS.  215 


Mr.  O'Bcirne  had  held  the  office  of  President  for  eighteen  months. 
Henceforth  the  President  and  other  officers  of  the  College,  and  their 
Council,  were  elected  on  the  first  Monday  in  June.  The  first 
President  elected  under  the  provisions  of  the  supplemental  Charter 
was  Sir  Philip  Crampton,  and  the  first  Vice-President  was  Richard 
Carmichael.  For  many  years  the  meetings  of  the  College  continued 
to  be  numerously  attended,  even  on  occasions  when  the  business  to 
be  transacted  was  merely  formal. 

On  the  21st  May  the  Council  was  informed  by  Mr.  Cusack  that 
the  Lord  Chancellor  (Sir  Edward  Burtenshaw  Sugden)  had  resolved 
to  offer  annually,  for  ten  years,  a  sum  of  ten  guineas  as  a  prize  for 
the  best  essay  on  a  subject  connected  with  the  treatment  of  mental 
disease — the  Colleges  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  to  adjudicate 
alternately  on  the  merits  of  the  essays.  The  Council  resolved  to 
accede  to  the  Lord  Chancellor's  request. 

Doubts  having  arisen  as  to  the  power  of  the  Council  to  prepare 
and  submit  by-laws  to  the  Home  Secretary  for  his  approval,  without 
having  previously  submitted  them  to  the  College,  it  was  decided  to 
take  the  opinion  of  counsel  upon  the  point.  Mr.  Jonathan  Henn's 
opinion  proved  to  be  as  follows: — "  As  the  power  to  make  by-laws 
(subject  to  the  approbation  of  Her  Majesty)  is  given  to  the  Council, 
and  as  no  power  to  revise  or  alter  them  is  conferred  upon  the 
Fellows,  it  appears  to  me  that  the  object  of  the  Charter  in  requiring 
them  to  be  reported  to  the  Fellows  in  College  assembled  is  thereby 
to  give  publicity  to  those  laws  by  which  they  are  all  to  be  bound ; 
and  in  my  opinion  it  is  not  obligatory  upon  the  Council  to  report 
drafts  of  proposed  by-laws  to  the  College,  although  they  may  do  so 
if -they  think  fit,  in  order  to  procure  suggestions  which  may  assist 
them  in  their  deliberations. — July  5th,  1844,  22  Upper  Merrion- 
street." 

On  the  20th  September,  1844,  Sir  John  Webb,  Director-General 
of  the  Ordnance  Medical  Department,  was  elected  an  Honorary 
Fellow.  On  the  same  occasion  the  Council  prepared  a  circular 
letter  to  be  addressed  to  the  medical  teachers  in  reference  to  the 
punctual  attendance  of  pupils  at  their  lectures.  Returns  of  such 
attendance  were  called  for. 


216     COUNCIL  DINNER. — HAYDEN'S  CASE. — MEDICAL  BILL. 


On  the  8th  November  Sir  William  Burnett,  Director-General  of 
Naval  Hospitals  and  Fleets,  was  elected  an  Honorary  Fellow. 

On  the  15th  November  it  was  decided  to  alter  the  hour  for  com- 
mencing the  examination  of  candidates  from  2  to  4  o'clock. 

The  Council  dined  together  on  the  anniversary  of  the  date  of  the 
new  Charter,  and  at  the  expense  of  the  College,  as  the  minute  of 
Council  of  17th  January  directed  chat  the  bill  for  the  Council 
dinner  be  paid,  and  that  "  the  Treasury  Committee  do  sign  a 
draft  for  same,  amounting  to  £28  13s.  8d."  This  was  the  only 
time  that  the  "Council  dinner"  was  eaten  at  the  cost  of  the  College. 
Such  a  proceeding  having  been  objected  to  by  several  of  the 
members,  on  the  next  occasion  the  Council  dined  at  their  own 
expense. 

On  February  28th  the  Council  decided  to  obtain  counsel's 
opinion  in  reference  to  certain  publications,  by  advertisements  and 
pamphlets,  of  Mr.  George  T.  Hayden,  a  Fellow  of  the  College.  This 
was  the  beginning  of  proceedings  and  discussions  which  eventuated 
in  Mr.  Hayden  being  obliged  to  resign  his  Fellowship.  The  chief 
charges  against  him  were  that  he  advertised,  and  that  he  indirectly 
practised  pharmacy.  His  system  of  giving  advice  and  medicine — 
the  latter  compounded  by  a  licentiate  apothecary — gave  grave  offence 
to  nearly  the  whole  Faculty  in  Dublin. 

In  1845  Sir  James  Graham  introduced  a  Medical  Reform  Bill 
into  the  House  of  Commons  ;  several  of  its  clauses  were  objected  to 
by  the  College,  especially  that  which  recognised  the  apothecaries  as 
medical  practitioners.  The  College  suggested  that  they  should  be 
restricted  to  the  practice  of  pharmacy.  As  the  Bill  provided  for  a 
combined  board  competent  to  examine  for  diplomas  in  both  medicine 
and  surgery,  they  proposed  that  the  Apothecaries'  Hall  should 
be  privileged  to  send  two  members  to  this  board,  to  examine  in 
pharmacy  and  materia  medica.  Sir  James  Graham's  Bill  did  not 
become  a  statute. 

The  large  accession  which  accrued  in  1844  replenished  the  College 
treasury,  which  had  become  somewhat  impoverished.  The  year's 
receipts  amounted  to  £5,908,  of  which  £4,368  were  received 
from  the  newly-elected  Fellows.    The  expenditure  amounted  to 


NEW  REGULATIONS. — £10,000  LENT. 


217 


£1,853  18s.  8d.,  leaving  the  handsome  balance  of  £4,054  Is.  4d. 
to  the  credit  of  the  College. 

On  the  27th  May,  1845,  the  Council  decided  to  require  candi- 
dates for  the  Fellowship  to  perform  operations  on  the  dead  body  in 
the  presence  of  the  President  or  Vice-President. 

On  October  2nd  it  was  decided  to  lend  £10,000  to  Mr.  Matthew 
Brinkley,  as  a  mortgage,  bearing  5  per  cent,  interest  for  10  years, 
upon  his  estates. 

In  this  year  the  Council  protested,  but  ineffectually,  against  the 
establishment  of  Schools  of  Medicine  in  connexion  with  the  Queen's 
Colleges,  then  being  founded  in  the  provinces. 

On  January  23rd,  1846,  the  Council  resolved  to  receive  certificates 
of  attendances  at  county  infirmaries  and  provincial  surgical  hospitals 
containing  at  least  50  beds. 

On  the  3rd  July  it  was  resolved  not  to  give  credit  for  attendance 
at  meetings  of  the  Council  unless  the  member  was  present  thereat 
from  within  one  quarter  of  an  hour  after  the  time  appointed  for 
the  meeting  until  the  termination  of  the  meeting.  On  the  same 
occasion,  Messrs.  Robert  L'Estrange  and  Richard  John  Leeper 
were  elected  students  in  anatomy,  pursuant  to  the  regulations  made 
in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  Sir  James  M'Grigor's  letter,  already 
referred  to. 

Early  in  1847  the  Council  repeatedly  sat  in  committee  to  hear 
evidence  respecting  the  nature  of  the  examinations  of  students; 
much  information  was  afforded,  and  opinions  freely  expressed  by 
many  of  the  teachers  in  the  Dublin  schools,  especially  by  the  late 
Thomas  H.  Ledwich. 

On  the  7th  April  the  Council  made  several  regulations  affecting 
students,  which  substantially  were  as  follows  : — 

The  fee  for  examining  a  student  in  the  classics  and  registering 
him  was  five  shillings. 

Registered  pupils  were  permitted  to  read  in  the  library  on  paying 
the  balance  of  the  full  registration  fee. 

Sessional  examinations  were  held  in  May,  at  which  the  pupils 
were  arranged  into  senior  and  junior  classes. 

The  junior  pupils  were  those  who  had  studied  during  at  least  two 


218     ADDRESS  TO  THE  LORD  LIEUTENANT. — LEGISLATION. 


winter  sessions,  and  the  senior  pupils  those  who  had  been  engaged  in 
professional  study  during  at  least  three. 

The  junior  class  were  examined  in  anatomy,  physiology,  and  the 
elements  of  surgery  and  medicine,  and  the  senior  class  in  anatomy, 
physiology,  surgery,  medicine,  and  the  elements  of  chemistry  and 
materia  medica. 

The  pupil  who  passed  a  sessional  examination  in  each  of  the 
classes  was  subjected  to  but  one  day's  examination  in  his  final  trial 
for  the  Letters  Testimonial. 

The  Council,  on  June  5th,  petitioned  the  House  of  Commons,  in 
favour  of  Mr.  Wakley's  Medical  Registration  Bill,  but  objected  to 
the  clause  recognising  apothecaries  as  practitioners  in  surgery. 

On  the  15th  March,  in  the  troublous  year  1848,  the  College,  at 
a  special  meeting,  seventy  members  being  present,  unanimously 
adopted  an  address  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant,  expressive  of  their 
desire  to  aid  in  the  preservation  of  public  order.  Whilst  abstaining 
from  discussing  any  party  questions,  the  College  expressed  their 
abhorrence  of  "  any  attempt — by  inflammatory  words  or  ill-con- 
sidered acts — to  excite  an  agitation  that  could  not,  under  any 
circumstances,  pass  away  without  increasing  to  a  frightful  extent, 
and  most  grievously  amongst  the  humbler  classes,  the  famine  and 
pestilence  with  which  the  will  of  Providence  has  inflicted  us."  The 
University  of  Dublin  had  a  short  time  previously  presented  a  some- 
what similar  address  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant. 

In  this  year  the  Council  considered  certain  resolutions  agreed 
upon  by  a  committee  representing  the  Colleges  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  and  the  Society  of  Apothecaries  of  London,  and  the 
members  of  an  association  styling  themselves  the  National  Institute 
of  Medicine,  Surgery  and  Midwifery.  They  agreed  to  several  of 
them  relating  to  the  constitution  of  a  medical  council,  the  registration 
of  practitioners,  &c,  but  they  objected  to  the  foundation  of  a  "  Royal 
College  of  General  Practitioners." 

On  the  21st  June  the  Council  adopted  a  resolution  in  favour  of 
holding  quarterly  meetings  of  the  College,  at  which  abstracts  of  the 
proceedings  of  the  Council  should  be  submitted,  and  such  subjects 
as  might  affect  the  interests  of  the  profession  discussed.  Sub- 


BOYTON  SUCCEEDS  o'lvEEFE  AS  REGISTRAR. 


219 


sequently  it  was  resolved  to  convene  extra  meetings  of  the  College 
on  the  second  Monday  in  January,  the  last  Monday  in  May,  and 
the  second  Monday  in  September.  The  May  meeting  is  still  held, 
but  the  others  soon  fell  into  abeyance.  The  Council  resolved,  22nd 
December,  1 852,  not  to  convene  a  meeting  of  the  College  in  January, 
as  there  was  no  business  to  bring  before  them. 

On  the  10th  April,  1849,  the  Council,  by  eight  votes  against  six, 
resolved  that  at  all  future  elections  for  examiners  and  professors  the 
electors  shall  vote  openly.  When  the  Court  of  Censors  elected  pro- 
fessors their  votes  were  recorded  openly. 

On  the  15th  August  the  Council  received  the  resignation  of  their 
registrar,  Mr.  O'Keeffe,  then  in  a  bad  state  of  health.  He  was 
nearly  nineteen  years  registrar  of  the  College.  On  the  29th  August 
the  Council  consolidated  the  offices  of  registrar  and  library  clerk  in 
the  person  of  Mr.  Boyton,  who  had  discharged  the  duties  of  the 
latter  office,  and  they  granted  an  annuity  of  £80  a  year  to  Mr. 
O'Keeffe. 

Sir  Philip  Crampton  having  privately,  at  the  request  of  the 
Lord  Lieutenant,  laid  before  the  Council  a  draft  of  the  charter  for 
the  proposed  Queen's  University,  the  Council  approved  of  it.  As 
the  University  was  certain  to  become  a  competing  diploma-conferring 
body  with  the  College,  the  latter  acted  in  this  matter  with  great 
liberality. 

In  1850  the  Council  protested  against  the  threatened  withdrawal 
of  Parliamentary  money  grants  annually  made  to  the  Dublin  hospitals. 

On  the  12th  November,  Henry  Franklin,  Inspector-General  of 
Hospitals,  a  former  pupil  of  the  College,  was  elected  an  honorary 
member. 

On  the  same  occasion  the  Council  received  a  letter  from  the  Board 
of  Trinity  College  in  reference  to  the  recognition  of  lectures.  The 
Board  made  a  proposal  to  the  effect  that  they  would  require  can- 
didates for  the  M.B.  degree  to  attend  during  one  annus  medicus  the 
Medical  School  of  the  University,  but  that  the  rest  of  their  pro- 
fessional education  might  be  conducted  in  the  School  of  the  College 
of  Surgeons.  In  return  for  this  concession  the  Board  required  from 
the  College  the  recognition  of  the  lectures  delivered  in  the  School  of 


220 


DISPUTE  WITH  THE  UNIVERSITY. 


Physic.  The  Council  did  not  point-blank  refuse  to  come  to  an 
arrangement  with  the  Board,  but  they  passed,  on  the  18th  December, 
a  resolution  indefinitely  postponing  the  "  further  consideration  of 
the  subject."  This  resolution,  which  was  carried  only  on  a  division, 
was  not  to  the  advantage  of  the  College.  It  was  not  unreasonable 
to  require  a  candidate  for  a  University  degree  to  acquire  at  least  a 
portion  of  his  education  in  the  University.  It  is  to  be  regretted 
that  an  arrangement  was  not  arrived  at,  for  there  is  little  doubt  that 
the  tacit  refusal  of  the  Council  led  the  University  authorities  to 
institute  a  surgical  diploma  in  1851 

The  Council  took  legal  opinion  as  to  the  competency  of  the 
University  to  confer  surgical  diplomas.  Counsel  were  of  opinion 
that  the  University  was  not  empowered  to  confer  surgical  diplomas. 
This  opinion  was  given  by  Mr.  (now  Lord)  Fitzgerald,  and  Mr. 
O'Hagan,  afterwards  Lord  Chancellor  of  Ireland.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  claims  of  the  University  to  grant  diplomas  in  surgery, 
or,  in  fact,  in  any  art,  were  endorsed  by  Sir  Frederick  Thesiger, 
afterwards  Lord  Chancellor,  and  Mr.  (subsequently  Judge),  Willes. 
Ultimately  the  University  triumphed.  It  now  confers  as  registrable 
qualifications  the  degrees  of  Master  and  Bachelor  of  Surgery,  and  a 
license  in  surgery. 

On  the  2nd  August,  1852,  Mr.  William  Carte,  a  licentiate  of  the 
College,  was  elected  Curator. 

The  Council  held  several  meetings  for  considering  the  revision  of 
the  charter.  On  the  16th  February,  1853,  they  decided  by  11  to  5 
votes  in  favour  of  the  eligibility  of  members  of  Council  to  act  as 
examiners,  and,  by  the  casting  vote  of  the  President,  that  the  College 
professors  and  private  teachers  should  also  be  eligible.  On  the  23rd 
February  the  Council,  by  11  votes  against  5  votes,  passed  the 
following  resolution : — "  That  the  President,  or  in  his  absence,  the 
Vice-President,  should  be  President  of  the  Court  of  Examiners 
by  right  of  his  office  and  during  the  time  of  filling  it."  At  the 
annual  meeting  of  the  College,  on  the  30th  May,  1853,  these 
resolutions  were  reported  by  the  Council.  A  motion  approving  of 
them  was  moved  by  Mr.  Beatty,  and  seconded  by  Mr.  Pentland, 
whereupon  Mr.  Ledwich  moved,  and  Mr.  Labatt  seconded,  the  fol- 


CARMIOHAEL'S  BUST. — HART  RESIGNS. — COLLEGE  MACE.  221 

lowing  amendment: — "That  as  the  College  is  in  a  prosperous 
condition,  and  has  hitherto  maintained  its  high  character  as  a 
licensing  body,  the  alterations  in  its  constitution  by  Queen's  letter  or 
supplemental  charter,  as  proposed  in  the  report  from  the  Council, 
are  at  present  unnecessary."  The  amendment  was  carried  by  38 
votes  against  14. 

On  the  6th  April,  1853,  the  Council  resolved  to  procure  a  bust 
of  the  late  Mr.  Carmichael  for  the  College.  It  was  obtained  by 
copying  a  marble  one,  by  Mr.  C.  Moore,  in  the  possession  of  Mrs. 
Carmichael. 

On  the  18th  July,  1853,  the  Council  again  petitioned  Parliament 
relative  to  the  treatment  of  the  Navy  Surgeons,  whose  accommoda- 
tion on  board  ship  was  unworthy  of  their  position. 

Professor  Hart  resigned  his  Chair  of  Anatomy  on  the  25th 
August,  and  being  in  broken  health  and  poor  circumstances,  was 
granted  an  annuity  of  £50  a  year. 

In  this  year  the  College  received  from  the  trustees  of  the  late  Mr. 
Carmichael  the  sum  of  £3,407  Is.  Id.,  being  the  amount  of  his 
bequest  (with  interest  thereon),  which  provided  prizes  for  the  best 
essays  on  medical  education.  This  bequest  will  be  referred  to  in 
Mr.  Carmichael's  memoir. 

On  the  21st  March,  1854,  an  evening  scientific  meeting  was  held, 
upon  which  occasion  the  Egyptian  mummy  presented  by  Sir  Francis 
Hopkins  was  unrolled.  Upwards  of  400  persons,  including  the 
Lord  Lieutenant,  were  present. 

On  the  24th  March  a  handsome  presidential  gown  was  ordered 
to  be  procured ;  and  about  the  same  time  Messrs.  West  &  Son,  of 
College-green,  made  the  College  silver  mace,  at  a  cost  of  £110. 

On  the  14th  December  the  Council  unanimously  voted  £100  to 
the  "  Patriotic  Fund." 

On  the  16th  January,  1855,  Messrs.  Williams,  Hargrave,  and 
Bellingham  were  appointed  judges  to  award  the  prizes  for  the  best 
essays  submitted  to  the  College  under  the  terms  of  the  Carmichael 
becpiest;  £50  was  allowed,  share  and  share  alike,  to  the  judges. 

On  November  23,  George  Gulliver,  F.R.S.,  was  elected  an 
Honorary  Fellow. 


222     BRENNEN  SUCCEEDS  BOYTON. — MEDICAL  CONFERENCES. 


On  the  28th  May  it  was  decided  to  allow  Mr.  Boyton,  then  in 
delicate  health,  a  retiring  allowance  of  £30.  Mr.  Brennen,  library- 
clerk,  was  appointed  registrar  as  well  as  library  clerk,  at  a  salary 
of  £40,  with  the  diploma  fees  and  apartments.  It  was  decided  to 
give  Mr.  Beaumont,  who  for -two  or  three  years  previously  had 
audited  the  accounts,  a  salary  of  £20;  and,  lastly,  the  Council 
resolved  to  appoint  a  library  porter. 

The  Council  were  occupied  during  part  of  1856  in  vigorously 
opposing  attempted  legislation  in  reference  to  medical  education 
and  examinations,  the  results  of  which,  they  considered,  would  be 
injurious  to  the  College.  This  opinion  seems  to  have  been  shared 
in  by  the  sister  Colleges  and  by  the  Apothecaries'  Company,  London. 
The  four  Surgical  Corporations  appointed  deputies,  who  met  in 
London,  and  on  the  27th  of  June  agreed  to  the  following  resolu- 
tion : — 

"  1.  That  a  Council  be  established,  to  consist  of  representatives 
chosen  equally  by  and  out  of  each  body  respectively,  to  meet 
annually,  at  such  time  and  place  as  may  be  agreed  upon. 

"  2.  The  Medical  Council  shall,  at  their  annual  meeting,  prepare 
a  register,  in  such  form  as  they  may  agree  upon,  of  the  several 
Fellows  and  Licentiates  of  those  Colleges  represented  upon  the 
Council,  to  be  printed  and  published  under  their  joint  sanction. 

"  3.  That  the  Medical  Conncil  shall  consult  respecting  all  matters 
relating  to  preliminary  and  professional  education  and  examination, 
with  a  view  of  regulating  medical  and  surgical  education,  and 
leading  to  uniformity  and  reciprocity  of  privileges  of  the  members 
of  each  division  of  the  profession  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

"  4.  That  these  articles  shall  be  submitted  to  the  consideration  of 
the  several  Colleges  of  Physicians,  with  the  expression  of  an  anxious 
desire  that  they  should  accede  to  them." 

Soon  after  the  three  Colleges  of  Physicians  joined  in  the 
League. 

The  Medical  and  Surgical  Corporations,  the  Universities  of 
Dublin  and  Oxford,  and  the  Society  of  Apothecaries,  subsequently 
appointed  representatives,  to  confer  in  London.  The  delegates  met 
in  session  during  a  week.  They  drafted  a  Bill,  which  they  entrusted 


BUSTS  OF  BELLINGHAM  AND  CRAMPTON. 


223 


to  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Joseph  Napier,  M.P.  ;  Sir  W.  Heathcote, 
Bart.,  MP.;  and  J.  C.  Headlam,  M.P.  It  provided  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  General  and  Branch  Councils,  with  the  view  of  super- 
vising the  schools  and  insuring  uniformity  of  education,  and  the 
registration  of  qualified  practitioners.  It  arranged  for  the  examina- 
tion of  candidates  by  Boards  representing  both  the  Medical  and 
Surgical  Corporations.  It  contained  a  provision  enabling  phy- 
sicians and  surgeons  to  enrol  themselves,  ad  euendem,  in  the  respec- 
tive Colleges  of  any  of  the  divisions  of  the  United  Kingdom  into 
which  they  might  remove  from  that  in  which  they  were  originally 
admitted.  This  Bill  did  not  become  law  ;  but  the  important  Medical 
Act  which  was  passed  on  the  2nd  August,  1858,  is  not  very  dissi- 
milar from  the  Bill  proposed  by  the  medical  and  surgical  licensing 
bodies,  and  probably  is  to  a  great  extent  moulded  upon  the  latter. 
The  chief  objection  which  the  College  had  to  this  Act  was  its 
practical  recognition  of  the  apothecaries  as  surgeons. 

On  the  15th  January,  1858,  the  Council  resolved  to  place  a  bust 
of  Professor  Bellingham  in  the  College  Hall,  and  on  the  23rd  of 
July  it  was  decided  to  place  one  of  Sir  Philip  Crampton  in  the 
College.  The  busts  were  executed  by  Mr.  Kirk,  at  a  cost  of  £132 
for  both. 

On  the  1st  October  Mr.  Williams  was  elected  the  first  repre- 
sentative of  the  College  on  the  newly  constituted  Medical  Council. 
He  was  one  of  the  ablest  members  of  the  Council,  a  clever  debater, 
and  an  excellent  writer.  He  was  frequently  selected  to  go  on  depu- 
tations to  London  on  the  business  of  the  College. 

On  the  3rd  December  Mr.  Maunsell  was  appointed  Secretary  to 
the  Branch  Medical  Council,  just  established  in  Dublin  ;  where- 
upon the  Council  lost  the  services  of  an  able  officer.  On  the 
17th  December  Mr.  J.  S.  Hughes  was  elected  Secretary  to  the 
Council. 

In  this  year  negotiations  were  opened  with  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians, with  the  view  of  combining  their  examinations.  Several  con- 
ferences were  held  and  a  scheme  drawn  up,  but  the  proposal  fell 
through. 

On  the  4th  February,  1859,  the  Council  resolved  to  recognise  the 


224 


TRINITY  COLLEGE  CERTIFICATES  RECOGNISED. 


certificates  issued  from  the  School  of  Physic,  but  on  the  4th  April 
following  this  resolution  was  repealed,  because  of  the  apparent  deter- 
mination of  the  University  to  issue  surgical  licenses.  This  action  of 
the  Council  caused  considerable  dissatisfaction  amongst  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  Fellows. 

On  the  14th  April,  1859,  the  Council  voted  £50  towards  the 
expense  of  erecting  a  statue  to  John  Hunter. 

On  the  7th  October  Mr.  Beatty  proposed,  at  a  Council  meeting,  a 
resolution  in  favour  of  full  recognition  of  the  lectures  delivered  in  the 
School  of  Physic,  and  at  the  same  time  expressed  the  hope  and 
expectation  that  the  University  would  discontinue  to  issue  licenses 
in  surgery.  An  amendment,  moved  by  Mr.  Jacob,  recognising  the 
lectures  as  part  qualification  for  the  diplomas  of  the  College,  was 
carried  by  10  votes  against  9. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  College,  held  on  27th  October,  1859,  a 
resolution  was  passed  by  39  votes  against  25,  in  favour  of  the  recog- 
nition of  the  certificates  of  the  Professors  of  the  School  of  Physic. 

On  the  21st  October,  1859,  the  Council  voted  £21  towards  the 
monument,  proposed  to  be  erected  in  memory  of  the  late  Sir  James 
M'Grigor,  Bart. 

On  the  20th  January,  1860,  the  Council  unanimously  resolved  to 
accept  the  certificates  of  the  Professors  of  Trinity  College,  and  also 
those  issued  by  the  professors  and  lecturers  in  all  the  recognised 
Universities,  Colleges,  and  Medical  Schools  in  Her  Majesty's 
dominions.  The  concession  to  the  University  did  not  prevent 
that  body  from  seeking  and  obtaining,  in  1860,  an  Act  of  Parlia- 
ment, authorising  the  surgical  degrees  as  registrable  qualifications. 

On  the  17th  February,  1860,  the  money  lent  on  mortgage  having 
been  repaid,  the  College  lent  the  sum  of  £10,000  to  Captain  Bookey, 
on  the  security  of  his  estates  in  the  counties  of  Carlow  and  Wicklow. 
It  was  repayable  in  not  less  than  10  years,  and  bore  4£  per  cent, 
interest. 

On  March  29th  Dr.  James  B.  Gibson,  C.B.,  Director-General  of 
the  Army  Medical  Department,  and  William  Charles  Humfry, 
Inspector-General  of  Military  Hospitals  in  Ireland,  were  elected 
Honorary  Fellows.    Mr.  Humfry  was  a  Licentiate  of  the  College. 


WILLIAMS'  BUST. — NOMINAL  EXAMINATION. 


225 


On  the  17th  April,  examinations  by  means  of  written  papers  was 
decided  upon,  and  the  candidates  were  to  make  dissections  in  the 
presence  of  the  examiners. 

On  the  30th  April  the  Council  petitioned  the  Government  to 
procure  for  the  College  Parliamentary  representation.  At  this  time 
the  College  consisted  of  404  Fellows  and  1,212  Licentiates. 

On  the  11th  June  the  Council  added  the  subjects  of  English  com- 
position, Arithmetic,  first  two  booksof  Euclid,  andElementsof  Natural 
Philosophy  to  those  already  required  for  the  preliminary  examination. 

On  the  21st  June  the  Council  gave  directions  to  have  a  bust  of 
Mr.  Williams  executed.  The  work  was  carried  out  by  Mr.  Kirk 
at  a  cost  of  sixty-three  guineas. 

On  the  13th  July  Mr.  W.  H.  Porter  waa  elected  representative 
on  the  General  Medical  Council. 

On  the  17th  December  the  Home  Secretary  refused  to  sanction  a 
by-law  proposing  to  admit  to  the  Fellowship  after  a  special  {i.e., 
nominal?)  examination  Licentiates  who  had  obtained  Letters  Testi- 
monial before  the  granting  of  the  supplemental  Charter. 

On  the  19th  April,  1861,  the  Council  expressed  an  opinion  that 
they  had  no  power  to  prevent  Licentiates  or  Fellows  from  practising 
"homoeopathy  or  any  other  form  of  quackery."  On  this  occasion 
the  old  practice  of  the  withdrawal  of  the  President  from  the  chair 
and  the  resolution  of  the  Council  into  Committee  was  adopted. 
This  practice  has  now  fallen  into  complete  disuse. 

On  the  2nd  August,  however,  the  Council  passed  an  ordinance 
prohibiting  the  Fellows  and  Licentiates  from  practising  "  homoeo- 
pathy or  any  other  form  of  quackery,"  or  from  advertising  for 
business,  or  from  consulting  with  homoeopaths,  &c. 

On  the  10th  May  Mr.  Hargrave  was  elected  representative  on 
the  General  Medical  Council  in  place  of  Mr.  Porter,  deceased. 

A  complaint  having  been  made  that  fees  not  mentioned  in  the 
by-laws  were  charged  by  the  College  officials,  the  Council  on  the 
5th  July  passed  the  following  resolution: — "That  Licentiates  of  the 
College  are  bound  by  immemorial  custom  and  usage  to  pay  a  fee  of 
one  guinea  to  the  Registrar  of  the  College  on  receipt  of  their 
Letters  Testimonial." 

Q 


226       councillors'  fees. — new  medical  diploma. 


On  the  11th  October,  1861,  it  was  decided  to  place  a  bust  of  Mr. 
Cusack  in  the  College.  It  was  executed  at  a  cost  of  £66  3s.  by 
Mr.  Kirk. 

On  the  22nd  March,  1862,  a  Court  of  three  examiners  for  pre- 
liminary education  was  constituted. 

In  this  year  the  members  of  Council  who  attended  at  exami- 
nations were  allowed  5s.  3d.  per  hour.  As  four  councillors  were 
summoned  to  each  examination,  their  united  fees  amounted  to  one 
guinea  per  hour.  The  examiners  were  supplied  with  caps  and 
gowns  by  an  order  of  Council,  dated  29th  August,  1862. 

In  this  year  the  room  now  used  by  the  Fellows  was  fitted  up  at  a 
cost  of  £162.  It  had  previously  been  a  reading  room  for  registered 
pupils. 

In  1859  the  English  Poor  Law  Board  passed  an  order  requiring 
candidates  for  the  situation  of  medical  officer  to  possess  diplomas  in 
medicine  and  surgery.  In  1862  a  similar  order  was  passed  by  the 
Irish  Poor  Law  Board.  The  validity  of  this  order  was  contested  by 
the  Council,  on  the  grounds  that  the  Fellows  and  Licentiates  of  the 
College  were  entitled  to  practise  medicine  and  surgery,  and  that 
surgeons  had  for  a  century  past  been  sole  medical  as  well  as  surgical 
attendants  in  the  County  Infirmaries,  and  had  the  charge  of  many 
of  the  Fever  Hospitals.  On  the  7th  November,  1862,  the  Council 
directed  the  Finance  Committee  to  consider  whether  or  not  the 
College  had  power  under  their  Charter  to  grant  diplomas  in  medicine. 
Shortly  after  the  Council  received  a  letter  from  one  of  their  Licentiates 
(Mr.  John  Henry  Chapman),  stating  that  be  was  a  candidate  for  the 
office  of  medical  attendant  at  the  Donnybrook  Dispensary,  and 
requesting  the  Council  to  grant  him  a  certificate  in  medicine,  as 
otherwise  he  feared  he  would,  under  the  recent  Poor-law  regulation, 
be  disqualified.  The  Council  thereupon  granted  him  a  diploma, 
certifying  that  he  was  qualified  to  practise  medicine.  This  diploma 
was  dated  2nd  December,  1862,  and  large  numbers  of  similar  diplomas 
were  immediately  afterwards  issued  to  Fellows  and  Licentiates. 
The  Poor-law  Board  refused  to  recognise  them,  having  obtained 
opinions  from  the  Attorney-General  and  Solicitor-General  that  the 
College  were  not  authorised  to  grant  purely  medical  diplomas.  Like 


REGISTRATION  ACT.— MICROSCOPE. — ALBERT  HALL.  227 


the  diplomas  in  pharmacy,  the  medical  license  soon  fell  into  abeyance 
owing  to  its  inutility. 

In  1863  an  Act  of  Parliament  for  the  registration  of  Births, 
Deaths,  and  Marriages  in  Ireland  was  passed.  The  Council,  in  con- 
junction with  the  Social  Science  Association,  made  several  valuable 
suo^estions  to  the  framers  of  this  useful  measure.  One  relating  to 
the  registration  of  still-births  was  unfortunately  not  adopted.  In 
this  year  the  Council  protested  again  against  medical  witnesses  in 
criminal  cases  not  being  allowed  compensation  for  loss  of  time. 
They  suggested  that  three  guineas  per  day  should  be  the  rate  of 
remuneration  allowable  in  such  cases. 

In  February  the  College  became  possessed,  at  a  cost  of  £140, 
of  a  large  microscope  and  a  set  of  microscopical  preparations,  the 
property  of  the  late  Mr.  Bergin. 

The  Examination  Hall  was  a  large  room,  but  not  lofty.  In  1859 
the  Council  consulted  Mr.  Darley,  architect,  as  to  the  best  way  of 
improving  it.  Acting  under  his  directions  the  floor  was  lowered  by 
about  five  feet.  The  ceilings  and  walls  were  decorated — the  four 
panels  on  the  latter  enclosing  designs  emblematic  of  morning,  noon, 
evening,  and  night.  The  room  is  imperfectly  lighted,  though  in 
the  present  year,  1885,  an  improvement  in  this  respect  has  been 
effected.  Its  sunken  floor  gives  it  rather  a  gloomy  appearance. 
The  cost  of  this  improvement  exceeded  £1,100.  On  the  16th 
January  the  Council  resolved  to  have  it  named  the  Albert  Hall, 
in  memory  of  the  Prince  Consort,  recently  deceased.  On  Thursday, 
the  21st  May,  the  Hall  was  inaugurated  by  the  Lord  Lieutenant, 
in  presence  of  a  large  gathering  of  the  Fellows  and  of  distinguished 
visitors,  including  the  Lord  Mayor,  the  Lord  Chancellor,  the  Lord 
Justice  of  Appeal,  &c.  The  bust  of  the  Prince  Consort,  already 
mentioned,  is  placed  in  the  Albert  Hall  upon  a  handsome  pedestal, 
and  beneath  a  canopy.  It  is  a  replica  from  one  in  possession 
of  Her  Majesty,  and  was  executed  by  Mr.  Theed  at  a  cost  of 
£105.  • 

On  the  occasion  of  the  marriage  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  the 
College  was  brilliantly  illuminated.  A  deputation,  consisting  of  the 
President  and  Secretary  of  the  College,  and  Mr.  Adams,  accom- 


228     NEW  BUSTS. — SECRETARY'S  SEAT. — CLASSIFICATION. 


panied  by  the  mace-bearer,  proceeded  to  London,  where  they 
presented  an  address  to  the  Prince  and  his  consort. 

On  the  17th  March,  1864,  the  College  agreed  upon  a  petition  to 
Parliament  in  favour  of  superannuation  allowances  to  medical 
officers  appointed  under  the  Poor  Law  and  Medical  Charities'  Acts. 

On  the  7th  April  the  Council  resolved  to  have  a  marble  bust  of 
the  late  Charles  H.  Todd  copied  from  one  in  possession  of  his  son, 
the  Eev.  Dr.  Todd,  F.T.C.D.  Mr.  Kirk  executed  the  work,  at  a 
cost  of  £46  3s. 

On  the  5th  January,  1865,  the  Council  were  presented  with  the 
bust  of  the  late  Professor  Power.  It  was  originally  intended  to 
be  placed  in  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  but  difficulties  in  the  way  of 
procuring  a  good  site  for  it  had  been  encountered. 

On  the  6th  July  an  ordinance  of  Council  was  passed  allocating  to 
the  Secretary  of  the  College  for  the  time  being  the  seat  to  the  left 
of  the  presidential  chair. 

On  the  18th  May  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Hutton  as  Secretary  to 
the  College  was  accepted.  On  the  5th  June  Mr.  William  Colles 
was  elected  Secretary,  and  continues  to  discharge  the  duties  of  that 
office. 

On  the  17th  August,  caps  (Fellow  Commoners')  were  ordered  for 
the  Councillors,  Examiners,  and  Professors ;  the  President's  to  be 
bound  with  broad  gold  lace,  and  to  have  a  gold  tassel. 

On  the  7th  March,  1867,  the  Council  resolved  to  have  a  portrait 
in  oils  and  a  bust  in  marble  of  Professor  Jacob  executed.  It  was 
also  decided  to  present  him  with  a  piece  of  plate  of  the  value  of 
one  hundred  guineas.  Mr.  Catterson  Smith  painted  the  portrait,  at 
a  cost  of  £84,  or,  including  frame,  £95  lis.;  and  the  bust  was 
sculptured  by  Mr.  Kirk. 

On  the  16th  May  it  was  decided  to  classify  the  successful  candi- 
dates at  the  preliminary  examinations  into  three  groups — namely, 
first-class,  second-class,  and  unclassed.  Honorary  certificates  were 
to  be  presented  to  the  classified  candidates ;  the  others  were  to  be 
"  passed." 

A  deputation  from  the  Council  to  London,  in  J une,  succeeded  in 
getting  a  clause  providing  compensation  for  medical  witnesses  in  the 


BRITISH  MEDICAL  ASSOCIATION. — CARMICHAEL,  PRIZES.  229 

Common  Law  Procedure  Bill,  then  before  the  House  of  Commons. 
This  deputation  cost  £118  5s.,  beside  printing  expenses.  Unfor- 
tunately the  bill  was  withdrawn  by  the  Government,  as  they  were 
unable  before  the  completion  of  the  session  to  get  it  passed. 

The  British  Medical  Association  met  in  Dublin  this  year,  and 
were  entertained  at  a  soirde  by  the  College;  400  persons  were 
present.  Two  distinguished  visitors — James  Syme,  of  Edinburgh, 
and  William  Bowman,  of  London — were,  on  the  8th  August,  pre- 
sented with  the  Honorary  Fellowship. 

On  the  5th  March,  1868,  the  Council  adopted  a  petition  to  Par- 
liament in  favour  of  the  superannuation  of  medical  officers  under 
the  Poor-law.  On  the  same  occasion  the  fee  for  the  diploma  in 
Midwifery  was  reduced  to  one  guinea. 

On  the  22nd  April  the  Prince  of  Wales  visited  the  College. 

On  the  27th  April  the  Council  directed  a  cheque  for  fifty  guineas 
to  be  paid  to  each  of  the  three  judges  of  the  essays  for  the  Car- 
michael  Prize.  The  money  was  paid  out  of  the  Carmichael  Prize 
Essay  Fund;  but  a  judicial  opinion  was  subsequently  given  by  the 
Master  of  the  Rolls  to  the  effect  that  the  payment  of  judges  out  of 
the  funds  of  the  bequest  was  illegal.  Dr.  E.  D.  Mapother  was 
declared  the  winner  of  the  first  prize  (value  £200),  and  Dr.  Isaac 
Ashe  of  the  second  (value  £100).  It  was  suggested  that  Dr 
Mapother,  being  a  member  of  Council,  was  ineligible  to  compete  for 
these  prizes ;  but  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Lawson  (now  a  Lord  Justice  of 
the  Court  of  Appeal)  was  contrary  to  this  view. 

On  the  28th  May  the  Council  accepted  a  present  of  the  portrait 
of  their  late  Secretary,  James  W.  Cusack,  presented  by  his  son,  Mr. 
(now  Sir  Ralph  S.)  Cusack. 

On  the  19th  November  the  Council  accepted  a  portrait  of  the  late 
Professor  Porter,  presented  by  his  son,  Mr.  (now  Sir  George  H.) 
Porter. 

On  the  25th  May  the  College  recommended  the  Council  to  seek 
for  a  new  charter,  and  to  take  steps  to  enable  Fellows  to  vote  by 
proxy  at  elections  of  officers.  The  Council  did  not  accede  to  these 
proposals,  but  in  1 883  they  were  agreed  to. 

On  the  19th  July  the  Council  directed  Mr.  Litton,  their  solicitor, 


230       EXAMINATION  FEES. — QUARTERLY  EXAMINATIONS. 


to  prepai'e  a  draft  Bill  to  provide  superannuation  for  medical 
officers  under  the  Poor  Law  and  Medical  Charities  Acts. 
On  the  10th  June  the  Council  resolved: — 

"  That  the  following  are  the  Fees  to  be  paid  by  Candidates  for 
Letters  Testimonial,  viz. : — 

"  1st.  The  Candidate  pays  Ten  Shillings  for  his  Preliminary 
Examination. 

"  2nd.  Five  Guineas  as  Registered  Pupil  of  the  College. 

"  3rd.  Five  Guineas  for  the  Junior  Class  Examination,  which 
is  not  returned  in  case  of  rejection,  but  is  allowed  in  the  fee  for  his 
second  Examination. 

"  4th.  Fifteen  Guineas  for  the  Senior  Class  Examination — 
total,  £26  15s. 

"  5th.  In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  a  fee  of  One  Guinea  is  to  be 
paid  to  the  Registrar  on  handing  each  Licentiate  his  Diploma. 

"  6th.  Every  Candidate  rejected  at  the  Quarterly  Examination 
shall  be  required  to  pay  to  the  College  the  sum  of  Two  Guineas 
on  applying  for  re-examination,  so  as  to  recompense  the  College  for 
the  necessary  expenses." 

On  the  12th  January,  1870,  the  Council  resolved: — 
"That  in  future  all  candidates  requiring  special  examination  shall 
pay  an  extra  fee  of  Five  Guineas,  to  cover  additional  expenses." 

On  the  3rd  December  the  Council  decided  that  the  examinations 
for  letters  testimonial  should  be  held  quarterly — in  the  months  of 
January,  April,  July,  and  October.  The  respective  merits  of  the 
candidates  were  to  be  determined  by  numbers,  which  were  to  be 
given  by  the  examiners  to  the  councillor  in  charge  of  the  candidate. 

In  June,  1869,  a  deputation  from  the  Council  were  sent  to 
London  in  connexion  with  the  Medical  Officers'  Superannuation  Bill. 
Deputations  have  not  often  been  very  successful  in  their  objects ; 
but  this  one  seem  to  have  accomplished  their  mission.  The  Bill 
became  law,  and  enables  local  Poor-law  authorities  to  grant  pensions 
to  their  medical  officers,  who,  after  twenty  years  of  service,  and 
being  at  least  sixty  years  old,  are  disabled  by  disease  or  accident 
from  attending  efficiently  to  their  professional  duties. 

The  question  as  to  the  payment  of  councillors  continued  a  vexed 
one  in  1868-9.    Letters  strongly  objecting  to  its  continuance  were 


PAYMENT  OF  COUNCILLORS. 


231 


addressed  to  the  Council  by  Messrs.  Mackesy  and  Battersby.  On 
the  31st  May,  1869,  the  College,  on  the  motion  of  Mr.  Darby,  of 
Bray,  seconded  by  Mr.  Martin,  of  Portlaw,  resolved  to  recommend 
the  Council  to  reconsider  their  determination  to  continue  the  pay- 
ment of  councillors  for  attendance  at  examinations.  The  Council 
declined  to  discontinue  the  payment,  and  the  following  reasons  were 
assigned  for  this  decision  : — 

"  The  Council  arrived  at  this  determination  because  they  firmly 
believe  that  the  presence  of  one  of  their  members  at  each  examina- 
tion tends  largely  to  inspire  confidence  in  the  candidate ;  and,  by 
the  official  weight  which  it  gives  to  the  proceedings,  adds  to  the 
value  of  the  diplomas  of  the  College  to  such  an  extent  as  to  justify 
even  a  larger  expenditure  than  it  has  hitherto  entailed. 

"  The  Council  find,  on  reference  to  the  books  of  the  College, 
that  previous  to  the  adoption  of  the  present  arrangement,  this 
duty,  being  apparently  considered  extrinsic  to  the  functions  of 
Councillor,  was  most  irregularly  discharged ;  and  the  Council  is 
of  opinion,  that  any  arrangement  which  secures  the  efficient 
performance  of  this  duty  should  not,  without  grave  reason,  be 
interfered  with  ;  and  they  also  consider,  that  the  inability  of  the 
collegiate  funds  to  affoi'd  an  honorarium  worthy  of  the  duty 
discharged  would  be  an  insufficient  reason  for  disturbing  an 
arrangement  which  now  works  well,  and  is  believed  to  act  bene- 
ficially. Whilst  with  reference  to  the  actual  expenditure  hereby 
incurred,  it  may  fairly  be  questioned  whether  it  ultimately  entails 
a  pecuniary  loss  upon  the  College,  inasmuch  as  the  candidates 
regard  the  arrangements  as  specially  provided  for  their  encourage- 
ment, an  impression  which  tends  to  swell  the  numbers  of  those 
who  now  seek  our  licence ;  and  in  considering  this  question,  it 
must  also  be  remembered  that  the  examinations  are  not  conducted 
at  present  as  formerly.  Formerly,  the  entire  Court  of  Examiners 
had  an  opportunity  of  listening  to  the  examination ;  as  now  con- 
ducted, the  candidate  passes  from  one  table  to  another  with  his 
attending  Councillor,  who  is  liable  at  any  moment  to  be  called  on 
to  make  an  explanation,  or  to  answer  any  appeal  made  to  him, 
either  in  the  Examination  Hall  or  at  the  Council  Board." 

On  the  17th  December,  1873,  the  Council  having  procured  an 
opinion  from  Mr.  Frederick  W.  Walsh,  Attorney-General,  resolved 
to  discontinue  these  payments.    This  opinion  was  as  follows: — 


232 


PAYMENT  OF  COUNCILLORS. 


"  In  my  opinion,  the  14th  Bye-Law  is  conclusive  against  the 
power  of  the  Council  to  vote  any  sums  for  the  purpose  of  presen- 
tation to  any  Fellow  of  the  College.  I  am  also  of  opinion  that  the 
Council  could  not,  even  if  the  Bye-Laws  did  not  exist,  make  the 
proposed  presentation  to  Drs.  Benson  and  Hargrave ;  they  are  not 
authorised  to  do  so  by  any  of  the  provisions  either  in  the  Charter 
of  1828,  or  that  of  1844. 

"I  am  of  opinion  that  the  fee  of  5s.  3d.,  paid  to  the  Members  of 
the  Council  for  attending  the  Examinations  of  Students,  is  wholly 
unauthorized  and  illegal ;  provision  for  these  Examinations  is  made 
by  the  19th  section  of  the  Charter,  1844,  page  50 ;  and  the  fees 
to  be  paid  to  the  Examiners,  and  the  duty  of  two  Members  of  the 
Council,  in  rotation,  to  attend  the  Examinations,  are  provided  for 
and  declared  by  the  Ordinances  of  Council,  pp.  78  and  79.  It  is 
manifest  that  the  attendance  of  the  two  Members  of  the  Council, 
under  the  resolution  of  the  22nd  of  October,  1844  (see  page  79), 
as  well  as  the  attendance  directed  in  the  19th  section  upon  the 
Examination  of  Candidates  for  Fellowships  (see  p.  52),  is  part  and 
parcel  of  the  duty  of  the  Members  of  the  Council,  as  such,  and  for 
which  they  are  not  and  cannot  be  entitled  to  any  remuneration. 

"  The  last  question  is  one  of  some  difficulty,  particularly  when 
stated  in  the  general  way  it  is.  By  the  Charter  of  1828,  p.  7,  it 
is  directed  that  the  Corporation  '  is  empowered  to  create  a  fund 
sufficient  for  keeping  the  several  buildings,  &c,  &c,  as  well  as  for 
discharging  all  salaries,  and  defraying  all  other  expenses  which  the 
said  College  may  incur.  Now,  I  can  conceive  a  case  in  which  the 
interests  of  the  College  are  so  much  involved,  that  it  would  be 
quite  proper,  and  the  duty  of  the  Council,  to  send  one  of  their 
Members  to  attend  in  London,  to  aid  in  resisting  any  attempt 
which  might  be  made  to  prejudicially  affect  the  College;  but,  in 
doing  this,  the  Council  should  use  great  discretion,  and  satisfy 
itself,  in  the  first  instance,  that  such  a  course  was  necessary,  and 
required  to  protect  the  College  from  a  hostile  movement — a  move- 
ment actually  in  existence,  not  merely  threatened.  As  to  any 
expenses  which  might  be  incurred  in  upholding  and  maintaining 
the  position  of  the  College,  I  am  inclined  to  think  such  would  also 
come  within  the  meaning  of  the  words  I  have  above  referred  to. 
The  Council  is,  however,  in  my  opinion,  the  best  judge  of  these 
occasions,  and  should  be  guided  very  much  by  the  unanimity  of  the 
Members  when  passing  resolutions  authorising  the  expenditure ; 


PAYMENT  OF  COUNCILLORS. 


233 


and  in  cases  where  the  Members  of  the  Council  are  divided  in 
opinion,  I  should  advise  the  Council  to  abstain  from  incurring 
such  expenses." 

It  was  up  to  this  time  usual  for  four  members  of  the  Council  to 
attend  at  each  examination,  but  after  the  decision  as  to  their  non- 
payment was  arrived  at,  the  number  was,  on  the  1st  April,  1875, 
reduced  to  one.  An  ordinance  of  Council  enacts  "  that  the 
councillor  shall  preside  and  superintend  each  examination,  occupying 
the  chair,  instead  of  the  senior  member  of  the  court,  as  heretofore." 

The  question  as  to  the  expediency  of  paying  the  councillors  who 
act  as  assessors  at  the  examination  was  again  discussed  early  in 
1885.  An  opinion  on  this  and  some  other  points  was  obtained  from 
Mr.  T.  A.  Purcell,  Q.C.,  who  is  of  opinion  that  there  is  no  illegality 
in  such  a  payment : — 

"1.  I  am  clearly  of  opinion  that  it  is  quite  competent  for  the 
Council,  under  the  existing  charters  and  by-laws,  whenever  a 
necessity  should  arise  for  sending  delegates  to  any  distance  out  of 
Dublin  to  represent  the  College,  to  apply  the  funds  of  the  College 
to  the  payment,  not  only  of  their  travelling  and  hotel  expenses,  but 
also  of  a  reasonable  remuneration  for  their  services  and  loss  of  time ; 
and  that  there  is  nothing  to  prohibit  such  payment  being  received 
by  delegates  who  are  members  of  Council  equally  with  the  others. 

"  Such  remuneration  must,  however,  be  moderate,  and  should  not 
exceed  the  rate  allowed  to  witnesses  before  Parliamentary  Com- 
mittees, or  which  would  be  legally  payable  to  a  medical  man,  sum- 
moned to  attend  from  a  distance,  as  a  witness  in  a  court  of  law  in 
Dublin — viz.,  £3  3s.  per  day. 

"  2.  1  am  also  of  opinion  that  it  is  competent  for  the  Council  to 
pay  such  of  its  members  as  are  required  to  attend  the  examination 
of 

candidates,  pursuant  to  the  by-laws,  a  moderate  remuneration 
for  their  services  in  so  attending,  the  amount  to  be  fixed  by  a  reso- 
lution of  Council." 

The  Council,  at  a  meeting  held  on  the  19th  February,  1885, 
decided  by  a  large  majority  against  inserting  a  clause  in  a  pro- 
posed new  charter  specially  declaring  such  payment  legal. 

On  the  5th  August,  1869,  Dr.  John  Brady  was  elected  an  Honorary 
Fellow,  in  recognition  of  his  distinguished  services  to  the  profession 


234         HONORARY  FELLOWS. — CONJOINT  EXAMINATIONS. 


in  his  capacity  as  a  member  of  Parliament.  On  the  4th  November 
the  following  were  also  elected  Honorary  Fellows: — Sir  Galbraith 
Logan,  C.B.,  Diz*ector-General  of  the  Army  Medical  Department; 
Alexander  Armstrong,  M.D.,  Director-General  of  Naval  Hospitals 
and  Fleets;  and  Dr.  Edmund  A.  Parkes,  Professor  of  Hygiene, 
Netley  Army  Medical  School. 

On  the  7th  October  the  portrait  of  the  late  Professor  Macnamara 
was  accepted  by  the  Council  from  his  son,  Prof.  Rawdon  Macnamara. 
On  the  same  date  the  Council  decided  to  invite  the  College  of 
Physicians  to  join  in  examining  for  a  diploma  in  medicine  and 
surgery.  The  College  of  Physicians  appointed  a  committee  to  take 
the  proposal  into  consideration.  The  Court  of  Directors  of  the 
Apothecaries  desired  to  join  in  the  conferences,  but  their  overtures 
were  finally  declined.  Ultimately  the  negotiations  fell  through,  on 
account  of  the  College  of  Physicians  insisting  upon  receiving  half 
the  fees  payable  by  candidates.  The  College  of  Surgeons  proposed 
division  of  the  fees  into  tenths ;  three  to  be  devoted  to  the  "  main- 
tenance of  the  Museum  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  and  of  its 
chartered  establishments,  institutions  of  national  as  well  as  profes- 
sional importance,  and  for  other  allied  expenses."  Of  the  remaining 
tenths,  three  were  to  be  given  to  each  of  the  Colleges,  and  one  to 
the  Apothecaries'  Hall.  It  must  be  admitted  that  in  view  of  the 
larger  fees  charged  for  the  surgical  diploma,  and  the  greater  expense 
in  maintaining  the  various  departments  of  the  College  of  Surgeons, 
it  was  only  reasonable  to  allocate  to  that  institution  the  larger  part 
of  the  fees. 

In  1870,  deputations  from  the  Council  watched  the  progress  of 
the  Medical  Acts  (1858)  Amendment  Bill,  introduced  by  the  Lord 
President  of  the  Council.  It  provided  for  the  creation  of  a  single 
examining  board  for  each  of  the  three  great  divisions  of  the  United 
Kingdom— a  proposal  which  appears  to  have  met  with  the  Council's 
approbation,  though  its  ill  effect  upon  the  finances  of  the  College 
was  apparent.  Owing  to  pressure  put  upon  the  Government  by 
the  Universities  the  "  one  portal  "  clause  was  withdrawn,  whereupon 
the  Council  strenuously  opposed  the  Bill,  which  ultimately  was 
withdrawn. 


ABORTIVE  MEDICAL  LEGISLATION. 


235 


Towards  the  close  of  1870  conferences  were  held  by  delegates 
from  the  Irish  Universities  and  the  Colleges  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons. They  adopted  a  number  of  suggestions  relating  to  medical 
examinations,  which  were  submitted  to  the  Universities  and  Col- 
leges, and  were  approved  of  by  all  save  the  College  of  Surgeons. 
Subsequently  the  latter  submitted  to  the  delegates  a  scheme  for  a 
Medical  Bill,  founded  upon  the  following  Principles : — 

"  I.  That  the  General  Medical  Council  should  be  remodelled,  by 
some  plan  which,  whilst  preserving  to  the  Medical  Authorities  their 
due  share  of  representation  on  the  General  Medical  Council,  should 
provide  for  a  more  extended  representation  thereon  of  the  Regis- 
tered Medical  Practitioners. 

"II.  That  the  privileges  of  the  several  Universities  and  Medical 
Corporations  should  remain  as  heretofore,  as  proposed  in  Sugges- 
tion I. 

"III.  That  there  should  be  three  Examining  Boards,  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  Medical  Authorities,  in  each  division  of  the 
Kingdom,  whose  Certificate  should  be  indispensable  for  Regis- 
tration. 

"  IV.  That  the  Universities  and  Medical  Corporations  should 
have  power,  if  they  see  fit,  to  affiliate  persons  holding  the  Certificate 
of  any  of  the  Examining  Boards,  with  liberty  to  such  persons  to 
register  their  additional  titles. 

"  V.  That  there  should  be  a  power  of  appeal,  on  the  part  of  any 
of  the  Medical  Authorities,  to  the  Privy  Council. 

"  I.  was  agreed  to  by  the  Conference  with  one  dissentient  voice. 
II.  is  identical  with  Suggestion  I.  Principle  II.  was  agreed  to, 
but  III.,  IV.,  V.  were  not  agreed  to  by  a  majority  of  the  Con- 
ference." 

A  Bill  embodying  these  Principles  was  drawn  up  by  the  solicitor 
to  the  College.  It  was  introduced  by  Dr.  Brady,  and  read  a  first 
time  on  the  14th  March,  1870,  but  was  not  persevered  with. 

Negotiations  with  the  other  medical  bodies  were  opened  up  in 
1871;  but  after  twenty  conferences  had  been  held,  the  scheme 
finally  decided  upon  by  the  delegates  did  not  meet  with  the  general 
approval  of  the  licensing  bodies. 

On  the  25th  March,  1872,  the  Council  received  an  overture  for 


236         PORTRAITS  OF  HARGRAVE,  BENSON,  AND  SMITH. 

renewed  conferences  from  the  College  of  Physicians;  and  subse- 
quently all  the  licensing  bodies  appointed  representatives  to  discuss 
the  terms  of  a  conjiont  scheme  of  examination,  &nd  one  Avas  agreed 
upon.  A  special  meeting  of  the  College  was  held  on  the  19th 
March,  1874,  to  consider  this  scheme,  and  it  was  disapproved  of. 
The  Council  declined  to  withdraw  the  scheme  which  they  con- 
sidered themselves  pledged  to  support — it,  however,  remained  only 
a  scheme. 

On  the  3rd  July,  1873,  the  Honorary  Fellowship  was  conferred 
upon  the  Eev.  Samuel  Haughton,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.T.C.D. 

In  1872-3  an  unpleasant  matter  was  much  debated  by  the  Council. 
Professor  Hargrave  had  been  elected  a  representative  on  the  General 
Medical  Council  for  five  years.  According  to  Mr.  Walsh,  Attorney- 
General,  this  election  was  illegal  as  regards  time,  which  ought  to 
have  been  one  year.  The  Council  unanimously  requested  Mr. 
Hargrave  to  resign,  but  he  refused  to  do  so.  On  the  16th  February, 
1873,  Professor  Macnamara  succeeded  Mr.  Hargrave,  the  Council 
having  elected  him  on  a  notification  from  the  General  Medical 
Council  that  the  College  representation  would  be  vacant  on  that 
date. 

On  the  1  7th  October,  1872,  the  Council  resolved  to  have  Pro- 
fessor Benson's  portrait  painted,  and  on  the  17th  December  arrived 
at  a  similar  resolution  in  reference  to  Professor  Hargrave.  The 
Council  also  presented  Professor  Benson  with  an  honorarium  of  £105 
in  recognition  of  his  long-continued  and  distinguished  services  to 
the  College.  A  proposal  to  present  a  similar  sum  to  Professor 
Hargrave  fell  through,  partly  on  account  of  his  refusal  to  resign 
the  office  of  representative  on  the  General  Medical  Council,  and 
partly  on  account  of  doubt  raised  as  to  the  legality  of  such  a 
present. 

On  the  5th  March,  1874,  the  Council  accepted  Mr.  Chancellor's 
estimate  for  painting  a  portrait  of  the  late  Vice-President,  Robert 
W.  Smith,  at  a  cost  of  15  guineas.  On  the  25th  March,  Mr.  John 
Houston's  portrait  was  presented  to  the  College  by  Mrs.  Denny, 
his  sister. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  College  in  June,  1874,  was  an  unusually 


END  OF  MEDICAL  DIPLOMAS. — CORR's  APPOINTMENT.  237 

large  one,  in  consequence  of  the  Vice-Presidency  being  contested  by 
Messrs.  E.  Hamilton  and  E.  D.  Mapother;  202  members  attended, 
and  Mr.  Hamilton  was  elected.  Professor  Mapother  was,  however, 
unanimously  elected  Vice-President  in  1878. 

On  the  17th  November,  1874,  the  Council  resolved  to  discon- 
tinue issuing  medical  diplomas;  they  never  had  any  legal  value. 
In  lieu  of  the  fee  of  5s.  granted  to  the  Registrar  on  issuing  each 
of  these  certificates,  his  salary  was  increased  by  £15  a  year. 

On  the  1st  April,  1875,  the  number  of  examiners  was  increased 
from  seven  to  eight. 

On  the  15th  April  the  College  held  an  evening  scientific  meeting, 
or  conversazione,  at  which  the  Lord  Lieutenant  (the  Duke  of 
Abercorn)  was  present.    It  cost  £183  13s.  3d. 

In  this  year  the  Council  sent  a  deputation  to  London,  to  suggest 
alterations  in  a  Bill,  which  subsequently  became  the  Public  Health 
(Ireland)  Act  of  1874.  It  is  believed  that  the  deputation  did  good 
service  on  this  occasion. 

On  the  29th  April  the  payment  of  each  examiner  was  fixed  at 
the  rate  of  one  guinea  per  candidate. 

On  the  15th  July  the  Council  resolved  to  direct  the  attention  of 
the  Board  of  Trinity  College  to  the  low  fee — viz.,  one  pound, 
charged  for  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Surgery :  the  fee  was  shortly 
afterwards  increased  to  five  pounds. 

On  the  16th  December  it  was  ordained  that  candidates  for  the 
Fellowship  were  to  be  examined  in  Clinical  Surgery  and  Medicine. 

Mr.  Maurice  Coir,  a  Fellow  of  the  College,  had,  in  former  years, 
been  a  most  active  and  successful  advocate  for  the  just  claims  of 
the  profession.  He  had  rendered  the  College  good  service,  as  a 
member  of  several  deputations  sent  to  London.  In  1875  the 
College  expressed  a  desire  that  his  services  should  be  recognised  in 
some  substantial  manner.  In  view  of  the  recently  expressed 
opinions,  as  to  the  illegality  of  presents  to  Fellows,  the  Council 
appointed  Mr.  Corr  Secretary  to  the  Building  Committee,  at  a 
yearly  salary  of  £90. 

On  the  24th  June  the  Council  resolved  to  have  a  portrait  of  the 
late  Mr.  Wilmot  painted. 


238 


ARMY  MEDICAL  OFFICERS.— NEW  BUILDINGS. 


In  1875  the  Council  presented  memorials  to  the  Secretary-at- 
War,  in  favour  of  the  claims  of  the  medical  officers  of  the  army 
and  militia.  Deputations  for  this  purpose  proceeded  to  London. 
In  this  year,  out  of  a  total  of  938  army  medical  officers  on  full 
pay,  300  were  licentiates  of  the  Irish  College  of  Surgeons. 

The  Council  having  learned  that  one  of  the  Fellows  possessed  a 
share  in  the  Apothecaries'  Hall,  obtained  an  opinion  from  Mr. 
Litton,  Q.C.,  that  it  was  in  the  power  of  the  Council  to  withdraw 
his  Fellowship  diploma,  if  they  thought  proper. 

On  the  7th  October,  1875,  it  was  decided  to  accept  Mr.  Thomas 
Hall  and  Sons'  (of  Harcourt-street)  estimate  for  enlarging  the 
Museum  and  Library.  The  sum  named  was  £5,000.  The  plans 
had  been  prepared  by  Messrs.  Symes  and  Miller,  who  had  shortly 
before  succeeded  Mr.  Darley  as  architect  to  the  College. 

The  foundation-stone  of  the  new  building  was  laid,  upon  the 
29th  April,  1876,  by  the  Duke  of  Abercorn,  in  the  presence  of  a 
brilliant  gathering.  The  army  medical  officers  present  in  Dublin 
appeared  in  full  uniform.  The  President,  Mr.  E.  Hamilton, 
delivered  an  address  to  his  Grace,  in  which  he  gave  a  short  sketch 
of  the  history  of  the  College  and  the  objects  of  the  Institution. 
The  Lord  Lieutenant  replied  in  suitable  terms.  The  mallet  which 
was  used  in  laying  the  foundation-stone  was  the  identical  one 
employed,  half  a  century  previously,  by  the  Marquis  Wellesley,  in 
laying  the  foundation-stone  of  the  then  new  Museum.  It  had  a 
short  time  previously  been  presented  to  the  College  by  Mr.  Drew, 
architect. 

As  already  stated,  the  covenant  made  with  the  Society  of  Friends 
contained  a  clause  prohibiting  the  College  from  building  upon 
certain  portions  of  the  site  acquired  from  that  Society  in  1805. 
The  existing  Council  were  not  aware  of  this  clause,  but,  on  their 
attention  being  directed  to  it,  orders  were  given  to  discontinue  the 
building  operations.  The  following  arrangement  was,  however, 
shortly  arrived  at,  after  conferences  between  the  representatives  of 
the  College  and  the  Society : — 

First — "  That  the  human  remains  found  on  the  ground  at  the 
rere  of  the  College,  at  one  time  occupied  by  the  Society  of  Friends 


SOCIETY  OF  FRIENDS. — EXAMINATIONS. — FINANCES.  239 


as  a  burial-gi'ound,  be  immediately  re-interred  in  some  portion  of 
the  reserved  ground,  and  that  the  superfluous  earth  be  carted  by 
the  authorities  of  the  College,  either  to  Cork-street  or  Temple-hill 
Friends'  Burial  Ground." 

Second — "That  the  excavation  for  the  intended  buildings  be 
restricted  to  the  main  walls,  the  pillars  to  be  supported  on  concrete." 

Third — "That  the  leave  thus  accorded  shall  not  be  considered 
as  a  waiver  of  the  rights  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  in  case  of  any 
future  breach  of  the  bond." 

In  July,  1876,  the  Board  of  Trinity  College  invited  the  Colleges 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  to  consider  the  subject  of  combined 
examinations.  A  committee  representing  the  three  bodies  were 
formed,  but  the  scheme  which  they  prepared  was  disapproved  of 
by  the  Council  at  their  meeting  held  on  the  6th  January,  1877. 
The  Council,  on  the  27th  of  same  month,  resolved  to  invite  the 
co-operation  of  the  College  of  Physicians  in  establishing  conjoint 
examinations.  A  joint  committee  were  formed,  but  their  scheme, 
like  so  many  of  its  predecessors,  failed  to  give  satisfaction  to  the 
Colleges. 

On  the  5th  April,  1877,  the  Council  resolved  not  to  receive  as 
equivalent  to  the  preliminary  examination  of  the  College  any  certi- 
ficate from  Trinity  College  that  did  not  show  its  presentor  to  be  of 
Junior  Sophister's  standing. 

On  the  5th  December  Mr.  Pelham  Mayne  was  appointed  solicitor 
to  the  College,  in  room  of  the  late  Mr.  Litton,  deceased. 

On  the  6th  December  it  was  resolved  to  grant  the  sum  of  £100 
to  the  widow  of  the  late  Dr.  Handsel  Griffiths,  Assistant  Librarian. 

Early  in  1878' Mr.  Kidd  caused  the  financial  state  of  the  College 
to  be  investigated ;  the  results  showed  that  the  average  income  for 
the  five  years,  1872-3  to  1876-7,  amounted  to  £4,359  4s.  8d.  The 
maximal  income  (in  1874-5)  was  £4,806  16s.  lid.;  the  minimal 
(in  1876-7)  £3,481  17s.  9d.  The  average  expenditure,  exclusive  of 
the  cost  of  the  new  buildings,  was  £4,226  14s.  2d. 

On  the  28th  March,  1878,  Mr.  Gathorne  Hardy,  Secretary-at- 
War,  addressed  a  letter  to  the  College,  asking  their  opinion 
"  unreservedly  "  as  to  the  causes  of  the  disinclination  of  medical  men 


240         A  MEDICAL  BILL. — DENTISTS  ACT. — A  SOIRlSE. 


to  enter  the  army  medical  department,  whereupon  the  Council 
submitted  sufficient  reasons  to  justify  this  disinclination. 

In  June  the  Council  petitioned  against  the  Duke  of  Richmond's 
Bill  to  amend  the  Medical  Acts  Amendment  Bill  of  1858.  It 
proposed  the  formation  of  a  Board  of  Examiners,  the  certificates  of 
whom  would  enable  medical  registration  to  be  effected.  A  depu- 
tation proceeded  to  London  to  oppose  the  Bill,  which  was  with- 
drawn at  the  close  of  the  session. 

On  the  4th  July  the  Council  accepted  from  Mr.  Tufnell,  past 
President,  his  portrait. 

On  the  18th  July  a  Professorship  of  Dental  Surgery  was  founded. 
The  first  Professor,  Mr.  Theodore  Stack,  was  elected  on  the  3rd 
January,  1884. 

In  1878  an  Act  for  the  regulation  of  dentistry  was  passed; 
under  its  provisions  the  College,  on  the  5th  September,  established 
a  Court  of  Examiners,  consisting  of  three  Fellows  of  the  College 
and  three  registered  dentists.  The  President  or  Vice-President, 
or  a  member  of  Council,  acts  with  the  Court,  presides  as  Chairman, 
and  is  enabled  to  vote.  All  dentists  in  actual  practice  were 
admitted  to  examination  without  curriculum  ;  512  have  received  the 
dental  diploma  of  the  College,  but  at  present  the  examination 
is  strict,  and  a  thorough  education  required.  The  fee  for  the 
diploma  is  ten  guineas.  The  fees  payable  to  the  examiners  are  to 
each  half  a  guinea  per  candidate.  The  Council  have  revoked  the 
diploma  from  a  dentist  who  advertised  in  the  newspapers,  contrary 
to  the  terms  of  his  obligation. 

On  the  10th  August,  1878,  the  new  buildings  were  opened  by 
the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  Lord  Lieutenant,  in  presence  of  the 
Duchess  of  Marlborough  and  a  distinguished  company.  In  this 
year  the  British  Association  paid  their  third  visit  to  Dublin.  The 
College  held  a  conversazione  on  the  evening  of  the  16th  August, 
to  which  more  than  700  ladies  and  gentlemen  were  invited.  Music, 
the  electric  light,  and  numerous  exhibitions  of  microscopy  and 
scientific  articles,  &c,  were  employed  successfully  to  entertain  the 
assembly. 

On  the  23rd  August  a  deputation  were  appointed  to  proceed  to 


MEDICAL  BILL  REAPPEARS. — NEW  ACCOUNTANT. 


241 


London,  to  urge  upon  the  Government  the  claims  of  the  County 
Gaol  Medical  Officers. 

On  the  9th  January,  1879,  the  Vice-President  and  Council  pre- 
sented the  President,  Mr.  Smyly,  and  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Smyly  with  a 
silver  cradle  to  commemorate  the  occasion  of  the  birth  of  a  child 
daring  the  President's  year  of  office. 

The  Duke  of  Richmond's  Bill  re-appeared  in  March,  and  was 
petitioned  against  by  the  Council.  As  usual,  a  deputation  to  oppose 
it  proceeded  to  London.  The  Bill  was  amended  in  the  House  of 
Lords,  and  in  its  new  shape  met  with  the  approval  of  the  Council, 
who,  on  the  19th  April,  petitioned  in  favour  of  the  measure.  It 
was  a  good  Bill,  and  provided  for  conjoint  examinations  being 
held  by  the  existing  licensing  bodies,  but  unfortunately  it  did  not 
pass. 

On  the  23rd  October  Mr.  Thomas  Kennedy,  LL.D.,  Univ. 
Dub.,  of  the  Fines  and  Penalties  Office,  was  appointed  Accountant 
in  succession  to  Mr.  Henry  Beaumont,  deceased.  The  latter  had, 
in  1859,  succeeded  his  father  as  Accountant  to  the  College.  His 
salary,  at  first  £20,  was,  on  the  21st  November,  1867,  raised  to 
£40.  The  College  Accountant  holds  a  similar  situation  in  con- 
nection with  the  College  School. 

In  1S80  the  proposed  Charter  of  the  Royal  University  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  Council  by  the  Lord  Lieutenant.  The  Council  com- 
mented upon  the  circumstance  that  the  proposed  Senate  did  not 
include  the  name  of  a  single  Licentiate  or  Fellow  of  the  College 
practising  surgery,  whilst  seats  were  assigned  to  several  physicians. 
In  reply  to  this  remonstrance  his  Grace  expressed  regret  that  the 
omission  had  not  been  brought  earlier  under  his  notice;  the  full 
number  of  Senators  had  been  appointed,  but  in  the  event  of  a 
vacancy  the  claims  of  the  College  would  be  considered.  Up  to 
the  present  no  prominent  member  of  the  College  has  been  appointed 
a  Senator. 

In  1880  the  Council  adopted  a  report,  prepared  by  a  joint 
committee  of  the  Council  and  of  the  Fellows  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  on  the  causes  of  the  high  death-rate  in  Dublin.  It  was 
printed  and  circulated. 

R 


242 


VACCINATION  ACT. — NEW  CURRICULUM. 


On  the  1st  July  the  Council  petitioned  against  the  Vaccination 
Act  Amendment  Bill,  which  was  designed  to  render  vaccination  an 
optional  act.  The  Bill  was  defeated.  Much  of  the  time  of  the 
Council  this  year  was  expended  in  considering  new  schemes  of 
medical  education  and  examination. 

On  the  7th  October  they  adopted  the  scheme  which  is  at  present 
the  law  of  the  College.  The  principal  features  of  it  are  as 
follows  : — The  minimal  period  of  study  is  45  months,  and  must 
date  from  the  registration  of  the  pupil.  The  first  year  may  be 
expended  in  the  prosecution  of  medical  studies  in  any  way  the 
pupil  chooses,  as  no  certificate  showing  the  nature  or  extent  of 
his  studies  is  required.  There  are  four  professional  examinations 
in  addition  to  the  preliminary  examination  in  general  education 
which  must  precede  registration.  The  professional  examinations 
are  held  annually  in  the  months  of  July  and  October.  The  pupil 
must  pass  yearly  an  examination,  on  either  or  both  of  these  occa- 
sions. If  he  fail,  he  loses  his  year,  and  his  period  of  study  is 
lengthened  by  12  months.  It  is  objected  to  this  curriculum  that 
the  year  in  which  no  lectures  are  obliged  to  be  taken  out  ought  to 
be  the  fourth  and  not  the  first  of  the  period  of  study.  As  the  pupil 
may  study  where  he  pleases  during  his  first  year,  this  one  has  been 
facetiously  styled  the  "  Bally hadareen  year." 

The  new  laws  came  into  force  in  May,  1882,  but  were  not  retro- 
spective in  reference  to  students  who  had  entered  upon  their  studies 
before  that  date.  The  Council  now  (December,  1885)  are  engaged 
in  reconsidering  this  scheme,  and  have  slightly  modified  it. 

On  the  13th  January,  1881,  the  Council  received  from  members 
of  the  Pathological  Society  a  marble  bust  of  Professor  Robert  W. 
Smith,  and  ordered  it  to  be  placed  in  the  hall. 

On  the  17th  March  the  Council  voted  £25  towards  defraying 
the  expenses  of  the  International  Medical  Congress  Avhich  met  in 
London  in  1881. 

On  the  13th  April  the  Honorary  Fellowship  of  the  College  was 
conferred  upon  Professor  Helmholtz,  of  Berlin.  In  concluding  an 
admirable  address  to  the  distinguished  Professor,  Mr.  M'Clintock, 
the  President,  said : — 


HELMHOLTZ  AN  HONORARY  FELLOW. 


243 


"  In  thus  claiming  you  as  a  member  of  the  medical  confraternity, 
we  gladly  quote  your  own  words,  spoken  in  1877,  at  the  Institute 
for  Army  Surgeons: — 'Medicine,'  you  say,  'was  once  the  intel- 
lectual home  in  which  I  grew  up,  and  even  the  emigrant  best 
understands,  and  is  best  understood  by  his  native  land.'  We  are, 
I  need  hardly  add,  justly  proud  to  have  you  affiliated  with  us ;  and 
thereby  we  venture  to  hope  that  the  lustre  of  your  name  will,  in 
some  degree,  be  reflected  upon  our  College.  At  all  events,  we 
desu*e  to  testify,  so  far  as  is  possible,  our  thorough  recognition  of 
your  indefatigable  industry  and  your  great  achievements  in  the 
wide  fields  of  natural  and  physical  science.  We,  therefore,  cordially 
and  respectfully  tender  to  you  this  tribute  of  our  admiration,  and 
beg  your  acceptance  of  the  honour  you  so  well  deserve,  our  only 
regret  being  that  it  is  not  more  proportionate  to  the  magnitude  of 
your  services  to  science,  and  your  life-long  devotion  to  its  successful 
cultivation." 

Professor  Helmholtz,  in  returning  thanks,  and  speaking  in  ex- 
cellent English,  said : — 

"  I  ask  you  and  your  College  to  accept  my  most  hearty  thanks 
for  your  great  and  kind  appreciation  of  my  scientific  labours.  1 
cannot  accept  this  honour  without  diminishing  it  a  little.  I  must 
consider  that  the  opthalmoscope  is  only  the  instrument  which  every 
man  acquainted  with  the  wants  of  surgery  and  the  method  of 
optics  would  have  invented  at  the  time.  It  was  an  accident — a 
lucky  accident,  I  may  say — that  I  was  the  inventor.  It  was  far 
more  the  complication  of  circumstances  that  existed  at  that  time 
for  surgery  and  medicine  that  made  this  little  invention  of  so 
great  importance ;  and  I  am  very  happy  to  think  that  I  have  been 
the  man  that  has  brought  such  profit  to  surgery.  I  assure  you 
that  I  am  very  happy  that  that  invention  has  been  so  much  appre- 
ciated in  foreign  countries,  and  I  thank  you  very  much  for  your 
kindness." 

Only  six  foreigners  beside  Helmholtz  have  been  elected  Honorary 
Fellows  of  the  College — namely,  Antoine  Louis,  Baron  Cuvier,  and 
Jules  Cloquet,  of  Paris  ;  Antonio  Scarva,  of  Pavia  ;  Samuel  T. 
Sommering,  of  Munich  ;  and  Frederick  Tiedmann,  of  Heidelberg. 

On  March  16th,  1882,  the  Council  resolved  to  offer  three  prizes 
of  the  respective  value  of  fifteen,  ten,  and  five  pounds,  for  complete 


244         UNION  MEDICAL  OFFICERS. — DEBATE  re  SCHOOL. 


dissection  of  regions  to  be  hereafter  specified.  They  were  to  be 
open  to  all  students  studying  in  Dublin. 

On  the  18th  March  the  Home  Secretary  approved  of  a  by-law 
passed  by  the  Council  on  the  14th  November,  1881,  providing  for 
the  election  of  an  Examiner  in  Ophthalmic  Surgery. 

On  the  occasion  of  the  visit  of  the  Social  Science  Congress  to 
Dublin  in  September,  1881,  the  Council  gave  to  the  Statistical 
Society  the  use  of  the  College  for  the  purposes  of  a  conversazione, 
and  contributed  £25  towards  the  expenses  of  the  entertainment. 

On  the  16th  February,  1882,  the  Council  petitioned  in  favour  of 
the  Union  Officers  Superannuation  Bill.  On  the  20th  April  they 
presented  an  address  to  the  Queen,  congratulatory  of  her  escape 
from  the  hands  of  an  intended  assassin. 

For  many  years  past  there  have  existed  a  certain  proportion  of 
the  Fellows  who  have  entertained  the  opinion  that  the  School  of 
the  College  ought  to  be  separated  therefrom.  According  to  some  of 
the  Fellows  such  a  separation  would  be  beneficial  to  the  College — 
in  the  opinion  of  others  to  both  the  College  and  the  School.  On  the 
20th  March,  1860,  Mr.  Clarke  gave  a  notice  of  motion  that  the 
interests  of  the  College  required  that  the  School  should  be 
separated  therefrom;  the  notice  was,  however,  withdrawn.  In 
1882,  when  it  was  proposed  by  the  Council  to  grant  a  large  sum 
of  money  for  the  improvement  of  the  School  buildings,  those 
opinions  were  very  strongly  expressed,  and  the  action  of  the 
Council  challenged.  At  a  meeting  of  the  College  held  on  the 
3rd  June,  1882,  the  whole  policy  of  the  connection  between  the 
College  and  the  School  was  debated  at  great  length.  Ultimately 
the  following  resolution,  proposed  by  Mr.  Wharton,  and  seconded 
by  Mr.  Whistler,  was  carried  by  71  to  39  votes,  exclusive  of 
tellers :— "  That  the  Fellows  are  of  opinion  that  in  the  interests 
of  the  College,  and  in  accordance  with  its  charters,  the  Council 
is  bound  to  maintain  the  School  of  the  College  by  every  means 
in  its  power."  Two  days  later  Mr.  Wheeler  was  elected  Vice- 
President..  At  his  election,  which  was  contested,  176  Fellows 
were  present. 

On  the  2nd  March,  1882,  the  Council  accepted  a  plaster  bust, 


PHQSNIX  PARK  TRAGEDY.  —  CONJOINT  SCHEME.  245 


life-size,  of  the  late  Mr.  Hans  Irvine,  past  President.  It  was 
presented  by  his  nephew,  Mr.  W.  H.  Irvine,  of  Enniskerry. 

On  May  11th  a  meeting  of  the  College  was  held,  at  which 
resolutions  were  passed  expressive  of  "  deep  horror  and  indignation 
at  the  atrocious  murders  of  the  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland,  Lord 
Frederick  Cavendish,  and  of  the  Under-Secretary,  Mr.  Thomas  H. 
Burke."  Letters  of  condolence  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant,  the  Duke 
of  Devonshire,  and  Mr.  Augustus  Burke,  were  agreed  upon. 

On  November  23rd,  1882,  a  committee  of  the  Council  recom- 
mended that  the  conferring  of  the  Letters  Testimonial  should  be 
conducted  in  such  a  way  as  would  render  the  proceedings  more 
dignified.  The  Council  and  Examiners  should  be  regularly  sum- 
moned to  witness  the  ceremony,  and  should  form  a  procession  from 
the  Council-room  to  the  Board-room.  The  Council  adopted  the 
suggestion,  but  the  attendance  of  Councillors  and  Examiners  has 
up  to  the  present  been  very  small. 

On  January  10th,  1883,  the  Council  again  decided  to  invite  the 
College  of  Physicians  to  consider  the  propriety  of  establishing 
conjoint  examinations  in  medicine,  surgery,  and  midwifery.  Re- 
presentatives from  the  Colleges  met  and  prepared  a  scheme;  the 
fourth  clause  of  which,  being  objected  to  by  the  Council,  the  College 
of  Physicians  withdrew  from  the  negotiations.  This  clause  was  to 
the  effect  that  neither  College  should  confer  a  separate  diploma 
except  to  candidates  who  already  held,  in  the  case  of  physicians, 
surgical  diplomas  approved  of  by  the  College  of  Physicians ;  and 
in  the  case  of  the  College  of  Surgeons,  medical  diplomas  approved  of 
by  the  College  of  Surgeons.  This  clause  would,  no  doubt,  prevent 
the  College  of  Surgeons  from  examining  licentiate  apothecaries. 
Attempts  to  re-open  negotiations  with  the  College  of  Physicians 
were  at  once  made,  but  proved  abortive.  In  the  last  negotiations  it 
■was  admitted  by  the  combined  Committee  that  five-eighths  of  the 
examination  fees  ought  to  go  to  the  College  of  Surgeons. 

Mr.  George  H.  Henderson,  architect  to  the  College,  having  died 
from  typhoid  fever,  to  the  great  regret  of  the  Council,  Messrs. 
Deane  and  Son  were,  on  the  30th  November,  appointed  in  his  stead. 
The  Council  resolved  : — 


246 


HONORARY  FELLOWS. — ACADEMY  OF  MEDICINE. 


"  The  salary  to  be  paid  to  the  Architect  shall  be  £20 ;  and  the 
additional  commission  on  estimated  works  5  per  cent,  for  works 
the  cost  of  which  shall  exceed  £5  and  be  less  than  £50 :  and  2\ 
per  cent,  for  works  costing  more  than  £50." 

On  the  28th  Jnne,  1883,  it  was  resolved  by  the  Council  to  appoint 
one  of  the  Examiners  to  act  as  Secretary  to  the  Court,  and  that  he 
should  receive  10s.  6d.  per  day  extra  for  doing  the  clerical  work 
in  connection  with  the  examinations.  On  the  5th  July  Mr.  W. 
Thomson  was  elected  Secretary  for  the  ensuing  year,  and  has  con- 
tinued to  act  up  to  the  present. 

On  the  19th  July  the  Honorary  Fellowship  of  the  College  was 
conferred  upon  Dr.  (now  Sir  Thomas)  Crawford,  Director-Gsneral 
of  the  Army  Medical  Department,  and  Surgeon-General  Sir  J.  A. 
Hanbury,  M.B.,  K.C.B.    Both  are  Irishmen. 

In  1883  the  Surgical  Society  ceased  to  exist,  in  consequence  of 
the  fusion  of  nearly  all  the  Medical  Societies  of  Dublin  into  "  The 
Academy  of  Medicine  in  Ireland."  The  Council  offered  to  the 
Surgical  Section  of  the  new  Academy  £25  a  year,  the  sum  granted 
annually  to  the  Surgical  Society.  The  Academy  accepted  the  offer, 
but,  in  1885,  its  finances  being  flourishing,  the  annual  grant  was  not 
required.  The  Surgical  and  Pathological  Sections  of  the  Academy 
meet  in  the  College,  and  the  President  of  the  College  is  ex-officio 
President  of  the  Surgical  Section. 

Early  in  1883  the  Government  introduced  a  Medical  Acts 
Amendment  Bill.  At  first  a  considerable  number  of  Fellows  were 
in  favour  of  its  provisions,  but  when  they  came  to  be  carefully  con- 
sidered in  relation  to  their  probable  effects  upon  the  College,  a 
decided  hostility  against  the  Bill  was  manifested.  It  deprived  the 
existing  Licensing  Bodies  of  the  power  to  grant  registrable  diplomas, 
and  created  departmental  Examining  Boards  for  England,  Ireland, 
and  Scotland,  The  Dublin  Board  would  consist  of  eleven  mem- 
bers— two  from  each  of  the  Universities,  three  from  each  of  the 
Colleges,  and  one  from  the  Apothecaries'  Hall.  The  final  exami- 
nation only  was  to  be  conducted  by  the  Board,  and  the  other 
examinations  by  the  Universities  and  Corporations.  The  surplus 
of  the  fees  paid  by  the  candidates,  after  the  payment  of  the 


MliDICAL  ACTS  AMENDMENT  BILL. 


247 


Examiners  of  the  Board,  were  to  be  distributed  amongst  the  Cor- 
porations. The  Council  petitioned  at  once  against  this  Bill,  and 
sent  deputations  to  London  to  adopt  every  possible  means  to  oppose 
it  unless  certain  amendments  were  introduced  into  it.  The  prin- 
cipal amendment  desired  was  the  insertion  of  a  clause  requiring 
every  successful  candidate  to  become  "affiliated"  to  some  one  or 
more  of  the  existing  Licensing  Bodies  before  being  registered. 

On  the  7th  May  the  following  statement,  prepared  by  Mr. 
Barton,  President,  was  adopted  by  the  Council : — 

"  Upon  the  following  Points  the  College  seeks  Amend- 
ment of  the  Bill  now  before  Parliament. 

"  First  —  Uniformity  of  Medical  Education  in  the  three  divisions 
of  the  Kingdom.  Clause  X.  of  the  Bill  contains  provision  for 
uniformity  of  examination,  but  there  is  no  provision  whatever  in 
the  Bill  to  secure  that  the  length  of  time  spent  in  study,  or  the 
subjects  included  in  the  curriculum,  shall  not  be  reduced  in  one 
division  of  the  Kingdom  below  the  others,  with  the  effect  of 
attracting  Students  to  that  place  where  least  is  required  of  them. 

"  To  obtain  this  uniformity,  the  College  would  propose  an  ad- 
dition to  Clause  XIV.,  by  which  the  Medical  Council  would  be 
required  to  see  that  no  unworthy  inducement  to  attract  Students 
shall  be  allowed. 

"  Second. —  The  transference  of  the  power  of  making  a  scheme  of 
education  from  the  Medical  Board  to  the  Council.  Each  Board, 
under  Clause  X.,  can  make  such  rules  as  they  see  fit  regarding  the 
'age,  moral  character,  and  every  other  matter'  qualifying  for 
admission  to  the  final  examination.  This,  in  the  opinion  of  the 
College,  is  very  objectionable,  as  power  thus  given  (only  limited 
by  appeal  to  the  Medical  Council)  to  the  Board  to  make  regulations 
entirely  at  variance  with  the  system  of  previous  examinations. 

"  The  College  believes  that  a  more  uniform  and  better  scheme — 
applicable  to  all  parts  of  the  Kingdom — could  be  made  by  the 
Council  than  by  the  several  Boards ;  and,  therefore,  propose  that 
Clause  XIV.  be  amended  to  give  this  duty  to  the  Council. 

"  Third. — The  clause  (page  22,  line  13)  regarding  the  fees  to  be 
paid  for  the  final  examination  by  University  Students  is  vague, 
and  requires  amendment,  in  stating  clearly  that  the  persons  whose 
fees  are  reduced  are  either  graduates  in  arts,  or  undergraduates  in 
arts,  of  at  least  three  years'  standing. 


248  FIRST  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER  OF  VICTORIA. 


"  Fourth. — This  College  is  of  opinion  that  there  should  he  an 
equal  representation  of  the  four  medical  authorities  on  the  Irish 
Board,  and  will  support  the  proposition  of  putting  the  elected 
representative  upon  the  Board. 

"  Fifth. — This  College  is  of  opinion  that  the  members  of  the 
Medical  Board  should  not  be  paid,  and  for  this  purpose  sub-section 
2,  clause  36,  be  omitted  from  the  Bill. 

"  Sixth. — The  clause  under  which  the  surplus  funds  remaining 
in  the  hands  of  the  Medical  Council  are  to  be  distributed  is 
exceedingly  vague,  and  requires  amendment." 

Ultimately  the  Bill  met  with  so  much  opposition  that  the  Govern- 
ment were  unable  to  get  it  through  all  the  necessary  stages. 

In  June,  1883,  the  College  passed  resolutions  in  favour  of  electing 
Professors  and  Examiners  by  the  whole  Council,  inslead  of  any 
seven  of  them  drawn  by  lot,  and  of  electing  the  President,  Vice- 
President,  and  Council  by  voting-papers,  transmitted  by  post  or 
otherwise.  Mr.  Edward  G.  Brunker  had  long  advocated  the 
desirability  of  the  latter  change. 

On  the  31st  of  October,  1883.  a  supplemental  Charter  was 
granted,  enabling  the  whole  Council  to  vote  at  the  election  of  Pro- 
fessors and  Examiners.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  application 
for  it  was  not  delayed  a  little,  so  as  to  include  in  it  a  clause  relating 
to  the  voting,  by  means  of  papers,  for  Council  in  absentia.  The 
Council  were  blamed  for  exhibiting  undue  haste  in  obtaining  the 
Charter,  and  they  accordingly  vindicated  their  action  in  a  lengthy 
statement  published  in  their  Report  for  1883-4. 

SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER  OF  VICTORIA. 

"  SSh'CtOtta,  by  the  Grace  of  God,  of  the  United  Kingdom  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Queen,  Defender  of  the  Faith,  and 
soforth,  to  all  unto  whom  these  Presents  shall  come,  greeting : — 

"  Whereas  the  body  politic  and  corporate  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  in  Ireland  was  incorporated  or  re-established  under 
and  by  virtue  of  a  certain  Charter  or  Letters  Patent,  bearing  date 
the  thirteenth  clay  of  September,  in  the  ninth  year  of  the  reign  of 
King  George  the  Fourth,  and  certain  provisions  were  thereby 
made  for  the  regulation  and  government  of  the  said  College. 

"  And  whereas  by  a  certain  Supplemental  Charter  or  Letters 


FIRST  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER  OF  VICTORIA.  249 


Patent  granted  by  us,  and  bearing  date  the  11th  day  of  January, 
in  the  seventh  year  of  our  reign,  further  provisions  were  made  for 
the  regulation  and  government  of  the  said  College,  including 
certain  provisions  regulating  and  prescribing  the  mode  of  election 
of  the  Examiners  and  Professors  therein. 

"  And  whereas  it  has  been  represented  unto  us  by  the 
governing  body  of  the  said  College  to  be  expedient,  and  seems  to 
us  to  be  fit,  that  certain  alterations  should  be  made  in  the  mode 
so  established  of  electing  such  Examiners  and  Professors. 

"  Know  te,  therefore,  that  we  of  our  special  grace,  certain 
knowledge,  and  mere  motion,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  our  right  trusty,  and  well-beloved  Councillor,  Sir  Edward 
Sullivan,  Baronet,  Master  of  the  Rolls  in  that  part  of  our  said 
United  Kingdom  called  Ireland,  and  our  right  trusty  and  well- 
beloved  Councillor,  Sir  Thomas  Montague  Steele,  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  most  Honorable  Order  of  the  Bath,  General  in  our 
Army,  and  Commanding  our  Forces  in  that  part  of  our  United 
Kingdom  called  Ireland,  two  of  our  Justices  General,  and  General 
Governors  of  Ireland,  aforesaid,  and  according  to  the  tenor  and 
effect  of  our  Letter  under  our  Privy  signet  and  Royal  sign 
manual,  bearing  date  at  our  Court  at  Saint  James's,  the  twenty- 
sixth  day  of  October,  in  the  forty-seventh  year  of  our  reign,  and 
now  enrolled  in  the  Rolls  of  the  Chancery  Division  of  our  High 
Court  of  Justice  in  Ireland,  have  granted,  declared,  ordained,  and 
directed,  and  by  these  presents  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  do 
grant,  declare,  ordain,  and  direct  that : — 

"  1.  Whenever  and  so  often  as  it  shall,  after  the  date  of  these 
presents,  be  necessary  to  elect  an  Examiner  or  Examiners,  or 
Professor  or  Professors,  of  the  said  College,  the  President  or  Vice- 
President,  together  with  not  less  than  two-thirds  of  the  other 
members  of  the  said  Council  for  the  time  being  in  that  behalf 
convened  (or  in  case  of  the  absence  or  non-attendance  of  the 
I  'resident  or  Vice-President,  then  not  less  than  three-fourths  of  the 
said  Council,  exclusive  of  the  said  President  or  Vice-President), 
shall  meet  and  assemble  together,  pursuant  to  a  special  summons 
in  that  behalf  to  be  issued  and  transmitted  in  the  manner  provided 
in  the  said  Supplemental  Charter  or  Letters  Patent,  three  clear 
days  at  least  before  such  meeting  and  assemblage,  and,  being  so 
assembled,  shall  proceed  to  elect  by  a  majority  of  votes  such 
Examiner  or  Examiners,  Professor  or  Professors,  to  respectively 


250 


FIRST  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER  OF  VICTORIA. 


examine  in  or  teach  as  the  case  may  be,  such  branches  of  Surgical, 
Medical,  and  collateral  arts  or  sciences  as  the  Council  may  have 
already  directed  with  respect  to  any  or  each  of  the  Examinerships 
or  Professorships  to  be  filled  up  or  elected :  Provided  the  said 
members  of  the  Council  shall  find  among  the  candidates  for  the 
said  offices  of  Examiner  or  Professor,  a  person  or  persons  having 
the  qualification  determined  to  be  necessary  by  the  Bye-Law  of 
the  College  in  that  behalf  for  the  time  being  in  force,  and  also 
being,  in  their  judgment,  or  in  the  judgment  of  a  majority  of 
them,  fit  and  competent  to  discharge  the  duties  of  said  office  of 
Examiner  or  Professor  as  the  case  may  be,  and  the  said  members 
of  such  Council,  before  proceeding  to  such  election,  shall  make  and 
subscribe  the  declaration  which,  by  the  said  Supplemental  Charter 
or  Letters  Patent,  it  was  provided  should  be  made  by  the  electors 
of  Professors  and  Examiners  thereby  constituted. 

"  2.  And  such  Declaration  shall  be  duly  adminstered  to  them 
respectively  by  the  President  or  Vice-President,  or  any  member 
of  the  Council  who  shall  be  then  present,  and  such  Declaration 
shall  be  taken  at  the  meeting  so  convened  as  aforesaid. 

"  3.  And  We  do  hereby,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  further 
ordain,  declare,  and  direct  that  the  President  or  Vice-President, 
with  other  Members  of  the  said  Council  of  the  said  College,  shall 
in  manner  aforesaid,  and  according  as  a  vacancy  or  vacancies  shall 
occur  in  the  Body  of  Examiners,  fill  up  such  vacancy  or  vacancies 
from  the  persons  who  shall  offer  themselves  to  the  Council  of  the 
said  College,  as  candidates  for  the  said  office,  provided  the  said 
Members  of  Council  shall  find  among  the  candidates  a  person  or 
persons  in  their  judgment,  or  in  the  judgment  of  the  majority  of 
them,  fit  and  competent  to  discharge  the  duties  thereof,  provided 
that  such  candidates  for  such  office  as  Examiners,  shall  not  be 
members  of  the  said  Council,  and  if  elected  as  Examiners,  shall 
not  be  capable  of  being  elected  as  Members  of  the  Council,  so  long 
as  they  hold  the  office  of  Examiners,  and  such  Examiners  so 
elected,  if  Professors,  or  Lecturers,  or  Teachers,  shall,  so  long  as 
they  hold  the  office  of  Examiners,  cease  to  hold  the  office  or  perform 
the  duties  of  Professors,  Lecturers,  or  Teachers,  except  as  Clinical 
Lecturers  in  hospitals.  And  so  also  that  the  said  Examiners  shall 
always  consist  of  the  number  of  persons  determined  by  the  Bye- 
Law  or  Bye-Laws  of  the  College  in  that  behalf,  for  the  time  being 
in  force,  and  they  shall  in  like  manner  elect  Professors  of  the  said 


FIRST  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER  OF  VICTORIA. 


251 


College,  when,  and  so  often  as  a  vacancy  or  vacancies  shall  occur, 
from  the  persons  who  shall  offer  themselves  to  the  Council  of  the 
said  College  as  candidates  for  the  said  office,  provided  the  Members 
of  Council  shall  find  among  the  said  candidates  for  the  said  office, 
a  person  or  persons  in  their  judgment,  or  in  the  judgment  of  the 
majority  of  them,  fit  and  competent  to  the  discharge  of  the  duties 
thereof,  so  that  the  Professors  of  the  said  College  shall  always 
consist  of  the  same  number  as  at  present :  Provided  always  that 
such  number  shall  be  altered  by  any  Bye- Law  of  the  said  College. 

"  4.  And  the  said  persons  so  'respectively  elected  and  appointed 
to  fill  the  said  respective  offices  of  Examiner  or  Professor,  shall 
respectively  hold  and  enjoy  their  said  office  during  the  period  fixed 
by  the  Bye-Laws  of  the  said  College  enacted,  or  to  be  enacted  for 
the  purpose. 

"  5.  And  such  Examiners  shall  be  entitled  to  such  salary, 
emoluments,  and  reward  as  the  said  Council  already  has  made,  or 
shall  hereafter  by  any  rule  or  Bye-Law  in  that  behalf,  make  or 
provide  for  any  person  so  chosen  and  appointed  an  Examiner  as 
aforesaid. 

"  6.  And  We  do  hereby  further  declare  our  will  and  pleasure 
to  be,  that  as  regards  any  election  to  the  office  of  an  Examiner  or 
Professor  taking  place  after  the  date  of  these  presents,  the  provi- 
sions contained  in  the  said  Supplemental  Charter  of  the  eleventh 
day  of  January,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  forty-four,  in  so 
far  as  the  same  prescribe  a  different  mode  of  holding  such  election, 
or  constitute  a  different  body  of  electors,  or  are  otherwise  incon- 
sistent with  the  provisions  hereby  made,  but  to  no  further  or 
greater  extent,  shall  stand  and  be  annulled. 

"  And  We  do  hereby,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  further 
grant  unto  the  said  College,  that  these  our  Letters  Patent,  or  the 
enrolment  or  exemplification  thereof,  shall  be  in  and  by  all  things, 
good,  firm,  valid,  sufficient,  and  effectual  in  the  law,  according  to 
the  true  intent  and  meaning  thereof,  notwithstanding  the  not  fully 
or  not  duly  reciting  the  said  in  part  recited  Letters  Patent,  or  the 
date  thereof,  or  any  other  omission,  imperfection,  defect,  mattei', 
cause,  or  thing  whatsoever  in  the  same,  to  the  contrary  thereof  in 
anywise  notwithstanding,  and  shall  be  taken,  construed,  and  ad- 
judged in  the  most  favourable  and  beneficial  sense,  and  for  the 
best  advantage  of  the  said  body  politic  and  corporate  and  their 
successors,  as  well  as  in  all  Courts  of  Record  as  elsewhere,  and  by 


252 


MEDICAL  ACTS  AMENDMENT  BILL. 


all  and  singular  the  officers  and  ministers  of  us,  our  heirs  and 
successors.  Provided  always  that  these  our  Letters  Patent  be 
enrolled  in  the  Record  and  Writ  Office  of  the  Chancery  Division 
of  our  High  Court  of  Justice  in  Ireland,  within  the  space  of  six 
months  next  ensuing  the  date  of  these  presents,  otherwise  these 
our  Letters  Patent  to  be  null  and  void.  In  witness  whereof  we 
have  caused  these  our  Justices  General  and  General  Governors  of 
Ireland,  at  Dublin,  the  thirty-first  day  of  October,  in  the  forty- 
seventh  year  of  our  reign. 

"  Alexander  Hamilton, 

"Deputy  Clerk  of  the  Crown  and  Hanaper." 

In  1884  the  Medical  Acts  Amendment  Bill  was  again  introduced 
by  the  Government,  and  was  strongly  opposed  by  the  Council. 
On  the  15th  February,  the  College  held  a  special  meeting  for  the 
purpose  of  considering  the  Bill  and  its  probable  effect  upon  the 
College,  should  it  become  law.  It  is  remarkable  that  not  one 
of  the  18  Fellows  upon  whose  requisition  the  meeting  was  con- 
vened resided  within  the  city  of  Dublin.  A  motion  in  favour  of 
admitting  reporters  for  the  press  was  carried.  After  a  prolonged 
debate,  and  the  defeat  of  two  amendments  to  motions,  the  following 
resolutions  were  carried : — 

Moved  by  Mr.  Molony,  seconded  by  Mr.  Hamilton  : — 
"  That  this  meeting  approves,  and  will  gladly  support,  a  well- 
considered  measure  of  reform  calculated  to  remove  such  defects 
as  have  been  proved  to  exist  in  the  constitution  of  the  medical 
profession ;  but,  at  the  same  time,  the  Fellows  here  assembled  desire 
to  express  their  conviction  that  it  would  be  injurious  to  the  public 
welfare,  and  an  unjustifiable  employment  of  State  authority,  to 
strip  of  their  privileges  institutions  which  can  be  shown  to  be  using 
them  both  well  and  wisely." 

Moved  by  Mr.  Whistler,  seconded  by  Mr.  Stokes : — 
"  That  inasmuch  as  the  Bill  introduced  into  Parliament  last 
session  would,  had  it  become  law,  have  deprived  this  and  other 
medical  authorities  of  the  power  and  influence  over  the  profession 
which  they  have  hitherto  exercised,  and  which  were  conferred  on 
them  by  charter,  the  Fellows  of  this  College  are  of  opinion  that 
any  such  legislation  should  be  resisted  by  the  entire  profession 
as  being  in  a  high  degree  injurious  to  its  best  interests." 


MEDICAL  BILL  WITJ [DRAWN.—  COLLEGE  CENTENARY.  253 

Moved  by  Mr.  Nolan,  seconded  by  Mr.  Thomson : — 

"  That  this  meeting,  having  been  informed  that  it  is  the  intention 
of  the  Government  to  introduce  into  Parliament  during  this  session 
a  Bill  similar  to  that  of  last  year,  recommends  the  Council  to  use 
all  the  influence  it  can  command  to  obtain  such  changes  in  that 
Bill  as  may  be  necessary  to  preserve  the  chartered  privileges  of  the 
College,  more  especially  the  right  of  conferring  a  title  to  practice  ; 
and,  failing  this,  to  oppose  the  passing  of  such  a  measure  by  all 
constitutional  means." 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  College,  held  on  the  31st  May, 
the  College  passed  a  resolution  "thoroughly"  disapproving  of  the 
Bill  as  it  then  stood,  and  calling  upon  the  Council  to  oppose  it 
unless  its  objectionable  provisions  were  amended  so  as  to  maintain 
the  interests  of  the  College.  The  Bill  was  withdrawn  near  the  end 
of  the  session. 

On  the  occasion  of  the  tercentenary  anniversary  of  the  foundation 
of  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  the  Council  agreed  upon  a  congra- 
tulatory address  to  that  body.  It  was  presented  by  the  President, 
Mr.  Wheeler,  who  was  invited  to  the  celebration. 

On  14th  February  the  College  reached  the  hundredth  anniver- 
sary of  the  granting  of  their  first  Charter.  Upon  the  evening  of  that 
clay  the  President,  Mr.  Wheeler,  entertained  the  Lord  Lieutenant 
and  122  Fellows  and  other  guests  at  a  banquet  in  the  Albert  Hall. 

Apropos  to  dinners,  it  is  the  custom  for  the  Yice-President  and 
Council  to  entertain  the  President,  and  the  President  the  Vice- 
President  and  Council,  within  the  College  walls.  No  other  persons 
are  invited  to  these  dinners.  A  College  Dinner  Club  consists  of 
the  Councillors  and  Examiners,  present  and  past.  They  invite 
guests,  and  occasionally  entertain  distinguished  persons.  The 
Examiners  have  also  a  Dining  Club. 

At  the  annual  general  meetings  in  1883  and  1884  the  College 
expressed  a  desire  to  be  made  acquainted  more  frequently  with  the 
proceedings  of  the  Council.  Since  then  the  latter  have  issued  a 
report  of  their  proceedings  during  the  period  J une  5th  to  November 
30th,  1884. 

On  the  10th  July  a  project  for  the  amalgamation  of  the  private 


254 


A  NEW  CHARTER  TO  BE  ASKED  FOR. 


medical  schools  with  the  College  School  was  brought  before  the 
Council ;  a  motion  to  discuss  it  having  been  made,  it  was  defeated. 

Mr.  Hughes'  sudden  death  on  the  1st  of  June  caused  the  offices 
of  Secretary  to  the  Council  and  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  College 
School  to  become  vacant.  Mr.  A.  H.  Jacob  was  elected  to  the 
former  of  these  offices.  For  the  other,  Mr.  Corley,  Vice-President, 
and  Mr.  Hamilton,  Member  of  Council,  became  candidates,  having 
for  that  purpose  resigned  their  seats  at  the  Council.  On  the 
21st  July  Professor  Cameron  was  elected  Vice-President.  On  the 
24th  July  Mr.  Edward  Hamilton  was  chosen  Professor  of  Anatomy, 
and  on  the  4th  of  August  Mr.  Corley  was  elected  Member  of  Council. 

The  Council  and  their  Parliamentary  Committee  held  several 
meetings  in  1884,  to  discuss  the  propriety  of  certain  proposed 
changes  in  the  Charter.  Having  agreed  that  some  of  them  were 
necessary,  the  clauses  of  the  Charter  proposed  to  be  amended  were 
submitted  to  the  College  at  a  meeting  held  on  the  10th  January, 
1885.  A  proposal  to  give  a  vote  in  addition  to  a  casting  vote  to  the 
President  or  other  presiding  officer  at  meetings  of  the  College  or 
Council  was  modified  so  as  to  limit  the  double  vote  to  College 
meetings.  The  proposal  to  substitute  the  Lord  Lieutenant  for  the 
Home  Secretary,  as  the  authority  to  whom  new  by-laws  were  to 
be  submitted,  was  adopted,  as  was  also  the  proposition,  so  long 
advocated  by  Mr.  E.  Brunker,  to  allow  the  Fellows  to  vote  in 
absentia  for  the  President,  Vice-President,  and  Council.  It  was 
also  agreed  that  Professors  and  Lecturers  should  be  eligible  to  act 
as  Examiners.  The  proposal  to  admit  qualified  practitioners,  other 
than  those  holding  diplomas  of  the  College,  to  the  Midwifery 
Examination,  was  agreed  to.  The  Vice-President  moved,  and  Sir 
Robert  Jackson,  C.B.,  seconded — "  That  a  new  clause  be  inserted, 
to  provide  that  all  provisions  of  the  Charters,  by-laws,  and  ordi- 
nances as  to  education,  examination,  and  granting  of  diplomas  to 
Fellows  or  Licentiates  shall  extend  to  include  women."  An 
amendment,  to  omit  the  word  "Fellows,"  proposed  by  Professor 
Hamilton,  and  seconded  by  Mr.  Tufnell,  was  negatived  by  eighteen 
to  fourteen  votes.  The  original  motion  was  then  carried  by  twenty- 
five  to  eleven  votes.    This  resolution,  since  sanctioned  by  the 


SECOND  SUPPLEM KNTAL  CHARTER  OF  VICTORIA.  255 


Queen,  renders  women  eligible  to  compete  for  every  office  in 
connection  with  the  College.  There  is  now,  therefore,  no  legal 
impediment  to  the  Presidential  Chair  being  occupied  by  a  lady. 

On  the  26th  February  the  Council  resolved  to  recognise  the 
lectures  delivered  in  the  School  of  Medicine  for  Women,  London. 

On  the  5th  March  the  Council,  on  the  motion  of  the  Vice- 
President,  agreed  to  admit  ad  euendern  licentiates  of  the  London  and 
Edinburgh  College  of  Surgeons,  provided  that  they  had  ohtained 
their  diplomas  by  examination.  It  was  ordered  that  a  clause  to 
effect  these  objects  should  be  inserted  in  the  proposed  new  charter. 

On  the  10th  April  the  Council  presented  a  congratulatory  address 
to  the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales  at  Dublin  Castle. 

On  7th  May  a  new  form  of  Letters  Testimonial  was -approved  of, 
in  which  the  signature  of  the  President  or  Vice-President,  Secretary 
to  the  Council,  and  Secretary  to  the  Court  of  Examiners,  were  to  be 
used,  instead  of  (as  heretofore)  the  signatures  of  the  whole  Council. 

On  the  23rd  May,  1885,  the  new  Charter  was  obtained : — 

SECOND  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER  OE  VICTORIA. 

"  3U tttorta,  by  the  Grace  of  God  of  the  United  Kingdom  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Queen,  Defender  of  the  Faith,  and 
soforth.    To  all  to  whom  these  Presents  shall  come,  greeting  : — 

"  Whereas  the  body  politic  and  corporate  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  in  Ireland  was  incorporated  or  re-established  under 
and  by  virtue  of  a  certain  Charter  or  Letters  Patent,  bearing  date 
the  thirteenth  day  of  September,  in  the  ninth  year  of  the  reign  of 
King  George  the  Fourth,  and  certain  provisions  were  thereby 
made  for  the  regulation  and  government  of  the  said  College. 

"  And  whereas  by  a  certain  Supplemental  Charter  or  Letters 
Patent  granted  by  us  and  bearing  date  the  eleventh  day  of  J anuary, 
in  the  seventh  year  of  our  reign,  further  provisions  were  made  for 
the  regulation  and  government  of  the  said  College,  including  certain 
provisions  regulating  and  prescribing  the  mode  of  voting  by  the 
President,  the  authorization  of  Bye-Laws,  the  election  of  Examiners, 
the  recording  of  the  votes  of  Fellows,  the  admission  of  candidates 
for  Letters  Testimonial  and  Midwifery  Diploma. 

"  And  whereas  it  has  been  represented  unto  us  by  the  govern- 
ing body  of  the  said  College  to  be  expedient,  and  it  seems  to  us 


256 


SECOND  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER  OF  VICTORIA. 


to  be  fit,  that  certain  alterations  should  be  made  in  the  mode  so 
established  of  performing  the  functions  hereinbefore  recited  : — 

"  1.  Know  ye,  therefore,  that  we  of  our  special  grace,  certain 
knowledge,  and  mere  motion,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  our  Lords  Justices-General  and  General  Governors  of  Ireland, 
according  to  the  tenor  and  effect  of  our  letter,  under  our  Privy 
Signet  and  Royal  Sign  Manual,  bearing  date  at  our  Court  at  Saint 
James's,  the  thirtieth  day  of  April,  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  eighty-five,  in  the  forty-eighth  year  of  our  reign,  and  now 
enrolled  in  the  Record  and  Writ  Office  of  the  Chancery  Division 
of  our  High  Court  of  Justice  in  that  part  of  our  said  United 
Kingdom  called  Ireland,  do  hereby  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors, 
grant,  declare,  and  appoint  that  the  President  and  Vice-President 
shall  be  ex-officio  Members  of  the  said  Council  of  the  said  College, 
and  the  Vice-President  shall  and  may,  in  the  absence  of  the  Presi- 
dent, have  the  same  powers  and  authorities  as  the  said  President 
would  have  if  personally  present ;  and  that  in  all  votes,  ballots, 
scrutinies  or  divisions  at  any  Meeting  of  the  Fellows  or  Members 
of  the  said  College,  the  President  or  the  Vice-President,  or  such 
other  person  as  may  preside  over  such  Meeting  and  be  Chairman 
thereof,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  and  also  in  case  of  equality  of 
votes  shall  give  a  casting  vote. 

"  2.  And  that  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  to  and  for  the  Council, 
or  a  majority  of  such  Members  thereof  as  shall  assemble  (the  whole 
number  then  and  there  present  not  being  less  than  one-third  part 
of  the  whole  Council)  to  exercise  the  powers  and  privileges  and 
perform  the  duties  and  functions  of  the  said  body  politic  and 
corporate,  as  the  governing  or  executive  Council  of  the  said  College, 
and  in  all  respects  to  act  for  or  on  behalf  of  the  said  College,  as 
lawfully  representing  the  same,  and  to  make  and  publish  and  also 
to  alter,  change,  or  annul,  from  time  to  time,  such  Bye-Laws, 
Rules,  Ordinances,  and  Constitutions  as  to  them  may  seem  requisite 
for  the  regulation,  good  government,  and  advantage  of  the  said 
body  and  Licentiates  of  the  said  College  and  the  administration  of 
the  funds  and  property  thereof,  or  concerning  qualifications  of 
the  candidates  for  Letters  Testimonial,  the  enrolment  Registry. 
Matriculation  administration,  and  examination  of  Fellows,  Licen- 
tiates, Pupils,  Students,  and  Apprentices,  the  Fees  to  be  payale  by 
them  and  every  of  them  to  the  said  College  or  to  any  Fellow  or  to 
any  Licentiate  thereof,  the  terms  and  conditions  of  admission,  of 


SECOND  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER  OF  VICTORIA.  257 

taking  them  or  any  of  them,  and  to  provide  and  enact  Bye-Laws 
and  Kules  for  the  regulation  of  the  Meetings  and  assemblies  under 
these  Presents  to  be  holden,  and  the  adjournment  thereof  as 
occasion  may  require. 

"  3.  And  in  case  of  any  emergency  wherein  the  directions  in 
these  Presents  could  not  be  followed,  to  make  provision  for  such 
emergency,  and  direct  the  manner  of  assembling,  electing,  or  other 
act  or  transaction  necessary  for  the  government,  discipline,  or 
continuance  of  the  said  body  corporate  and  the  said  College,  and 
also  to  provide  regulations  inflicting  upon  any  delinquent,  whether 
Apprentice  or  Pupil,  Fellow  or  Licentiate,  such  reasonable  pains, 
penalties,  and  punishments  by  censure,  suspension,  a  motion,  or 
fine,  as  to  them  so  assembled  shall  seem  meet,  provided  such 
pecuniary  penalty  shall  not  exceed  in  any  case  the  sum  of  fifty 
pounds,  and  that  such  Bye-Laws,  Rules,  and  Constitutions  shall 
not  be  repugnant  or  contrary  to  the  laws  and  statutes  of  our  realm, 
and  such  Bye-Laws,  Rules,  Ordinances,  and  Constitutions,  and 
acts  and  proceedings  of  the  Council  shall  be,  from  time  to  time, 
reported  to  the  Fellows  in  College  assembled  in  manner  herein 
provided.  Provided  always  and  it  is  our  further  will  and  pleasure 
that  no  Bye-Law  hereafter  to  be  made  by  the  said  Council  shall  be 
of  any  force  until  our  approval  thereof  shall  have  been  signified  to 
the  said  College  under  the  hand  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland 
for  the  time  being,  or  the  same  shall  have  been  otherwise  approved 
in  such  manner  as  shall  be  directed  by  us  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  Lords  Spiritual  and  Temporal  and  Commons  of  our 
realm,  in  Parliament  assembled. 

"  4.  And  We  do  hereby  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  grant, 
declare,  ordain,  and  direct  that  whenever  and  so  often  as  it  shall 
after  the  date  of  these  Presents  be  necessary  to  elect  an  Examiner 
or  Examiners,  or  a  Professor  or  Professors,  of  the  said  College, 
the  President  or  Vice-President  together  with  not  less  than  two- 
thirds  of  the  other  Members  of  the  said  Council  for  the  time  bein<r 
in  that  behalf  convened,  shall  assemble  or,  in  case  of  the  absence 
or  non-attendance  of  the  President  or  Vice-President,  then  not 
less  than  three-fourths  of  the  said  Council,  exclusive  of  the  said 
President  or  Vice-President,  shall  meet  and  assemble  together, 
pursuant  to  special  summons  in  that  behalf  to  be  issued  and  trans- 
mitted in  the  manner  provided  in  the  said  Supplemental  Charter 
or  Letters  Patent,  three  clear  days  at  least  before  such  Meeting 

s 


258         SECOND  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER  OF  VICTORIA. 


and  assemblage,  and  being  so  assembled  shall  proceed  to  elect,  by 
a  majority  of  votes,  such  Examiner  or  Examiners,  Professor  or 
Professors,  to  respectively  examine  in  or  teach,  as  the  case  may  be, 
such  branches  of  Surgical,  Medical,  and  collateral  arts  or  sciences 
as  the  Council  may  have  already  directed,  or  may  hereafter  direct, 
with  respect  to  any  or  each  of  the  Examinationships  or  Professor- 
ships to  be  filled  up  or  elected.  Provided  the  said  Members  of  the 
Council  shall  find  among  the  candidates  for  the  offices  of  Examiners 
or  Professors  a  person  or  persons  having  the  qualification  determined 
to  be  necessary  by  the  Bye-Law  of  the  College  in  that  behalf  for 
the  time  being  in  force,  and  also  being  in  their  judgment,  or  in  the 
judgment  of  a  majority  of  them,  fit  and  competent  to  discharge 
the  duties  of  said  office  of  Examiner  or  Professor,  as  the  case  may  be, 
such  candidates  for  such  office  as  Examiners  shall  not  be  Members 
of  said  Council,  and  shall  not  be  capable  of  being  elected  as  Members 
of  the  said  Council  so  long  as  they  hold  the  office  of  Examiners. 

"  5.  And  the  said  Members  of  such  Council,  before  proceeding 
to  such  election,  shall  make  and  subscribe  the  declaration  which, 
by  the  said  Supplemental  Charter,  it  was  provided  should  be  made 
by  the  electors  of  Professors  and  Examiners  thereby  constituted. 

"  6.  And  such  Declaration  shall  be  duly  administered  to  them 
respectively  by  the  President  or  Vice-President,  or  any  Member 
of  the  Council  who  shall  be  then  present,  and  such  Declaration 
shall  be  taken  at  the  Meeting  so  convened  as  aforesaid. 

"  7.  And  they,  the  said  President  or  Vice-President  and  Council, 
shall,  in  like  manner,  from  time  to  time,  fill  up  any  vacancy  or 
vacancies  that  may  occur  in  the  body  of  Examiners,  so  that  the 
said  Examiners  shall  always  consist  of  such  number  of  persons  as 
shall  be,  from  time  to  time,  determined  by  said  Council,  and  they 
shall  in  like  manner  elect  Professors  of  the  said  College,  when  and 
so  often  as  a  vacancy  or  vacancies  shall  occur,  from  the  persons 
who  shall  offer  themselves  to  the  Council  of  the  said  College  as 
candidates  for  the  said  office,  provided  the  Members  of  Council 
shall  find  among  said  candidates  for  the  said  office  a  person  or 
persons  in  their  judgment,  or  in  the  judgment  of  the  majority  of 
them,  fit  and  competent  to  the  discharge  of  the  duties  thereof,  so 
that  the  Professors  of  the  said  College  shall  always  consist  of 
thirteen  persons,  unless  such  number  shall  be  altered  by  any  Bye- 
Law  of  the  said  College ;  and  the  said  persons  so  respectively 
elected  and  appointed  to  fill  the  said  respective  offices  of  Examiner 


SECOND  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER  OF  VICTORIA.  259 

or  Professor  shall  respectively  hold  and  enjoy  their  said  office  during 
such  period  as  shall  be  fixed  by  Bye-Laws  of  the  said  College  to  be 
duly  enacted  for  that  purpose,  and  such  Examiner  shall  be  entitled 
to  such  salary,  emolument,  and  reward  as  tbe  said  Council  shall,  by 
any  rule  or  Bye-Law  in  that  behalf  make  or  provide  for  any  person 
so  chosen  and  appointed  an  Examiner  as  aforesaid.  Provided  also 
that  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  President  or  Vice-President 
and  Council  of  the  said  College,  from  time  to  time,  to  elect  and 
appoint  a  Secretary,  and  also  to  elect  and  appoint  a  Registrar  and 
such  other  officer  or  officers,  servant  or  servants,  for  such  periods 
and  at  such  salaries  as  to  them  shall  seem  meet  for  the  better 
regulation  of  the  said  College. 

"  8.  And  We  do  hereby  for  us,  our  heii's  and  successors,  grant, 
ordain,  and  appoint  that  the  President  or,  in  his  absence,  the  Vice- 
President,  or  any  two  Members  of  the  Council  shall,  upon  the  first 
Monday  in  the  month  of  June,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
eighty-five,  or  in  ten  days  thereafter,  and  upon  the  first  Monday 
in  June  in  every  succeeding  year,  or  within  ten  days  thereafter, 
convene  a  Meeting  of  the  Fellows  of  the  said  College,  at  the  Hall 
of  the  said  College,  or  some  other  convenient  place  within  the 
City  of  Dublin,  by  special  summons,  as  hereinafter  provided,  and 
the  Fellows  shall  then  and  there  elect  yearly,  by  a  majority  of 
votes  given  by  ballot  papers,  in  such  method  as  the  Council  may, 
from  time  to  time,  direct,  from  amongst  those  Fellows  who  shall 
have  sent  in  their  names,  as  hereinafter  provided,  one  President 
and  one  other  Fellow  to  be  Vice-President,  and  any  number  of 
Fellows,  not  exceeding  the  number  of  twenty-one,  including  the 
said  President  and  Vice-President,  to  be  Members  of  the  Council 
of  the  said  College.    No  person  shall  be  qualified  for  election  who 
shall  not  be  a  Fellow  of  said  College,  and  have  complied  with  the 
existing  regulations,  or  who  shall  not  have  sent  in  or  delivered,  in 
writing,  to  the  Registrar  of  the  College,  ten  clear  days  before  the 
day  of  election,  his  name  and  place  of  abode;  notice  of  such 
Meeting  specifying  the  time  and  place  at  which  such  Meeting 
shall  be  held  shall,  together  with  a  list  of  such  duly  qualified 
persona  as  shall  have  so  offered  themselves  for  election,  he  sent  by 
post,  six  clear  clays  before  said  day  of  election,  to  the  usual  place 
of  abode  of  each  of  the  Fellows  of  said  College  then  residing  in 
the  United  Kingdom  where  the  same  mav  be  known  at  the  said 
College. 


260         SECOND  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER  OF  VICTORIA. 

"  9.  And  We  do  hereby,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  grant 
and  ordain  that  in  case  such  election  shall  not  be  held  and  completed 
as  aforesaid,  or,  if  at  any  time,  any  vacancy  shall  occur  by  death, 
resignation,  removal,  or  incapacity  of  the  President  or  Vice-Presi- 
dent, or  any  Member  of  the  said  Council,  or  any  other  officer  of 
the  said  College  hereby  nominated  or  hereafter  to  be  elected,  then 
and  in  such  case  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  any  two  of  the 
Fellows  of  said  College,  on  being  thereunto  so  required  by  notice 
in. writing,  signed  by  any  six  Fellows,  to  issue  a  summons  six  clear 
days  before  the  day  therein  named  and  appointed  for  the  Meeting, 
and  thereby  to  convene  a  Meeting  of  the  Fellows  of  said  College 
at  the  Hall  of  said  College,  or  other  convenient  place  within  the 
City  of  Dublin,  upon  a  day  and  at  an  hour  between  the  hours 
of  nine  and  three  to  be  mentioned  in  such  summons,  and  the  said 
Fellows  shall  then  and  there  elect  as  heretobefore  provided  a 
Fellow  or  Fellows  to  fill  up  and  supply  the  said  office  or  offices,  or 
such  of  them  as  shall  have  so  become  vacant  or  required  to  be 
filled  up  for  such  part  of  the  ensuing  year  as  shall  be  then  to  come 
and  unexpired.  And  the  person  or  persons  so  elected  shall  there- 
upon enter  the  office  to  which  he  or  they  shall  have  been  so  elected, 
and  shall  serve  for  the  remainder  of  the  year  and  thenceforth  until 
a  new  appointment  and  election  be  made  as  hereinbefore  provided, 
and  shall  have  all  the  powers,  privileges,  and  authorities  which 
would  have  belonged  to  him  or  them  if  originally  elected  and 
appointed  thereunto.  Provided  always  that  every  summons  issued 
under  the  authority  of  this  clause,  and  by  virtue  of  this  provision, 
shall  specifically  state  the  object  for  which  the  Meeting  thereby 
convened  is  to  be  held. 

"  10.  And  We  do  hereby,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors, 
further  ordain  and  appoint  that  the  Examiners  of  said  College,  or 
so  many  of  them  as  may  hereafter  be  declared  necessary  to  con- 
stitute a  Court  or  Board  by  any  Bye-Law,  shall,  from  time  to 
time,  upon  request  made  to  the  President  or,  in  his  absence,  to  the 
Vice-President,  or  any  two  of  the  Council  of  the  said  College, 
examine  in  such  form  and  manner,  and  on  such  subjects,  as  the 
Council  may,  from  time  to  time,  direct  and  pi-escribe  every  person 
who  shall  have  satisfied  the  Council  that  he  is  of  good  moral 
character,  and  who  shall  be  desirous  of  obtaining  the  certificate  or 
Letters  Testimonial  of  the  said  College  of  his  qualifications  to 
practise' under  the  common  seal  of  the  said  College,  and  who  shall 


SECOND  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER  OF  VICTORIA.  261 


have  duly  observed  and  fulfilled  the  Rules,  Regulations,  Conditions, 
and  Ordinances  provided  and  contained  in  the  Bye-Laws  of  the 
said  College,  and  in  the  and  in  part  recited  Letters  Patent  in 
respect  of  such  candidates  for  the  certificates  or  Letters  Testimonial 
of  the  said  College,  and  in  case  the  said  Examiners  shall  be  satisfied 
with  the  result  of  such  examination,  and  shall  certify  to  the  said 
Council  to  the  effect  aforesaid,  then,  and  in  such  case,  the  said 
Council  shall  give  to  each  person  so  examined  and  qualified  such 
certificate  or  Letters  Testimonial  of  his  qualification  to  practise 
under  the  common  seal  of  the  said  College,  as  to  the  said  President 
and  Council,  or  the  majority  of  them,  shall  seem  just,  subject  to 
such  regulations  in  respect  thereof  as  the  Council  of  the  said 
College  shall  direct,  upon  his  performance  of  or  compliance  with 
all  and  every  the  requisites  and  provisions  in  the  Statutes,  Bye- 
Laws,  and  Ordinances  of  the  said  College ;  and  the  said  Letters 
Patent  contained  in  respect  of  such  person,  save  that  instead  of 
the  oath  or  affirmation  and  Declaration  appointed  to  be  taken  by 
the  said  Letters  Patent,  every  such  person  so  examined  and 
approved  of  shall,  before  he  shall  obtain  or  be  entitled  to  claim 
such  Letters  Testimonial  or  Certificate,  make  and  subscribe  the 
following  declaration  : — 

" '  /,  A.  B.,  do  solemnly  and  sincerely  declare  and  promise  that  I 
will  observe  and  be  obedient  to  the  Statutes,  Bye-Laws,  and  Ordinances 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland,  and  that  I  will,  to  the 
utmost  of  my  power,  endeavour  to  promote  the  reputation,  honour,  and 
dignity  of  the  said  College' 

"  12.  And  the  Examiners,  or  any  number  of  them,  declared  by 
the  Bye-Law  to  be  competent  to  transact  business  as  a  Court  of 
Examiners  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  President  or,  in  his  absence, 
of  the'  Vice-President  and  two  or  more  Members  of  the  Council, 
from  time  to  time  in  like  manner,  upon  request  made  to  the 
President  or,  in  his  absence,  to  the  Vice-President,  examine  in 
such  form  and  manner,  and  on  such  subjects,  as  the  Council 
may,  from  time  to  time,  direct  and  prescribe,  any  candidate  for  ;i 
Fellowship  who  shall  prove  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  President  or 
Vice-President  and  Council  that  he  has  attained  the  age  of  twenty- 
five  years,  and  if  such  candidate  shall  pass  such  examination  as  the 
Council  of  the  said  College  shall,  from  time  to  time,  think  fit  and 
direct  that  candidates  for  a  Fellowship  shall  undergo,  to  the  satis- 


262         SECOND  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER  OF  VICTORIA. 


faction  of  the  said  Examiners,  to  be  certified  to  the  said  Council, 
then  and  in  such  case  the  said  Council  shall  grant  to  such  pex*sons 
such  diploma  under  seal  of  the  said  corporation  or  College,  and  in 
such  form  as  the  Council  of  the  said  College  shall  direct,  upon  his 
performance  or  compliance  with  the  following  requisites  and  pro- 
visions, that  is  to  say — every  person  so  examined  and  approved  of 
shall,  before  he  shall  obtain  or  be  entitled  to  obtain  such  diploma, 
make  and  subscribe  the  following  declaration  and  affirmation : — 

"  '  7,  A.  B.,  do  solemnly  and  sincerely  declare  that  I  am  twenty- 
five  years  of  age  and  upwards,  and  that  I  will  observe  and  be  obedient 
to  the  Statutes,  Bye-Laws,  and  Ordinances  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  in  Ireland,  and  that  I  will,  to  the  utmost  of  my  power, 
endeavour  to  promote  the  reputation,  honour,  and  dignity  of  the  said 
College,  and  that  I  do  not  practise  the  business  or  profession  of  an 
apothecary  or  druggist,  or  indirectly  sell  drugs  or  medicines,  and  that 
I  will  not,  so  long  as  I  shall  be  a  Fellow  of  the  said  College,  practise 
such  business  or  profession.' 

"  13.  And  We  do  hereby  further  ordain  and  direct  that  the 
Examiners  of  the  said  College,  or  so  many  of  them  as  shall  be 
declared  competent  to  transact  business  as  a  Court  of  Examiners, 
shall  in  like  manner,  from  time  to  time,  upon  request  made  to  the 
President  or,  in  his  absence,  to  the  Vice-President  or  any  two  of 
the  Council,  examine  in  such  form  and  manner,  and  on  such 
subject,  as  the  Council  may,  from  time  to  time,  direct  and  prescribe, 
such  persons  as  may  so  require  it,  who  possess  such  other  legal 
qualifications  in  medicine  or  surgery  as  may  be  approved  by  the 
Council,  touching  their  ability,  skilfulness,  and  knowledge,  previous 
education,  and  experience  in  midwifery.  And  in  case  the  said 
Examiners  shall  be  satisfied  with  the  result  of  such  examination, 
and  shall  certify  to  the  said  Council  to  that  effect,  then  and  in 
such  case  the  said  Council  shall  grant  to  such  person  so  examined 
and  qualified  such  certificate  of  his  qualification  to  practise  mid- 
wifery and  exercise  the  profession  thereof  under  the  seal  of  the 
said  corporation  or  College,  and  in  such  form  as  the  Council  of  the 
said  College  shall  direct. 

"  14.  And  We  do  hereby,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  grant, 
declare,  and  appoint  that  all  provisions  of  the  Charter,  Bye-Laws, 
and  Ordinances  as  to  education,  examination,  and  granting  diplomas 
to  Fellows  or  Licentiates  shall  extend  to  include  women. 


SECOND  SUPPLEMENTAL  CHARTER  OF  VICTORIA.  263 


"  15.  And  We  do  hereby,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  grant, 
declare,  ordain,  and  direct  that  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  Council 
of  the  said  College,  by  diploma  under  the  seal  of  the  College,  to 
admit  without  examination  to  the  Letters  Testimonial  or  Fellow- 
ship of  the  said  College,  on  such  conditions  and  on  the  payment  of 
such  respective  fee  as  the  Council  of  the  College  shall  by  Bye-Law 
determine,  the  Members,  Licentiate  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  England,  and  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh, 
provided  such  Licentiate  Members  and  Fellows  shall  be  at  the 
time  of  said  application  for  admission  in  the  bona  fide  practice  of 
the  profession  of  a  surgeon  in  Ireland,  and  such  persons  so  admitted 
to  such  Letters  Testimonial  or  Fellowship  shall  take  rank  amongst 
the  Licentiates  and  Fellows  of  the  said  College  according  to  the 
date  of  such  last-mentioned  diplomas  or  licences. 

"  16.  And  We  do  hereby  further  declare  our  will  and  pleasure 
to  be  that,  except  in  the  respects  hereby  altered,  the  said  College 
shall  continue  to  have  all  and  the  same  jurisdictions,  powers, 
authorities,  and  discretions  for  and  with  respect  to  the  government 
of  the  said  College  as  such  College  now  has  under  or  by  virtue  of 
the  said  hereinbefore  recited  Charters  or  Letters  Patent,  or  in  any 
other  lawful  manner  whatsoever.  And  we  do  hereby  further,  for 
us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  grant  and  confirm  unto  them  all  such 
jurisdictions,  powers,  authorities,  and  discretions  accordingly. 

"And  our  further  will  and  pleasure  is  that  these  our  Letters 
Patent  and  everything  herein  contained,  or  the  enrolment  thereof, 
shall  be  in  all  things  form  valid,  sufficient,  and  efficient  in  the  law 
as  aforesaid,  according  to  the  tenor  of  these  our  Letters  Patent, 
without  any  further  order,  grant,  or  confirmation  from  us,  our 
heirs  or  successors,  to  be  had,  procured,  or  obtained.  Provided 
always  that  these  our  Letters  Patent  be  enrolled  in  the  Record 
and  Writ  Office  of  the  Chancery  Division  of  our  High  Court  of 
Justice  in  Ireland  aforesaid,  within  the  space  of  six  calendar  months 
next  ensuing  the  date  of  these  Presents.  In  witness  whereof  we 
have  caused  these  our  Letters  to  be  made  Patent.  Witness,  J ohn 
Poyntz  Earl  Spencer,  K.G.,  our  Lieutenant-General  and  General 
Governor  of  Ireland,  at  Dublin,  the  23rd  day  of  May,  in  the 
forty-eighth  year  of  our  Reign. 

"  J.  Nugent  Lentaigne, 

"  Clerk  of  the  Crown  and  Hanaper, 
and  Permanent  Secretary  to  tho  Lord 
Chancellor  of  Ireland." 


264 


dease's  statue. — butcher's  museum. 


On  the  19th  February  Mr.  Archibald  Robinson  was  elected 
Solicitor  to  the  College,  vice  Mr.  Mayne,  who  had  died  from 
typhus  fever. 

On  the  16th  of  April  a  communication  was  received  by  the 
Council  from  the  Vice-President,  offering  (on  the  part  of  Matthew 
O'Reilly  Dease,  D.L.)  to  erect  a  statue  to  William  Dease,  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  College.  The  offer  was  accepted  with  "  sincere 
gratitude  "  to  Mr.  Dease.  The  eminent  surgeon  was  Mr.  O'Reilly 
Dease's  grandfather.  On  the  Vice-President  expressing  to  Mr.  Dease 
how  desirable  it  would  be  to  have  a  statue  of  his  grandfather 
placed  in  the  College  hall,  he  at  once  said  that  he  would  defray  all 
the  expenses  necessary  to  have  such  a  statue  erected.  He  subse- 
quently authorised  the  Vice-President  to  have  the  work  carried 
out,  and  the  latter  arranged  with  Mr.  Thomas  Farrell,  R.H.A., 
of  Gloucester-street,  to  execute  a  statue  for  £600.  The  design 
approved  of  represents  William  Dease  seated  in  an  antique  chair. 
The  material  employed  is  the  finest  white  marble,  and  the  work  is 
to  be  completed  in  April,  1886. 

On  the  suggestion  of  the  Vice-President,  Mr.  Butcher  kindly  con- 
sented, in  April,  1885,  to  present  his  valuable  museum  to  the  College, 
and  his  friend  Mr.  M.  O'Reilly  Dease  has  generously  undertaken  to 
defray  the  cost  of  building  a  room  for  its  reception.  Messrs.  Deane 
and  Son  made  plans  for  the  room,  which  is  to  be  termed  the 
Butcher  Museum.  They  involved  the  demolition  of  a  portion  of 
the  Curator's  department,  to  compensate  for  which  a  new  building 
has  been  constructed  between  the  Museum  and  the  Dissecting-room. 
The  new  Museum  will  be  approached  by  a  flight  of  steps  from  the 
large  Pathological  Museum.  The  new  buildings,  which  are  nearly 
completed,  are  being  constructed  by  Mr.  R.  Mellon,  of  Rathgar. 
They  will  cost  about  £750.  Mr.  Butcher  had  intended  to  bequeath 
his  Museum  to  Mr.  Wheeler,  but  the  latter  expressed  his  consent 
that  it  should  be  placed  in  the  College. 

On  the  10th  of  April  an  address  was  presented  by  the  Council  to 
the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales  at  Dublin  Castle. 

On  the  25th  of  April  the  Zoological  Society  held,  by  permission 
of  the  Council,  a  conversazione  in  the  College. 


STEW  EXAMINING  BOARD. — CONJOINT  EXAMINATION.  265 

On  the  7th  of  May  the  salary  of  the  Secretary  to  the  Council 
was  increased  from  £100  to  £200  per  annum. 

In  1885  the  constitution  of  the  Examining  Board  was  altered. 
The  number  of  Examiners  was  increased  to  20 — viz.,  4  in  Anatomy, 
human  and  comparative ;  4  in  Surgery  and  Surgical  Pathology  ;  2 
in  Physiology  and  Histology ;  2  in  Medicine  and  Therapeutics ;  2 
in  Physics,  Chemistry,  and  Medical  Jurisprudence;  2  in  Materia 
Medica,  Botany,  and  Pharmacy;  2  in  Ophthalmic  Surgery,  and  2 
in  Midwifery.  It  was  arranged  that  there  should  be  an  assessor 
with  each  Examiner,  and  that  both  should  give  marks  on  the  candi- 
date's answering.  According  to  the  opinion  of  counsel  it  is  desirable 
that  candidates  for  Examinership  should  be  balloted  for,  so  as  to 
first  get  a  select  list  from  which,  by  a  subsequent  vote,  the  neces- 
sary number  of  Examiners  should  be  elected.  It  was  held  that 
where  there  were  several  candidates  for  one  or  a  larger  number  of 
vacancies  the  elector  might  vote  for  only  one  candidate  or  for  any 
number  not  exceeding  the  number  of  vacancies.  On  the  5th  of 
November  an'  ordinance  was  enacted  providing  that,  when  there 
was  only  one  candidate  for  a  vacant  office,  no  voting  papers  should 
be  used. 

On  the  17th  of  July  the  Council  presented  an  address  of  con- 
gratulation to  the  Earl  of  Carnarvon,  Lord  Lieutenant. 

On  the  15th  of  October  the  Registrar's  salary  was  increased  by 
£35  per  annum. 

A  conjoint  committee  of  the  Colleges  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
held,  in  1885,  several  meetings,  and  agreed  upon  a  conjoint  scheme 
for  examinations.  The  Council,  however,  on  the  22nd  of  October, 
received  a  letter  from  the  College  of  Physicians,  in  which  it  was 
stated  that  they  objected  to  the  clause  of  the  draft  scheme  which 
provided  that  five-eighths  of  the  candidates'  fees  should  go  to  the 
College  of  Surgeons.  Negotiations  between  the  Colleges  on  the 
subject  of  a  conjoint  examination  are  now  suspended. 

The  valuation  of  the  College  for  taxation  purposes  was,  in  1885, 
reduced  from  £600  to  £350  per  annum,  on  the  ground  that  the 
Library  and  Museum  were  in  a  certain  sense  public  institutions  of  a 
scientific  character,  and  were  not  properly  liable  to  taxation.  The 


266    professors'  tax.— the  college  in  1795  v.  1885. 

following  resolution  in  reference  to  this  matter  was  passed  by  the 
Council  on  the  28th  of  November  : — 

"  Eesolved  unanimously — That  the  best  thanks  of  the  Council  be 
given  to  Sir  Charles  A.  Cameron  for  his  successful  efforts  to  obtain 
a  remission  of  a  part  of  the  taxation  of  the  College." 

On  the  17th  of  December  the  Council  resolved  to  relieve  the 
Professors  from  the  payment  of  interest  on  the  money  expended  in 
1882  in  the  extension  of  the  School  premises.  They  came  to  this 
decision  in  consequence  of  the  satisfactory  condition  of  the  College 
finances  and  of  the  fact  that  the  overdraft  on  the  Bank  of  Ireland, 
rendered  necessary  by  the  expenditure  on  the  School  buildings,  had 
been  redeemed.  On  this  date  the  Council  decided  to  invest  £1,000 
in  the  Three  per  Cents. 

At  the  close  of  1785  the  College  numbered  41  Members  and  13 
Licentiates — total,  54  ;  at  the  close  of  1885  they  comprise  363 
Fellows,  3,580  Licentiates,  and  512  Licentiates  in  Dental  Surgery — 
total,  4,465. 

I  have  now  brought  down  this  History  to  the  close  of  1885.  The 
career  of  the  College  has  been  hitherto  a  prosperous  and  an  honour- 
able one ;  let  us  hope  that  they  will  continue  to  keep  well  in  front 
in  the  march  of  improvement  and  of  judicious  reforms — 

"  Hoc  opus,  hoc  studium,  parvi  properemus  et  ampli, 
Si  patriae  volumus,  si  nobis  vivere  cari." 


CHAPTER  XI. 


THE  COLLEGE  LIBRARY. 

In  the  first  year  of  their  existence  the  College  resolved  to  establish 
a  library.  A  subscription  of  one  guinea  annually  was  levied  upon 
each  member  for  the  purpose  of  defraying  the  expenses  of  the 
College  and  of  establishing  a  library.  As  the  College  had  no 
house  of  their  own  until  1789  they  did  not  incommode  themselves 
with  many  books  before  that  date.  On  the  12th  January,  1787, 
they  subscribed  to  Dr.  Walter  Wade's  "  Flora  Dubliniensis." 
This  was  their  first  investment — the  foundation  stone,  so  to  speak, 
of  their  library.  In  the  following  year  they  purchased  the 
anatomical  plates  of  D'Azyr,  published  in  Paris.  So  soon  as  the 
Mercer-street  premises  were  taken  the  library  began  to  increase 
steadily. 

In  1790  the  Physico-Chirurgical  Society  were  established  in  the 
College  premises,  and  in  a  short  time  they  formed  a  library, 
which  on  the  dissolution  of  the  Society  became  the  property  of 
the  College. 

In  1790  the  great  anatomist,  John  Hunter,  presented  the  Col- 
lege with  copies  of  his  works. 

On  the  15th  January,  1805,  the  College  resolved  to  appoint  a 
librarian,  and  on  the  4th  February  John  Armstrong  Garnett, 
member,  was  elected  to  that  office.  On  the  same  occasion  a 
library  committee  were  appointed,  consisting  of  Sir  Henry  Jebb 
and  Messrs.  Colles  and  Dease. 

In  1811  Mr.  Todd,  assistant-secretary,  was  appointed  assistant- 
librarian — an  office  continued  to  the  present  time.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  the  books  belonging  to  the  College  and  to  the  Physico- 
Chirurgical  Society  were  removed  from  Mercer-street  to  the  new 
buildings  in  St.  Stephen's-green.  Mr.  Todd  having  vacated  the 
apartments  which  he  occupied  in  the  College,  one  of  them  was 


268 


PHYSICO-CHIRURGICAL,  SOCIETY'S  BOOKS. 


devoted  to  the  library.  This  room  was  a  long  one  on  the  first 
floor  and  faced  York-street. 

In  1817  a  subscription  reading  library  was  established.  The 
subscribers  consisted  of  two  classes — life  and  annual ;  the  former 
paid  a  composition  of  ten  guineas,  and  the  latter  an  annual  sub- 
scription of  two  guineas.  Professors  of  the  College  who  were  not 
members  were  permitted  to  subscribe. 

In  1816  the  Physico-Chirurgical  Society  having  become  extinct 
their  large  collection  of  books  passed  into  the  possession  of  the 
College.  The  society's  librarian,  Dr.  Blake,  the  eminent  dentist, 
had  advanced  £60  to  pay  off  a  debt  which  the  Society  had 
incurred  to  their  bookseller,  and  the  College  reimbursed  him  in 
this  sum. 

On  the  19th  May,  1817,  it  was  resolved  to  expend  at  once 
£100  in  the  purchase  of  books,  and  to  allocate  £50  yearly  towards 
the  maintenance  of  the  library  for  the  use  of  the  members, 
licentiates,  and  registered  pupils  of  the  College.  An  admission 
fee,  for  members  and  licentiates,  of  £3  3s.  was  fixed,  and  was  to 
be  increased  to  five  guineas  after  the  1st  January,  1818.  For 
registered  pupils  of  two  years'  standing  the  fee  was  two  guineas. 
A  pupil,  on  becoming  a  licentiate,  became  free  of  the  library  on 
payment  of  three  guineas.  The  resolution  relating  to  pupils  was 
repealed  in  February,  1819.  No  person  in  connection  with  the 
library  received  any  salary  or  other  emolument.  So  soon  as  these 
regulations  came  into  force  Todd  resigned  his  position  as  assistant- 
librarian  on  the  ground  that  he  was  unable  to  give  sufficient  time 
to  the  duties  of  the  office.  Mr.  Courtney  then  took  charge  of  the 
books,  and  J.  W.  Cusack  succeeded  to  Todd  as  assistant-librarian. 

Up  to  May,  1818,  21  persons  paid  £3  3s.  each  =  £71  13s.  3d., 
and  one  pupil  paid  £1  2s.  9d.,  making  a  total  of  £72  16s.,  in 
addition  to  the  £100  allowed  by  the  College. 

No  one  having  paid  the  "  late  fee  "  of  five  guineas,  the  time  for 
receiving  the  three  guineas  one  was  extended  to  January,  1819. 

In  1821  a  code  of  rules  for  the  management  of  the  reading- 
room  was  approved  of. 

In  1822  the  secretary's  office  was  added  to  the  library. 


LIBRARY  CLERK. — LIBRARY  MUCH  EXTENDED.  269 


In  1823  the  College  voted  an  additional  £50  towards  the 
purchase  of  books ;  duplicate  copies  of  works  were  sold,  and  the 
library  was  increased  by  500  volumes.  It  had  now  become  of 
respectable  dimensions. 

On  the  1st  February,  1825,  a  resolution  was  passed — which  is 
still  in  force — permitting  medical  officers  of  the  garrison  to  read  in 
the  library. 

On  the  3rd  May,  1825,  the  library  committee  recommended  a 
payment  of  £34  2s.  6d.  for  Mr.  Courtney's  services  in  taking  care 
of  the  library.  His  son  had  previously  been  awarded  £5  for  the 
preparation  of  a  Catalogue. 

On  the  1st  August,  1825,  John  Armstrong  Courtney,  son  of 
the  clerk  to  the  College,  was  appointed  library  clerk  at  a  salary  of 
£20  a  year.  In  this  year  the  College,  being  financially  prosperous, 
acted  generously  towards  the  library.  They  purchased  from 
Messrs.  Hodges  and  M' Arthur  £447  worth  of  books,  and,  having 
paid  the  bill,  immediately  afterwards  voted  £300  towards  a  further 
purchase  of  books.  From  February,  1825,  to  February,  182(5,  the 
sum  expended  on  the  library  amounted  to  £1,182  18s.  3|d.,  and 
£524  3s.  was  still  due  for  books  ordered  from  Messrs.  Hodges  and 
MArthur. 

In  1826  Mr.  Wright,  member,  presented  to  the  library  a  copy 
of  a  rare  and  valuable  work,  "  Botanical  Dorsthenii,"  published  in 
1540.  In  this  year  the  large  sum  of  £32  Is.  8d.  was  paid  for 
Wilson's  "  American  Ornithology." 

After  the  1st  August,  1829,  the  admission  fee  for  licentiates 
and  others  was  fixed  at  five  guineas. 

The  room  formerly  used  to  contain  the  Museum  (which  had 
now  been  removed  to  larger  apartments)  was  in  1830  added  to  the 
library,  which  was  now  extended  to  the  second  story  of  the 
College  buildings. 

On  the  2nd  February,  1835,  the  College  voted  £100  towards 
making  the  library  a  "circulating"  one.  Mr.  O'Kcefe,  the  regis- 
trar and  assistant-librarian,  was  requested  to  attend  on  Mondays, 
Wednesdays,  and  Fridays,  from  10  till  11  o'clock,  to  give  out  and 
receive  books  ;  for  this  duty  he  received  £10  annually. 


270     o'beirne  and  crampton's  libraries  acquired. 

In  1836  £300  was  voted  for  the  purchase  of  books.  The 
librarian  undertook  to  select  them  in  London,  and  £25  was  voted 
to  pay  the  expenses  of  his  journey.  On  the  13th  of  May 
Mr.  O'Keefe's  salary  as  assistant-librarian  was  increased  to  £20. 

Mr.  James  O'Beirne,  past  President  of  the  College,  offered 
in  1839  his  library  of  3,000  volumes  to  the  College  for  the  sum  of 
£525.  On  the  13th  March  his  offer  was  accepted.  This  library 
included  some  valuable  works,  but  in  the  opinion  of  some  com- 
petent judges  it  would  not  have  realised  nearly  so  large  a  sum  as 
£525  had  it  been  sold  by  auction. 

On  the  14th  October  Mr.  Williams,  librarian,  was  allowed  £100 
to  meet  the  expense  of  cataloguing  the  library.  The  work  was 
chiefly  performed  by  a  Mr.  Evers. 

On  the  11th  April,  1838,  £50  was  paid  for  the  anatomical 
drawings  of  the  late  Surgeon  William  Wallace. 

In  1840  the  number  of  books  had  become  so  large  that  the 
shelf  accommodation  for  them  was  insufficient.  The  library 
now  comprised  14,102  volumes,  of  which  748  were  folio,  2,991 
quarto,  and  10,363  octavo  et  infra.  1,838  of  the  volumes  were 
duplicates;  these  were  subsequently  disposed  of  to  Mr.  Fannin 
for  £100. 

On  the  7th  April,  1847,  the  Council  passed  a  resolution  per- 
mitting the  registered  pupils  to  read  in  the  library. 

On  the  16th  June,  1847,  Mr.  Houghton,  of  Weld  House,  the 
Mall,  Kensington,  London,  presented  to  the  College  a  set  of 
Chinese  anatomical  plates. 

In  1851  the  medical  works  of  the  late  Sir  Philip  Crampton  were 
presented  to  the  College  by  his  son,  the  present  Sir  John  Crampton, 
Bart.  In  the  same  year  a  collection  of  Chinese  anatomical  drawings 
was  presented  by  Dr.  Henry  Fulton. 

John  Brennen  was  appointed  library  clerk  in  1851  ;  he  is  now 
registrar.  He  was  born  in  Dublin  in  1819,  and  is  the  son  of  the 
late  ^Eneas  Brennen,  coach-builder,  of  Whitefriars-street. 

On  the  12th  May,  1854,  Mr.  Williams  resigned  the  office  of 
librarian,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  O'Bryen  Bellingham. 

In  1855  £200  was  voted  for  the  purchase  of  books  at  Mr. 


VALUABLE  BOOKS  BOUGHT. — A  RARE  WORK. 


271 


Conway's  Sale.  The  greater  portion  of  this  sum  was  expended 
in  the  acquisition  of  the  following  works  : — 

Augustine  Aglio's  Antiquities  of  Mexico,  comprising  Fac-similes 
of  Ancient  Mexican  Paintings  and  Hieroglyphics,  preserved  in 
the  Koyal  Libraries  of  Paris,  Berlin,  Vienna,  the  Vatican,  &c. 
7  volumes,  tall  folio,  bound  in  half  crimson  morocco,  with  gilt 
backs  ;  also  the  Supplement,  bound  in  whole  crimson  morocco,  with 
Lord  Kingsborough's  Arms  stamped  on  the  sides  of  the  volumes. 

Champollion's  Monumens  de  l'Egypt  et  de  la  Nubie.  4  volumes, 
together  with  Atlas,  folio,  bound  superbly  in  half  crimson  morocco, 
richly  gilt. 

Description  de  l'Egypt  ou  recuil  des  observations  et  des 
recherches  qui  ont  ete  faites  en  Egypte,  pendant  l'Expedition  de 
lArmee  Francaise.  9  volumes,  folio,  with  plates  in  an  Atlas  of 
10  volumes,  folio.  Paris.  1809-1818.  It  matches  the  preceding 
work,  and  is  equally  magnificent. 

Denons'  Voyage  dans  la  Basse  et  la  Haute  Egypte.  Royal  4to, 
with  folio  Atlas  of  plates,  bound  in  half  Russia,  with  proofs  on 
Indian  paper. 

In  this  year  John  Maclean  was  appointed  library  porter;  his 
time  was  exclusively  devoted  to  the  library.  He  was  subsequently 
promoted  to  be  library  clerk. 

In  this  year  Dr.  (now  Sir  John)  Lentaigne,  F.R.C.S.I.,  C.B., 
presented  a  manuscript  book  on  surgery,  written  in  1349  by  the 
celebrated  English  surgeon,  John  of  Arderne.  It  contains  some 
curious  illustrations.  Surgeon-Major  Gore,  F.R  C.S.I.,  has  given 
some  account  of  this  book  in  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science 
for  October,  1883. 

After  Mr.  Bellingham's  death  in  1858,  Mr.  W.  Colles  was 
elected  librarian,  and  retains  that  office,  which  is  honorary. 

In  1858  Mr.  Humphrey  Minchin,  F.R.C.S.I.,  spent  some  time 
in  arranging  the  books. 

In  the  printed  Report  of  the  Council  for  1860-61,  the  annual 
fleport  on  the  library  first  appears.  It  is  signed  by  John  Maclean, 
library  clerk.  Since  1868  the  annual  reports  on  the  library  bear 
the  signature  of  Mr.  William  Colles,  librarian. 


272         DR.  GRIFFITHS'  APPOINTMENT  AND  BIOGRAPHY. 


On  November  16th,  1871,  Dr.  Handsel  Griffiths  was  appointed 
assistant-librarian;  his  salary  was  fixed  at  £100,  which,  on  the  2nd 
January,  1873,  was  increased  to  £150.  On  the  21st  May,  1874, 
he  was  presented  with  £50  for  having  completed  the  catalogue 
of  the  library,  and  arranged  a  collection  of  2,000  volumes,  which 
the  late  Professor  Jacob  had  presented  to  the  College  in  1871. 

William  Handsel  Griffiths  was  born  on  the  5th  January,  1846, 
at  No.  5  South  Frederick-street,  Dublin.  His  father,  John 
Griffiths,  a  merchant,  was  the  youngest  son  of  a  Welshman  who 
settled  in  Waterford  and  conducted  a  well-known  classical  school 
in  that  city.  John  Griffiths  was  married  to  Helena  Leycester 
Spearing,  daughter  of  a  wine  merchant,  of  the  city  of  Cork. 
When  only  one  year  old  Griffiths  lost  his  father,  who  died  of  heart 
disease.  His  mother  was  obliged  to  open  a  ladies'  school,  which 
proved  a  success,  and  enabled  her  to  educate  her  sons.  The  elder, 
William,  matriculated  in  the  Queen's  College,  Cork,  and  subse- 
quently spent  some  time  with  his  uncle,  Dr.  Spearing,  of  Antrim. 
In  1871  he  "passed"  at  the  Edinburgh  Colleges  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  and  obtained  the  license  of  the  Apothecaries'  Hall 
in  1876.  For  a  treatise  on  Hasmodromonieters  he  received  the 
degree  of  Ph.D.  from  Gottingen.  He  was  at  the  time  of  his  early 
death  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  at  the  Ledwich  School.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  Posological  Tables,"  which  has  reached  a  sixth  edition, 
and  he  left  almost  ready  for  the  press  a  work  on  "  Materia  Medica," 
which  has  been  edited  by  Dr.  Duffey.  He  contributed  several 
articles  to  the  journals,  and  was  a  corresponding  member  of  several 
societies.  Dr.  Griffiths  married  Lizzie  Smythe,  only  surviving 
daughter  of  Rev.  James  Smythe  Alison,  Presbyterian  minister  at 
Parkgate,  county  of  Antrim.  She  died  in  1882.  He  died  in 
Upper  Fitzwilliam-street,  Dublin,  of  typhoid  fever,  on  the  16th 
November,  1877. 

In  1876  the  College,  as  already  narrated,  commenced  the 
enlargement  of  the  library  and  museum;  and  in  August,  1878, 
the  work  was  completed.  The  Fellows'  room,  which  communicates 
with  the  library,  contains  many  handsome  volumes  placed  in  glass 
cases. 


J.  A.  SPENCER. —  G.  F.  BLAKE. — VALUABLE  BOOKS.  273 


John  Alexander  Spencer  was  elected  assistant-librarian  on  the 
5th  December,  1877.  He  was  the  son  of  Alexander  and  Elizabeth 
Spencer,  and  was  born  at  No.  1  Nelson-street,  Dublin,  on  the  12th 
November,  1835.  He  served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  American  Civil 
War,  and  on  his  return  was  elected  medical  officer  to  the  Dun- 
fanaghy  Dispensary,  in  the  County  of  Donegal.  He  resigned  his 
office  in  the  College,  having  obtained  another  dispensary  appoint- 
ment in  the  County  of  Donegal.  He  contracted  typhus  fever 
whilst  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  and  died  from  that  disease 
at  Burton  Port  in  1882.  He  married,  in  1869,  Margaret, 
daughter  of  John  MacDonald.  Mr.  Spencer  was  a  Fellow  of  the 
College. 

On  the  18th  November,  1880,  Mr.  George  Francis  Blake,  son 
of  Martin  Kirwan  Blake,  J.P.,  of  Merlin  Park,  County  of  Galway, 
and  30  Ebury-street,  Chester-square,  London,  S.W.,  was  elected 
assistant-librarian. 

In  1883,  on  the  occasion  of  the  hundredth  anniversary  of  the 
foundation  of  the  College,  Mr.  William  Colles,  librarian,  presented 
193  books  and  several  plates  to  the  library. 

In  November,  1885,  Professor  Macnamara  presented  the  sixth 
volume  of  the  Index  to  the  Library  of  the  Surgeon-General's 
Office,  Washington,  United  States.  He  had  previously  presented 
volumes  1  to  5.  This  magnificent  work  has  now  reached  to 
letters  Is. 

On  the  17th  of  December,  1885,  the  salary  of  the  assistant- 
librarian  was  increased  from  £150  to  £200. 

Many  of  the  volumes  in  the  Library  are  of  great  size  and  con- 
siderable value.  Amongst  the  most  elaborate  may  be  mentioned 
the  following  : — H.  Lebert's  Traite  d'Anatomie  Pathologique,  &c, 
Paris,  1857,  4  vols.,  4to.  Jacob's  edition  of  Bourgery's  Anatomy 
of  Man,  Paris,  1840,  6  vols.,  4to.  Cruveilheir's  magnificent  Ana- 
tomical Plates.  H.  M.  D.  Blainville's  Osteology,  edited  by  Werner, 
Paris,  1839-64,  4  vols.  Carus'  Comparative  Anatomy,  Leipsig, 
1826,  et  seq.  I  Monumenti  dell'  Egitto  della  Nubia,  &c,  dal 
Dottore  Ippolito  Kosselini,  3  volumes,  folio,  Pisa,  1832  to  1844. 
Quain's  magnificent  Anatomical  Plates. 

T 


274    DIMENSIONS  OF  LIBRARY. — CLASSIFICATION  OF  BOOKS. 

The  dimensions  of  the  library  are  as  follow: — Upper  Room — 
Length,  37  feet;  width,  20  feet;  height,  16  feet.  Lower  Room — 
Length,  66  feet;  width,  36  feet;  height,  18^  feet. 

The  works  are  classified  under  the  following  heads  : — Medicine, 
Surgery,  Anatomy  and  Physiology,  Midwifery,  Materia  Medica, 
Chemistry,  Botany,  and  Natural  History ;  all  have  separate  com- 
partments. The  entire  collection  now  (December,  1885)  amounts 
to  21,901  volumes. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


THE  COLLEGE  MUSEUM. 

The  history  of  the  Museum  is  nearly  coaeval  with  that  of  the 
College.  Mr.  Halahan,  one  of  the  members,  was  a  skilful  anato- 
mist, and  his  success  in  preserving  bodies  for  dissection  is  referred 
to  in  Gilborne's  poetical  work,  published  in  1 775.  It  is  probable 
he  had  a  large  collection  of  anatomical  specimens,  as  he  taught 
anatomy  for  many  years  before  the  establishment  of  the  College 
of  Surgeons.  In  November,  1785,  he  offered  to  the  College  to 
deliver  a  course  of  lectures  on  anatomy  and  physiology,  and  to  fit 
up  a  theatre  at  his  own  expense.  On  the  16th  January  Mr. 
William  Dease  presented  a  collection  of  anatomical  preparations. 
When  the  College  got  possession  of  the  house  in  Mercer-street 
they  were  able  at  once  to  fit  up  a  Museum,  to  which  many  contri- 
butions were  subsequently  made  by  the  Professors  and  other 
members. 

In  1795  the  first  Catalogue  of  the  Museum  was  prepared  by  the 
Professors  of  Anatomy,  and  a  dissecting-room  added  to  the  theatre. 

During  the  removal,  in  1884,  of  the  remains  of  the  old  build- 
ings in  Mercer-street,  large  numbers  of  bones  were  discovered. 
They  were  labelled,  and  had  evidently  formed  at  one  time  part  of 
the  College  School  Museum. 

In  the  new  buildings  in  Stephen's-green  a  large  room  on  the 
second  story,  facing  York-street,  was  provided  for  a  museum,  and 
for  many  years  its  Curators  were  the  Professors  of  Anatomy, 
Physiology,  and  Surgery. 

About  this  time  the  condition  of  the  Museum  was  very  unsatis- 
factory. Many  of  the  preparations  had  disappeared,  and,  as  we 
have  seen,  some  of  them  had  not  been  removed  from  Mercer- 
street.  The  energies  of  the  College  seem  to  have  been  wholly 
devoted  to  their  building  operations.    Some  anatomical  and  other 


276 


J.  SHEKLETON,  FIRST  CONSERVATOR. 


preparations  used  for  teaching  purposes  were  contained  in  a  small 
room  belonging  to  the  School.  In  1820  a  stable  and  coach-house 
in  the  yard  of  the  College,  which  had  been  some  years  previously 
used  by  Todd,  were  converted  into  a  "  School  Museum." 

In  1819  the  very  defective  state  of  the  Museum  was  uppermost 
in  the  minds  of  the  College.  On  the  2nd  of  August  a  committee 
were  appointed  to  consider  the  best  means  for  forming  a  Museum 
of  Natural  History;  and  on  the  1st  May,  1820,  it  was  decided  to 
establish  a  Museum  upon  a  scale  commensurate  with  their  other 
departments.  For  this  purpose  it  was  resolved  to  entrust  an 
annual  expenditure  of  a  sum  not  to  exceed  £200  to  a  committee 
of  five  members.  The  committee  being  empowered  to  appoint  a 
Curator,  advertised  at  once  for  one,  and  intimated  that  licentiates 
as  well  as  members  were  eligible  to  compete  for  the  office.  The 
post  was  won  by  John  Shekleton  on  the  6th  June.  A  modest 
salary  of  £30  was  voted  to  him,  which,  on  the  17th  February, 
1821,  was  increased  to  £40. 

Shekleton  was  born  in  Dundalk  about  1795.  He  was  one  of  a 
family  of  ten — five  sons  and  five  daughters,  born  alternately.  His 
father,  Joseph  Shekleton,  was  a  merchant  in  that  town ;  his  mother 
was  Margaret  Pentland,  a  member  of  a  County  of  Louth  family. 
Shekleton's  grandfather  possessed  landed  property  at  Peppers- 
town,  County  of  Louth.  His  eldest  son  having  gone  abroad, 
remained  away  so  long  that  it  was  concluded  he  was  dead.  His 
next  brother  took  possession  of  Pepperstown  at  his  father's  death, 
and  provided  for  the  maintenance  of  his  mother,  brothers,  and 
sisters.  The  eldest  son,  who  had  been  so  many  years  unheard  of, 
returned,  and  ejected  his  mother,  brothers,  and  sisters  from 
Pepperstown ;  and  Joseph  Shekleton  then  entered  into  business, 
and  supported  all  his  near  relatives,  and  educated  his  children 
liberally. 

Shekleton  received  his  primary  education  in  his  native  town. 
In  1810  he  was  bound  to  A.  Colles,  and  his  sux-gical  education 
was  conducted  in  the  College  School.  On  the  27th  August, 
1816,  he  "passed"  at  the  College,  and  was  elected  a  Member 
on  the  1st  February,  1819.    In  1817,  after  a  short  period  of 


FIRST  MUSEUM  COMMITTEE. — GROWTH  OE  MUSEUM.  277 

study  at  Paris,  he  became  a  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the 
School  and  soon  acquired  a  great  reputation  for  his  anatomical 
knowledge.  He  discovered  a  small  muscle — the  compressor  vence 
dorsalis  penis — which  is  occasionally  present  in  man.  He  died  on 
the  28th  May,  1824,  of  peritonitis,  the  result  of  a  wound  which  he 
received  in  his  hand  whilst  dissecting.  An  account  of  his  case  by 
Abraham  Colles  appears  in  the  fourth  volume  of  the  Dublin 
Hospital  Reports. 

Shekleton  was  undoubtedly  the  man  wbose  name  deserves  the 
most  honourable  mention  in  the  history  of  the  Museum,  and  many 
of  the  most  valuable  existing  preparations  are  products  of  his  skill 
and  industry.  A  bust  of  him  in  marble  fitly  adorns  the  scene  of 
his  labours,  and  is  believed  to  be  an  excellent  likeness  of  the 
original. 

The  first  Museum  Committee  was  composed  of  Messrs.  Todd, 
Colles,  Kirby,  Read,  and  Cusack.  Contributions  to  the  Museum 
soon  began  to  flow  in.  Richard  Carmichael,  on  November  5th, 
1821,  presented  the  tattooed  head  of  a  New  Zealand  chief,  which 
at  the  time  excited  great  curiosity.  About  this  time  a  large 
number  of  the  heads  of  New  Zealanders  were  imported  into 
Europe  and  placed  in  various  museums.  It  is  said  that  to  keep 
up  the  supply  of  these  ghastly  wares  several  New  Zealanders  were 
murdered  by  their  compatriots  for  the  purpose  of  getting  possession 
of  their  heads.  It  is  certain  that  these  importations  from  New 
Zealand  were  prohibited  by  the  Government. 

At  the  close  of  1822  600  preparations  were  in  the  Museum,  of 
which  .300  had  been  put  up  within  the  year.  On  the  31st  December, 

1823,  the  Museum  contained  1,300  preparations. 

In  1823  the  College  appointed  the  President,  the  Vice-President, 
and  the  Professors  of  Anatomy  and  Surgery  to  be  the  Curators  of 
the  Museum,  and  Mr.  Shekleton  was  styled  Conservator.  In  1824 
the  enlargement  of  the  Museum  was  decided  upon,  and  a  prize  of 
fifty  guineas  for  the  best  design  for  the  accomplishment  of  that 
purpose  was  offered. 

John  Houston  was  elected  Conservator  on  the  1st  November, 

1824.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Presbyterian  clergyman,  and  was  born 


278      J.  HOUSTON. — COLLES  AND  HARBISON'S  DONATIONS. 


in  the  North  of  Ireland.  On  the  1 3th  January,  1819,  he  was 
apprenticed  to  Shekleton,  and  commenced  his  professional  studies 
in  the  College  School,  and  completed  them  in  Edinburgh.  In 
1824  he  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College,  and  in 
the  same  year  became  a  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  School. 
On  the  19th  June,  1826,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  College, 
and  in  that  year  graduated  M.D.  at  Edinburgh.  In  1832  he 
became  one  of  the  physicians  to  the  newly-founded  City  of  Dublin 
Hospital,  and  in  1837  was  a  lecturer  on  surgery  in  the  Park-street 
Medical  School.  He  died  on  July  30, 1845,  from  cerebral  disease — 
the  result,  apparently,  of  overwork.  He  catalogued,  in  admirable 
style,  the  preparations  in  the  College ;  and,  were  the  preparations 
themselves  to  perish,  his  description  of  them  would  remain  valuable 
for  pathological  purposes.  For  this  service  the  College  pre- 
sented him  with  £150.  He  published,  in  1843,  a  catalogue  of 
the  Museum  in  Park-street  School.  He  was  an  excellent  human 
and  comparative  anatomist.  He  published,  in  the  "  Transactions  of 
the  Royal  Irish  Academy,"  an  original  account  of  the  structure  and 
mechanism  of  the  tongue  of  the  chamelion.  He  described,  more  fully 
than  Shekleton  did,  the  compressor  vence  dorsalis  penis,  and  showed 
that  it  sometimes  occurs  in  the  lower  animals  {Dublin  Hospital 
Reports,  Vol.  V.).  He  described  also,  very  fully,  the  so-called 
valves  of  the  rectum,  and  published  a  paper,  in  the  Dublin  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Medical  Science,  1835,  on  the  organs  of  circulation  in 
diving  animals.  Houston  was  one  of  the  largest  contributors  to 
the  Museum. 

In  1824  Richard  Dease's  collection  of  surgical  instruments  was 
purchased,  and  a  double-headed  calf  was  added  to  the  curiosities 
in  the  Museum.  On  the  13th  August  Mr.  Abi*aham  Colles  pre- 
sented his  extensive  collection  of  preparations  and  casts  to  the 
"School  Museum"  as  a  distinct  collection.  Professor  Harrison 
shortly  after  made  a  similar  presentation  under  identical  conditions. 

In  1826  £50  was  expended  in  purchasing  articles  from  the  late 
Dr.  Tuke's  Museum  of  Natural  History.  In  this  year  a  gratuity  of 
£100  was  voted  to  the  Conservator  in  addition  to  his  salary  of  £50. 

The  new  Museum  was  completed  at  the  close  of  1828  (the  works 


NEW  MUSEUM. — WAX  CASTS  ACQUIRED. 


279 


were  delayed  in  consequence  of  a  strike  for  an  increase  of  wages 
amongst  the  workmen).  The  approach  to  it  was  by  means  of 
the  flight  of  narrow  steps  which  now  leads  to  the  small  Patho- 
logical Museum.  In  1829  the  Museum  was  brought  into  direct 
communication  with  the  older  portion  of  the  buildings  ;  the  expense 
attendant  on  this  operation  was  £200.  For  a  similar  sum  the 
Museum  was  provided  with  shelves,  and  the  whole  apartment  was 
painted  at  a  cost  of  £200.  The  room  was  84  feet  in  length,  30 
feet  in  width,  and  was  provided  with  a  gallery  running  completely 
round  it. 

On  the  29th  December,  1829,  the  College  were  informed  of  the 
intention  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant  (the  Duke  of  Northumberland) 
to  present  them  with  £500  for  the  purpose  of  providing  the 
Museum  with  anatomical  casts  in  wax.  The  money  was  expended 
in  purchasing  a  collection  of  anatomical  models  in  wax,  executed 
by  M.  Talrich,  of  Paris. 

In  1830  Dr.  Clarke,  Physician  to  the  Forces,  presented  the 
skull  of  a  hippopotamus. 

In  1832  a  fine  fossil  Irish  elk  was  found  in  a  bog  in  the  County 
of  Leitrim.  It  was  purchased  in  Ballyshannon  by  Mr.  Hart,  on 
behalf  of  the  College,  for  £50.  Hart  prepared  the  skeleton,  and 
published  a  paper  on  the  results  of  his  examination  of  it. 

In  November,  1832,  Mr.  Kirby  presented  the  Museum  of  the 
Peter-street  School  to  the  College,  in  gratitude  for  which  gift  his 
bust  in  marble  was  placed  in  the  College. 

In  1835  the  skeleton  of  an  elephant  was  purchased  for  £30,  and 
in  the-  following  year  £40  was  paid  to  Dr.  William  Jacob  for  a 
collection  of  skulls  of  natives  of  India. 

On  the  18th  October,  1836,  Professor  Eawdon  Macnamara 
presented,  his  Materia  Medica  Museum  to  the  College. 

In  October,  1836,  Talrich's  very  fine  wax  model  of  the  system 
of  the  sympathetic  nerve  was  purchased  from  him  for  £30. 
Wax  models  have  played  an  important  part  in  the  history  of 
anatomical  education.  In  former  times,  and  especially  in  Spain, 
they,  together  with  engravings,  were  often  the  only  aids  which 
anatomical  teachers  employed.    They  were  also  largely  made  use 


280  ANKYLOSED  SKELETON. —  MUSEUM  NEGLECTED. 


of  even  in  schools  in  which  the  human  subject  was  dissected. 
The  first  modeller  in  wax  for  anatomical  purposes  was  Julio 
Zumbo,  who  was  born  in  Syracuse  in  1656.  A  Florentine,  named 
Fontana,  executed  for  Leopold,  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  an 
immense  number  of  anatomical  models  in  coloured  wax.  In  1794 
20  rooms  in  the  Tarrigiano  Palace,  Florence,  were  devoted  to 
those  models,  which  represented  in  almost  every  variety  of  detail 
the  organs  of  sense  and  reproduction,  and  the  osseous,  muscular, 
vascular,  and  nervous  systems,  in  health  and  disease. 

In  1837  the  skeleton  of  a  giraffe  was  purchased  in  London  for 
fifty  guineas. 

In  1838  a  moose  deer  died  in  the  Zoological  Gardens,  and  its 
skeleton  was  procured  for  the  museum.  In  this  year  £30  was  paid 
for  the  ankylosed  skeleton  of  a  man  who  had  died  in  the  Isle  of 
Man.  His  body  had  been  broken  up  by  his  relatives,  in  order  to 
prevent  a  public  exhibition  of  his  remains ;  but  at  great  personal 
risk  the  resurrectionists  contrived  to  disinter  the  body  and  convey 
it  to  Dublin. 

In  1841  a  Peruvian  mummy,  on  sale  in  Dublin,  was  purchased 
by  some  gentlemen  and  presented  to  the  College. 

On  the  7th  August,  1843,  Mr.  Houston  resigned  his  office  of 
Curator,  and  on  the  4th  February  was  succeeded  by  Professor  John 
Hart.*  This  gentleman,  owing  to  ill-health,  allowed  the  Museum 
to  get  into  an  unsatisfactory  condition.  He  resigned  his  office  in 
May,  1846. 

The  Council,  in  1846,  resolved  not  to  insist,  as  the  College 
hitherto  had  done,  on  the  office  of  Curator  being  held  by  a  Fellow 
or  Licentiate  of  the  College.  A  short  time  previously  they  had 
passed  an  ordinance  declaring  the  Curator  disqualified  from  acting 
as  a  lecturer  or  teacher  in  any  school,  or  from  having  a  seat  at  the 
College  Council. 

Mr.  Alexander  Carte  was  elected  Curator  on  the  15th  May, 
1846,  and  held  the  office  till  11th  July,  1851.  He  did  much  to 
improve  the  condition  of  the  Museum. 

A.  Carte  was  born  on  the  11th  of  August,  1805,  at  Newcastle, 

*  Professor  Hart  is  referred  to  in  the  Chapter  on  the  College  Professors. 


ALEXANDER  CARTE. 


281 


County  of  Limerick.  His  father,  Edward  Carte,  J.P.,  was  agent 
for  the  Devon  Estates  in  the  County  of  Limerick.  His  mother  was 
Margaret,  daughter  of  Alexander  Elliott,  of  Killocrin,  County 
of  Kerry.  Having  received  a  primary  education  at  Mr.  O'Brien's 
academy,  Limerick,  he  was  apprenticed  to  Mr.  Hewson  on  October 
25th,  1823,  and  registered  as  a  pupil  at  the  College,  commencing 
his  studies  in  the  school  in  the  session  1823-4.  Shortly  after- 
wards he  matriculated  in  T.C.D.,  and  in  1830  proceeded  to  the 
degree  of  B.A.  The  dates  of  his  other  degrees  are  as  follows  : — 
M.A.,  1833;  M.B.,  1840;  and  M.D.,  1860.  In  1833,  after  an 
unusually  protracted  course  of  study — during  which  he  devoted 
himself  chiefly  to  anatomy — he  obtained  the  licence  of  the  College, 
and  in  1844  was  admitted  a  Fellow  under  the  provisions  of  the 
new  Charter.  He  did  not  care  much  for  practice,  and  the  only 
medical  appointment  which  he  held  was  that  of  assistant-surgeon 
to  the  South-Eastern  Dispensary.  On  the  15th  May,  1846,  he  was 
elected  Curator  of  the  College  Museum ;  he  did  excellent  work  in 
the  preparation  of  new  specimens,  and  under  his  management  the 
condition  of  the  Museum  was  much  improved.  In  1851  he  was 
appointed  to  the  more  lucrative  position  of  Director  of  the  Natural 
History  Department  of  the  Science  and  Art  Museum,  Dublin, 
and  continued  to  efficiently  discharge  the  duties  of  that  office  until 
within  a  few  days  of  his  death.  He  married  Ellen,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Dickson,  "  Father  "  of  the  North- West  Bar.  Mr.  Carte 
died  on  the  25th  September,  1881,  and  was  interred  in  the  family 
vault  at  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery.  Mr.  Carte  served  for  many 
years  on  the  College  Council,  and  was  a  member  of  various  learned 
societies  at  home  and  abroad,  including  the  Linnaean  Society, 
London,  and  the  Imperial  Botanical  and  Zoological  Society,  Vienna. 
His  dissection  of  the  valves  of  the  shark  has  received  compli- 
mentary mention  by  Professor  Macalister.  He  wrote  many 
articles  on  comparative  anatomy  and  fossil  remains.  He  invented 
a  vulcanised  India-rubber  aneurysmal  compressor,  which  has  been 
favourably  noticed  by  surgeons,  and  has  been  the  means  of  curing 
rapidly  and  permanently  cases  of  this  formidable  disease. 

In  1849  an  Egyptian  mummy  was  presented  by  Sir  Francis 


282 


EGYPTIAN  MUMMY. — WILLIAM  CARTE. 


Hopkins,  Bart.  It  was  unrolled  by  Professor  Jacob  at  an  evening 
conversazione,  in  the  pi'esence  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant  and  many 
distinguished  guests.  I  believe  that  those  who  could  not  get  near 
enough  to  see  the  unrolling  were  enabled  to  smell  the  proceedings. 

During  the  year  after  Mr.  Carte's  resignation  no  preparations 
were  put  up.  On  the  2nd  August,  1852,  Mr.  William  Carte  was, 
after  competition,  elected  Curator.  He  was  born  on  the  5th 
August,  1829,  at  Woodlawn,  Newcastle,  County  of  Limerick. 
The  Carte  family  came  to  Ireland  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century 
from  Kent,  where  it  had  been  located  for  centuries,  its  members 
being  of  good  fortune  and  family,  and  some  holding  Church  livings. 
The  Rev.  Joseph  Carte  married  Sidney,  the  last  of  the  daughters 
of  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  about  1660.  The  name  appears  to  have 
been  indifferently  spelled  Carte  or  Cart.  Robert  Carte,  an  officer  in 
the  Royal  Navy,  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  William  Devereux, 
of  Deerpark,  in  the  County  of  Clare.  His  son,  William,  resided 
at  Tasmania,  Australia,  and  married  Honoria  Forster,  who,  through 
the  Fitzgeralds  of  Kerry,  was  descended  from  King  Edward  I. 
Their  son,  William  Carte,  was  educated  in  Tasmania.  He  entered 
as  a  pupil  the  College  School  in  1848,  and  became  a  pupil  in 
Baggot-street  Hospital.  On  the  4th  March,  1852,  he  obtained  the 
Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College,  and,  on  the  30th  May,  1874, 
the  Fellowship.  Mr.  A.  Carte  resigned  his  office  as  Curator 
on  being  appointed  an  assistant-surgeon  in  the  army  in  1854. 
He  served  on  the  staff  during  the  Crimean  campaign.  He 
was  commissioned  in  1855  as  Pathologist  to  the  Army  in  the 
Crimea,  with  the  view  of  securing  interesting  objects  for  the 
Military  Surgery  Museum  of  the  Irish  College  of  Surgeons.  A 
valuable  collection  was  secured,  illustrative  of  gunshot  injuries, 
models  of  ambulances,  and  the  equipments,  &c,  of  the  soldiers  of 
the  different  armies.  On  the  Chair  of  Military  Surgery  being 
abolished,  these  specimens  were  sent  to  the  Netley  School,  where 
they  now  are.  In  1859  he  was  appointed  physician  and  surgeon 
to  the  Royal  Hospital,  Kilmainham. 

Mr.  Carte  married,  first,  in  1 854,  Mary  Josephine,  daughter  of 
Thomas  F.  Carroll,  solicitor  (she  died  in  1857)  ;  and,  second,  Annie. 


JOHN  BARKER. 


283 


daughter  of  Alexander  Elliott,  of  Tarmons,  County  of  Kerry.  Mr. 
Carte  is  a  member  of  Council,  and  for  many  years  has  held  the 
Commission  of  the  Peace.  He  is  author  of  "  Notes  on  the  Climate 
and  Zoology  of  the  Crimea  during  the  Campaign  1854-5-6,"  and 
has  contributed  papers  on  the  anatomy  and  physiology  of  the 
horse's  foot,  and  on  zymotic  disease  in  sheep,  to  the  Dublin 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Medical  Science  for  1852. 

Mr.  Carte  added  to  the  Museum  during  the  two  years  that  he 
was  Curator  a  large  number  of  new  preparations,  and  "  re-put  up" 
several  hundreds  of  the  old  preparations.  He  resigned  in  July, 
1854.  The  position  which  he  vacated  was  thrown  open  to  compe- 
tition, but  no  one  competed  for  it.  Mr.  Alexander  Carte,  the 
former  Curator,  gave  valuable  assistance  at  this  time  in  the  con- 
servation of  the  Museum. 

In  January,  1855,  Captain  Kellett,  C.B.,  R.N.,  presented  the 
skeleton  of  a  musk  ox  from  Melville  Island. 

Mr.  John  Barker  was  elected  Curator  in  1856.  He  was  born  at 
Ceuta,  on  the  coast  of  Barbary,  in  the  year  1818.  His  father,  George 
Barker,  an  army  surgeon,  having  served  throughout  the  greater 
portion  of  the  Peninsular  War,  was  appointed  Inspector  of  Hos- 
pitals at  Gibraltar,  where  several  of  his  children  were  born.  J. 
Barker  was  educated  in  Trinity  College.  He  graduated  in  arts  in 
1841  and  in  medicine  in  1846.  He  studied  chiefly  in  the  Richmond 
Hospital  School  and  the  adjoining  hospitals,  and  attended  some 
lectures  in  the  School  of  Physic.  On  the  31st  December,  1846, 
he  became  a  licentiate,  and,  on  22nd  of  August,  1863,  a  Fellow,  of 
the  College,  of  which  he  subsequently  became  an  Examiner.  Having 
acted  for  a  short  time  as  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  Trinity  College 
School,  he,  in  1851,  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  in  the 
Dublin  School  of  Medicine,  and  in  1856  resigned  that  office  on 
being  elected  Curator  to  the  College.  He  wrote  the  cryptogamic 
part  of  Steele's  "Handbook  of  Botany."  He  was  an  excellent 
microscopist,  and  a  member  of  the  Microscopical  Club — a  peri- 
patetic and  moderately  festive  Society,  who  meet  in  the  members' 
residences  in  a  very  pleasant  and  instructive  manner.  Barker  died 
suddenly  on  the  2nd  February,  1879,  in  his  house  on  Waterloo- 


284        PRESENTATIONS. — CURATOR'S  SALARY  INCREASED. 

road.  He  never  married.  His  generous  bequest  to  the  Museum 
will  be  referred  to  further  on.  Mr.  Barker's  salary  was,  on  his 
appointment,  £80  a  year,  but  a  gratuity  was  always  given  in 
addition  to  it,  which  at  first  was  £40,  but  in  1861  increased  to 
£70.  It  was  always  the  practice  to  take  a  ballot  on  the  pro- 
posal to  grant  a  gratuity  to  the  Curator. 

In  1860  a  remarkable  specimen  of  hermaphrodite  was  presented 
to  the  Museum  by  Mr.  Banon ;  and  an  example  of  elephantiasis 
was  sent  to  it  from  the  Island  of  Tobago  by  Dr.  Purser. 

In  1865  a  collection  of  skeletons  was  purchased  from  Mr. 
Gerrard,  of  London. 

In  1867  a  collection  of  fishes  was  presented  by  Commodore 
(now  Admiral)  Sir  Leopold  M'Clintock,  the  celebrated  Arctic 
explorer,  and  brother  of  the  late  Mr.  M'Clintock,  past  President 
of  the  College.  In  the  same  year  Mr.  J.  W.  Grimshaw,  a  Fellow, 
added  a  collection  of  specimens,  illustrative  of  dental  surgery,  to 
the  Museum. 

In  1869-70  Mr.  J.  H.  Lyddon  prepared  in  the  Museum  work- 
rooms 24  anatomical  and  pathological  models.  Ten  of  them  were 
designed  to  illustrate  the  continuous  stages  of  development  of  the 
chick  in  the  egg  of  the  hen,  from  the  earliest  period  of  incubation. 
The  eggs  were  furnished  by  Mr.  Robert  M'Donnell,  who  at  that 
time  was  engaged  in  physiological  investigations. 

In  1871  Dr.  Cullen  presented  the  skeleton  of  an  Andaman 
islander.  On  the  2nd  May  in  that  year  the  Council  sent  to  the 
President  of  the  London  College  of  Surgeons  a  collection  of 
preparations  of  aneurysms.  They  were  requested  as  a  loan  to 
illustrate  a  course  of  lectures  to  be  delivered  in  that  College  by 
Professor  Holmes.  In  December  the  salary  of  the  Curator  was 
increased  to  £200,  and  the  annual  ballot  for  his  gratuity  ceased. 
On  the  21st  January,  1875,  his  salary  was  further  increased  by 
£50.  From  that  date  to  the  present  the  salary  has  remained 
£250.  The  Curator  has  hitherto  been  generally  elected  a  member 
of  the  Court  of  Examiners,  which  adds  to  his  emoluments. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  College  held  on  the  27th  May,  1872,  a 
resolution  was  passed  recommending  to  the  Council  the  enlarge- 


PRESENTATIONS. — J.  BARKER'S  BEQUEST. 


285 


ment  of  the  Museum  buildings,  and  the  ventilating  and  heating  of 
the  old  Museum.  In  this  year  Mr.  Henry  Gray  Croly  presented 
a  valuable  collection  of  specimens,  casts,  and  photographs. 

In  1875  Professor  Bevan  presented  upwards  of  306  anatomical 
and  pathological  preparations,  some  of  them  of  great  value,  and 
all  nicely  put  up.  In  1875  the  eminent  dentist,  Mr.  Francis 
L'Estrange,  bequeathed  his  surgical  instruments  and  appliances  to 
the  College.  On  the  29th  May  in  that  year  the  foundation  stone 
of  the  new  Museum  and  Library  was  laid. 

In  1876  a  collection  of  antique  surgical  instruments  was  pre- 
sented by  Robert  Johnston,  F.R. C.S.I. 

In  1878  the  new  Museum  was  completed.  It  is  a  noble  room, 
72  feet  in  length  and  36  feet  in  width  ;  a  gallery  encircles  it. 

In  1879  the  Obstetrical  Museum  of  the  Coombe  Hospital  was 
presented  to  the  College  by  Mr.  G.  H.  Kidd,  past  President,  on 
behalf  of  that  institution. 

In  1880  the  large  cast  of  a  plesiosaurus,  presented  by  Sir  Philip 
Crampton,  was  sold  to  the  British  Museum  for  £45.  It  was  out 
of  place  in  the  College  collection. 

Mr.  John  Barker,  Curator,  died  suddenly  in  1879.  He  made  a 
valuable  bequest  to  the  College,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following 
extracts  from  his  will : — 

"I  bequeath  to  Elizabeth  Drury,  16,  Ely-place,  some  Civil 
Service  Building  Shares  in  my  name  for  her  life  use ;  which,  after 
her  death,  are  to  revert  to  the  Council  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  in  Ireland  for  a  purpose  to  be  specified  afterwards." 

"  I  also  give  a  life  interest  in  the  sum  of  One  Thousand  Pounds 
to  my  cousins,  Elizabeth  Barker  and  Frances  Kate  Barker,  her 
sister,  which  is  also  to  revert  to  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in 
Ireland  after  their  death." 

"  When  the  Shares  of  the  Civil  Service  Building  Society  and 
the  Interest  of  the  Thousand  Pounds  aforesaid  shall  revert  to  the 
Council  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland,  I  wish  that 
they  would  found  a  'Prize  Dissection,'  to  be  preserved  in  the 
Museum  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland.  This  Prize 
to  be  awarded  by  the  Curator  of  the  College  of  Surgeons  in 
Ireland  for  the  time  being,  the  President  of  the  College,  and  the 


286     P.  S.  ABRAHAM. — INTERESTING  OBJECTS  IN  MUSEUM. 


Professor  of  Anatomy  of  the  University  of  Dublin ;  ten  pounds 
being  given  to  the  Curator  to  entertain  (in  the  College,  if  possible) 
the  successful  student;  no  student  to  get  the  Prize  more  than 
twice ;  the  Prize  being  open  to  all  Medical  Students." 

Mr.  Phineas  S.  Abraham  was  elected  Curator  on  the  12th  June 
1879.  This  gentleman  was  born  in  Falmouth,  Jamaica,  on  3rd 
October,  1847.  His  father,  Phineas  Abraham,  J.P.,  a  planter  and 
West  Indian  merchant,  married  Caroline,  daughter  of  the  late 
Isaac  Simon,  J.P.,  of  Montego  Bay,  J amaica,  and  sister  of  Sergt. 
Simon,  at  present  M.P.  for  Dewsbury.  Mr.  Abraham  studied  arts, 
science,  and  medicine  in  the  following  places : — University  College, 
and  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London ;  Trinity  College,  and  the 
College  of  Science,  Dublin;  the  School  of  Medicine,  Paris;  and 
the  School  of  Mines,  Clausthal,  in  the  Hartz,  Saxony.  He  received 
his  M.A.  Degree  in  Dublin  University,  slip,  condon.,  is  also  a 
Bachelor  of  Science  of  the  London  University,  a  F.R.C.S.I.,  an 
Associate  of  the  Royal  College  of  Science,  Ireland,  and  a  Senior 
Moderator  and  (large)  Gold  Medallist,  T.C.D.  He  has  received  a 
great  many  other  collegiate,  medical,  and  scientific  distinctions, 
was  one  of  the  few  principal  promoters  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine 
in  Ireland,  and  has  acted  as  Secretary  for  the  Dublin  University 
Biological  Club. 

Mr.  Abraham's  reputation  secured  his  election  to  the  Curator- 
ship,  for  personally  he  was  quite  unknown  to  the  members  of  the 
Council.  They  soon  gave  him  a  place  in  the  Court  of  Examiners, 
which  he  retained  until  November,  1885.  He  is  now  Curator  of 
the  Museum  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London. 

Mr.  Abraham  has  chiefly  devoted  his  attention  to  pathology  and 
physiology,  and  has  contributed  largely  to  the  Journals  in  both 
departments,  especially  the  former. 

In  1881  a  large  collection  of  preparations  were  sent  for  exhibi- 
tion to  the  International  Medical  Congress,  at  London. 

On  May  3rd,  1883,  the  Council  received  a  gift  of  53  anatomical 
preparations  from  Professor  Cunningham,  and  in  1885  a  similar 
but  smaller  collection  from  Professor  Fraser. 

Amongst  the  most  interesting  objects  of  the  Museum  are  the 


MUSEUM  VISITED  BY  TIEDMANN  AND  CEOQUET.  287 

specimens  showing  the  mercurial  injection  of  the  absorbents  in  the 
lower  extremity  and  pelvis.  Several  hundred  specimens  of  human 
and  other  entozoa,  presented  by  O'Bryen  Bellingham,  are  well 
worth  a  careful  study.  The  collection  illustrative  of  aneurysms  is 
also  one  which  will  repay  their  study. 

Many  years  ago  the  Museum  was  visited  by  Tiedmann  and  Jules 
Cloquet,  both  of  whom  pronounced  it  to  be  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able in  Europe. 


CHAPTEE  XIII. 

THE  CONNECTION  BETWEEN  THE  COLLEGE  AND  THE  NAVY  AND 
ARMT  MEDICAL  DEPARTMENTS. 

MacLiag  was  secretary  and  physician  to  King  Brian  Boru,  and 
attended  npon  that  monarch  at  the  memorable  victory  which  he 
achieved  in  1014  over  the  Danes  at  Clontarf,  near  Dublin. 
MacLiag  wrote  an  account  of  the  battle.  He  was  a  poet  as 
well  as  a  physician,  and  was  the  author  of  the  beautiful  fiction 
upon  which  Moore's  lyric,  "  Rich  and  rare  were  the  gems  she 
wore,"  was  founded.   His  "  Wars  of  the  Danes  "  is  an  Irish  classic. 

During  the  reigns  of  the  earlier  sovereigns  of  England  no 
systematic  arrangements  were  in  existence  for  succouring  wounded 
soldiers.  The  earliest  mention  of  a  military  surgeon  occurs  in  a 
letter  dated  in  1223,  and  addressed  by  the  Lord  Chief  Justice  of 
England  to  the  Bishop  of  Chichester.  In  it  he  recommends  one 
Master  Thomas  as  a  surgeon  of  great  skill,  and  very  useful  during 
the  sieges  of  castles. 

Nicholas  de  Farnham  was  physician  to  Henry  III.,  and  attended 
upon  him  in  some  of  his  campaigns.  It  is  probable  that  it  was  in 
recognition  of  his  medical  services  to  the  king  that  De  Famham 
was  promoted  to  be  Bishop  of  Durham,  in  1241. 

Philip  de  Beauvais  served  as  surgeon  in  the  army  of  Edward  I. 
during  the  invasion  of  Scotland  in  1300 ;  he  was  allowed  a  liberal 
salary,  and,  therefore,  was  probably  assisted  by  some  surgeons  of 
lesser  note. 

When  Edward  III.  lay  ill  in  Scotland,  during  his  invasion  of 
that  country,  he  was  attended  by  Coursus  de  Gangeland.  His 
attendance  must  have  given  satisfaction  to  his  royal  patient,  seeing 
that  the  latter,  in  1345,  conferred  upon  him  a  pension  of  sixpence 
a  day.  The  deed  of  grant  styles  De  Gangeland  "  an  apothecary 
of  London  "  (Rymer's  Fcedera).    In  1346  a  surgeon  is  mentioned 


EARLY  ENGLISH  ARMY  SURGEONS. 


289 


as  being  one  of  the  retinue  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  at  that  time 
besieging  Calais. 

During  the  campaign  of  King  Edward  III.  in  France,  John  of 
Arderne  served  as  surgeon  in  his  army,  and  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  Crecy.  He,  Gilbert  Anglicanus,  and  John  of  Gaddesden 
(author  of  "  Rosa  Anglica")  are  the  earliest  of  the  English  surgeons 
deserving  niches  in  the  Temple  of  Fame.  In  the  chapter  on  the 
library,  page  271,  a  notice  of  a  surgical  MS.  by  John  of  Arderne 
will  be  found. 

In  1360  Richard  de  Wys  was  appointed  surgeon  to  Edward  III. 
He  was  styled  Ohirurgico  Regis,  and  no  doubt  he  attended  in  the 
retinue  of  the  King  during  his  military  expeditions. 

In  1415  Henry  V.  invaded  France  with  an  army  of  30,000  men. 
His  personal  medical  attendant  was  Nicholas  Colnet,  and  for  his 
army  the  surgical  staff  consisted  of  a  chief,  Thomas  Morestede, 
and  fifteen  assistants,  of  whom,  however,  three .  served  also  as 
archers.  It  is  stated  that  during  this  campaign  the  King  gave 
some  of  his  jewels  to  the  surgeons  as  pledges  for  the  payment 
of  their  arrears  of  wages  on  his  return  to  England. 

During  the  second  invasion  of  France,  in  1417,  the  army  was 
better  supplied  with  surgeons,  but  their  number  was  still  insufficient. 

In  1417  a  royal  warrant  was  issued  to  Thomas  Morestede, 
Surgeon  to  Henry  V.,  to  impress  surgeons  for  service  in  the  army 
then  being  collected  for  the  invasion  of  France.  This  practice 
of  impressing  surgeons  was  continued  down  to  the  eighteenth 
century.  The  warrants  in  later  times  were  addressed  to  the 
Master,  and  Wardens  of  the  Worshipful  Company  of  Barber- 
Chirurgeons. 

After  the  incorporation  of  the  Barber-Chirurgeons  the  surgical 
art  became  more  generally  cultivated.  During  the  l'eign  of 
Henry  VIII.  the  native  surgeons  were  very  numerous,  but,  at 
a  later  date,  they  appear  to  have  become  scarcer,  and  to  have 
been  largely  supplanted  by  foreign  surgeons.  In  a  rare  book  on 
"  Chirurgyry,"  written  by  Thomas  Gale,  and  published  in  London 
in  1566,  the  following  passage  occurs  (I  have  modernised  the 
orthography) : — "  I  have  myself,  in  the  time  of  King  Henry  VIII., 


290         DOMESTIC  SURGEONS. — PAY  OF  ARMY  SURGEONS. 


helped  to  furnish  out  of  London  in  one  year,  who  served  by  sea, 
three  score  and  twelve  surgeons,  who  were  good  workmen,  and 
well  able  to  serve,  and  all  Englishmen.  At  this  present  day  there 
are  not  thirty-four  of  all  the  whole  company  Englishmen,  and  yet 
the  most  part  of  them  be  in  noblemen's  service,  so  that  if  we  should 
have  need  I  do  not  know  where  to  find  twelve  sufficient  men. 
What  do  I  say  ?  Sufficient  men  !  Nay,  I  would  there  were  ten 
amongst  all  the  company  worthy  to  be  called  surgeons." 

In  the  chapter  on  the  Barber-Surgeons  reference  has  been  made 
to  the  clause  in  the  statute  of  Henry  VIII.  referring  to  surgeons 
being  employed  as  domestics.  At  this  time,  however,  the  position 
of  the  higher  classes  of  domestics  was  much  more  respectable  than 
is  now  the  case.  The  sons  of  gentlemen  did  not  consider  it  a 
disgrace  to  enter  the  service  of  the  nobility,  and  many  belted 
knights  acted  as  major  domos  in  the  castles  of  the  great  nobles. 
If,  therefore,  300  years  ago,  the  surgeon  was  sometimes  a  domestic, 
he  had  for  his  fellow-servants  men  of  gentle  birth.  It  is  evident, 
from  what  Thomas  Gale  writes,  that  service  in  the  houses  of  the 
great  was  more  pleasant  and  profitable  than  doing  surgical  duty  in 
the  navy  and  army. 

In  an  account  of  the  payments  allowed  to  the  staff  of  the 
ordnance  in  the  army  sent  to  St.  Quintin  in  1557,  the  surgeon's 
daily  pay  is  set  down  at  Is.,  which  was  also  the  allowance  for  the 
chaplain. 

During  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  the  importance  of  having 
a  full  supply  of  army  surgeons  was  beginning  to  be  recognised. 
One  was  allowed  to  each  company  of  100  men,  and  his  pay  was  Is. 
per  day.  This  small  stipend  was  augmented  by  an  honorarium  of 
2d.  per  month,  deducted  from  the  pay  of  each  of  the  soldiers. 

During  the  reigns  of  several  sovereigns  the  Barber-Surgeons' 
Company  of  London  appear  to  have  been  chiefly  relied  upon  to 
furnish  surgeons  for  the  sea  and  land  forces;  and,  as  already 
stated,  the  Dublin  Company  no  doubt  rendered  similar  service. 

In  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  the  London  Barber-Surgeons'  Com- 
pany provided  surgeons  for  the  navy  and  army,  and  they  were 
empowered  to  impress  them  for  foreign  service.    Royal  warrants 


KIDNAPPING  SURGEONS. — NAVAL  SURGEONS.  291 


were  issued  enabling  the  Company  to  call  upon  sheriffs,  mayors, 
bailiffs,  constables,  &c,  for  assistance  in  enforcing  the  service  of 
(i.e.,  kidnapping)  the  surgeons  required  for  the  service  of  the  Crown. 

In  the  time  of  Charles  I.  the  pay  of  a  surgeon  in  the  army  or 
navy  was  3()s.  per  month,  and  that  of  surgeon's  mate  20s.  They 
also  received  the  usual  stoppages  from  the  pay  of  the  men. 

In  the  reign  of  James  II.  the  daily  pay  of  a  surgeon  was  4s., 
and  of  his  mate  2s.  6d.  Many  of  the  surgeons  held  commissions 
as  ensigns,  and  not  infrequently,  in  the  heat  of  battle,  relegated 
their  curative  functions  to  their  mates  and  discharged  the  more 
congenial  duties  of  combatant  officers. 

In  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne  the  term  surgeon  began  to  be 
substituted  for  that  of  chirurgeon.  At  this  time  the  pay  of  the 
army  surgeons  on  the  Irish  establishment  was  as  follows : — 
Surgeon-General,  6s.  8d.  per  diem;  surgeon  to  each  of  the  six  cavalry 
regiments  and  fourteen  regiments  of  foot,  4s. ;  surgeon's  mate, 
2s.  6d.  From  about  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne  the  Corporation  of 
Barber-Surgeons  examined  candidates  for  surgeoncies  and  surgeons' 
mateships  in  the  Royal  Navy;  and  the  Company  of  Surgeons, 
after  their  incorporation  in  1745,  continued  to  discharge  this  duty. 
They  also,  but  at  a  much  later  period,  examined  candidates  for 
surgeoncies  in  the  army. 

The  army  surgeon  purchased  his  commission  in  the  same  way  as 
the  combatant  officers  up  to  the  year  1 783.  Even  after  that  date 
it  was  not  uncommon  to  purchase  a  surgeon's  commission  privately. 
The  regimental  and  hospital  mates  were  rarely  promoted  to  be 
surgeons. 

Dr.  Tobias  Smollett,  himself  a  navy  surgeon,  in  his  humorous 
novel,  "Roderick  Random,"  has  left  us  an  amusing  and  probably 
but  slightly  exaggerated  account  of  his  hero's  examination  as  a 
surgeon's  mate  before  the  Barber-Surgeons'  Company.  The  Board 
Consisted  of  twelve  members.  The  fee  for  examination  was  5s., 
besides  2s.  6d.  to  the  beadle,  and  Is.  to  the  old  woman  who  swept 
the  hall.  The  first  question  put  was,  "  Where  was  you  born?"  to 
which  Random  replied,  "  In  Scotland."  "  In  Scotland  !  "  rejoined 
the  examiner;  "I  know  that  very  well.    We  have  scarce  any 


292  EETIRED  SURGEONS'  TRADE  PRIVILEGES. 

other  countrymen  to  examine  here.  You  Scotchmen  have  over- 
spread us  of  late,  as  the  locusts  did  Egypt.  I  ask  you  in  what 
part  of  Scotland  you  was  born1?"  From  this  we  may  infer  that 
the  Scotch  stu-geons  had  a  monopoly  of  the  medical  department  of 
the  navy,  as  the  Irish  graduates  a  few  years  ago  had  nearly  attained 
to  in  the  army.  "  If,"  said  an  examiner,  "  during  an  engagement 
at  sea  a  man  should  be  brought  to  you  with  his  head  shot  off,  how 
would  you  behave?"  The  reply  that  the  candidate  had  never  read 
of  any  method  of  cure  applicable  to  such  a  case,  caused  all  the 
members  of  the  Board  save  one  to  smile. 

The  Company's  examination  was  probably  not  too  strict,  still 
they  occasionally  rejected  candidates — our  versatile  countryman, 
Oliver  Goldsmith,  for  example.  Towards  the  close  of  the  18th 
century  the  surgeons  for  the  navy  were  examined  as  to  their 
knowledge  of  medicine  by  a  medical  man. 

From  the  time  of  Queen  Anne  it  was  the  custom  for  army  and 
navy  surgeons  who  had  retired  from  the  service  to  enter  upon 
civil  practice,  even  if  they  had  no  diplomas.  The  Acts  22  Geo. 
II.,  c.  44,  and  3  Geo.  III.,  c.  8,  enacted  that  officers  on  retiring 
from  the  army  and  navy  might  practise  any  trade  they  pleased, 
without  having  served  an  apprenticeship  to  it.  Many  surgeons  of 
this  kind  set  up  in  practice  in  London,  Dublin,  and  other  places. 
In  1781  the  London  Corporation  of  Surgeons  were  disposed  to 
prosecute  retired  navy  and  army  surgeons  who  were  practising  in 
London  without  being  possessed  of  the  freedom  of  the  Corporation, 
or  who  had  only  the  diploma  issued  by  the  College  to  army  and 
navy  surgeons.  They  did  not  institute  any  prosecutions,  the  legal 
opinions  which  they  obtained  having  been  of  a  conflicting  nature. 

In  the  last  century  the  army  in  Ireland  formed  a  distinct 
establishment,  there  being  a  Secretary-at-War  and  a  Commander- 
in-Chief.  Up  to  the  establishment  of  the  College  of  Surgeons 
there  does  not  seem  to  have  been  any  regular  system  of  testing 
the  competency  of  candidates  for  surgeoncies  in  the  army.  The 
Surgeon-General  occasionally  examined  candidates  for  medical 
appointments  and  granted  certificates  of  competency,  and  even 
civil  practitioners  possessed  certificates  of  competency  issued  by 


CONDITION  OP  ARMY  SURGEONS  IN  IRELAND. 


293 


the  Surgeon-General.  I  have  not  been  able  to  discover  that  the 
Physician-General  gave  certificates  of  the  kind  to  candidates  for 
army  medical  appointments. 

At  this  time  the  majority  of  the  surgeons  on  the  Irish  establish- 
ment were  "  young  and  uninformed ; "  some  of  them  had  undergone 
no  examination  whatever.  The  pay  of  a  regimental  surgeon  was 
4s.  per  diem,  together  with  3s.  for  subsistence.  The  surgeon's 
mate  received  2s.  6d.  a  day,  and  2s.  for  subsistence.  The  surgeons 
ranked  as  lieutenants,  but  many  of  them  held  commissions  as 
combatant  officers,  which  increased  their  emoluments. 

The  only  military  hospital  at  that  time  in  Dub  mi  was  a  small 
one  in  James's-street.  It  was  subsequently  converted  into  a 
brewery  (Manders'),  and  the  gateway,  with  military  insignia  over 
it,  is  still  intact.  Regimental  surgeons  received  an  allowance  of 
£175  a  year  to  provide  hospital  accommodation  and  medicine  for 
the  sick  soldiers.  These  were  generally  billeted  in  inns  and  private 
lodgings,  two  patients,  except  in  fever  cases,  occupying  the  same 
bed. 

In  1793  the  following  were  the  emoluments  of  army  surgeons 
during  field  service : — Inspectors  of  hospitals,  from  30s.  to  £3  a 
day,  and  from  10s.  8d.  to  £1  allowances,  according  to  the  number 
of  troops  to  which  they  were  attached ;  second-class  inspectors,  £2, 
and  13s.  allowances ;  physicians,  £1,  and  6s.  8d.  allowance ;  staff 
surgeons  and  apothecaries,  10s.,  and  3s.  4d.  allowance;  hospital 
mates,  7s.  6d.,  and  2s.  6d.  allowance. 

In  1798  the  pay  of  a  battalion  surgeon  commenced  at  12s.  a 
day,  and  rose,  sometimes,  to  £1.  As  the  purchasing  power  of 
money  was  much  greater  towards  the  close  of  the  last  century,  the 
present  pay  of  army  surgeons  shows  no  substantial  improvement 
as  compared  with  a  centuiy  ago. 

On  the  10th  November,  1784,  a  Committee  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  were  appointed  to  consider  the  expediency  of  passing 
a  by-law  to  enable  the  Court  of  Examiners  to  examine  persons  as 
to  their  competency  to  serve  as  surgeons  in  the  army.  Whilst 
the  matter  was  under  discussion  the  College  received,  from  General 
^lackey,  a  letter,  dated  Edinburgh,  30th  November,  1784,  requesting 


294 


EXAMINATION  FOR  ARMY  SURGEONCIES. 


them  to  examine  into  the  competency  of  Mr.  Donald  Scott, 
who  had  recently  been  appointed  surgeon's  mate  in  the  23rd 
regiment  of  foot,  but  whose  fitness  for  that  office  had  been  called 
in  question.  The  College  directed  the  Court  of  Examiners  to  test 
the  professional  knowledge  of  Mr.  Scott,  and  the  Court,  in  due 
time,  brought  in  a  favourable  verdict. 

On  the  7th  March,  1785,  whilst  the  College  were  still  considering 
the  subject  of  the  proposed  examination,  and  the  fees  to  be  charged 
for  it,  the  matter  was  settled  by  the  receipt  of  a  letter  from  the 
Lord  Lieutenant.  This  document  having  set  forth  the  fact  that  in 
Great  Britain  gentlemen  were  not  appointed  to  surgical  positions  in 
the  army  until  they  had  first  received  certificates  of  competency 
from  the  London  Corporation  of  Surgeons,  the  Lord  Lieutenant 
requested  that  the  Dublin  "  Corporation  of  Surgeons  would  likewise 
examine  candidates  for  the  office  of  surgeon  and  surgeon's  mate." 
The  College  unanimously  agreed  to  do  so.  The  certificate,  as 
suggested  by  the  Lord  Lieutenant,  ran  as  follows : — 
"  To  the  Honourable  the  Secretary-at-War. 

"  Sir, — We  have  examined  Mr.  ,  and  find  him 

qualified  to  act  as  surgeon,  or  surgeon's  mate,  to  any  regiment 
in  His  Majesty's  service." 

This  certificate  was  only  to  be  given,  if  merited,  to  persons  whom 
the  College  examined  at  the  request  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant. 
The  fee  for  the  diploma  for  surgeons  was  fixed  at  three  guineas, 
and  for  surgeons'  mates  at  one  guinea.  The  Court  of  .Examiners 
had,  for  a  long  time,  many  more  candidates  for  the  certificates  for 
surgeon  and  surgeon's  mate  than  for  the  Letters  Testimonial  of 
the  College.  On  the  7th  August,  1786,  the  Secretary  announced 
to  the  College  that  the  Court  of  Examiners  had,  since  the  previous 
meeting  (1st  May),  granted  certificates  to  the  following: — One 
army  surgeon,  three  surgeons'  mates,  and  one  Licentiate  of  the 
College. 

On  the  19th  August,  1786,  the  Examiners  resolved  to  hold  a 
Court,  on  the  first  Thursday  in  every  month,  for  the  purpose  of 
examining  for  surgeoncies  and  mateships  in  the  army;  but  they  did 
not  regularly  observe  this  resolution. 


EXAMINATION  FOR  MILITIA  AND  NAVY  SURGEONS.  295 


The  first  candidate  whom  the  Court  rejected  was  a  Mr.  John 
Black,  who  presented  himself  on  the  1st  December,  1787.  The 
College  reported  the  rejection  to  the  Irish  Secretary-at-War.  Mr. 
Black  was  re-examined,  and  approved  of,  on  the  14th  June,  1788. 

In  1791  the  College  resolved  to  admit  navy  and  army  surgeons 
and  surgeons'  mates,  free  to  the  lectures  delivered  in  the  College 
School.  Subsequently  this  privilege  was  extended  to  surgeons 
serving  in  the  militia. 

In  1793  the  militia  force  was  established.  The  surgeons  attached 
to  it  generally  held  commissions  as  combatant  officers,  as  did  also 
some  of  the  hospital  mates,  who  were,  in  virtue  of  their  surgical 
appointment,  merely  warrant  officers. 

The  Court  of  Examiners  on  the  19th  April,  1794,  examined,  at 
the  request  of  Lord  Ely,  into  the  competency  of  Mr.  William 
Jacob  to  act  as  surgeon  to  the  Wexford  regiment  of  militia.  The 
Court  granted  him  a  certificate  to  act  as  surgeon  to  a  regiment. 

In  1796  the  holding  of  surgical  commissions  or  warrants  by 
combatant  officers  was  prohibited.  The  surgeons  were  directed  to 
be  appointed  by  the  colonels  of  the  regiments,  and  they  were  to 
have  the  necessary  qualification  from  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
in  Ireland. 

On  the  6th  November,  1797,  the  College  were  informed  by  the 
Court  of  Examiners  that  they  had  received  a  letter  from  the 
Honourable  the  Commissioners  for  Sick  and  Wounded  Seamen, 
London,  requesting  them  to  examine  surgeons'  mates  for  the 
navy  upon  the  terms  of  the  London  Surgeons'  Company — viz., 
one  guinea  per  candidate  and  2s.  6d.  to  the  beadle.  The  College 
granted  the  necessary  permission. 

On  the  21st  May,  1799,  the  College  received  a  letter  from  the 
Secretary-at-War,  stating  that  the  Lord  Lieutenant  desired  that 
candidates  for  staff  surgeoncies  should  be  examined  in  the  same 
manner  as  candidates  for  Letters  Testimonial.  The  College 
agreed  to  equalise  the  examinations,  but  decided  to  equalise  the 
fees  also. 

From  April,  1801,  each  examiner  was  paid  one  guinea  for  each 
attendance  at  examinations  for  surgeons  and  surgeons'  mates  for 


296         CUKRICULUM  FOR  ARMY  SURGEONS  EXTENDED. 

the  navy  and  army.  Before  this  date  the  examiners  received  no 
remuneration  for  their  trouble. 

By  an  Order  in  Council,  passed  on  the  23rd  January,  1805, 
the  term  surgeon's  mate  was  changed  into  assistant-surgeon.  No 
person  was  to  be  appointed  as  such  who  did  not  prove  himself  to 
be  qualified  to  act  as  surgeon  or  first  assistant-surgeon. 

In  May,  1806,  it  was  decided  to  require  candidates  for  service 
in  the  medical  departments  of  the  navy  and  army  to  lay  before 
the  Court  of  Examiners  proofs  of  attendance  on  at  least  one 
course  of  lectures  on  surgery,  one  on  anatomy  and  dissections,  and 
of  six  months'  attendance  at  a  surgical  hospital. 

On  September  5th,  1808,  the  College  agreed  upon  the  terms  of 
a  letter  to  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  London,  requesting  in 
effect  that  body  to  raise  their  standard  of  education,  by  requiring 
from  candidates  for  service  in  the  army  and  navy  proof  of  study 
during  two  years.  In  reply,  the  London  College  stated  that  they 
were  bound  by  their  charter  to  examine  all  who  were  sent  to  them 
for  that  purpose  by  the  army  and  navy  authorities,  and  that  in  a 
"season  of  war,"  when  surgeons  were  urgently  required  by  the 
army  and  navy,  restrictions  such  as  those  urged  by  the  Lish 
College  would  be  detrimental  to  both  services.  Finally,  the  London 
College  stated  that  they  were  guided  more  by  the  merit  than  by 
the  testimonials  of  the  candidates. 

On  the  1st  November,  1809,  the  Court  of  Examiners  resolved 
that  candidates  for  the  navy  and  army  should  produce  certificates 
of  twelve  months'  attendance  at  hospital,  and  of  two  courses  of 
lectures  on  anatomy  and  dissections. 

On  the  1st  May,  1809,  the  College  passed  a  by-law  regulating 
the  examination  of  apprentices  for  service  in  the  navy  and  army 
medical  departments. 

The  Court  of  Examiners  decided  on  May  12th,  1810,  that  certi- 
ficates for  competency  to  serve  as  surgeons'  mates  in  the  navy, 
should  not  henceforth  entitle  them  to  serve  in  the  land  forces. 

On  the  19th  December,  1811,  the  London  Army  Medical  Board 
addressed  a  letter  to  the  Dublin  Board,  stating  that  in  future,  as 
the  army  was  well  provided  with  surgeons,  the  Board  would  require 


HOW  ARMY  SURGEONS  WERE  MANUFACTURED.  297 

proof  that  the  candidate  had  attended  an  hospital  for  twelve 
months,  and  the  usual  lectures  delivered  during  that  period.  No 
doubt  the  authorities  had  before  this  become  aware  of  the  very 
imperfect  education  which  navy  and  army  surgeons  received  before 
their  entry  into  the  service.  Their  examinations,  and  conditions; 
for  admissions  thereto,  became  stricter.  At  this  date  the  exami- 
nation lasted  for  two  days. 

During  the  wars  which  arose  out  of  the  French  Revolution  and 
the  action  of  Napoleon  Buonaparte,  the  demand  for  surgeons  for 
the  British  forces  was  so  great  that  it  was  impossible  to  supply  it 
with  thoroughly  educated  men.  Had  the  pay  and  position  of  the 
medical  officer  been1  better  than  they  were,  no  doubt  more  of  the 
better  class  of  medical  men  would  have  been  recruited.  John 
Hunter  wrote  sarcastically  in  his  "  Essay  on  Gunshot  Wounds," 
"  it  was  hardly  necessary  for  a  man  to  be  a  surgeon  to  practise  in 
the  army."  The  Medical  limes,  February,  1840,  states  that  "  a 
blacksmith's  lad  went  from  the  anvil  at  a  late  period  of  adolescence 
into  a  hedge  apothecary's  shop  for  six  months,  whence  he  was 
swept,  during  the  war,  to  spread  salves  and  cut  plasters  on  the 
drum-head.  At  this  time  they  were  wont  to  hail  the  Scotch 
smacks  at  the  Nore— 'Ahoy,  there!  ahoy,  there!  What  have 
you  on  board?  '  Which  was  answered,  '  Only  a  shipload  of  Scotch 
surgeons,  going  to  the  war.'  The  young  blacksmith  returned  a 
full-fledged  surgeon." 

In  Mr.  Kirby's  school  in  Peter-street,  Dublin,  large  numbers  of 
men  were  prepared  for  the  army,  and,  but  to  a  far  less  extent,  for 
the  navy.  With  the  aid  of  a  small  hospital  established  and  main- 
tained by  himself  (and  which  his  enemies  said  at  one  time  contained 
only  a  single  bed),  he  provided  a  complete  course  of  education  for 
medical  candidates  for  service  under  the  Crown.  At  one  time  his 
certificates  were  somewhat  extensively  forged,  and  employed  by 
persons  who  had  received  no  regular  education  in  the  schools. 

At  Harold's-cross,  one  of  the  suburbs  of  Dublin,  there  once 
existed  a  house  of  entertainment  known  as  the  "  Grinding  Young." 
Over  its  entrance  a  signboard  represented  a  mill,  into  the  hopper 
of  which  old,  crippled  persons  were  precipitating  themselves,  whilst 


298    kirby's  mill — EXAMINATION  of  naval  officers. 


from  the  outlet  on  the  other  side  of  the  mill  a  stream  of  vigorous 
and  youthful  personages  issued.  This  was  to  symbolise  the  youth- 
restoring,  health-reviving  properties  of  the  liquor  retailed  within 
the  edifice.  A  humourist  produced  an  illustration  representing 
Mr.  Kirby  grinding  country  bumpkins  into  surgeons.  Awkward 
fellows,  some  with  straw  ropes  round  their  legs,  were  placed  by 
"  Miller "  Kirby  in  his  mill,  and  rattled  out  therefrom  as  navy 
and  army  surgeons  decked  out  in  suitable  uniforms.  This  illus- 
tration attained  to  a  large  sale  in  Ireland  and  across  the  Channel, 
and  probably  had  some  influence  in  inducing  the  authorities  to 
require  a  more  extended  period  of  study  to  be  gone  through  by 
candidates  for  the  Navy  and  Army  Medical  Departments.  It 
should  be  added  that  Kirby's  pupils  chiefly  "  passed  "  in  London. 

In  1812  the  College,  at  the  request  of  the  Admiralty,  undertook 
the  examination  of  the  wounds  and  the  state  of  health  of  naval 
and  marine  officers  retiring  from  the  service  or  going  upon  half- 
pay.  The  fees  charged  for  examination  and  report  were  as 
follows : — For  an  admiral,  three  guineas ;  for  a  captain,  two 
guineas  ;  for  a  mate,  one  guinea. 

In  this  new  department  the  College  were  not  overworked.  In 
1813  the  Court  of  Examiners  testified  that  they  had  examined 
Mr.  Howard  Moore,  acting  master  of  the  "  Alceste,"  and  found 
that  he  had  received  a  gunshot  wound  through  his  lungs.  They 
were  of  opinion  that  such  an  injury  was  as  prejudicial  to  bodily 
exertion  as  the  loss  of  a  limb  would  be. 

On  the  23rd  April,  1813,  the  Army  Medical  Board  addressed  a 
letter  to  the  College,  stating  that  their  diploma  would  be  received 
as  a  proof  of  surgical  ability  in  candidates  seeking  employment  in 
the  Medical  Department  of  the  Army,  but  pointing  out  that  the 
Department  always  required  proof  of  a  medical  education  as  well 
as  a  surgical  one.  It  was  necessary,  too,  that  candidates  should 
possess  an  "original  liberal"  education.  The  letter  announced 
that  candidates  duly  qualified  would  be  appointed,  firstly,  as  hospital 
assistants,  and,  secondly,  as  hospital  mates — an  inferior  grade  of 
warrant  officers.  The  candidates  for  the  first-class  attendants 
were  expected  to  have  attended  two  sessions,  at  least,  of  medical 


DISUSE  OF  THE  "  QUALIFYING  CERTIFICATE."  299 

lectures,  and  to  have  spent  a  year  in  a  hospital.  The  hospital 
mates  were  not  to  expect  commissions  without  showing  proofs  of 
further  improvement.  The  receipt  of  this  letter  determined  the 
College  to  institute  forthwith  a  Chair  of  the  Practice  of  Physic, 
of  which  the  first  occupant  was  the  celebrated  Dr.  John  Cheyne. 

After  the  conclusion  of  the  war  in  1815  a  large  number  of  navy 
and  army  surgeons  retired  from  their  respective  services,  and  but 
few  candidates  for  the  navy  and  army  were  afterwards  examined. 
There  is  some  uncertainty  as  to  the  date  of  the  last  examinations 
for  the  army,  owing  to  the  loss  of  some  of  the  records  for  1819-20. 
Probably  the  examinations  practically  ceased  about  that  time. 
Sir  T.  Crawford,  Director-General  of  the  Army  Medical  Depart- 
ment, kindly  directed  the  records  of  his  office  to  be  searched, 
with  the  view  of  ascertaining  the  exact  date  at  which  the  exami- 
nations ceased,  but  the  search  proved  fruitless.  The  authorities 
of  the  English  College  of  Surgeons,  having  most  courteously,  at 
my  request,  searched  their  records,  find  that  the  last  examination  for 
an  army  assistant-surgeoncy  was  in  1826.  It  seems  probable  that 
there  was  no  actual  order  made  to  discontinue  the  qualifying 
examination  at  the  Colleges,  but  that  the  practice  died  out. 
Indeed,  so  soon  as  the  examinations  for  the  diplomas  of  the  Col- 
leges and  those  for  the  navy  and  army  became  identical,  the 
necessity  for  the  latter  ceased.  Until  the  recognition  of  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Surgery,  in  very  recent  times,  by  the  navy 
and  army  authorities,  no  one  could  be  examined  for  an  assistant- 
surgeoncy  in  the  navy  or  the  land  forces  unless  provided  with  a 
diploma  from  a  College  of  Surgeons. 

With  respect  to  the  navy  it  is  certain  that  so  far  back  as  1797 
their  Medical  Department  examined  their  candidates  after  they 
had  been  passed  by  the  Colleges  of  Surgeons.  After  the  peace  of 
1815  very  few  candidates  for  employment  in  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  Navy  appeared  before  the  Irish  College,  until  the  war 
with  Russia  commenced  in  1853.  About  that  time  a  rather  large 
number  were  examined.  I  am  informed  by  the  Navy  authorities 
that  in  February,  1867,  the  "qualifying  examination"  of  the 
Colleges  was  abolished  by  a  special  order. 


300 


IRISH  ARMY  MEDICAL  BOARD. 


Up  to  1795  the  certificate  of  the  College  was  the  only  one 
necessary  to  prove  the  professional  fitness  of  candidates  for  the 
Army  Medical  Department  in  Ireland.  On  the  1st  Jnne  in  that 
year  an  Army  Medical  Department  was  established  in  Dublin.  It 
was  composed  of  the  following  members  : — 


Joint  Physician-Generals. 


Medical  Board: — 

Dr.  C.  W.  Quinn, 
Dr.  W.  Harvey, 
George  Stewart,  Esq.,  Surgeon-General. 
George  Kenny,  Esq.,  Director-General  of  Hospitals. 

At  the  close  of  1797,  the  Medical  Staff  of  Ireland  was  consti- 
tuted as  follows : — 

Doctor  James  Cleghorn.  As  Staff  Physicians, 

„     Thomas  Egan.  (  having  an  allowance 

„     Francis  Hopkins.  [  of  20s.  per  day,  with 

„     William  O'Dwyer.  J  half  pay. 

Messrs.  Ralph  Smith  O'Bre. ) 

„      Francis  M'Evoy.         As  Staff  Surgeons,  on 

A    ,  >     10s.  per  day,  with 

„      Clement  Archer.  1  J 

„      Wm.  Moore  Peile.   ]  a 

Staff  Physician. — Dr.  John  Haig. 

Staff  Surgeons. — Ralph  Smith  0'Bre\  Clement  Archer,  R.  Moore 
Peile,  Wm.  Comins,  H.  Bigger,  Robert  Hamilton,  M.  Poole,  A 
Everard,  A.  Graydon. 

Staff  Hospital  Mates. — Samuel  Banks,  Edward  Purdon,  Joseph 
Stringer,  Robert  Magee,  John  O'Donnell,  J.  S.  Thwaites,  Hem*y 
Reed,  Henry  Irvine,  Edward  Ashe,  John  Hume,  Joseph  Power, 
William  S  trass. 

Apothecaries. — John  Cowan,  Edward  O'Brien. 

Secretary. — E.  Berkeley  Hippax,  Esq. 

Surgeon-Major  Gore  states  that  "under  the  immediate  superin- 
tendence of  the  Board  were — 9  regiments  of  regular  and  7  of 
fencible  cavalry,  8  regiments  of  regular  and  22  of  fencible  infantry, 
and  38  regiments  of  militia— a  total  force  of  42,200  men,  to  which 


NUMBER  OF  NAVAL  SURGEONS   "  PASSED."  301 

were  added,  in  the  following  year,  some  20,000  yeomanry.  In 
addition,  there  were  several  general  hospitals  attached  to  the 
summer  encampments." 

How  soon  after  the  formation  of  this  Board  candidates  for 
medical  commissions  were  examined  by  them  it  is  now  impossible  to 
discover,  as  the  earliest  records  of  the  Board  have  been  destroyed. 
Probably,  immediately  after  their  formation,  the  fitness  of  candi- 
dates was  tested  in  some  way ;  it  is  certain  that  in  1 804  they 
regularly  examined  the  candidates  who  came  before  them  provided 
with  the  qualifying  diplomas  of  the  College. 

The  following  are  the  results  of  the  examinations  of  candidates 
for  the  navy  and  army  up  to  and  including  the  year  1818: — 


NAVY. 


Passed 

Rejected 

Assistant- Surgeons 

62 

28 

Mates  - 

1 

6 

First  Mate  to  a  "  First  rate  "* 

13 

0 

Second       „  „ 

24 

0 

Third 

27 

0 

Fourth       „  „ 

5 

0 

Fifth 

20 

0 

First  Mate  to  a  Second  rate 

V  2 

0 

Second       „  „ 

1 

0 

Third 

3 

0 

First  Mate  to  a  Third  rate 

2 

0 

Second       „  „ 

1 

0 

Third 

2 

0 

Second  Mate  to  any  rate 

2 

0 

Third         „         •  „ 

1 

0 

Fifth 

2 

0 

168 

34 

202 

*  Man-of-War. 


302 


ANALYSIS  OF  EXAMINATIONS. 


ARMY. 


Passed 

Rejected 

Surgeons,           -             -  - 

206 

13 

A  ssistant- Surgeons 

276 

46 

Mates  - 

142 

12 

624 

71 

695 

Total  Navy  and  Army  Surgeons  passed 

792 

„                        „  rejected 

105 

897 


The  examination  of  persons  desirous  of  serving  as  surgeons' 
mates  in  the  navy  must  have  been  as  nearly  as  possible  pro  forma, 
only  6  out  of  112  of  those  candidates  having  been  rejected.  In 
1805  the  mates  were  converted  into  "  assistant-surgeons,"  where- 
upon their  examination  became  so  stringent  that  nearly  every  third 
candidate  was  rejected.  From  1805  to  1818  90  were  examined, 
and  of  these  28  failed  to  qualify. 

There  were  very  few  rejections  of  candidates  for  surgeoncies  in 
the  army,  no  doubt  because  they  were  already  qualified  as  surgeons' 
mates  or  assistant-surgeons,  and  many  of  them  were  diplomates  of 
a  College  of  Surgeons.  There  were  few  rejections  of  candidates 
for  the  office  of  army  surgeon's  mate ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  46 
of  the  322  applicants  for  assistant-surgeoncies  were  declared  to  be 
incompetent. 

On  the  3rd  February,  1840,  the  College  received  a  letter  from 
Sir  James  MacGrigor,  Director-General  of  the  Army  Medical 
Department,  offering  to  recommend,  every  third  year,  for  a  commis- 
sion as  army  surgeon,  a  diplomate  of  the  College.  The  person  to  be 
nominated  by  the  College  should  have  some  special  knowledge  as  a 
naturalist.  Some  difficulty  was  experienced  in  finding  a  suitable 
candidate  for  this  appointment.  After  some  time  it  was  decided 
to  create  two  studentships  in  comparative  anatomy,  the  holders  of 
which  were  to  study  in  the  Museum  under  the  directions  of  the 
Curator.    On  the  30th  August,  1848,  Mr.  John  C.  Gray  was 


NOMINATIONS  FOR  NAVY  AND  ARMY  SURGEONS.  303 


recommended  by  the  Council,  and  in  due  time  he  was  gazetted 
Assistant-Surgeon  to  the  44th  Regiment. 

On  the  4th  December,  1846,  the  Lords  Commissioners  of  the 
Admiralty  granted  to  the  Council  the  privilege  of  nominating, 
every  third  year,  an  assistant-surgeon  to  the  navy.  On  the  18th 
October,  1848,  the  Council  received  a  memorial  from  the  assistant- 
surgeons  serving  in  the  Fleet  in  the  Mediterranean,  complaining 
of  the  bad  accommodation  on  board  ship.  The  Council  thereupon 
resolved  to  write  to  the  Admiralty  in  their  favour.  On  the  21st 
February,  1849,  the  Council  petitioned  the  House  of  Commons  in 
reference  to  the  grievances  of  assistant-surgeons  of  the  Royal 
Navy.  In  this  year  a  petition  from  army  surgeons  was  transmitted 
to  the  Council  through  Sir  James  Pitcairn,  Inspector-General  of 
Hospitals,  requesting  accommodation  for  the  performance  of  dis- 
sections. It  was  decided  to  give  them  every  facility  for  the  study 
of  anatomy  in  the  College  School. 

On  the  15th  October,  1851,  the  fee  for  examining  surgeons,  non- 
diplomates  of  the  College,  for  the  navy  was  raised  to  five  guineas, 
and  the  fee  for  examining  assistant-surgeons  to  two  guineas. 
These  fees  were  paid  over  in  full  to  the  Examiners. 

In  1851  the  Government  established  a  Chair  of  Military  Surgery, 
and  connected  it  with  the  College  (see  Chapter  on  the  College 
School). 

In  1852  Lord  Hardinge,  the  General  Commanding-in-Chief, 
made  a  regulation  requiring  candidates  for  assistant-surgeoncies  to 
be  subjected  to  a  preliminary  examination  similar  to  that  required 
to  be  passed  by  combatant  officers,  except  as  to  military  drawing. 

In  1859  the  Army  Medical  Department  refused  to  admit  persons 
to  their  examinations  unless  they  were  provided  with  a  medical  as 
well  as  a  surgical  qualification.  The  Council  protested,  but  vainly, 
against  this  regulation. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  General  Medical  Council,  held  in  May, 
1867,  returns  were  received  from  the  Navy  and  Army  Medical 
Boards  which  were  favourable  to  the  Irish  students.  Professor 
Parkes,  of  Netley,  referred  to  them  in  highly  commendatory 
terms. 


304    FELLOWSHIP  A  "PASS  examination"  for  promotion. 


Since  the  institution  of  the  competitive  system  of  gaining 
appointments  in  the  Navy  and  Army  Medical  Departments  the 
diplomates  of  the  College  have  been  very  successful  in  securing 
those  positions. 

It  has  recently  been  decided  by  the  military  authorities  to 
examine  army  surgeons  who  are  candidates  for  higher  rank — 
i.e.,  surgeons  desiring  to  become  surgeon-majors,  &c.  If  such 
candidates  obtain  the  Fellowship  of  the  College  or  a  similar 
diploma,  they  are  exempted  from  the  medical  part  of  the  military 
examination. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 


THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  COLLEGE  UNDER  THE  FIRST  CHARTER — 

1784  TO  1828. 


The  following  is  a  list  of  the 
1784  until  1885-6  :— 

Samuel  Croker-King. 

1785.  )  to 

1786.  John  Whiteway. 

1787.  Robert  Bowes. 

1788.  Philip  Woodroffe. 

1789.  William  D ease. 

1790.  Ralph  Smith  Obre. 

1791.  Francis  M'Evoy. 

1792.  George  Stewart. 

1793.  George  Renny. 

1794.  Solomon  Richards. 

1795  l^us^avus  Hume. 
'  (Clement  Archer. 

1796.  Francis  L'Estrange. 

1797.  William  Hartigan. 

1798.  Robert  Moore  Peile. 

1799.  George  Stewart  (2). 

1800.  Sir  Henry  Jebb. 

1801.  James  Rivers. 

1802.  Abraham  Colles. 

1803.  Solomon  Richards  (2). 

1804.  Francis  M'Evoy  (2). 

1805.  Robert  Hamilton. 

1806.  Gerard  Macklin. 

1807.  Francis  M'Evoy  (3). 

1808.  Solomon  Richards  (3). 

1809.  Richard  Dease. 


78  Presidents  of  the  College  from 

1810.  John  Armstrong  Garnett. 

1811.  Philip  Crampton. 

1812.  John  Creighton. 

1813.  Richard  Carmichael. 

1814.  Cusack  Roney. 

1815.  Samuel  Wilmot. 

1816.  Robert  Moore  Peile  (2). 

1817.  Andrew  Johnston. 

1818.  Solomon  Richards  (4). 

1819.  Thomas  Hewson. 

1820.  Philip  Crampton  (2). 

1821.  Charles  Hawkes  Todd. 

1822.  James  Henthorn. 

1823.  John  Timothy  Kirby. 

1824.  John  Creighton  (2). 

1825.  Alexander  Read. 

1826.  Richard  Carmichael  (2). 

1827.  James  Wm.  Cusack. 

1828.  Cusack  Roney  (2). 

1829.  William  Auchinleck. 

1830.  Abraham  Colles  (2). 

1831.  R.  M'Namara  (primus). 

1832.  Samuel  Wilmot  (2). 

1833.  James  Kcrin. 

1834.  John  Kirby  (2). 

1835.  Alexander  Read  (2). 

1836.  Francis  White. 

x 


306 


SAMUEL  CROKER-KING,  PRESIDENT  IN  1784-5. 


1837.  Arthur  Jacob.  1862-3. 

1838.  William  Henry  Porter.  1863-4. 

1839.  Maurice  Collis.  1864-5. 

1840.  Robert  Adams.  1865-6. 

1841.  Thomas  Rumley.  1866-7. 

1842.  William  Tagert.  1867-8. 

1843.  James  O'Beirne.  1868-9. 

1844-  5.  Sir  P.  Crampton,  Bt.(3).  1869-70 

1845-  6.  Richd.  Carmichael  (3). 

1846-  7.  Samuel  Wilmot  (3).  1870-1. 

1847-  8.  James  Wm.  Ousack  (2).  1871-2. 

1848-  9.  Robert  Harrison.  1872-3. 

1849-  50.  Andrew  Ellis.  1873-4. 

1850-  1.  Thos.  Edward  Beatty.  1874-5. 

1851-  2.  Leonard  Trant.  1875-6. 

1852-  3.  Edward  Hutton.  1876-7. 

1853-  4.  William  Hargrave.  1877-8. 

1854-  5.  Charles  Benson.  1878-9. 

1855-  6.  Sir  P.  Crampton,  Bt.(4).  1879-80. 

1856-  7.  Robert  C  Williams.  1880-1. 

1857-  8.  Hans  Irvine.  1881-2. 

1858-  9.  James  W.  Cusack  (3).  1882-3. 

1859-  60.  Christopher  Fleming.  1883-4. 

1860-  1.  Robert  Adams  (2).  1884-5. 

1861-  2.  William  Jameson.  1885-6. 


Thos.  Lewis  Mackesy. 

William  Colles. 

Arthur  J acob  (2). 

Samuel  George  Wilmot. 

Richd.  G.  H.  Butcher. 

Robert  Adams  (3). 

George  Hornidge  Porter. 

.  Rawdon  Macnamara 
(secundus). 

Albert  Jasper  Walsh. 
J ames  Henry  Wharton. 
Frederick  Kirkpatrick. 
John  Denham. 
Jolliff  e  Tuf nell. 
Edward  Hamilton. 
George  Hugh  Kidd. 
Robert  M'Donnell. 
Philip  C.  Smyly. 

Edwd.  D;  Mapother. 
Alfred  H.  M'Clintock. 
Samuel  Chaplin. 
John  Kellock  Barton. 
Wm.  Ireland  Wheeler. 
Edw.  Hallaran  Bennett. 
Sir  Chas.  A.  Cameron. 


Up  to  1844  the  Presidents  were  elected  in  January,  but  since 
that  time  they  have  been  elected  on  the  first  Monday  in  June. 

SAMUEL  CROKER-KING,  PRESIDENT  IN  1784  AND  1785. 

S.  Croker-King,  the  first  President  of  the  College,  was  born  in 
Dublin  on  June  28, 1728.  His  family  originally  belonged  to  Devon- 
shire, and  were  so  long  located  there  that  a  local  distich  records  that 

"  The  Crokers,  Crewys,  and  Coletons, 
When  the  Conqueror  came  were  at  home." 

The  first  of  the  family  who  came  to  Ireland  was  Sir  John 
Croker,  who  accompanied  William  III.  in  the  capacity  of  cup- 


SAMUEL  CROKER-KING,  PRESIDENT  IN  1784-5.  307 


bearer — an  office  which  probably  is  the  origin  of  the  Crokers' 
crest  being  a  goblet  with  two  fleurs-de-lis.  A  Miss  Jane  King 
bequeathed  to  Surgeon  Oroker-King  her  property  on  condition 
that  he  would  assume  her  name  in  addition  to  his  own ;  and  by 
letters  patent,  obtained  about  1761,  his  name  was  accordingly 
converted  into  Oroker-King,  which  his  descendants  still  retain. 
Croker-King  was  apprenticed  to  Surgeon-General  Nichols.  His 
first  appointment  was  in  1758  as  Surgeon  to  Steevens'  Hospital, 
of  which  he  subsequently  became  visiting  surgeon  and  a  governor. 
He  was  Surgeon  to  the  Hospital  for  Venereal  Diseases,  North 
King-street,  to  the  Rotunda  Hospital,  and  to  the  Revenue  Depart- 
ment. His  practice  was  chiefly  amongst  the  upper  classes,  and 
his  fee-book,  which  is  extant,  shows  that  his  honorariums  often 
came  from  such  noble  houses  as  those  of  Westmeath,  Howth, 
Leitrim,  Farnham,  Charlemont,  Tyrone,  Enniskillen,  &c.  The 
late  Surgeon  J.  W.  Cusack,  referring  to  Croker-King,  said — "  He 
lived  by  the  nobility  and  great  landed  proprietors,  whilst  I  live  by 
the  people  ;  "  adding,  "  but  I  make  more  money  than  he  did." 

A  child  from  the  country  was  placed  in  medical  charge  of 
Croker-King.  The  patient  had  been  attended  by  a  country  prac- 
titioner, who,  it  was  believed,  had  made  a  wrong  diagnosis  of  his 
case.  Croker-King  soon  found  out  the  cause  of  the  illness,  and 
effected  a  speedy  cure.  It  was  believed  that  the  child  would  have 
died  had  not  the  line  of  treatment  at  first  adopted  been  altered. 
The  patient  in  due  time  became  the  great  Duke  of  Wellington. 

One  Sunday,  on  returning  from  church,  Croker-King  found  a 
plainly  dressed  man  seated  in  the  hall.  To  his  intense  surprise 
he  found  that  he  was  a  noble  Duke,  who  at  that  time  was  Lord 
Lieutenant.  The  servant  was  soundly  rated  for  his  mistake.  The 
Duke  observed  quietly,  "  I  was  not  allowed  into  the  dining-room, 
as  I  suppose  the  servant  thought  I  would  steal  the  plate." 

The  following  is  Gilborne's  poetical  tribute  to  Crokcr-King's 
skill  :_ 

"  The  fractur'd  Skull,  to  .Samuel  Croker-King, 
The  broken  Limb,  Wounds,  and  Luxations  bring  ; 
There's  no  Disaster  but  he  can  set  right, 
With  Splints,  Trepan,  and  Bandage  not  too  tight." 


308  JOHN  WHITEWAY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1786. 

Croker-King  married  a  beautiful  woman,  Miss  Obre,  of  whose 
family  mention  will  be  made  further  on.  They  lived  for  many 
years  in  a  large  house  in  Jervis-street  (then  a  fashionable  locality), 
which  some  years  ago  was  annexed  to  the  "  monster  house "  of 
Messrs.  Todd,  Burns  &  Co.  He  died  in  North  Cumberland-street 
on  the  12th  January,  1817,  and  was  interred  in  St.  Mary's  church- 
yard. His  portrait  is  in  the  possession  of  his  grandson,  Dr.  Charles 
Croker-King,  a  Fellow  of  the  College,  and  the  medical  member  of 
the  Local  Government  Board.  It  is  that  of  a  handsome  man,  and, 
judging  by  his  crimson  velvet  coat,  lace  ruffles,  and  powdered 
wig,  a  fashionable  man,  too. 

Croker-King  described  in  the  "  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy"  (of  which  Society  he  was  a  member),  Vol.  IV.,  page  419 
et  seg.,  "  an  instrument  for  performing  the  operation  of  trepanning 
the  skull  with  more  ease,  safety,  and  expedition  than  those  now  in 
general  use."    The  paper  is  illustrated  by  two  plates. 

JOHN  WHITEWAY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1786. 

John  Whiteway's  mother,  Martha,  was  a  daughter  of  Adam 
Swift,  uncle  of  Jonathan  Swift,  Dean  of  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral. 
She  married,  first,  the  Rev.  Theophilus  Harrison,  Dean  of  Clon- 
macnoise ;  and,  second,  Mr.  Whiteway.  Her  daughter,  Mary 
Harrison,  married  a  cousin  of  the  Dean's,  who  by  a  curious 
coincidence  bore  the  names  of  Deane  Swift,  the  former  being 
that  of  his  grandmother.  Another  cousin  of  the  Dean's  was 
Surgeon  Deane  Swift,  who  had  a  large  practice  in  Dublin  in  the 
middle  of  the  last  century. 

Mrs.  Martha  Whiteway  was  a  woman  of  high  culture  and  talent, 
and  was  the  only  one  of  his  relations  for  whom  the  Dean  appears 
to  have  entertained  a  warni  affection,  and  to  her  he  confided  the 
care  of  his  declining  years.  That  she  was  a  woman  of  spirit  is 
evident  from  the  following  letter  which  she  addressed  to  one  of 
the  executors  of  the  Dean  : — 

"  Sir, — The  indignation  which  the  town  have  expressed  at  the 
manner  of  burying  their  patriot,  is  a  proof  his  memory  is  dear  as 
his  fife  was  once  so  to  them.    I  am  told — and  I  wish  my  authority 


JOHN  WHITEWAY,  PEESIDENT  IN  1786. 


309 


may  not  be  tine — that  Dr.  Swift  is  to  be  carried  out  of  his  back 
door  at  one  in  the  morning  by  four  porters  into  the  church, 
attended  only  by  two  clergymen.    Will  the  circumstances  of  the 
respect  be  paid  to  them  of  giving  each  a  scarf  ?    I  know  his  desire 
was  to  be  buried  as  privately  as  possible,  but  were  the  same  persons 
to  be  executors  to  a  duke  and  a  man  who  had  left  but  five  pounds 
after  him,  would  the  words  be  construed  in  the  same  literal  sense ; 
and  I  appeal  to  yourself  whether  ever  you  knew  a  gentleman, 
whose  corpse  was  not  in  clanger  of  being  arrested  for  debt,  treated 
in  such  a  manner.    An  executed  criminal,  to  whom  the  law  does 
not  allow  Christian  burial,  could  only  be  used  thus  by  some  slight 
acquaintance.    Surely  to  hang  the  room  Dr.  Swift  lies  in  with 
black,  to  give  him  a  hearse  and  a  few  mourning  coaches,  would  be 
judged  a  funeral  sufficiently  private  for  so  great  a  man ;  and  that 
he  himself  thought  decency  requisite  at  a  funeral  may  be  known 
by  what  he  did  for  his  honest,  trusty  servant,  Alexander  McGee. 
If  this  expense  be  thought  too  much  to  be  taken  from  the  noble 
charity  he  hath  bequeathed,  I  make  the  offer  of  doing  it,  and  desire 
it  may  be  taken  out  of  my  legacy  as  the  last  respect  I  can  pay  to 
my  great  and  worthy  friend. 

"If  this  favour  be  denied  I  shall  let  whoever  mentions  this 
affair  in  my  hearing,  know  the  offer  I  have  made. 

"  I  am,  Sir, 

"  Your  most  obedient  and  most  humble  Servant, 

"Martha  Whitewat. 

"October  22,  1745, 
"At  10  in  the  morning." 

Swift  bequeathed  the  bulk  of  his  property  for  the  establishment 
of  the  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  commonly  known  as  Swift's  Asylum, 
hut  the  proper  designation  of  which  is  St.  Patrick's  Hospital.  The 
Dean  made  a  handsome  provision  for  his  cousin,  Mrs.  Whiteway, 
though  she  appears  to  have  been  in  independent  circumstances. 
He  bequeathed  £65  to  her  eldest  son,  Ffolliott,  who  was  "  bred  to 
be  an  attorney,"  and  in  reference  to  her  "  youngest  son  "  his  will 
contains  the  following  Item: — "  I  bequeath  to  Mr.  John  Whiteway, 
youngest  son  of  the  said  Martha,  who  is  to  be  brought  up  a  surgeon, 
the  sum  of  one  hundred  pounds,  in  order  to  qualify  him  for  a 


310  JOHN  WHITEWAY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1786. 

surgeon,  but  under  the  direction  of  his  mother,  which  said  sum  of 
one  hundred  pounds  is  to  be  paid  to  Mrs.  Whiteway  in  behalf  of 
her  said  son  John,  out  of  the  arrears  which  shall  be  due  to  me  from 
my  Church  livings  (except  those  of  the  Deanery  tithes,  which  are 
now  let  to  the  Rev.  Doctor  Wilson),  as  soon  as  the  said  arrears 
can  be  paid  to  my  executors.  I  also  leave  the  said  John  five 
pounds,  to  be  laid  out  in  buying  such  physical  or  chirurgical  books 
as  Doctor  Grattan  and  Mr.  Nicholls  shall  think  fit  for  him." 

If  we  assume  that  Whiteway  was  eighteen  years  old,  or  there- 
abouts, at  this  date,  his  birth  probably  occurred  in  the  year  1722. 
At  the  date  of  Swift's  death,  five  years  later,  Whiteway  was  a 
surgeon,  and  took  a  part  in  the  autopsy  of  his  great  kinsman. 
Being  an  anatomist,  the  actual  opening  of  the  body  was  entrusted 
to  him.  He  did  not,  as  Swift  anticipated,  find  all  the  vital  parts 
sound.  The  Dean  seems  to  have  anticipated  that  his  body  would 
after  death  be  subjected  to  a  close  scrutiny ;  for  in  his  "  Verses 
on  his  own  Death  "  he  writes : — ■ 

"  The  doctors,  tender  of  their  fame, 
Wisely  on  me  lay  all  the  blame. 
We  must  confess  his  case  was  nice  ; 
But  he  would  never  take  advice. 
Had  he  been  ruled,  for  aught  appears, 
He  might  have  lived  those  twenty  years  ; 
For  when  we  open'd  him  we  found 
That  all  his  vital  parts  were  sound." 

Whiteway  opened  the  skull ;  but  all  we  now  know  of  the  condition 
of  the  brain  thereby  exposed  is  that  it  contained  "  much  water." 
If  Whiteway  ever  made  such  an  observation,  his  knowledge  of 
pathology  must  have  been  slight  indeed ;  but  the  statement  has 
come  to  us,  second-hand,  through  the  Rev.  Dr.  Patrick  Delany. 
The  Rev.  Dr.  Lyon  states  that  the  "  sinus  of  his  brain  was  loaded 
with  water."  That  there  was  effusion  of  serum  appears  to  be 
certain.  The  fact  is,  the  notes  of  the  post-mortem  examination 
have  not  come  down  to  us  in  an  authentic  form. 

The  Surgeon-General,  Nicholls,  had  many  apprentices,  and,  as  he 
appears  to  have  directed  Whiteway's  studies,  it  is  probable  that  he 
was  the  latter's  master.    St.  Patrick's  Hospital  was  opened  in 


ROBERT  BOWES,  PRESIDENT  IN  1787.  311 

1757.  On  the  7th  November  of  that  year  Whiteway  was  appointed 
Surgeon  to  the  Institution.  For  many  years  there  was  no  physician 
in  connection  with  the  Hospital,  but  it  had  the  services  of  an 
apothecary.  Shortly  before  his  appointment  to  St.  Patrick's 
Hospital  Whiteway  had  secured  the  position  of  Assistant-Surgeon 
to  Dr.  Steevens'  Hospital,  which  is  separated  only  by  a  wall  from 
the  former  Institution.  He  soon  afterwards  was  appointed  Surgeon 
to  the  Hospital  for  Venereal  Diseases,  in  North  King-street,  and 
to  the  King's  Hospital,  or  Blue-coat  School.  He  became  Visiting 
Physician  to  Steevens'  Hospital  in  1762.  Whiteway  at  first 
resided  in  Abbey-street,  but  during  the  latter  and  greater  part  of 
his  professional  career  his  residence  was  in  Upper  Stafford-street, 
and  he  died  there  on  the  25th  May,  1797,  and  was  buried  in 
St.  Mary's  churchyard.  His  practice  was  large,  and  he  was  con- 
sidered a  skilful  surgeon,  and  usually  employed  the  flap  operation 
in  amputations.    Grilborne  says  of  him  : — 

"  Whiteway  does  many  hospitals  attend — 
Orphans  a  father,  the  distressed  a  friend, 
Soon  find  in  him — heals  all  chirurgic  ills, 
And  with  well-gotten  coin  his  coffer  fills." 

ROBERT  BOWES,  PRESIDENT  IN  1787. 

P.  Bowes  was  a  member  of  an  aristocratic  family,  well  known 
in  Ireland  in  the  last  century,  but  who  have  now  disappeared 
from  it.  He  commenced  to  practise  in  Oapel-street,  Dublin,  in 
1761.  About  1770  he  migrated  to  No.  49  Jervis-street,  which  at 
the  time  was  a  fashionable  medical  quarter.  For  many  years  he 
was  Surgeon  to  the  Charitable  Infirmary,  Inns-quay.  He  was  also 
Surgeon  to  Simpson's  Hospital.  Bowes  was  an  original  member  of 
the  Dublin  Society  of  Surgeons,  and  he  took  an  active  part  in 
procuring  a  charter  for  the  surgeons.    Gilborne  says  of  him  : — 

"  The  Fistula  is  cured  by  Robert  Bowes, 
Unbounded  Skill  his  cautious  treatment  shows  ; 
Of  surgery  the  progress  he  can  trace 
Of  Psean,  source  of  the  YEsculapian  Race, 
Down  to  Great  Hawkins,  whom  Britannia's  King 
Is  proved  to  shelter  with  propitious  wing. " 


312  PHILIP  WOODROFFE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1788. 

We  may  infer  from  these  lines  that  Bowes  lectured  on  surgery, 
no  doubt  in  the  hospital  on  Inns-quay.  He  died  in  Henry-street 
on  the  2nd  April,  1803,  and  was  interred  in  St.  Mary's  churchyard. 
Bowes  died  a  widower  and  childless.  He  bequeathed  a  consider- 
able fortune  to  his  relatives  and  friends,  and  made  a  bequest  of 
£360  to  the  rector  and  churchwardens  of  St.  Mary's  parish  for 
apprentice  fees  for  the  children  of  the  parochial  school  (boys  and 
girls).  To  his  kinsman,  Lieut.-Col.  Bowes,  he  left  his  own  and 
his  wife's  portraits,  and  "  Lord  Bowes'  "  portrait.  I  have  not  been 
able  to  find  such  a  title  in  the  Peerage,  nor  in  Sir  Bernard  Burke's 
"  Extinct  Peerages,"  but  in  1815  Lord  Strathmore  was  created 
Baron  Bowes,  of  the  United  Kingdom.  In  the  last  century  there 
was  an  Irish  Lord  Chancellor  Bowes. 

PHILIP  WOODROFFE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1788. 

I  have  failed  to  learn  anything  relative  to  P.  Woodroffe's 
parentage  or  early  history.  He  was  appointed  Assistant-Surgeon 
to  Steevens'  Hospital  in  1763,  and  became  Resident  Surgeon  in 
1765,  an  office  which  he  retained  until  his  death.  On  the  27th 
November,  1780,  he  was  appointed  Surgeon  to  the  House  of 
Industry  Hospitals.  He  had  a  residence,  in  1769,  in  Crow-street; 
in  1774  he  removed  to  Fownes' -street,  and  in  1784  he  was  located 
in  St.  Andrew-street.  He  was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the 
Surgeons'  Society,  and  was  one  of  the  persons  to  whom  the  first 
Charter  was  granted.  In  1786  he  succeeded  W.  Dease  as  Treasurer 
to  the  College,  and  retained  the  office  for  eight  years.  Woodroffe 
held  several  appointments,  such  as  Surgeon  to  the  Blue  Coat 
School,  the  Foundling's  Hospital,  and  the  Hospital  for  Incurables, 
Lazar's-hill.  Many  eminent  surgeons,  notably  Abraham  Colles, 
were  apprentices  of  Woodroffe.  He  died  on  4th  June,  1799,  in 
St.  Andrew-street,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Andrew's  churchyard. 

Gilborne  thus  poetically  discoursed  of  Woodroffe : — 

"  Woodroffe  redresses  all  cliirurgic  WoeB, 
Amputated  stumps  he  covers  with  Lambeaux, 
To  make  the  maim'd  live  out  their  Time  with  ease  : 
A  Practice  quite  unknown  in  ancient  days." 


WILLIAM  DBASE,  PRESIDENT. 


313 


WILLIAM  DEASE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1789. 

William  Dease's  ancestors  possessed  considerable  landed  property 
which,  owing  to  their  adherence  to  the  fortunes,  or  rather  misfor- 
tunes, of  the  Stuarts,  they  lost.  His  father  married  Anne  Johnson, 
and  lived  in  retirement  on  a  farm  at  Lisney,  in  the  County  of 
Cavan,  where  Dease  was  born,  about  1752.  He  received  his 
professional  education  in  Dublin  and  Paris,  and  settled  in  the 
former  city,  where  he  soon  attained  to  a  good  practice.  At  first 
he  was  mainly  devoted  to  the  obstetric  art,  but  subsequently  con- 
fined himself  chiefly  to  surgery.  He  resided  for  many  years  on 
Usher' s-quay ;  at  an  earlier  date  in  Meath-street.  He  was  Surgeon 
to  the  United  Hospitals  of  St.  Nicholas  and  St.  Catherine.  Dease 
was  an  original  member  of  the  Dublin  Society  of  Surgeons.  He 
contributed  liberally  towards  the  expenses  incurred  in  procuring  the 
College  Charter.  He  was  the  most  energetic  of  the  Founders  of  the 
College,  and  was  one  of  the  first  to  lecture  in  it.  His  success  as  a 
teacher  was  so  great  that  young  men  were  attracted  to  him,  and 
enrolled  themselves  as  his  apprentices  or  pupils  in  great  numbers. 

As  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  College,  Dease  became  ex  officio 
Surgeon  to  the  Lock  Hospital.  In  1793  he  was  elected  Surgeon 
to  the  Meath  Hospital.  About  this  time  his  professional  income 
was  considerable,  and  warranted  him  in  taking  a  house  in  Sackville- 
street,  which  at  that  time  was,  perhaps,  the  most  fashionable  street 
in  Dublin.  In  1788  no  fewer  than  twelve  noblemen  and  fourteen 
members  of  Parliament  resided  in  this  street,  which  at  that  time 
extended  only  from  Henry-street  to  Great  Britain-street.  Surgeon- 
Gen.  Richardson,  John  Purcell,  and  Anthony  O'Donnell,  physicians, 
resided  in  Sackville-street  towards  the  close  of  the  last  century. 

Dease  married  Eliza,  daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Dowdall,  of  Port- 
lumney,  in  the  County  of  Meath.  Of  his  sad  and  untimely 
death,  in  June,  1798,  several  accounts  are  extant.  One  version 
is  as  follows : — Having  mistaken  an  aneurysm  for  an  abscess  he 
opened  it,  whereupon  a  torrent  of  arterial  blood  gushed  forth, 
and  the  patient  speedily  expired.  Horrified  at  the  occurrence, 
Dease  retired  to  his  study,  and  committed  suicide  by  opening  his 


314  WILLIAM  DEASE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1789. 

femoral  artery.  The  most  skilful  surgeons  are  liable  to  make 
mistakes.  One  of  the  greatest  surgeons,  Abraham  Colles,  once 
accidently  caused  the  death  of  a  patient  in  Steevens'  Hospital  by 
passing  a  bougie  into  the  peritoneum.  He  said,  turning  to  his 
class,  "  Gentlemen,  it  is  no  use  mincing  matters,  I  caused  the 
patient's  death."  Few  men  have  the  candour  and  courage  to  make 
such  an  avowal.  Another  account  of  Dease's  death  is  that  it  was 
caused  by  a  sharp  instrument  accidently  falling  upon  his  thigh 
and  dividing  the  femoral  artery.  Dr.  Madden,  in  his  "Lives  of 
the  United  Irishmen,"  asserts  that  Dease  being,  like  his  colleague 
Lawless,  involved  in  correspondence  with  the  United  Irishmen,  a 
warrant  was  being  issued  for  his  arrest,  on  learning  which  he  com- 
mitted suicide  to  avoid  the  disgrace  of  imprisonment  and,  perhaps, 
execution.  It  is  strange  that  if  Dease  really  terminated  his  own 
existence  no  coroner's  inquest  was  held  upon  his  remains.  The 
Hibernian  Magazine  for  June,  1798,  refers  to  his  death  in  the 
following  terms  : — "  At  his  house,  in  Sackville-street,  Surgeon 
Dease,  justly  and  generally  regretted,  as  well  on  account  of  his 
great  professional  skill  as  for  his  many  private  virtues."  The 
same  journal  states  that  he  was  two  days  ill  from  a  bilious  attack, 
an  affection  to  which  he  was  liable  for  some  years,  and  that  in  the 
act  of  vomiting  he  burst  a  blood-vessel,  and  immediately  expired. 
It  is  probable  that  Dease's  death  was  in  some  way  accidental. 
There  is  no  evidence  to  show  that  he  was  a  "  United  Irishman." 
His  relations  were  distinguished  for  their  attachment  to  Royalty. 
His  uncle,  who  was  in  the  service  of  the  Czar,  Peter  III.,  and  had 
been  ennobled  by  that  Sovereign,  lost  his  life  in  attempting  to  save 
his  Imperial  Master  from  the  conspirators,  who  ultimately  succeeded 
in  deposing  and  murdering  him.  When  Orloff  and  Panim  made 
overtures  to  Dease,  he  replied,  "I  cannot  discuss  with  you  the 
character  of  the  Czar ;  I  have  eaten  his  salt,  I  wear  his  livery,  I 
will  die  in  his  defence."  William  Dease's  elder  brother  and  his 
mother's  brother,  Sir  William  Johnson,  fought  on  the  side  of 
England  during  the  American  Revolution.  Finally,  the  belief  of 
his  descendants  is  opposed  to  Dr.  Madden's  statement  that  Dease 
was  a  United  Irishman. 


KALPH  SMITH  OBR^,  PRESIDENT  IN  1790.  315 

In  1812  the  College  of  Surgeons  entrusted  to  Mr.  Edward 
Smyth  the  execution  of  a  marble  bust  of  Dease ;  it  now  occupies 
a  place  in  the  inner  hall.  A  marble  statue  to  his  memory  will  soon 
be  erected  in  the  principal  hall.    (See  page  264.) 

A  list  of  Dease's  writings  has  been  given  in  Chapter  II.,  page 
40.  His  treatise  on  midwifery  was  in  great  repute  towards  the  end 
of  the  last  century.  His  most  esteemed  work  was  the  "  Treatise 
on  Surgical  Injuries  to  the  Head."  In  it  he  pointed  out  that 
inflammation  of  the  brain  occasionally  does  not  supervene  until 
three  or  four  weeks  after  the  occurrence  of  the  accident ;  and  that 
even  after  the  expiration  of  that  time  the  patient  is  not  safe.  Sir 
Astley  Cooper,  in  his  surgical  lectures,  acknowledges  the  truth  of 
Dease's  observation. 

RALPH  SMITH  OBRE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1790. 

R.  S.  Obre  was  the  second  son  of  Edward  Obre,  of  Clantilow, 
Loughgall,  County  of  Armagh,  who  married  Frances  Smith,  of 
Lisbum.  It  is  not  certain  whether  he  was  born  at  Clantilow  or 
Lisburn,  nor  have  I  been  able  to  ascertain  the  date  of  his  birth. 
The  earlier  ancestors  of  Obre"  were  named  Aubrey,  which  in  some 
way  became  corrupted  into  the  pseudo-Celtic  form  of  O'Bre,  or,  as 
it  has  in  later  times  been  written,  Obre.  In  1612  William  Stan- 
hoise  obtained  a  grant  of  the  lands  of  Clantilow,  in  the  County 
of  Armagh.  His  only  daughter  married  Francis  Obre,  and  their 
descendants  became  the  owners  of  Clantilow,  where  they  are  at 
present  represented  by  Mr.  Ralph  S.  Obre. 

Obr6-  served  an  apprenticeship  to  Croker-King,  to  whom  his 
sister  was  married.  He  served  for  some  time  as  an  army  surgeon 
on  the  Irish  establishment,  and  then  settled  down  to  practise  in 
Dublin,  where  he  amassed  a  large  fortune  He  never  married,  and 
bequeathed  his  property  to  his  relatives,  Henry  Connor,  one  of 
the  "  Six  Clerks,"  receiving  the  largest  share. 

Obre"  was  appointed  in  1779  Assistant-Surgeon  to  Steevens' 
Hospital.  He  succeeded  Woodroffe  as  Treasurer  to  the  College, 
and  discharged  the  duties  of  that  office  for  a  period  of  27  years. 
He  resigned  on  the  11th  July,  1820,  on  the  ground  of  ill-health. 


316  FKANOIS  M'EVOY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1791. 

He  was  the  last  of  the  College  treasurers,  the  duties  of  that  office 
having,  since  his  time,  been  discharged  by  a  financial  committee. 
For  several  years  he  was  Secretary  to  the  Infirmaries'  Board. 

Obre  died  early  in  August,  1820,  in  his  house  in  Granby-row, 
Rutland-square.  He  had  been  requested  to  sit  for  his  bust,  which 
the  College  desired  to  place  in  the  hall,  but  his  illness  and  death 
prevented  the  realisation  of  this  proposal.  He  was  of  very  small 
stature. 

Obre  invented  a  double  tracheotomy  tube,  which  appeared  to 
have  been  much  used  at  one  time. 

FRANCIS  M'EVOY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1791,  1804,  AND  1807. 

Francis  M'Evoy  was  born  at  Dring,  in  the  County  of  Longford, 
on  the  17th  July,  1751.  His  father,  Edward  M'Evoy,  was  a 
gentleman  farmer,  whose  ancestors  had  lost  their  property  in  the 
times  when  Roman  Catholics  found  it  difficult  to  maintain  their 
position  as  landed  proprietors.  It  is  believed  that  their  property 
was  given  in  trust  to  Lord  Sunderland,  but  it  never  again  came 
into  the  possession  of  the  M'Evoys.  Edward  M'Evoy  married 
Anne  Darcy,  of  Corbetstown. 

M'Evoy  received  his  primary  education  at  a  small  school  near 
Corbetstown,  and  his  professional  training  partly  in  Dublin,  but 
chiefly  at  Edinburgh  University — at  that  time  the  best  British 
School  of  Medicine.  He  settled  in  Dublin,  and  in  the  year  1775 
was  appointed  Surgeon  to  the  Charitable  Infirmary,  Inns-quay. 
Owing  solely  to  his  abilities,  he  soon  acquired  a  very  large  practice, 
and  realised  a  large  fortune,  with  which  he  purchased  landed  pro- 
perty in  the  Counties  of  Longford  and  Westmeath.  He  married 
Anne  Fetherston-Haugh,  of  Bracklyn  Castle,  Co.  Westmeath. 

The  principal  appointments  held  by  M'Evoy  were  the  surgeoncies 
of  the  Charitable  Infirmary  and  the  Lock  Hospital.  He  was 
mainly  instrumental  in  having  the  former  removed  from  Inns- 
quay  to  Jervis-street.  A  marble  bust  of  M'Evoy  was  placed  in 
that  institution  as  a  memorial  of  his  services  to  it. 

M'Evoy  lived  for  many  years  at  No.  9  North  Earl-street,  and 
subsequently  in  Abbey-street,  where  he  died  on  the  8th  April, 


GEORGE  STEWART,  PRESIDENT  IN  1792. 


317 


1 804.  His  grief  at  the  untimely  death  of  his  only  son  Edward — 
a  student  in  Trinity  College — is  believed  to  have  hastened  his  end. 
He,  his  wife,  and  his  son,  are  interred  in  the  old  churchyard  at 
Killough,  County  Westmeath. 

M'Evoy  was  very  liberal  to  his  patients  when  they  came  from 
Longford,  and  he  made  it  a  point  never  to  accept  a  fee  from  a 
clergyman  of  any  denomination.  According  to  the  author  of  the 
"  Metropolis"  he  was  a  choleric  man.  As  to  his  great  prof essional 
skill,  even  his  rivals  never  questioned  it. 

His  florid  face  and  strict  discipline  led  a  pupil  of  the  Lock 
Hospital  to  play  a  practical  joke  upon  him.  Being  a  clever  artist 
he  executed  a  highly-coloured  picture  of  M'Evoy  in  his  own 
prescription-book,  of  which  he  managed  to  gain  possession.  When 
M'Evoy  opened  this  book  in  the  presence  of  the  class,  he  saw  in  it 
his  portrait,  with  the  words  Fieri  Facias  in  large  letters  written 
beneath  it. 

Mr.  Edward  M'Evoy,  who  some  years  ago  represented  the 
County  of  Meath  in  Parliament,  is  a  nephew  of  Surgeon  Francis 
M'Evoy. 

GEORGE  STEWART,  PRESIDENT  IN  1792. 

G.  Stewart  was  sixth  in  descent  from  the  second  Lord  Ochiltree, 
who  belonged  to  one  of  the  many  branches  of  the  royal  family 
of  Stewart,  or  Stuart.*  His  father,  Alexander,  resided  at  Drum- 
asple,  in  the  County  of  Tyrone,  of  which  county  he  was  High 
Sheriff  in  1752.  His  mother  was  Jane,  daughter  of  Benjamin 
Wallace,  of  Ramelton,  County  of  Donegal;  she  was  Alexander 
Stewart's  second  wife.  G.  Stewart  was  born  in  his  father's  house 
in  1752.  I  have  not  ascertained  under  whom  he  studied  surgery. 
He  began  to  practise  in  11  Fownes'-street,  Dublin,  in  1773,  and 
in  the  same  year  he  was  elected  a  surgeon  to  the  Charitable 
Infirmary,  Inns-quay,  which  subsequently  was  removed  to  Jervis- 
street.    Soon  after  Stewart  removed  to  South  George' s-street, 

*  The  French,  not  having  the  letter  w  in  their  proper  alphabet,  spelt  Queen  Mary- 
Stewart's  name  "  Stuart."  The  change  in  the  spelling  of  the  name  was  imitated,  but 
not  generally,  in  Scotland. 


318  GEORGE  KENNY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1793. 

and  at  the  date  of  the  foundation  of  the  College  he  resided  in 
No.  32  Mary-street.  He  again  changed  his  residence  to  No.  74 
Stephen-street,  and  the  latter  portion  of  his  life  was  spent  in  a 
fine  mansion  in  Upper  Merrion-street. 

Stewart  being  well  connected,  having  agreeable  manners  and 
much  surgical  skill,  soon  acquired  an  extensive  practice  amongst 
the  upper  classes.  In  1785  he  was  appointed  State  Surgeon,  and 
on  Richardson's  death,  in  1787,  he  succeeded  that  surgeon  in  the 
important  position  of  Surgeon-General  to  the  Forces. 

Stewart  was  twice  married ;  firstly  to  Frances  Anne,  daughter 
of  William  Stewart,  of  Killymoon,  County  of  Tyrone,  who  for 
some  time  represented  that  county  in  the  Irish  Parliament  ; 
secondly  to  Elizabeth  Mitchell,  a  Dublin  lady.  He  died  in  his 
house,  19  Upper  Merrion-street,  on  the  8th  June,  1813. 

Stewart  was  remarkable  for  his  humanity  and  kindly  disposition. 
Referring  to  his  surgical  attention  to  Lord  Edward  Fitzgerald, 
Dr.  Madden  says  that  he  was  possessed  of  "  great  skill  and  goodness 
of  heart."  On  the  21st  June,  1813,  the  College  of  Surgeons,  on 
the  motion  of  A.  Colles,  resolved  to  help  to  perpetuate  his  memory 
by  placing  a  marble  bust  of  him  in  their  principal  hall. 

GEORGE  RENNY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1793. 

G.  Renny  was  born  at  Falkirk,  Scotland,  on  the  18th  August. 
1  757.  His  father,  a  Writer  to  the  Signet,  was  the  Procurator- 
Fiscal,  and  subsequently  Baillie,  of  that  town.  In  the  rebellion  of 
]  745  he  was  zealous  in  the  Hanoverian  cause,  and  supplied  the 
army  of  General  Cope  with  provisions  and  other  necessaries.  He 
died  in  1774.  G.  Renny's  mother  was  a  Miss  Jean  Glasgow,  of 
Ayrshire.  In  1790  he  married  his  cousin,  Isabella  Renny,  of 
Newport-Pagnell,  Buckinghamshire. 

Renny's  medical  education  and  degree  were  received  in  Edinburgh 
University;  he  entered  the  army  as  surgeon's  mate  in  the  67th 
Regiment  in  1775.  In  January,  1780,  he  was  promoted  to  be 
surgeon  in  the  77th  Regiment,  which  mutinied  and  was  disbanded 
in  1783  in  consequence  of  the  Government  deciding  to  send  it  to 
India,  contrary  to  the  express  conditions  under  which  the  regiment 


GEORGE  RENNY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1793.  319 

was  recruited.  Immediately  after  this  event  Renny  settled  in 
Dublin  on  half -pay. 

On  the  23rd  November,  1783,  he  was  appointed  Assistant- 
Surgeon  to  the  Royal  Hospital,  Kilmainham.  On  the  18th  May 
his  slender  salary  of  £30  per  annum  was  increased  to  £60,  and  at 
the  same  time  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  surgeon.  On  the 
23rd  December,  1818,  he  succeeded  Dr.  Charles  Quin  as  physician 
to  the  hospital  (retaining  his  post  as  surgeon),  with  a  salary  of  £80. 

In  1795  the  Irish  Army  Board  was  established,  and  Renny 
became  a  member  of  it  on  the  1st  June,  retaining  office  until  the 
loth  of  February,  1847,  when  he  retired  from  it,  receiving  a 
pension  of  £420,  which  he  enjoyed  for  only  a  few  months. 

It  was  at  Renny's  suggestion  that  a  Board  was  formed  at  Dublin 
Castle  early  in  the  century  to  investigate  the  causes  of  the 
epidemics  which  devastated  the  country  at  that  time.  When  Sir 
Robert  Peel  founded  the  Lunatics'  Asylum  Board,  one  of  the 
first  persons  whom  he  asked  to  serve  upon  it  was  the  veteran 
surgeon  and  sanitarian  at  the  Royal  Hospital. 

Towards  the  close  of  1797  Renny  was  appointed  a  Governor 
of  the  Foundlings'  Hospital,  and  soon  rendered  to  its  unfortunate 
inmates  a  service,  the  importance  of  which  it  would  be  difficult  to 
over-estimate.  It  would  appear  that  the  children  suffered  terribly 
from  venereal  disease,  which  Renny  attributed  to  gross  neglect  on 
the  part  of  the  officials.  During  the  seven  years  previous  to  1797 
no  fewer  than  600  children  supposed  to  be  affected  with  venereal 
disease  were  admitted,  and  all,  save  a  solitary  case,  perished. 
When  the  children  were  brought  to  the  institution  Renny  had  them 
examined  medically  in  an  apartment  at  the  hospital  gate,  and  the 
diseased  and  sound  children  separated.  The  former  were  placed  in 
an  isolated  ward,  and  subjected  to  skilful  medical  treatment.  The 
result  of  this  system  was  soon  apparent,  as  in  six  months  the  pro- 
portion of  children  affected  with  venereal  disease  (including  doubtful 
cases)  was  only  12*5  per  cent.,  and  during  subsequent  years  the  cases 
were  only  1  in  every  80  children.  In  consequence  of  these  facts 
the  hospital  staff  were  dismissed,  and  the  board  reorganised. 

As  a  Governor  of  Cork-street  Fever  Hospital  Renny  was  able 


320  GEOEGE  RENNY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1793. 

to  render  good  service  to  that  institution,  especially  in  its  financia 
departments.  Whilst  proceeding  from  the  Royal  Hospital  to 
Cork-street  the  want  of  water  by  the  poor  in  the  districts  which 
he  traversed  attracted  his  attention.  In  conjunction  with  a  few 
other  benevolent  men  he  succeeded  in  having  40  street  fountains 
erected,  and  supplied  with  water  from  the  Grand  Canal.  He  was 
the  principal  member  of  a  commission,  appointed  in  1829,  to  inquire 
into  the  condition  of  the  House  of  Industry  and  its  hospitals.  The 
commission  recommended  improvements  in  the  construction  of  the 
hospitals,  which  were  carried  out,  but  they  were  not  so  extensive 
or  important  as  Renny  desired  they  should  be. 

Kenny's  business  capacity  was  so  highly  appreciated  by  the 
Government  that  he  was  nominated  by  Lord  Hardwicke  as  one  of 
a  commission  of  seven  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  workings  of  the 
Dublin  Paving  Board,  at  that  time  under  the  chairmanship  of  Lord 
Blaquiere.  The  results  of  the  inquiry  were  not  creditable  to  the 
Board,  and  led  to  its  dissolution.  Another  was  formed  on  different 
lines,  and  lasted  until  it  was  amalgamated  with  the  Reformed 
Corporation  of  Dublin. 

Dr.  John  M'Donnell  has  furnished  me  with  the  following 
anecdote  of  Renny : — "  About  fifty  years  ago  I  dined  in  company 
with  him  at  the  Under  Secretary's  Lodge  in  the  Park,  when 
Thomas  Drummond  (one  of  the  best  friends  Ireland  ever  had) 
held  that  office.  I  sat  at  dinner  next  Dr.  Renny,  and  found  him 
very  agreeable  and  full  of  anecdote.  He  turned  the  conversation 
on  Lord  Castlereagh,  and  said — '  He  was  the  best  man  of  business 
I  ever  came  across.'  To  which  I  replied,  '  Well,  sir,  that  is  a 
curious  observation  of  yours,  for  I  can  assure  you  that  Lord 
Castlereagh,  in  conversation  with  my  father,  used  those  identical 
words  in  speaking  of  you.'  " 

Renny  rendered  valuable  services  to  the  College,  as  it  was  mainly 
through  his  influence  that  the  Government  were  persuaded  to  give 
liberal  grants  towards  the  expense  of  erecting  the  new  buildings 
in  St.  Stephen's-green.  A  full  length  portrait  of  the  Director- 
General,  painted  in  18  L0,  is  placed  at  the  southern  end  of  the 
College  Board-room,  and  is  said  to  be  an  excellent  likeness  of  the 


GEORGE  RENNY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1793.  321 

original.  It  is  a  fitting  memorial  of  one  of  the  most  useful  of  the 
many  members  who  have  shown  a  deep  interest  in  the  welfare 
of  the  College. 

Kenny  was  highly  esteemed  by  the  many  Commanders  of  the 
Forces  under  whom  he  served.  He  was  an  intimate  friend  of  the 
late  Duke  of  Leinster,  and  paid  his  Grace  a  visit  at  Christmas 
for  many  years  regularly.  I  believe  the  visits  were  discontinued 
by  Renny  falling  out  of  his  bed  one  morning  and  fracturing  his  leg 
severely — an  accident  which  kept  him  from  wandering  for  the  rest 
of  his  life.  He  was,  especially  in  his  declining  years,  very  eccentric- 
He  consumed  immense  quantities  of  snuff,  and  had  a  partiality 
for  large  turf  fires.  He  dined  early ;  and  afterwards  invariably, 
"  weather  permitting,"  took  a  walk  from  his  house  to  the  gate  of 
the  Royal  Hospital  and  back — this  performance  he  repeated  twice 
or  thrice,  but  was  never  known  to  take  a  fourth  turn.  A  kind  of 
curfew  bell  tolls  at  the  hospital  from  7  45  to  8  o'clock ;  so  soon 
as  the  last  peal  was  given  Renny  went  to  bed.  He  rose  early, 
and  was  always  at  his  office,  No.  5  Dame-street,  at  10  15  a.m. 
He  was,  in  his  early  days,  very  fond  of  fishing  in  the  River 
Liffey.  The  author  of  the  Metropolis,  referring  to  this  piscatorial 
inclination,  says : — 

"  But  oh  !  ye  mates  and  'prentices  attend, 
If  ye  would  prosper,  hearken  to  a  friend  ; 
Should  love  of  trouts  allure  our  Chief  Commander, 
Like  Rossmore,  down  the  Liffey's  banks  to  wander, 

Like  R  ,  take  your  rod,  and  watch  his  motions, 

Great  men  are  pleas'd  with  little  men's  devotions  ; 

A  well-ty'd  fly  attaches  you  his  dangler, 

He  hooks  the  fish,  but  you  ensnare  the  angler ; 

Places  and  profits  tumble  in  your  net, 

You  but  invent  new  places,  and  you  get ; 

And  while  your  ash  becomes  an  iron  rod, 

And  iEsculapians  tremble  at  your  nod, 

You  sport,  'midst  silken  fops  to  leved  flocking, 

Your  thickset  jiurry-bags  and  sky-blue  stockings." 

Renny  was  a  tall,  broad-shouldered  man ;  he  always  wore  a  blue, 
long-tailed  coat  furnished  with  brass  buttons,  and  usually  kept  his 
hands  clasped  behind  his  back  whilst  walking. 

Another  George  Renny,  a  fellow-student  with  our  Renny,  also 

Y 


322     S.  RICHARDS,  PRESIDENT  IN  1794,  1803,  1808,  AND  1818. 

became  an  army  surgeon.  His  work  "  On  Syphilis  "  has  been,  in 
error,  attributed  to  the  Royal  Hospital  Renny. 

G.  Renny  died  on  the  11th  November,  1848,  and  was  interred 
in  the  cemetery  of  the  Royal  Hospital.  A  tablet  in  memory  of 
him  was  placed  in  Christ  Church  Cathedral  soon  after  his  death. 
The  College  paid  for  the  tablet,  and  the  Dean  and  Chapter 
remitted  the  fees  usually  charged  for  placing  memorials  in  the 
Cathedral.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  since  the  restoration  of  the 
Cathedral  this  tablet  and  other  interesting  monuments  have  been 
hidden  away  in  the  crypt. 

SOLOMON  RICHARDS,  PRESIDENT  IN  1794,  1803,  1808,  AND  1818. 

A  Colonel  Richards  came  to  Ireland,  from  Westminster,  as 
"Commissioner"  under  Cromwell,  and  settled  in  the  County  of 
Wexford,  where  he  acquired  an  estate.  One  of  his  descendants 
was  John  Richards,  of  Solsborough,  in  the  same  county,  whose 
son,  Goddard,  married  Anne,  daughter  of  the  Ven.  Nicholas 
Hewelson,  Archdeacon  of  Leighlin.  Their  son,  Solomon,  was 
born  in  York-street,  Dublin,  about  1760.  Having  received  an 
excellent  classical  education  he  was  apprenticed  to  James  Boy  ton, 
of  St.  Andrew-street,  an  Assistant-Surgeon  to  Steevens'  Hospital. 
His  apprenticeship  having  terminated  in  April,  1781,  he  proceeded 
to  London,  Edinburgh,  and  Paris,  and  studied  his  profession  in 
those  cities  under  the  most  eminent  teachers  of  the  day.  He  had 
been  proposed  by  Boyton  as  an  original  member  of  the  College  of 
Surgeons  before  the  Charter  was  obtained,  but  his  absence  from 
Dublin  led  to  his  being  overlooked.  On  his  return  he  was  examined, 
and  received  the  Letters  Testimonial  on  the  17th  February,  1785, 
his  fees  being  remitted.  On  the  16th  May,  1785,  he  was  elected 
a  member,  and  subsequently  was  four  times  selected  as  President, 
Crampton  being  the  only  other  President  who  served  four  years  in 
the  Presidential  Chair. 

Richards  commenced  his  practice  in  South  Great  George's-street, 
but  soon  changed  his  residence  to  York-street,  where  he  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  life.    In  1790  he  succeeded  Arthur  Winton  as 


RICHARDS,  PRESIDENT  IN  1794,  1803,  1808,  AND  1818.  323 


Surgeon  to  the  Meath  Hospital,  and  retained  that  office  until  his 
death.  His  practice  was  large  and  lucrative,  and  he  amassed  so 
much  money  that  he  was  enabled  to  purchase  considerable  landed 
properties  in  the  Counties  of  Dublin  and  Wicklow.  In  1812  he 
won  a  lottery  prize  of  £10,000. 

Richards  was  very  charitable,  and  his  professional  services  were 
freely  at  the  disposal  of  the  poor.  His  manners  were  agreeable, 
and  he  was  celebrated  for  his  puns  and  bon  mots.  As  a  clinical 
lecturer  he  was  much  praised  for  the  lucidity  of  his  style  and  the 
elegance  of  his  diction.  As  to  his  person,  it  was  said  of  him  that 
he  was  the  fattest  surgeon  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

Richards  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Edward 
Groome.  On  the  morning  of  the  6th  November,  1819,  she  found 
him  dead  beside  her ;  she  survived  him  twenty-five  years. 

Richards,  like  Crampton,  acquired  fame  by  performing  trache- 
otomy in  public.  The  author  of  the  Metropolis  refers  to  this 
performance  as  follows  : — 

"  Of  old,  more  active,  when  by  merit  push'd 
Beyond  his  rivals,  to  the  goal  he  rush'd. 
But  not  less  worthy  of  the  sweepstakes  won 
He  holds  the  distance,  as  he  first  begun. 
To  Fortune's  smiles,  that  glisten  on  so  few, 
Oft  times  as  much  as  to  desert  is  due  ; 
If  Lords  and  Commons,  when  a  shank  of  mutton 
Stuck  in  the  throttle  of  some  greedy  glutton, 
Ne'er  Baw  thy  dexterous  knife  the  windpipe  slit, 
And  his  tight  gullet  render  back  the  bit  ;* 
How  long,  midst  garret-patients  had  you  struggled 
E'er  your  lost  skill  to  drawing-rooms  was  smuggled." 

GUSTAVUS  HUME,  PRESIDENT  FROM  JANUARY  TO  MAY,  1795. 

The  Humes  are  of  Scotch  origin,  but  some  of  them  have  been 
settled  in  Ireland  since  the  seventeenth  century.  The  Humes 
of  Dublin,  Wicklow,  and  Cavan  are  descended  from  a  common 
ancestor.    Gustavus  Hume  was  born  in  1732.    His  father,  Robert, 

"  *  This  performance  was  enacted  in  the  Parliament  House  before  all  the  great  men 
of  the  nation,  and  perhaps  gave  them  the  first  hint  of  the  operation  which  they  shortly 
afterwards  performed  on  the  venerable  old  Mother  of  ub  all,  as  an  expedient  to  save 
her  life  by  cutting  her  throat." 


324      GUSTAVUS  HUME,  PRESIDENT  FROM  JAN.  TO  MAY,  1795. 

son  of  Thomas  Hume,  of  Humewood,  Co.  of  Wicklow,  was  a  direct 
ancestor  of  Mr.  William  Wentworth  Fitzwilliam  Hume-Dick,  of 
same  place.  Lieutenant-Colonel  Sir  Gustavus  Hume,  Lieutenant 
of  the  Queen's  Body  Guard  of  the  Honourable  Corps  of  Gen- 
tlemen-at-Arms,  is  the  great  grandson  of  Surgeon  Gustavus 
Hume.  I  have  not  discovered  to  whom  Hume  was  apprenticed. 
He  was  elected  Surgeon  to  Mercer's  Hospital  in  1758,  and  in  that 
year  resided  in  Longford-street.  He  appears  to  have  had  a  good 
practice,  and  to  have  given  special  attention  to  the  diseases  of 
children.  Being  fond  of  prescribing  oatmeal  porridge  to  his 
patients,  and  recommending  it  generally  as  a  good  food,  he  received 
the  soubriquet  of  "  Stirabout  Gusty."  In  the  Metropolis  Hume's 
peculiarity  is  thus  referred  to  : — 

"  H — me,  twice  as  ancient  as  the  College  Charter, 
Scours  Death  with  Stir-a-bout  from  ev'ry  quarter." 

Hume  was  one  of  the  first  appointed  members  of  the  Board  of 
Examiners  for  Surgeons  to  County  Infirmaries.  He  declined  to 
join  the  Society  of  Surgeons,  but  was  named  as  a  Censor  in  the 
first  Charter  of  the  College  of  Surgeons.  In  1791  he  succeeded 
Neill  as  State  Surgeon. 

Hume  was  a  great  constructor  of  houses — Hume-street,  Ely 
(formerly  Hume)  -place,  and  many  houses  in  other  streets  were 
built  for  him.  The  fine  bouse,  No.  63  Dawson-street,  which  he 
built  for  his  own  use,  and  in  which  he  died,  is  now  occupied  by  one 
of  his  great  grandsons.  A  splendid  mansion  which  he  erected 
in  Merrion-square,  east,  is  now  divided  into  two  houses — both 
large — in  one  of  which  Dr.  Banks,  Physician  to  the  Queen,  dwells. 
Hume  must  have  been  a  great  builder  even  before  1775,  for  in  that 
year  Gilborne  writes : — 

"  Gustavus  Hume  in  Surgery  excels, 
Yet  Pride  of  Merit  ne'er  his  Bosom  swells  ; 
He  adds  to  Dublin  every  Year  a  Street, 
Where  Citizens  converse  and  friendly  meet." 

Hume  and  the  elder  Adrien  were  the  surgeons  who  examined 
the  body  of  the  Eev.  William  Jackson,  as  it  lay  in  the  dock  at  the 
King's  Bench,  Christ  Church,  on  May-day,  1795.    He  had  been 


CLEMENT  ARCHER,  PRESIDENT  FROM  JUNE  TO  DEC,  1795.  325 


convicted  four  days  previously  of  high  treason,  and  was  called  up 
for  sentence,  but  managed  to  procure  and  swallow  some  poison, 
which  took  fatal  effect  in  the  presence  of  the  Court. 

Hume  served  as  President  only  from  January  to  May.  He 
resigned — probably  on  account  of  the  law  proceedings  in  the  case 
of  Drury,  already  referred  to — and  his  Vice-President,  Archer,  was 
elected  in  his  stead. 

The  writings  of  Hume  consist  of  treatises  on  the  diseases  of 
children,  and  on  the  angina  pectoris,  gout,  and  cowpox.  He  died 
on  the  7th  February,  1812,  at  63  Dawson-street,  leaving  a  large 
family  of  children  and  grandchildren. 

CLEMENT  ARCHER,  PRESIDENT  FROM  JUNE  TO  DECEMBER,  1795. 

A  family  named  Archer  flourished  through  many  generations  in 
the  County  of  Wexford;  but,  owing  to  emigration,  have  now 
completely  disappeared  from  that  district.  They  claimed  descent 
from  one  Simon  De  Bois,  who  shot  so  well  at  a  match  against 
King  Henry  V.  that  the  latter  decreed  that  he  should  henceforth 
be  styled  The  Archer,  and  gave  him  a  pension.  Early  in  the  last 
century  one  of  them,  named  Henry,  married  a  Miss  Lettice 
Bunbury  on  the  17th  May,  1741.  They  had  a  son,  named  Clement, 
who  was  born  in  the  Co.  of  Wexford  on  the  21st  December,  1748. 
He  was  educated  as  a  surgeon,  and  on  the  4th  February,  1772, 
was  examined  by  the  County  Infirmaries'  Board,  and  "  passed  "  for 
the  Longford  Infirmary.  He  settled  in  Dublin  in  1774,  and  was 
an  original  member  of  the  Surgeons'  Society.  In  1785  he, 
together  with  Surgeons  Bolger,  Lindsay,  Costelloe,  Hartigan,  and 
Graydon,  and  Drs.  Brereton,  Percival,  Dickson,  Kennedy,  Bell, 
and  Boyton,  founded  the  Dublin  General  Dispensary  in  the  old 
Post  Office  yard,  Temple-bar.  Their  treasurer  was  Sir  William 
Newcomen,  Bart.,  whose  house  in  Castle-street  is  now  the  muni- 
cipal office  and  the  seat  of  the  sanitary  department  of  the  city. 

In  1797  Archer  became  Assistant-Surgeon  to  Steevens'  Hospital. 
He  succeeded  Whiteway  to  the  surgeoncy  of  the  Foundlings' 
Hospital.  He  was  perhaps  the  first  medical  man  in  Ireland  who 
practised  medical  electricity,  and  it  would  appear  had  a  good 


326  FRANCIS  l'estrange,  president  in  1796. 

knowledge  of  chemistry  and  physics.  In  1789  he  was  elected  the 
first  Professor  of  Pharmacy  in  the  College  School,  and  was 
appointed  State  Surgeon  in  1791.  For  many  years  he  resided  in 
St.  Andrew-street,  hut  the  closing  years  of  his  life  were  spent 
chiefly  in  Bath,  and  he  died  there  in  1803.  Archer's  literary 
works  have  heen  noticed  at  page  48- 

FRANCIS  L'ESTRANGE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1796. 

F.  L'Estrange  was  born  about  the  year  1756  at  Auburn 
(Boarstown),  in  the  County  of  Westmeath.  He  was  the  youngest 
of  the  four  sons  of  a  country  gentleman.  The  elder  two  died 
without  issue  ;  the  third,  a  lieutenant-colonel,  succeeded  to  the 
property,  and  Francis  was  educated  as  a  surgeon.  He  began  to 
practise  in  Chatham-street  about  1778,  and  was  in  1779  appointed 
Assistant-Surgeon  to  Mercer's  Hospital,  of  which  institution  he 
subsequently  became  surgeon.  On  the  12th  June,  1786,  he  was 
appointed  Assistant- Surgeon  to  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals, 
and  was  for  many  years  Surgeon  to  the  Marine  School. 

L'Estrange  engaged  in  surgical  and  obstetrical  practice.  He 
acted  as  accoucheur  at  the  birth  of  the  poet,  Thomas  Moore, 
which  event  took  place  in  Aungier-street  on  the  28th  May,  1779. 
He  married  a  Miss  Spiels ;  their  son,  Francis,  a  Fellow  of  the 
College,  attained  to  eminence  as  a  dentist.  He  was  made  a  Justice 
of  the  Peace  (for  Westmeath)  at  a  time  when  surgeons  rarely  held 
such  a  position.  L'Estrange  died  at  the  age  of  80,  on  the  13th  of 
August,  1836,  in  William-street,  where  he  had  resided  for  many 
years,  and  was  interred  in  St.  Ann's  churchyard. 

WILLIAM  HARTIGAN,  PRESIDENT  IN  1797. 

According  to  Hardiman,the  historian  of  Galway,  the  O'Hartigans 
are  an  ancient  Irish  family,  at  one  time  possessed  of  a  considerable 
territory  in  the  County  of  Galway.  They  belonged  to  the  Dal- 
cassian  race.  William  Hartigan's  father,  Edward,  was  a  member 
of  the  guild  of  barber-surgeons,  and  was  made  a  freeman  of  the 


WILLIAM  HARTIGAN,  PRESIDENT  IN  1797.  327 

city  in  1749.  As  he  is  said  to  have  possessed  a  Scotch  medical 
qualification  also,  it  is  probable  that  he  had  studied  at  Edinburgh. 
He  resided  for  some  years  in  Dame-street,  and  married  a  Miss 
Heron.  They  had  a  son,  William,  born  about  1756,  who  was 
educated  as  a  surgeon,  and  commenced  to  practise  in  Dublin  about 
1778.  On  the  17th  August,  1780,  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Dublin  Society  of  Surgeons,  and  on  the  incorporation  of  the 
surgeons,  he  was  at  their  first  meeting  elected  a  member.  In 
1789  he  was  appointed  a  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  College 
School,  and  held  that  position  until  1798,  when  he  succeeded  Dease 
in  the  Chair  of  Surgery.  His  connection  with  the  College  School 
ceased  in  1 799,  as  he  probably  about  this  time  assisted  the  Professor 
of  Anatomy  in  Trinity  College.  In  the  "  Dublin  University 
Calendar  "  it  is  stated  that  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Anatomy 
and  Chirurgery  in  1803,  and  in  the  "  Dublin  Directory  "  for  1804 
his  name  appears  as  Professor  of  Anatomy  to  Trinity  College.  I 
have,  however,  lecture  tickets  in  my  possession  dated  November, 
1804,  stating  that  "  the  anatomical  instruction  of  the  School  of 
Physic  will  be  given  by  James  Cleghorn,  Professor  of  Anatomy 
and  Chirurgery,  and  William  Hartigan,  Lecturer  of  Anatomy." 
In  1802  he  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  in  the  School  of 
Physic,  and  subsequently  succeeded  Cleghorn  as  Professor.  In 
1802  he  received  from  the  University  the  degree  of  M.D.  Honoris 
Causa.  The  author  of  the  Metropolis,  chary  of  his  praise,  gives 
the  following  tribute  to  Hartigan's  merit  as  a  lecturer  : — 

"  The  words  of  H — t — g — n  convey  his  meaning, 
Precise  and  obvious,  without  mist  or  straining." 

Hartigan  enjoyed  a  large  practice.  He  appears  to  have  held, 
towards  the  end  of  the  century,  some  kind  of  medical  appointment 
in  the  Lord  Lieutenant's  household,  and  was  one  of  the  surgeons 
who  examined  Lord  Edward  Fitzgerald's  wounds  in  1798.  Having 
a  good  presence  and  agreeable  manners,  he  secured  a  considerable 
amount  of  popularity  in  his  circle.  With  his  pupils  he  was  a 
favourite ;  on  two  occasions  those  at  the  College  of  Surgeons  pre- 
sented him  with  complimentary  addresses. 


328       ROBERT  M.  PEILE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1798  AND  1816. 

Hartigan  was  twice  married :  first,  to  Miss  Barton,  of  Straffan, 
County  of  Kildare  ;  secondly,  to  Anne  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  John 
Pollock,  of  Newry.  One  of  Hartigan's  daughters  became  the  wife 
of  Sir  Matthew  Barrington,  Bart.,  of  Glenstall,  Co.  Limerick. 
His  eldest  son,  Edward,  born  in  1790,  was  apprenticed  to  his 
father,  but  abandoned  surgery  and  took  Holy  Orders.  Edward's 
son  is  William  Henry  Hartigan,  Barrister,  Killiney. 

Hartigan  was  noted  for  his  fondness  for  cats.  He  frequently, 
on  his  professional  rounds  of  visits,  brought  a  pair  of  kittens  with 
him,  ensconced  in  the  deep  coat-pockets  worn  early  in  the  century. 

He  died  on  the  15th  December,  1812,  from  what  was  then 
called  "  ossification  "  of  the  heart,  and  was  interred  in  St.  Ann's 
Church.  The  house  in  which  he  so  long  resided  (3  Kildare-street) 
was  leased  to  his  pupil,  Surgeon  Cusack,  and  was  eventually  sold  for 
£3,760  to  the  Kildare-street  Club,  by  whom  it  was  pulled  down. 

ROBERT  MOORE  PEILE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1798  AND  1816. 

R.  M.  Peile  was  one  of  the  members  elected  at  the  first  meeting 
of  the  College.  He  died  on  the  4th  February,  1858,  seventy-four 
years  after  his  election,  and,  it  is  believed,  in  his  ninety-third  year. 
He  was  probably  two  or  three  years  older,  as  he  would  have  hardly 
been  elected  a  member  of  the  College  at  so  early  an  age  as  nine- 
teen, and  at  a  time,  too,  when  every  regular  surgeon  had  served 
an  apprenticeship  of  either  five  or  seven  years.  He  outlived  by 
several  years  all  the  original  members  of  the  College. 

On  the  8th  April,  1809,  Peile  graduated  M.D.  of  St.  Andrew's 
University.  On  the  8th  November,  1790,  he  was  appointed  as 
Surgeon  to  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals,  and  continued  in 
office  for  more  than  half  a  century.  He  was  Consulting  Surgeon 
to  Steevens'  Hospital.  In  1795  he  was  appointed  Surgeon  to  the 
Hospitals  for  the  Forces  serving  in  Ireland,  in  1803  he  was 
promoted  to  be  Deputy-Inspector  of  same,  and  in  1847  lie  retired 
with  the  rank  of  Inspector-General.  Between  him  and  Penny 
there  always  existed  a  strong  friendship.  His  disposition  was 
singularly  gentle,  and  he  was  never  known  to  betray  anger  or 
impatience.    This  trait  of  character  he  preserved  till  the  last. 


ROBERT  M.  PEILE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1798  AND  1816.  329 


Shortly  before  his  death  his  friend  and  former  pupil,  Dr.  Bigger, 
of  Harcourt-street,  was  trying  to  induce  him  to  swallow  some  wine- 
jelly.  Peile  said,  in  his  usual  gentle  manner :  "  Now,  my  dear 
friend,  will  you  be  good  enough  to  permit  me  to  die."  He  smiled 
upon  those  around  his  bedside,  and  shortly  afterwards  expired. 

The  author  of  the  Metropolis  *  thought  kindly  of  Peile  when  he 
penned  the  following  lines  : — 

"  Ingratiating  manners,  feeling,  mind, 
His  hand  as  steady  as  his  heart  is  kind ; 
Thro'  pathless  darkness,  dubious  and  untried, 
Like  him  the  desp'rate  gorget  who  can  guide  ? 
Or  steal,  with  delicacy's  touch,  away 
The  lens,  whose  cloud  obscures  the  visual  ray." 

Peile  married  Lucy  Darby,  a  very  handsome  lady.  His  acquaint- 
ance with  her  arose  from  an  accident.  Whilst  riding  in  the 
Phoenix  Park  she  was  thrown  from  her  horse,  and  her  nose  was 
seriously  injured;  Peile  was  called  to  her  assistance,  cured  her, 
and  married  her. 

Peile  was  a  skilful  surgeon.  He  will  always  be  remembered  as 
the  inventor  of  a  lithotome,  which  definitely  limited  and  rendered 
more  facile  the  incision.  At  one  time  "  Peile's  lithotome  and  staff  " 
were  to  be  found  in  every  surgery;  and  although  they  are  no 
longer  employed,  their  principles  are  preserved  in  the  newer  forms 
of  the  instrument.  Robert  Smith  stated  that  out  of  forty  opera- 
tions for  stone,  which  he  knew  to  have  been  performed  by  Peile, 
only  one  case  had  a  fatal  result. 

In  1750  George  Daunt,  Surgeon  to  Mercer's  Hospital,  invented 
a  lithotome  (as  mentioned  at  page  41),  which,  on  being  laid 
before  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  Paris,  was  approved  of  by  that 
hody.  According  to  the  fashion  of  the  day  they  voted  their  thanks 
to  the  inventor.    Gilborne  refers  to  Daunt  in  the  following  lines  : — 

"  Undaunted  Daunt  in  Rank  is  foremost, 
His  Operations  nice  our  Annals  fill ; 
His  well-contrived  Discoveries  of  note 
Improve  the  Art  and  Mankind's  good  promote." 

*  This  work  was  published  anonymously  in  Dublin  ;  its  author,  it  has  been  said, 
was  William  Norcott,  but  I  have  strong  reason  to  believe  that  it  was  the  composition 
of  Andrew  Carmichael,  solicitor,  brother  of  the  eminent  surgeon. 


330  SIR  HENRY  JEBB,  KNT.,  PRESIDENT  IN  1800. 


SIR  HENRY  JEBB,  KNT.,  PRESIDENT  IN  1800. 

Sir  H.  Jebb  was  born  at  Boyle,  in  the  County  of  Roscommon. 
He  was  the  son  of  Richard  and  Elizabeth  Jeeb,  of  that  town.  His 
father,  an  apothecary,  died  in  1771,  leaving  two  sons  (Frederick 
and  Henry)  and  two  daughters  (Mrs.  Mary  Willson  and  Mrs. 
Margaret  Gibson).  Frederick,  the  elder  son,  was  a  medical  man, 
and  became  Master  of  the  Rotunda  Hospital  in  1773.  He  is 
referred  to  at  page  39.  He  was  one  of  the  most  fashionable 
accoucheurs  of  the  last  century,  and  practised  chiefly  amongst  the 
upper  classes.  Frederick  and  Henry  changed  the  second  "  e  "  in 
their  name  into  "  b."  At  that  time  there  was  a  Sir  Richard  Jebb, 
M.D.,  Physician  to  the  King,  enjoying  a  large  practice  in  London. 
He  left  his  fortune  to  an  Irish  Jebb,  a  young  man  who  at  that 
time  was  studying  for  the  law.  Probably  the  young  Jeebs 
thought  that  Jebb  (the  name  of  the  great  London  doctor)  would 
sound  better  than  Jeeb.  Henry  Jebb  probably  served  an  appren- 
ticeship to  his  father.  He  studied  in  the  Rotunda  Hospital  whilst 
his  brother  was  Master  of  that  great  maternity,  and  set  up  in 
practice  as  a  surgeon  and  man-midwife  at  No.  22  North  Anne- 
street,  in  1777.  He  soon  removed  to  William-street,  at  that  time 
a  fashionable  place,  where  he  rapidly  attained  to  a  large  practice, 
chiefly  obstetrical.  For  services  of  an  obstetric  nature,  rendered 
in  Dublin  Castle,  he  received  in  1782  the  honour  of  knighthood 
from  the  Lord  Lieutenant. 

Jebb  was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Surgeons'  Society, 
and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  College  at  their  first  meeting. 
For  many  years  he  was  a  surgeon  to  Mercer's  Hospital.  He 
rivalled  Surgeon  Hume  as  a  builder,  having  erected  a  large 
number  of  houses  in  North  Frederick-street,  winch  he  named 
after  his  son. 

Jebb  was  twice  married.  His  second  wife  was  Mary,  daughter 
of  David  Kelly,  of  Terrygott,  in  the  County  of  Mayo.  He  had 
three  sons  and  two  daughters.  His  eldest  son,  Frederick,  wa| 
apprenticed  to  his  father,  and  although  he  did  not  take  out  the 
licence  of  the  College  he  was  for  many  years  assistant-surgeon  to 


JAMES  RIVERS,  PRESIDENT  IN  1801. 


331 


Mercer's  Hospital.  He  served  in  the  Army  Medical  Department, 
and  saw  much  service  in  the  Peninsula  and  at  Waterloo.  He 
settled  in  Oporto,  where  he  was  killed  by  a  fall  from  his  horse. 
Henry  joined  his  brother  in  Oporto,  and  he  too  died  in  that  city. 
Neither  brother  was  married.  Ross  Henry,  the  youngest  son,  was 
indentured  in  1822  to  A.  Read,  and  studied  in  the  College  School. 
He  died  young.  One  of  Jebb's  daughters  married  John  Hill 
Linde,  of  Annefield  Lodge,  County  of  Kildare,  and  the  other 
became  the  wife  of  Dr.  White,  a  County  Dublin  gentleman,  whose 
son  is  now  in  medical  practice  at  Caxton,  Cambridgeshire. 

The  latter  part  of  J  ebb's  life  was  chiefly  spent  in  a  house  in 
Graf  ton-street.  He  died  in  1811,  at  Dromartin  House,  which  he 
had  built,  near  Dundrum,  County  of  Dublin,  and  was  buried 
in  the  little  churchyard  at  Glasnevin  Village,  County  of  Dublin. 
His  brother  Frederick,  who  had  married  Elizabeth  Somerville, 
died  in  1782. 

JAMES  RIVERS,  PRESIDENT  IN  1801. 

My  materials  for  a  biographical  notice  of  J.  Rivers  are  scanty. 
His  father  was  a  distiller.  He  began  to  practise  as  surgeon  and 
man-midwife  in  Dublin  about  1778.  He  resided  at  first  at  31 
Church-street,  but  soon  removed  to  42  Arran-quay,  and  subse- 
quently to  Queen-street.  He  was  surgeon  to  Maynooth  College 
and  to  St.  Mark's  Hospital  and  to  the  United  Hospital  of 
St.  Nicholas  and  St.  Catherine.  On  the  2nd  October,  1800,  he 
was  appointed  surgeon  to  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals. 

Rivers  married  Honoria  Colley,  who  resided  near  Swords,  County 
of  Dublin,  and  who  claimed  to  be  a  distant  relation  of  the  Duke 
of  Wellington.  By  the  death  of  an  elder  brother,  a  distiller,  he 
became  possessed  of  a  considerable  fortune,  and  set  up  a  handsome 
residence,  Cremona,  at  Swords.  He  died  childless  in  September, 
1816,  at  Rathfarnham,  where  he  had  been  for  some  time  residing 
for  a  change  of  air.    His  wife  survived  till  1824. 


332       ABRAHAM  COLLES,  PRESIDENT  IN  1802  AND  1830. 


ABRAHAM  COLLES,  PRESIDENT  IN  1802  AND  1830. 

A  family  named  Colles  were  long  established  in  Worcestershire, 
and  some  of  their  members  represented  Worcester  in  Parliament 
during  the  seventeenth  century.  A  medical  member  of  the  family 
settled,  early  in  the  last  century,  at  Kilkenny,  and  as  he  died  rich 
he  probably  had  a  large  practice ;  he  was  the  ancestor  of  Abraham 
Colles.  William  Colles,  Abraham  Colles's  father,  was  educated  at 
the  celebrated  school  kept  by  Abraham  Shakleton,  a  Quaker,  at 
Ballitore.  In  this  seminary  the  famous  Edmund  Burke  received 
his  early  training,  and  here  he  formed  that  intimacy  with  William 
Colles,  which  proved  to  be  of  life-long  duration.  Colles  became 
the  owner  of  extensive  quarries  of  the  well-known  Kilkenny  marble, 
and  wrought  the  stone  at  his  works  at  Millmount,  near  Kilkenny. 
At  that  time  Dublin  was  supplied  with  water  distributed  through 
conduits  formed  of  the  hollowed-out  trunks  of  trees.  A  proposal 
to  substitute  for  those  wooden  tubes  marble  pipes  from  Colles's 
works  was  seriously  entertained,  but  eventually  was  not  accepted. 
Had  it  been  adopted  Colles  would  have  made  a  fortune.  He 
married  Mary  Anne  Bates,  of  Carlow,  a  woman  of  superior 
intellect,  and  strongly  imbued  with  religious  principles.  Abraham 
was  her  second  son ;  he  was  born  at  Millmount  on  the  23rd  July, 
1773,  and  his  birth  was  announced  to  his  uncle  as  follows : — 

"  To  Richard  Colles,  Stephen's-green,  Dublin. 

"  23rd  July,  1773. 
"  Dr.  Brother, — My  dear  Mary,  at  3  o'clock  this  morning, 
made  me  the  joyfull  father  of  a  fine  little  thing — one  of  the  light 
infantry." 

In  subsequent  letters  he  mentions  that  the  child  had  been  named 
Abraham ;  that  he  was  "  very  small  and  very  neat,"  and  that  his 
smallness  and  delicacy  occasioned  himself  and  Mrs.  Colles  much 
anxiety.  Nevertheless  the  feeble  infant  became  in  due  time  a 
fairly  tall,  stout,  strong  man. 

When  Abraham  was  four  years  old  his  father  died.  This  great 
loss  was  largely  compensated  for  by  the  ability  of  his  surviving 
parent,  and  her  devotion  to  her  children.    Colles  was  much  attached 


ABRAHAM  COLLES,  PRESIDENT  IN  1802  AND  1830.  333 


to  his  mother,  and  his  letters,  especially  those  written  in  Edinburgh, 
were  long  and  numerous.  He  seems  to  have  delighted  in  telling 
her  of  his  mode  of  life,  of  his  adventures,  and  of  his  plans  and 
prospects.  Colles  was  first  sent  to  the  school  of  Mr.  William 
Lindsay,  whose  terms  were  certainly  "  very  moderate,"  as  would 
appear  from  the  following  account,  still  extant,  which  he  furnished 
to  Mrs.  Colles  on  the  28th  January,  1783 : — 

£   s.  d. 

"  To  one  quarter's  boarding  and  schooling 
Master  Abraham  Colles,  ending  Dec.  6th, 

'82    3    8  3 

Ditto,  Master  William  Colles,  ending  Jan. 

18, '83    3    8  3 

Ditto,  Master  Richard  Colles,  ditto,  -  3  8  3 
To  paper  for  Master  Abraham       -  -       0    0  8 

£10    5  5" 

Colles  completed  his  primary  education  in  the  Kilkenny  Endowed 
School,  under  the  Rev.  Dr.  Elliotson,  Ex-Sch.  T.C.D. 

It  is  said  that  the  perusal  of  a  work  on  anatomy,  which  accidently 
came  into  his  possession,  led  him  to  embrace  the  study  of  medicine. 
On  the  4th  September,  1790,  he  entered  T.C.D.,  and  on  the  29th 
December  located  himself  in  College.  On  the  15th  September, 
1790,  he  was  indentured  to  Philip  Woodroffe  for  five  years.  He 
worked  hard  under  his  master  at  Steevens'  and  the  Foundlings' 
Hospitals — in  the  latter  having  a  good  opportunity  of  becoming 
acquainted  with  the  diseases  of  childhood ;  he  also  studied  in  the 
House  of  Industry  Hospitals.  He  attended  five  courses  of  instruc- 
tion in  anatomy,  physiology,  and  surgery  in  the  College  School, 
under  Dease,  Hartigan,  Halahan,  and  Lawless.  On  the  17th 
February,  1795,  he  graduated  in  arts  in  the  University.  On  the 
24th  September,  1795,  he  "passed"  for  the  Letters  Testimonial 
of  the  College.  Colles's  appetite  for  professional  pabulum  was 
insatiable  :  he  attended  lectures  given  by  Dr.  Percival  on  chemistry, 
and  by  other  University  Professors  on  medical  subjects,  and  in  the 
autumn  of  1795  he  proceeded  to  Edinburgh.    Here  he  remained 


334      ABRAHAM  COLLES,  PRESIDENT  IN  1802  AND  1830. 

during  two  sessions,  and  at  a  time  when,  probably,  Edinburgh  was 
unrivalled  as  a  medical  school.  True  to  his  instincts,  Colles 
devoted  himself  to  study,  and  went  but  little  into  society.  A 
Mrs.  Smellie,  at  Dorrell's  Land,  Nicolson's-street,  his  landlady, 
appears  to  have  taken  a  great  interest  in  the  young  Irish  student. 
Noticing  that  he  studied  so  hard  she  frequently  paid  him  a  visit, 
so  that  by  diverting  his  attention  from  his  books  she  might  prevent 
him  from  "  reading  himself  into  a  coffin."  At  this  time  the 
Irishmen  studying  medicine  in  Edinburgh  exceeded  in  number 
those  of  any  other  nationality  (see  page  1 06) ;  but  Colles  avoided 
making  the  acquaintance  of  his  countrymen,  on  the  ground  that 
"  all  people  make  it  a  rule  to  fight  and  quarrel  with  their  own 
countrymen  rather  than  with  any  other."  Of  the  midwifery 
students  he  speaks  in  contemptuous  terms,  and  expresses  his  opinion 
that  the  obstetrical  art  was  practised  chiefly  by  "  the  scum  and 
upper  crust"  of  the  profession.  It  could  hardly  be  otherwise, 
seeing  that  at  that  time  midwifery  was  held  to  be  a  degrading 
practice  by  the  majority  of  the  medical  profession,  and  admission 
to  the  College  of  Physicians  was  denied  to  the  obstetricians. 
Colles  deplored  the  state  of  things  which  caused  £20,000  a  year 
to  be  expended  by  Irish  students  learning  in  Edinburgh  sciences 
which  they  had  no  proper  facilities  for  studying  in  their  own 
country.  He  did  much  in  subsequent  years  to  make  Dublin  a 
not  altogether  unsuccessful  rival  to  Edinburgh  as  a  centre  of 
medical  and  surgical  education. 

During  his  absence  from  Dublin,  Colles  performed  a  remarkable 
journey.  He  walked  from  London  to  Edinburgh,  a  distance  of 
400  miles — each  day  he  walked  50  miles.  This  performance  is  a 
proof  of  his  robust  condition.  He  says  that  he  could  not  have 
performed  such  a  journey  had  he  not  habituated  himself  to  long 
walks  on  Sundays. 

On  the  24th  June,  1797,  he  graduated  as  Doctor  of  Medicine  in 
Edinburgh,  taking  for  his  thesis  the  subject  of  "  Venesection." 
During  his  residence  in  London,  Colles  made  the  acquaintance, 
which  soon  ripened  into  friendship,  of  Astley  Cooper.  Being  an 
accomplished  anatomist,  he  assisted  in  making  the  dissections  from 


ABRAHAM  COLLES,  PRESIDENT  IN  1802  AND  1830.  335 

which  the  drawings  illustrative  of  Cooper's  work  "  On  Hernia " 
were  produced. 

In  the  winter  of  1797  Colles  settled  in  Dublin,  and  secured 
a  residence  in  Chatham-street.  In  the  following  spring  he 
became  attached  to  the  Dispensary  for  the  Sick  Poor  in  Meath- 
street,  which  had  been  established  by  some  charitable  persons, 
members  of  the  Society  of  Friends.  As  a  rule  the  young  men 
belonging  to  the  middle  and  upper  classes  concern  themselves  very 
little  in  reference  to  the  condition  of  the  poor.  Practical  philan- 
thropy is  a  product  of  life's  experience  even  in  the  case  of  those 
whose  natures  are  naturally  kind  and  sympathetic.  Colles,  how- 
ever, at  this  early  period  of  his  life  exhibited  the  greatest  desire  to 
minister  to  the  wants  of  the  very  poor,  and  to  mitigate  the  hard- 
ships to  which  they  are  subject.  He  became  a  "  District  Visitor," 
and  was  therefore  able  to  help  the  poor,  not  only  medically, 
but  also  by  procuring  for  them  food,  fuel,  and  clothes.  It  was 
whilst  engaged  in  this  philanthropic  work  that  he  attracted  the 
notice  of  several  influential  persons,  amongst  others  Surgeon- 
General  Stewart.  This  gentleman,  himself  possessed  of  a  kindly 
and  gentle  nature,  perceived  that  Colles  was  not  only  a  humane 
young  man,  but  that  he  was  endowed  with  abilities  of  a  high  order, 
which  his  excellent  education  could  not  fail  to  turn  to  good  account. 
Colles  at  this  time  was  practising  as  a  physician,  but,  acting  on 
Stewart's  advice,  he  resolved  to  devote  himself  to  surgery.  His 
first  venture  as  a  teacher  was  made  in  a  backhouse  in  South  King- 
street,  where  he  gave  demonstrations  in  anatomy  and  surgery  to  a 
few  pupils.  In  1799  he  succeeded  his  old  master,  Woodroffe,  as 
Resident  Surgeon  in  Steevens'  Hospital,  and  at  once  commenced 
the  systematic  teaching  of  anatomy  and  surgery  in  that  institu- 
tion, continuing  to  do  so  until  his  appointment  as  Professor  of 
Anatomy  in  the  College.  His  salary  was  £60  a  year,  together 
with  apartments  and  fuel.  The  position  was  an  advantageous  one, 
as  it  was  certain  to  secure  apprentices — rich  prizes  in  those  days — 
for  him.  In  1800,  being  then  only  twenty-three  years  old,  two 
lads  were  indentured  to  him,  and  having  paid  on  their  account  the 
usual  fees  charged  by  the  College,  he  netted  the  sum  of  £227  10s. 


336       ABKAHAM  COLLES,  PRESIDENT  IN  1802  AND  1830. 

He  was  now  on  the  road  to  fortune.  The  forebodings  in  which 
he  had  indulged  as  to  his  future,  his  notion  of  entering  the  Army 
Medical  Department,  his  apprehensions  of  being  condemned  to  the 
drudgery  of  a  country  dispensary  practice — all  vanished,  like  the 
mists  of  dawn  under  the  influence  of  the  solar  beams — his  morning 
of  life  had  now,  indeed,  become  bright  and  sunny. 

In  1798  Colles'  professional  income  amounted  to  £8  10s.  7  id., 
in  1820  it  rose  to  £6,128,  and  for  many  years  it  exceeded  £5,000. 

On  the  4th  November,  1799,  Colles  was  elected  a  Member  of 
the  College,  on  the  6th  of  January  following  he  became  an 
Assistant,  and  on  the  5th  January,  1801,  a  Censor.  On  the  4th 
January,  1802,  being  yet  under  twenty-nine  years  of  age,  he  was 
elected  President. 

In  October,  1803,  Colles  was  appointed  Surgeon  to  Cork-street 
Fever  Hospital,  and  subsequently  became  Consulting  Surgeon  to 
the  Rotunda,  City  of  Dubin,  and  Victoria  Lying-in  Hospitals,  and 
to  the  Pitt-street  Institution  for  Diseases  of  Children.  He  was 
officially  connected  with  Steevens'  Hospital  for  forty-two  years. 
On  the  30th  August,  1841,  his  resignation  as  Surgeon  to  the 
Hospital  was  accepted  regretfully  by  the  Governors  of  that 
Institution. 

In  1803  Colles  unsuccessfully  contested  with  Hartigan  the  Chair 
of  Anatomy  in  Trinity  College.  Believing  that  the  election  had 
not  been  fairly  conducted,  he  sought  by  legal  means  to  have  it 
annulled,  and  was  again  defeated.  On  the  4th  September,  1804, 
he  was  elected  a  Professor  of  Anatomy,  Physiology,  and  Surgery] 
to  the  College  of  Surgeons.  His  connection  with  the  College 
School  he  retained  until  the  19th  September,  1836,  when  by 
reason  of  ill-health,  this  tie  of  thirty-two  years'  duration  was  broken. 
It  is  characteristic  of  his  conscientiousness  that  when  he  was 
elected  Professor  he  resigned  his  position  as  Examiner,  on  the 
ground  that  the  duties  of  the  offices  ought  to  be  discharged  by 
different  persons.  He  was,  however,  persuaded  ultimately  to 
resume  his  place  amongst  the  Examiners,  and  no  one  ever  hinted 
that  he  favoured  his  own  pupils  more  than  other  candidates. 

In  1807  Colles  married  Sophia,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Jonathan 


ABRAHAM  COLLES,  PRESIDENT  IN  1802  AND  1830.  337 


Cope,  Eector  of  Ahascragh,  by  whom  he  had  a  family  of  six  sons  and 
four  daughters.  He  took  the  house  No.  9  Stephen' s-green,  from 
which  he  subsequently  removed  to  the  larger  one,  No.  22,  in  which 
his  son,  Mr.  William  Colles,  Surgeon  to  the  Queen,  now  resides. 

Shortly  after  his  resignation  of  the  surgical  professorship,  he 
was  pi'esented  with  the  following  address  by  the  College : — 

"  Sir, — In  compliance  with  a  unanimous  resolution  of  the 
Members  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland,  in  College 
assembled,  we  wait  upon  you  to  express  their  sincere  regret  that 
the  pressure  of  your  other  professional  avocations  no  longer  permit 
you  to  discharge  the  duty  of  Professor  of  the  Theory  and  Practice 
of  Surgery  in  the  School  of  the  College. 

"  We  have  also  to  assure  you  that  it  is  the  unanimous  feeling  of 
the  College,  that  the  exemplary  and  efficient  manner  in  which  you 
have  filled  this  chair  for  thirty-two  years,  has  been  a  principal 
cause  of  the  success  and  consequent  high  character  of  the  School 
of  Surgery  in  this  country. 

"  It  is  gratifying  to  the  members  to  understand  that  although 
they  lose  the  advantage  of  your  valuable  services  as  a  Professor  in 
the  School  of  the  College,  you  will  still  continue  to  afford  your 
disinterested  assistance  in  promoting  the  general  welfare  of  the 
institution,  and  sustaining  the  profession  of  surgery  in  public 
estimation. 

"Accept  these  expressions  of  our  regret  for  your  resignation, 
and  allow  us  to  express  our  sincere  hope  that  you  may  long  con- 
tinue to  discharge  your  professional  duties  with  as  much  advantage 
to  the  public  as  you  have  to  the  satisfaction  of  your  professional 
brethren." 

A  handsome  piece  of  plate  was  presented  to  him  by  the  College. 
His  bust,  sculptured  by  Kirk,  and  his  portrait,  painted  by  Martin 
Cregan,  P.R.H.A.,  were  placed  in  the  College.    The  portrait  was 
11:  raved  by  Lucas,  and  published  by  Hodges  and  Smith,  Graf  ton- 
street,  Dublin,  in  1850. 

Colles  suffered  from  three  organic  diseases — namely,  chronic 
bronchitis,  weak  and  dilated  heart,  and  emphysema  of  the  lungs — 
all,  no  doubt,  aggravated  by  his  gouty  constitution.  In  1822  and 
1823  he  had  severe  attacks  of  gout.  Stokes,  who  attended  him, 
states  that  this  combination  of  diseases  is  rarely  met  with  in  the 

z 


338       ABRAHAM  COLLES,  PRESIDENT  IN  1802  AND  1830. 

lower  classes  of  society.  During  the  two  or  three  years  hefore  his 
resignation  of  his  professorship,  he  suffered  much  from  a  bad  cough, 
palpitations  of  the  heart,  and  occasional  attacks  of  diarrhoea.  For 
the  bronchitic  attacks,  Dr.  John  Crampton  bled  him  about  a  dozen 
times,  with,  it  is  said,  good  results ;  but  ultimately  the  bleedings 
were  localised.  After  repeated  and  severe  attacks,  Mr.  Colles,  in 
August,  1842,  seems  to  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  his  last 
days  were  near  at  hand,  and  he  gave  directions  that  a  post  mortem 
examination  of  his  body  should  be  made  by  his  friend  and  former 
colleague,  Robert  Harrison.  The  letter  in  which  he  conveyed  this 
wish  is  worthy  of  reproduction  : — 

"Oct.  22,  1842. 

"  My  Dear  Robert, — I  think  it  may  be  of  some  benefit,  not 
only  to  my  own  family  but  to  society  at  large,  to  ascertain  by  exami- 
nation the  exact  seat  and  nature  of  my  last  disease.  I  am  sure  you 
will  grant  my  request  that  you  will  see  that  this  be  carefully  and 
early  done.  The  parts  to  which  I  would  direct  particular  atten- 
tion are  the  heart  and  the  lungs,  a  small  hernia  immediately  behind 
the  umbilicus,  and  one  swelling  in  the  right  hypochondrium. 

"  From  the  similarity  of  the  Rev.  P.  Roe's  case  with  mine,  I 
suspect  that  there  is  some  connection  between  this  swelling  of  the 
hypochondrium  and  the  diseased  state  of  the  heart. 

"  Yours  truly,  dear  Robert, 

"  A.  Colles." 

Colles'  end  was,  however,  not  so  near  as  he  believed  it  to  be. 
His  health  improved  somewhat  for  a  while,  and  it  was  not  till  the 
16th  December,  1843,  that  he  passed  away,  calmly,  having  up  to 
the  last  retained  full  possession  of  his  mental  faculties.  He  saw 
patients  in  his  house  until  shortly  before  his  death.  A  post  mortem 
examination  of  his  remains  revealed  a  diseased  condition  of  the 
liver  and  lungs,  but  the  heart,  though  enlarged  and  fatty,  was 
free  from  valvular  disease.  There  was,  however,  an  extensive 
dilation  of  the  vena  cava. 

Colles'  remains  were  interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemeteiy,  and 
his  funeral  was  attended  by  nearly  every  medical  man  in  Dublin, 
and  by  troops  of  friends.     In  person  he  was  slightly  above 


ABRAHAM  COLLES,  PRESIDENT  IN  1802  AND  1830.  339 

the  average  height,  and  was  moderately  stout.  His  head  was 
symmetrical  and  somewhat  globular,  and  after  early  life  he  became 
bald.  His  forehead  was  broad  and  lofty,  and  his  eyes  were  grey. 
His  mouth  indicated  firmness  and  decision,  but  the  general  expres- 
sion of  his  face  exhibited  a  mixture  of  shrewdness  and  benevolence. 
Shortly  before  his  death  he  declined  a  baronetcy,  partly,  it  is 
believed,  because  he  considered  that  the  proferred  honour  came 
too  late. 

The  author  of  the  exceedingly  clever  but  generally  very  scur- 
rilous letters  which,  over  the  signature  of  "  Erinensis,"  *  appeared 
in  the  earlier  numbers  of  The  Lancet,  thus  refers  to  Colles  : — 
"  Without  many  books,  and  paying  less  attention  to  their  contents, 
he  is  still  the  laborious,  shrewd,  observing,  matter-of-fact  and 
practical  surgeon.  As  an  operator  he  has  many  equals  and  some 
superiors ;  but  in  advice,  from  long  experience  and  a  peculiar  tact 
of  discovering  the  hidden  causes  of  disease,  he  has  scarcely  a 
rival."—  The  Lancet,  Feb.  15,  1824. 

He  engaged  in  a  long  controversy  with  Carmichael,  in  reference 
to  syphilis,  but  on  each  side  it  was  conducted  in  the  most  courteous 
and  friendly  manner.  Sir  Philip  Crampton,  in  his  last  public 
address,  thus  pithily  describes  how  a  scientific  controversy  should 
be  carried  on: — "I  can  conceive  no  difference  of  opinion  in  a 
matter  of  science  to  exist  between  gentlemen  which  may  not  be 
expressed  not  only  without  offence  but  in  such  manner  as  to  excite 
feelings  of  mutual  respect  and  good  will." 

The  name  of  Colles  will  always  be  connected  with  the  College 
School.  W.  Dease  may,  as  Wright  states,  "  be  properly  regarded 
as  its  founder,"  but  Colics  raised  it  to  its  zenith.  It  has  been  said 
that  he  "  made  "  the  School,  but  the  statement  is  somewhat  of  an 
exaggeration,  though  the  following  figures  prove  that  its  classes 
iiu  rcased  considerably  in  number  after  his  appointment.  In  1799 
the  number  of  pupils  and  army  and  navy  surgeons  under  Halahan 
and  Dease  was  60,  in  1800  it  rose  to  105,  and  in  the  following  year 

Through  the  courtesy  of  Dr.  Wakley,  proprietor  of  The  Lancet,  I  have  ascertained 
that  the  writer  of  these  letters  was  an  Irishman,  Dr.  Herris  Greene,  for  eighteen  years 
a  member  of  the  staff  of  The  Lancet. 


340       ABRAHAM  COLLES,  PRESIDENT  IN  1802  AND  1830. 

sank  to  83 ;  in  1802  the  number  was  86,  and  in  1803  it  was  94.  After 
Colles'  appointment  the  numbers  were  as  follow  : — In  1804,  104 ; 
1805,  119;  1806,  117;  1807,  120;  1808,  185;  and  in  1809,  162. 

Colles  was  a  zealous  and  painstaking  teacher,  and  remarkably 
punctual  in  his  attendance  at  the  School.  As  a  lecturer  he  did  not 
possess  the  highly  ornate  or,  as  some  would  say,  the  florid  style,  of 
Kirby,  but  his  language  was  lucid,  his  delivery  calm,  and  he  never 
was  at  a  loss  for  the  right  word.  He  seldom  referred  to  his  notes, 
though  he  always  had  them  at  hand.  His  lectures  were  perhaps 
somewhat  wanting  in  system.  He  would  travel  over  a  wide  range 
of  subjects,  some  of  them  remotely  related  to  each  other.  He 
frequently  indulged  in  puns  and  bon-mots,  which  of  course  "  set 
his  audience  in  a  roar."  These  witticisms  added  to  his  popularity 
as  a  lecturer,  which  even  without  them  would  have  been  great. 
His  hearers  often  reached  nearly  three  hundred. 

At  the  close  of  his  course,  in  1824,'  he  printed  and  circulated 
gratuitously  amongst  his  pupils,  to  whom  he  dedicated  it,  a  treatise 
on  Injuries  to  the  Head.  A  reviewer  in  The  Lancet  for  May  21, 
1825,  says  of  it : — "  Though  small  and  unpretending,  it  really 
contains  as  much  useful  information  as  will  generally  be  found  in 
more  voluminous  treatises  on  the  same  subject." 

Colles  was  an  early  riser ;  he  visited  his  hospital  at  seven  o'clock 
in  the  morning.  Dr.  Alexander  Fry,  late  of  Moate,  told  me  the 
following  anecdote  : — "  Dr.  Fry,  when  a  student,  attended  the 
lectures  at  both  Trinity  College  and  the  College  of  Surgeons, 
those  bodies  at  that  time  not  mutually  recognising  the  instruction 
given  in  their  respective  schools.  He  had  so  little  time  to  learn 
practical  anatomy,  on  account  of  having  to  attend  two  sets  of 
lectures  on  the  same  subjects,  that  he  induced  the  porter  at 
the  College  School  to  lend  him  a  key,  by  which  he  could  gain 
early  admission  to  the  dissecting-room.  Before  six  o'clock  one 
morning  he  was  startled  to  see  Professor  Colles  walk  into  the 
room.  "  What  are  you  doing  here,  sir  ?"  was  the  interrogatory. 
Mr.  Fiy  explained  his  position,  whereupon  the  Professor  said. 
"  Well,  you  are  in  luck ;  I  am  going  to  make  some  dissections  of 
the  subjects  on  these  tables,  and  you  shall  be  my  assistant." 


ABRAHAM  COLLES,  PRESIDENT  IN  1802  AND  1830.  341 

Colles's  writings  are  important,  though  not  voluminous.  Some 
of  his  papers  were  collected  and  edited  by  his  son,  Mr.  William 
Colles,  and  published  in  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science. 
Selections  from  his  works,  chiefly  relative  to  the  venereal  disease 
and  the  use  of  mercury,  comprise  Volume  XOII.  of  the  Library 
of  the  New  Sydenham  Society,  published  in  1881.  They  are 
edited  and  annotated  by  one  of  the  most  distinguished  Fellows  of 
the  College,  Mr.  Robert  M'Donnell,  than  whom  no  one  more 
competent  to  undertake  suck  a  task  could  be  found.  Colles's 
Lectures  on  Surgery  were  edited  by  Simon  M'Coy,  and  published 
in  1850. 

The  earlier  writings  of  Colles  in  the  Dublin  Hospital  Reports 
established  his  reputation  locally  as  a  man  of  ability  and  originality. 
The  publication  of  his  Surgical  Anatomy*  and  of  further  papers 
spread  his  fame  to  other  lands.  His  accounts  of  different  forms 
of  tumours  and  his  treatises  on  syphilis  and  the  use  of  mercury 
were  largely  read  by  both  British  and  Continental  surgeons.  He 
introduced  the  well-known  cinnabar  candles  for  mercurial  fumiga- 
tions. He  was  the  first  to  describe  accurately  glandular  mammary 
tumours.  His  description  of  the  fracture  which  bears  his  name 
and  gives  it  a  place  in  every  surgical  work,  was  published  in 
1814,  in  the  tenth  volume  of  the  Edinburgh  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal.  It  consists,  as  is  well  known,  of  a  fracture  of  the  radius, 
about  one  and  a  half  inches  from  its  carpal  extremity,  and  occurs 
generally  when  one  falls  upon  the  palm  of  the  hand,,  the  arm 
being  rigidly  extended.  Colles  was  the  first  to  describe  fully 
the  nature  of  this  injury  and  its  diagnosis.  This  he  did,  too, 
without  having  had  the  advantage  of  making  post  mortem  examina- 
tions of  the  parts.  Since  "  Colles's  fracture  "  was  first  described 
it  has  formed  the  subject  of  numerous  papers  by  British  and  foreign 
surgeons;  "yet,"  says  Mr.  Robert  M'Donnell,  "I  venture  to  think, 
few  more  accurate  accounts  have  been  given  of  the  symptoms  and 
appearance  by  which  the  surgeon  may  recognise  this  fracture  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  wrist-joint  than  that  contained  in  Mr.  Colles's 
paper." 

*  A  Treatise  on  Surgical  Anatomy.  Part  the  First.   Dublin :  1811.  8vo.  Pp.  219. 


342  GKRARD  MACKLIN,  PRESIDENT  IN  1806. 

Uolles  ranks  amongst  the  few  anatomical  discoverers  which 
Ireland,  indeed  I  might  say  the  United  Kingdom,  has  produced. 
He  was  the  first  to  describe  the  following  structures : — The  tri- 
angular reflection  ascending  from  the  insertion  of  the  external 
pillar  of  the  external  abdominal  ring  towards  the  linear  alba,  often 
called  Colles's  ligament  of  inguinal  hernia  ;*  the  secondary  insertion 
of  Hey's  ligament  into  the  pectineal  portion  of  the  fascia  lata;| 
and  the  connections  of  the  middle  perineal  fascia  overlying  the 
muscles  of  the  perinseum  and  continuous  around  the  border  of  the 
transverse  perineal  muscle  with  the  base  of  the  triangular  ligament.}: 

ROBERT  HAMILTON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1805. 

R.  Hamilton  was  the  son  of  a  merchant  in  the  north  of  Ireland, 
who  amassed  a  fortune,  and  retired  to  Enniskillen  to  enjoy  it.  He 
had  two  sons,  Johnston  and  Robert.  The  former  went  to  the  legal 
profession,  the  latter  was  educated  as  a  surgeon.  Both  died  un- 
married before  their  father.  Robert  was  admitted  as  a  licentiate  of 
the  College  on  the  9th  February,  1791 ;  and  on  the  22nd  November 
of  the  same  year  was  elected  a  member.  In  1796  he  was  a  staff 
surgeon  on  the  Dublin  Irish  Army  Establishment,  but  he  did  not 
remain  long  in  the  service.  He  was  for  many  years  one  of  the 
surgeons  of  St.  Mark's  Hospital.  He  appears  to  have  had  a  mania 
for  changing  his  residence.  His  name  disappears  from  the  College 
list  in  1832 ;  he,  therefore,  probably  died  in  that  year. 

GERARD  MACKLIN,  PRESIDENT  IN  1806. 

G.  Macklin  was  born  about  the  year  1767.  He  was  indentured 
for  seven  years  on  the  1st  of  August,  1784,  to  Surgeon  R.  Daniel, 
of  43  South  King-street.  On  the  4th  November,  1791,  he  was 
admitted  a  licentiate  of  the  College,  and  was  elected  a  member  on 
the  22nd  of  the  following  month.  In  1795  he  was  appointed 
Surgeon  to  Simpson's  Hospital,  and  the  following  year  became 
connected  with  Mercer's  Hospital  as  Assistant-Surgeon,  and  subse- 
quently was  promoted  to  be  Surgeon.    He  was  also  Surgeon  to  the 

*  Surgical  Lectures.    M'Coy's  edition.    1850.    P.  272. 
t  Ibid.    P.  302.  t  Surgical  Anatomy.  1811. 


HICHARD  DEASE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1809. 


343 


Dublin  General  Dispensary.  On  the  22nd  October,  1806,  he  was 
appointed  State  Surgeon  (page  106).  He  died  on  the  9th  August, 
1848,  at  Lake  Park,  County  of  Wicklow,  at  the  age  of  eighty -one. 
Macklin  had  a  large  practice,  and  was  considered  to  be  an  expert 
lithotomist.  fie  resided  at  first  in  York-street;  but  the  greater 
part  of  his  professional  life  was  passed  in  York-street  and  Harcourt- 
place.    The  author  of  the  Metropolis  refers  to  him  as  follows : — 

"  Young  (Macklin)  spurns  the  name  of  modern  fool, 
Antique  his  Bhoes  that  round  the  instep  close, 
Antique  his  galligaskins,  bat,  and  hose, 
Himself  antique,  all  day  in  chariot  lolling, 
Unlike  those  younkers  that  have  legs  for  strolling  ; 
Yet  kindliest  manners  grace  his  reputation, 
He  seeks  our  love,  and  wins  our  estimation  ; 
Report  allows  that  he's  no  small  lithotomist, 
And  in  opakest  cataracts  suffers  not  a  mist. 
But  vain  his  garb,  his  grave  composure  vain, 
Without  a  reverend  Busby  and  a  Cane.'" 

Macklin  married  a  Miss  Lloyd ;  they  had  a  large  family  (three 
daughters  and  five  or  six  sons),  all  of  whom  are  now  dead.  His 
eldest  son,  a  clergyman,  long  resided  at  Derby,  and  died  in  that  town. 

RICHARD  DEASE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1809. 

R.  Dease  was  born  in  Dublin  about  the  year  1774.  His  father 
was  William  Dease,  the  eminent  surgeon  (see  page  313).  He  was 
educated  in  Trinity  College,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1794.  Having 
been  indentured  to  his  father  on  the  1st  September,  1790,  he 
prosecuted  his  medical  studies  in  the  College  School  and  the  Meath 
Hospital.  He  also  spent  some  time  in  the  London  hospitals  and  at 
Edinburgh  University,  in  which  he  graduated  M.D. 

On  the  3rd  September,  1795,  he  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial 
of  the  College ;  and  in  the  same  year  succeeded  Israel  Read  as 
Surgeon  to  the  Meath  Hospital.  On  the  12th  September,  and  only 
nine  days  after  passing  as  a  licentiate,  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  College,  and  on  the  death  of  his  father  he  succeeded  him  in 
the  Chairs  of  Anatomy  and  Surgery  in  the  College  School.  Dease 
was  a  thoroughly  educated  man,  an  accomplished  anatomist,  and  a 
very  skilful  surgeon. 


344 


JOHN  A.  GARNETT,  PRESIDENT  IN  1810. 


On  Saturday,  February  13th,  1819,  Dease  was  lecturing  to  his 
class  on  the  cervical  nerves  and  brachial  plexus.  The  subject  was 
a  woman  who  had  been  dead  less  than  forty-eight  hours,  and  who 
had  died  from  a  pulmonary  affection.  He  appears  to  have  had  his 
skin  very  slightly  abraded  during  the  demonstration.  The  next 
morning  he  awoke  early  very  ill,  having  violent  shivering  and  a  sick 
stomach.  He  soon  developed  the  most  severe  symptoms  of  blood- 
poisoning,  and  died  on  the  21st  February,  in  the  house  in  Sackville- 
street  which  he  had  inherited  from  his  father. 

Dease  married  (1814)  Anna  Maria,  daughter  of  Matthew  O'Reilly, 
of  Thomastown,  County  of  Meath.  His  only  surviving  child — a 
posthumous  one — is  Mathew  O'Reilly-Dease,  D.L.,  No.  30  St. 
James-square,  London,  and  Dee  Farm,  County  of  Louth,  and 
ex-M.P.  for  that  county,  whose  liberality  to  the  College  has  been 
more  than  once  referred  to  in  the  foregoing  pages. 

JOHN  ARMSTRONG  GARNETT,  PRESIDENT  IN  1810. 

J.  A.  Garnett  was  born  at  Thurles  on  the  24th  June,  1767. 
He  was  son  of  John  Garnett,  B.A.  and  Ex-Sch.  T.C.D.,  by  his 
wife  Hannah,  ne'e  Kenny.  He  was  educated  at  the  Tipperary 
Grammar  School,  of  which  his  father  had  been  master  from  1735. 
He  studied  in  the  College  School,  and  attended  Dr.  Percival's 
chemical  lectures  in  Trinity  College.  He  obtained  the  Letters 
Testimonial  on  the  23rd  February,  1798.  On  the  4th  August, 
1800,  he  was  elected  a  member,  and  shortly  after  was  appointed 
surgeon  to  Swift's  Hospital,  and  to  the  General  Dispensary,  28 
Temple-bar.  At  this  time  he  resided  in  Kildare-street,  had  a  good 
surgical  practice,  and  was  an  expert  chemist,  as  I  gather  from  the 
contents  of  his  note-book  of  experiments.  On  the  6th  September, 
1803,  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Surgical  Pharmacy.  In  1811  he 
was  obliged  to  leave  Ireland  on  account  of  delicate  health.  He 
was,  when  the  annual  election  of  professors  arrived,  re-elected — not 
at  his  own  request,  but  on  that  of  C.  H.  Todd,  who  proposed  to  act 
as  his  locum  tenens  in  the  event  of  his  illness  continuing.  Next 
year  he  was  assisted  by  Andrew  Johnston,  but  he  was  obliged  to 
resign  his  professorship  in  1813.    For  eighteen  years  he  continued 


JOHN  A.  GARNETT  AND  LORD  EDWARD  FITZGERALD.  345 

to  be  an  invalid.  His  death  took  place  at  Sandymount,  in  the 
County  of  Dublin,  on  the  16th  January,  1831,  from  paralysis.  He 
was  interred  in  St.  Anne's  church.  None  of  his  children  now 
survive.  One  of  his  daughters  married  the  late  Mr.  R.  Purefoy 
Colles,  barrister,  Librarian  to  the  Eoyal  Dublin  Society. 

Mr.  Colles'  daughter  has  entrusted  to  me  a  diary  which  Garnett 
kept  whilst  attending  upon  Lord  Edward  Fitzgerald  in  prison,  in 
June,  1798.  As  this  diary  has  not  been  published,  and  as  the 
event  recorded  in  it  was  perhaps  one  of  the  most  interesting  in  the 
life  of  Garnett,  as  well  as  in  Irish  history,  I  have  availed  myself  of 
Miss  Colles'  permission  to  put  it  into  print : — 

"Newgate,  June  2nd,  1798. — I  was  introduced  to  Lord  Edward 
Fitzgerald  by  Captain  Stone  at  about  half-past  three  o'clock  this 
day.  His  countenance  showed  a  great  degree  of  wildness,  mixed 
with  that  kind  of  expression  that  accompanies  pain.  He  thanked 
Captain  Stone  for  his  attention  to  him,  and  expressed  some  sorrow 
at  parting  with  him.  I  assured  him  that  he  should  experience  the 
utmost  care  from  me  in  what  regarded  his  health  or  his  comfort,  for 
which  he  thanked  me,  and  added,  that  it  was  comfortable  to  him  to 
think  that  he  should  have  a  medical  person  near  him.  This  inter- 
view lasted  but  a  few  minutes. 

"  I  returned  to  his  room  in  about  half  an  hour.  He  then  complained 
of  some  headache.  He  feared,  he  said,  that  some  degree  of  fever 
was  coming  on  him.  His  tongue  was  a  little  foul  and  his  pulse 
frequent  and  fluttering ;  his  wounds,  he  said,  were  not  painful.  I 
proposed  leaving  him  alone,  that  he  might  try  to  compose  himself 
to  sleep,  as  I  hoped  it  would  be  of  use  to  him.  He  asked  me  if  I 
was  not  to  sleep  in  the  next  room  to  him.  I  answered  that  I  was. 
He  then  asked  me  if  I  slept  soundly,  or  was  easily  awoke.  I 
answered  that  the  least  noise  awoke  me.  Having  left  him,  I  set 
about  pitching  my  bed  and  arranging  matters  in  the  room  appointed 
for  me.  Whilst  I  was  employed  in  this  manner,  one  of  the 
prisoners  ran  into  my  room  to  say  that  they  were  preparing  for  an 
execution  at  the  front  of  the  prison,  and  in  few  minutes  after  a 
second  person  ran  in  to  make  the  same  report.  The  first  impression 
on  my  mind  was  that  these  people  had  come  with  the  view  off 
(sic)  my  attention  from  Lord  Edward,  and  thus  of  affording  an 
opportunity  for  some  person  on  the  watch  to  communicate  with 
I'i'n ;  but  the  horror  I  have  of  being  witness  to  an  execution  would 


346       JOHN  A.  GARNETT  AND  LORD  EDWARD  FITZGERALD. 

alone  have  defeated  such  a  design.  I  continued  to  arrange  matters 
in  my  room.  One  of  the  windows  of  it  looked  into  the  porch 
leading  from  the  outer  to  the  inner  gate  of  the  prison.  By  looking 
obliquely  through  this  window,  the  space  in  the  front  of  the  prison 
could  be  seen  through  the  bars  of  the  front  gate.  When  these 
reports  were  made  to  me  I  looked  out,  and  seeing  nothing  like  the 
crowd  that  attends  executions,  I  was  the  more  strongly  confirmed 
in  my  first  suspicion.  It  was  now  nearly  five  o'clock.  I  ordered 
some  dinner,  and  went  into  Lord  Edward's  room.  I  asked  him  how 
he  was ;  he  answered,  '  Pretty  well.'  I  asked  him  if  his  wounds  were 
painful ;  he  answered,  '  No,  that  he  was  easy.'  He  then  asked,  '  Is 
not  your  name  Garnett,  sir  ?'  I  answered  it  was ;  he  added, '  I  hope, 
sir,  I  do  not  take  you  from  more  important  occupations.'  I  answered 
that  my  most  important  occupation  was  the  attendance  on  the  sick, 
and  that  I  trusted  his  Lordship  would  have  no  reason  to  complain 
of  any  want  of  care  or  vigilance.  I  mentioned  that  I  had  brought 
some  books  with  me,  and  that  I  should  be  ready  to  read  to  him  when- 
ever he  was  disposed  to  be  amused  in  that  way.  He  thanked  me  and 
said  he  would  trouble  me  sometimes  when  I  thought  it  would  not  be 
hurtful  to  him.  While  this  conversation  was  passing,  I  heard  the 
trampling  of  horses  and  a  confused  noise  at  the  front  of  the  prison. 
On  looking  out  at  one  of  the  windows  of  Lord  Edward's  room  I  saw 
parties  of  several  of  the  corps  of  yeomanry  drawing  up  at  the  front 
of  the  prison ;  this  at  once  removed  the  suspicion  I  had  entertained, 
and  I  was  satisfied  that  an  execution  was  to  take  place. 

"  The  noise  and  the  words  of  those  without,  which  were  heard 
distinctly  enough  to  convey  an  idea  of  what  was  going  forward, 
evidently  agitated  Lord  E.    The  word  croppy  was  frequently 

repeated,  and  '  D  n  all  the  croppies,'  and  '  I  wish  all  the  croppies 

were  hanged,'  and  exclamations  to  that  effect  were  frequently 
uttered.  I  drew  up  the  windows  to  exclude  the  noise  as  much  as 
possible,  and  I  retired  to  my  own  room,  lest  he  should  inquire 
what  the  tumult  proceeded  from.  On  looking  out  at  the  window  I 
saw  that  kind  of  expression  on  the  countenances  of  the  yeomen  that 
were  attending  that  showed  they  were  listening  to  an  address  from 
the  criminal,  and  I  could  hear  a  serjeanfc,  leaning  on  his  halbert, 
repeat  after  him  that  he  '  died  a  bad  soldier.'  Almost  immediately 
a  sudden  crash,  made  by  the  falling  of  the  machine  on  which  the 
criminal  stood,  and  the  expression  of  countenance  of  those  in 
attendance,  convinced  me  that  he  was  launched  into  eternity. 


JOHN  A.  GARNETT  AND  LORD  EDWARD  FITZGICRALD.  347 

While  I  was  reflecting  on  the  novelty  of  my  situation,  and  had  my 
thoughts  awfully  called  to  a  consideration  of  what  had  taken  place 
during  the  short  time  that  I  had  been  within  these  walls  (it  was 
now  twenty  minutes  after  six),  I  was  called  by  the  man  in  attend- 
ance on  Lord  Edward  with  great  hurry  and  eagerness.  I  found 
him  in  a  state  of  excessive  agitation ;  his  tongue  was  thrust  forward 
between  his  teeth,  and  his  jaws  were  closed  by  the  most  rigid  spasm. 
I  forced  his  jaws  asunder  with  some  difficulty  by  means  of  a  spatula 
covered  with  linen,  and  thus  defended  his  tongue  from  any  further 
wound  than  it  had  already  suffered.  After  about  half  an  hour's 
attendance  the  spasm  subsided,  and  he  spoke ;  he  complained  of  the 
involuntary  protrusion  of  his  tongue  and  of  a  troublesome  catching 
about  his  jaws;  his  wounds  also,  he  said,  were  painful.  By  degrees, 
however,  these  symptoms  subsided.  The  noise  at  the  front  of  the 
prison  now  increased,  and  the  words,  '  Cut  him  down,'  '  Cut  him 
down,'  were  distinctly  heard.    Soon  after  I  heard  the  words,  '  Don't 

touch  him,'  '  D  n  you,  don't  touch  him,'  and  a  shot  was  fired. 

All  this  evidently  agitated  Lord  Edward,  and  he  immediately  cried 
out,  '  God  look  down  upon  those  that  suffer !  God  preserve  me  and 
have  mercy  on  me  and  on  those  that  act  with  me.' 

"  The  troops  that  attended  the  execution  soon  began  to  retire, 
and  he  became  calm.  It  was  now  a  quarter  past  six,  and  the  nurse 
brought  up  some  tarts  for  his  dinner;  he  consented  to  eat  them, 
and  I  retired  to  my  room,  where  I  made  a  hurried  meal.  Just  as 
I  had  finished  it,  Mr.  Gregg  (the  gaoler)  came  in.  He  informed 
me  that  the  criminal  who  had  been  executed  was  a  young  man  of 
the  name  of  Clinch,  an  officer  of  the  Kathcool  Corps ;  that  he  had 
been  found  guilty  of  joining  the  rebels  by  a  court-martial,  and  that 
he  had  acknowledged  at  the  moment  of  his  execution,  in  an  address 
to  the  people,  the  justice  of  his  sentence  and  the  fairness  of  his 
trial;  he  also  said  that  he  (Clinch)  had  added,  that  the  country  he 
lived  in  had  all  been  sworn  by  a  priest. 

"I  went  into  Lord  E.'s  room  at  about  a  quarter  before  seven 
o  clock.  He  was  very  restless,  but  expressed  a  desire  to  get  some 
sleep.  I  begged  that  he  would  compose  himself,  and  I  told  him 
that  I  would  sit  by  him ;  he  thanked  me,  and  seemed  pleased  at 
the  offer.  I  sat  by  him  for  some  time,  but  he  soon  became 
extremely  restless,  and  insisted  on  permission  to  walk  about.  I 
remonstrated  with  him  on  the  impropriety  of  such  an  attempt, 
and  warned  him  of  the  ill  consequences  to  his  health  that  would 


348       JOHN  A.  GAENETT  AND  LOED  EDWAED  FITZGEEALD. 


follow  ;  to  this  he  answered  that  he  did  not  wish  to  live — that  he 
was  happy  in  the  persuasion  that  he  was  dying  for  his  country. 
When  I  urged  the  danger  of  his  agitating  himself,  he  answered 
that  it  was  cruel  in  me  to  resist  his  dying  when  he  chose  it — that 
he  would  go  to  heaven — that  God  would  receive  him  for  having 
contributed  to  the  freedom  of  his  country — that  he  gloried  in 
dying  for  his  country,  in  rescuing  it  from  his  tyrants — that  he 
had  nothing  to  lament  but  his  wife  and  children,  but  that  his 
country  would  some  time  or  another  take  care  of  them.  He 
knew,  he  said,  that  he  would  not  live  to  be  a  witness  of  the 
freedom  he  had  contributed  to,  but  that  he  would  die  happy  as  he 
would  die  in  the  cause  of  his  country.  He  said  that  he  felt  the 
most  firm  persuasion  of  eternal  salvation  through  the  merits  of  our 
Saviour;  he  declared  himself  convinced  of  the  truth  of  the 
Christian  religion ;  that  he  believed  all,  and  would  believe  more  if 
it  was  necessary. 

"  By  degrees  he  became  so  violent  that  the  man  in  attendance 
and  I  could  not  without  difficulty  confine  him  by  force  to  the  bed ; 
no  remonstrance  could  restrain  him  ;  he  roared  most  impetuously, 
and  exerted  a  wonderful  degree  of  strength  even  with  his  wounded 
arm.  He  called  me  a  tyrant  for  not  permitting  him  to  die.  I  said 
everything  I  could  think  of  to  dissuade  him  from  agitating  himself. 
He  cried  out — 4  Dear  Ireland,  I  die  for  you  !  My  country,  you  will 

be  free !'  and  then,  '  D  n  you !  why  don't  you  let  me  die  %  I  want 

to  die.    You  are  a  tyrant !    If  I  had  a  knife  I  would  kill  myself.' 
I  here  remarked — 'My  Lord,  that  would  be  a  violation  of  the 
religion  of  which  you  profess  yourself  a  believer.'    He  again 
repeated,  or  he  rather  answered  me  by  saying,  '  But  I  want  to  die ; 
I  want  to  go  to  the  bosom  of  my  Saviour.'    His  language  now 
became  most  violent  as  well  as  his  actions.    He  proceeded  to 
the  most  outrageous  execrations,  and  continued  uninterruptedly 
exclaiming  in  the  loudest  voice,  4 .  .       .       .       .  .'* 

for  upwards  of  twenty  minutes.  The  entire  of  this  paroxysm 
of  mental  agitation  and  madness  lasted  for  an  hour  and  a  half. 
His  loud  vociferations  assembled  the  people  at  the  outside  of  the 
prison,  and  such  of  the  prisoners  are  (sic)  were  at  liberty  to  walk 
about  assembled  on  the  stairs  leading  to  his  room.  Among 
these  was  Mr.  Dowling,  who  was,  more  than  any  of  the  restj 
anxious  to  get  admission  into  his  (sic).    He  urged  me  to  give  hini 

*  Seven  words  are  omitted  by  the  author. 


JOHN  A.  GARNETT  AMD  LORD  EDWARD  FITZGERALD.  349 

leave  to  have  access  to  him  for  a  moment,  adding,  that  he  was 
persuaded  he  could  pacify  him.  To  this  I  consented,  with  the 
hope,  though  without  any  well-founded  expectation,  that  he  would 
be  able  to  accomplish  it.  One  consideration,  however,  prompted 
me  not  to  refuse  him  admission.  The  shrieks  of  Lord  Edward  had 
been  heard  by  everyone  in  the  street  and  in  the  prison.  The 
agitation  he  was  under,  and  the  violence  with  which  he  was  exert- 
ing his  wounded  limbs,  could  not  fail  to  prove  immediately  or  very 
soon  fatal  to  him.  Such  an  event  might  be  ascribed  to  some 
unwarrantable  violence  offered  to  him,  as  it  is  unquestionable  that 
there  are  too  many  persons  every  ready  to  invent,  and  thousands 
ready  to  give  credit,  to  the  most  execrable  calumnies.  The  best 
method  of  guarding  against  such  a  report  I  conceived  to  consist  in 
admitting  the  most  particular  of  his  friends  that  was  within  reach 
to  be  witness  to  his  real  state.  He  saw  him  and  spoke  to  him  in 
my  presence ;  but  the  same  execrations,  which  had  been  uttered 

without  interruption,  of  'D  n  you !  d  n  you !'  was  continued, 

and  the  same  violent  struggles  made,  nor  had  Mr.  Dowling  any 
more  influence  than  those  who  were  already  with  him. 

"The  Surgeon-General,  Dr.  Lindsay,  and  Mr.  Leake,  arrived 
when  this  state  of  agitation  began  to  subside  from  its  greatest 
height ;  but  while  it  was  still  considerable,  Dr.  Lindsay  brought 
some  fruit,  which  he  told  Lord  Edward  had  been  sent  from  Carton. 
The  Surgeon-General  went  to  Mr.  Kinsley's  to  provide  some 
means  of  securing  Lord  E.  in  the  night,  in  case  he  should  continue 
in  the  same  state.  On  his  return  with  Mr.  Kinsley,  Lord  E.  was 
calm  ;  he  had  exhausted  his  strength  to  a  great  degree ;  his  wounds 
were  dressed.  Soon  after  his  wounds  were  again  dressed  he  became 
restless.  He  complained  of  want  of  sleep,  and  begged  that  I  would 
do  something  to  allay  the  catching  about  his  jaws.  I  gave  him 
a  draught  with  40  drops  of  laudanum  ;  he  soon  fell  into  a  state  of 
quietness,  but  showed  no  disposition  to  sleep.  At  about  eleven 
o'clock  Mr.  Kinsley  came  with  a  bedstead  and  straps,  &c,  and  he 
was  removed  with  the  mattress  on  which  (sic)  lay  on  the  bedstead, 
on  which  a  palliasse  was  previously  placed ;  but,  as  he  was  then 
quiet,  the  straps  were  not  used. 

"  Half-past  four. — Lord  E.  has  continued  quiet  all  night,  but  he 
has  had  no  sleep.  He  drank  plentifully  of  barley-water,  and  took 
wine  and  water  once.  He  says  that  he  feels  himself  better  now, 
and  that  he  thinks  he  is  inclined  to  sleep.    He  spoke  in  the  night 


350       JOnN  A.  GAENETT  AND  LORD  EDWARD  FITZGERALD. 


of  a  Dr.  Barber,  whom  he  said  he  wished  greatly  to  see,  and  he  has 
just  now  desired  that  I  would  apply  to  Lord  Castlereagh  to  write 
for  him. 

"  Half-past  six. — He  has  had  no  sleep ;  his  pulse  became  more 
frequent  and  his  breathing  very  short ;  he  says  he  is  easy  and  free 
from  pain.  When  I  came  into  the  room  at  this  time,  he  said  with 
great  earnestness,  '  Would  to  God  I  had  one  thirty  thousand  guineas 
this  morning !  they  would  make  thirty  thousand  happy  men.'  I 
observed — '  Your  Lordship  would  distribute  them  generously.'  He 
answered — '  A  guinea  would  do  a  great  deal  with  a  poor  man  f 
he  added,  with  a  momentary  depression  of  countenance,  '  and 
nothing  can  be  done  without  money.' 

"  Half -past  seven.  —  His  pulse  flutters  excessively,  and  his 
breathing  grows  very  short ;  he  has  expressed  a  desire  for  some 
tea  when  I  get  my  breakfast ;  the  doors  are  not  yet  unlocked. 

"  Nine  o'clock. — He  has  had  a  little  sleep,  and  his  pulse  is  some- 
what more  regular  and  firmer  than  it  has  been  during  the  night. 

"  Eleven  o'clock. — This  change  in  his  pulse  was  of  such  short 
duration  as  scarcely  to  justify  my  having  noted  it ;  it  is  now  rapid 
and  irregular.  (Mr.  John  Leeson  called  at  about  nine  o'clock  to 
inquire  for  Lord  Edward.  He  came,  he  said,  from  Lord  Henry 
Fitzgerald.  I  answered  that  he  was  very  ill,  and  I  thought  there 
was  reasonable  hope  of  his  recovery.) 

"While  I  sat  by  his  bedside,  he  observed  to  me— 'I  have  a 
brother  Henry,  that  I  doat  on.  I  wish  greatly  to  see  him ;  but 
that,  I  suppose,  cannot  be  allowed.'  After  a  short  pause,  he  said — 
'  I  have  a  brother  Leinster,  for  whom  I  have  a  high  respect ;  he 
might  depend  on  everything  I  did.  I  have  a  brother  Robert  also,' 
he  added;  'he  is  in  Sweden.  He  is  a  very  worthy  and  a  very 
respectable  young  man ;  but,'  he  added,  '  it  was  he  who  wrote 
that  foolish  manifesto  of  the  Swiss.  Lord,  how  I  laughed  at  it !' 
This  he  said  with  a  most  sarcastic  expression  of  countenance.  I 
thought  it  prudent  not  to  enter  into  any  conversation  respecting 
his  family  lest  it  should  agitate  him  or  excite  his  wishes  for  an 
interview  with  his  brother,  Lord  Henry,  of  whose  being  in  Ireland 
he  appeared  to  had  have  some  intimation,  or  at  least  he  strongly 
conjectured  that  he  was.  He  requested  that  I  would  read  a 
portion  of  the  Bible  to  him.  I  asked  what  part  he  chose.  He 
answered,  the  account  of  our  Saviour's  death.  I  read  it  from 
the  Gospel  of  S.  John,  and  he  listened  with  the  utmost  attention. 


JOHN  A.  GARNETT  AND  LORD  EDWARD  EITZGKRALD. 


351 


When  I  had  finished  reading  I  took  his  hand  to  feel  his  pnlse.  He 
asked  me  how  long  I  thought  it  would  last.  I  answered  that  he 
was  veiy  ill,  and  that  a  resolute  endeavour  to  compose  his  mind 
was  most  essential  to  him.  He  said  that  he  was  prepared  for  death, 
if  the  translation  to  a  state  of  eternal  happiness  could  be  called 
death — that  he  confided  in  the  mercy  of  God  and  the  purity  of  his 
own  intentions — that  he  had  been  zealous  for  the  freedom  of  his 
country  He  seemed  now  to  look  back  to  the  time  of  his  violence 
and  derangement  last  night,  observing,  that  the  heads  of  men  in 
his  situation  were  often  unsettled.  He  said  this  with  a  look 
expressive  of  apology  to  me  for  the  violence  of  his  actions  and  of 
his  language.  He  eat  one  or  two  mouthfuls  of  dry  toast  at  about 
half-ten,  and  drank  a  very  small  quantity  of  tea,  but  evidently 
without  relishing  them.  He  eat  a  few  strawberries  and  about  a 
dozen  cherries,  observing,  that  they  came  from  dear  Carton  (this 
observation  clearly  evinces  his  recollection  of  last  night),  and  he 
eat  them  with  a  good  appetite. 

"  A  volume  of  Shakespear  lay  in  the  room.  I  asked  him  if  he 
admired  his  plays.  He  answered  with  vivacity,  that  he  did  greatly, 
and  he  asked  me  to  read  the  speech  on  the  immortality  of  the 
soul ;  but  I  believe  that  he  had  then  in  his  view  the  speech  in 
'  Cato ' — '  It  must  be  so.  Plato,  thou  reasonest  well,'  &c. ;  for 
he  immediately  asked  me  if  I  thought  he  could  get  Addison's 
'  Cato.'  The  volume  of  Shakespear  contained  some  of  the  comedies. 
I  read  the  titles  of  those  it  contained,  and  asked  if  he  had  any 
desire  to  have  a  part  of  any  of  them  read  to  him.  He  answered 
that  he  could  not  now  enter  into  them.  I  breakfasted  in  the  room 
with  him,  and  while  I  waited  for  the  tea-kettle,  he  asked,  with 
kindness,  if  I  did  not  intend  to  eat  something. 

"  Twelve  o'clock. — He  continued  perfectly  composed  till  near 
twelve  o'clock,  at  which  time  he  became  restless,  and  desired  to 
get  up.  His  wish  was  complied  with,  as  his  bed  was  in  a  disorderly 
state,  and  he  required  a  change  of  linen.  While  he  was  sitting  on 
the  bedside,  the  Surgeon-General,  Dr.  Lindsay,  Mr.  Leake,  and  Mr. 
Gregg  came  in ;  his  wounds  were  dressed  and  had  a  favourable 
appearance  notwithstanding  the  agitation  of  last  night. 

"  One  o'clock. — He  has  continued  tranquil  since,  except  that  he 
once  entreated  permission  to  get  up ;  but,  by  soothing  persuasions,  I 
prevailed  on  him  to  remain  in  bed.  I  requested  him  not  to  agitate 
himself  by  contending  to  get  out  of  bed — that  he  had  suffered 


352       .TOIIN  A.  GARNETT  AND  LORD  EDWARD  FITZGERALD. 


greatly  by  his  exertions  last  night.  He  answered  that  he  would 
try  to  stay  in  bed,  but  that  it  was  very  cruel  in  one  to  confine  him 
to  it.  I  answered — '  My  Lord,  you  must  be  persuaded  that  your 
own  health  and  safety  are  at  stake,  and  that  my  only  motive  can 
be  a  desire  to  contribute  to  them.'  On  this  he  stretched  out  his 
hand  to  me,  and  said — '  I  give  you  a  great  deal  of  trouble,  sir,'  and 
he  then  expressed  a  desire  to  compose  himself  to  sleep,  and  I  left 
the  room. 

"Two  o'clock.  — Lord  Edward  sent  for  me  at  half -past  one 
o'clock.  On  my  coming  into  the  room  and  asking  what  I  could 
do  for  him,  he  answered  that  he  wished  to  talk  to  me  about  Ryan's 
wounds.  I  told  him  that  I  had  not  heard  anything  respecting 
him  lately,  as  I  imagined  that  it  would  shock  him  to  hear  of  his 
death.  He  observed  that  he  had  given  him  three  damned  gashes 
in  the  belly ;  that  he  was  sure  his  tripes  must  have  been  out.  He 
said  that  he  had  fought  like  a  devil  with  five  of  them — that  if  he 
could  have  got  to  a  little  window  he  would  have  escaped  over 
the  houses  in  disguise.  He  then  expressed  an  earnest  desire  to 
see  Dr.  Barber ;  he  said  he  could  be  heard  of  at  Mr.  Mercer's,  in 
Gloucester-street ;  that  he,  Mr.  Mercer,  would  send  for  him.  Then* 
sentiments,  he  said  (Lord  E.  and  those  of  Dr.  Barber),  coincided 
so  entirely  that  he  wished  greatly  to  have  some  conversation  with 
him ;  he  said  he  was  the  first  United  man  in  that  country.  He 
talked  with  enthusiasm  of  the  Presbyterian  meeting-houses  being 
alternately  crowded  with  persons  of  their  own  and  the  Popish 
congregation.  He  said  it  was  a  glorious  sight,  and  that  the 
children  were  brought  up  in  these  principles  by  Dr.  Barber. 

"  Half -past  three. — His  pulse  is  rapid,  attended  with  convul- 
sive twitchings;  he  bites  his  lips,  and  his  eyes  roll  incessantly,  and 
his  countenance  is  flushed  to  a  high  degree.  I  remarked  to  him 
that  he  seemed  agitated,  and  he  answered,  '  I  was  only  thinking.' 
He  desired  to  see  Captain  Russell. 

"  Five  o'clock. — He  is  now  pretty  easy ;  he  was  greatly  disturbed 
and  very  urgent  to  get  out  of  bed,  but  by  gentle  persuasions  I 
prevailed  on  him  to  relinquish  the  desire.  I  allowed  him  to  sit  on 
the  bedside,  warmly  covered  with  the  bed-clothes,  for  a  few 
minutes,  about  half  an  hour  ago,  and  he  has  been  quiet  since.  In 
the  course  of  my  sitting  by  him  I  inquired  what  regiments  Lis 
Lordship  had  been  in ;  he  answered,  in  the  54th  and  19th.  Had 
he  been  long  in  the  army?  he  answered  that  he  had  served  in  the 


JOHN  A.  GARNETT  AND  LORD  EDWARD  FITZGERALD.  353 

American  war,  and  added,  that  he  hoped  God  would  forgive  him. 
I  mentioned  that  I  had  heard  Major  Brown,  of  the  Engineers,  talk 
with  esteem  and  respect  for  him  ;  he  replied  that  he  knew  him,  and 
that  he  was  a  very  worthy  fellow. 

"Half-past  four. — His  pulse  is  small  and  very  frequent;  the 
spasmodic  twitchings  not  so  considerable ;  he  eat  about  half  a 
dozen  heads  of  asparagus  at  four  o'clock. 

"Twelve  o'clock. — He  continued  tolerably  quiet  till  eight  o'clock, 
when  his  wounds  were  dressed ;  his  breathing,  however,  became 
hourly  more  and  more  difficult,  and  his  strength  was  evidently 
sinking  rapidly.  After  his  wound  was  dressed  and  he  was  settled 
in  bed,  he  made  one  vigorous  attempt  to  get  up,  and  grew  extremely 
restless.  He  raved  on  addressing  the  people ;  talked  of  principles, 
and  being  up ;  and  at  one  time  said — '  If  you  had  clone  so,  you 
must  have  gone  to  America.'  He  turned  to  me,  as  I  sat  at  the 
head  of  his  bed,  and  asked  me  if  I  was  not  too  high  to  be  heard  from 
where  I  was.  I  answered,  '  No.'  He  then  said — '  Well,  that  is  a 
good  thing.  Can  they  hear  you  from  where  you  are  V  I  answered, 
'  They  could.'  He  then  said — '  Well,  then,  stay  up  as  you  are 
there.'  In  this  kind  of  state  he  continued  till  about  a  quarter 
after  ten  o'clock,  when  Lord  Clare,  accompanied  by  Lady  Louisa 
Connolly  and  Lord  Henry  Fitzgerald  and  Dr.  Lindsay,  were 
admitted  to  him.  The  scene  was  a  most  affecting  one,  and  such  as 
I  shall  not  attempt  to  describe.  When  Lady  L.  C.  and  his 
brother  first  went  to  his  bedside  he  appeared  not  to  know  them.  I 
went  over  and  called  his  attention  to  them,  mentioning  who  they 
were.  He  then  called  Lady  L.  C.  his  dear  aunt,  and  embraced  her 
and  his  brother  most  warmly,  but  his  attention  soon  wandered 
from  them.  They  continued  with  him  for  upwards  of  an  hour ; 
during  a  part  of  that  time  I  was  in  the  room,  and  during  the 
remainder  I  was  in  the  adjoining  room  with  Lord  Clare,  who 
appeared  greatly  moved  and  unwilling  to  remain  in  the  room.  He 
raved,  while  they  were  with  him,  of  battles  between  the  insurgents 
m  the  North  and  some  regiments  of  militia;  he  particularly 
named  the  Fermanagh  militia,  and  talked  of  a  battle  at  Armagh 
that  lasted  for  two  days. 

"  After  their  departure  his  mind  continued  in  the  same 
deranged  state,  and  he  took  no  notice  of  their  having  been  with 
him. 

"  Half-past  twelve.— Within  this  half  hour  his  deglutition,  which 

2  A 


354 


SIR  PHILIP  CRAMPTON,  PRESIDENT 


heretofore  has  been  perfectly  free,  has  been  much  impeded,  and 
his  dissolution  is  evidently  approaching  rapidly. 

"  Two  o'clock. — After  a  violent  struggle,  that  commenced  at  a 
little  after  twelve  o'clock,  this  ill-fated  young  man  has  just  drawn 
his  last  breath. 

"  J.  Armstrong  Garnett. 

"June  4,  1798." 

On  the  13th  August,  1798,  Garnett  was  ordered  to  attend  before 
the  "  Committee  of  the  whole  House  "  of  Commons,  to  "  whom  it  is 
referred  to  take  into  consideration  a  Bill  for  the  Attainder  of 
Edward  Fitzgerald,  commonly  called  Lord  Edward  Fitzgerald, 
Cornelius  Grogan  and  Beauchamp<  Bagenal  Harvey,  of  High 
Treason." 

That  Garnett  was  a  medical  celebrity  in  1804  is  evident  from 
the  following  reference  to  him  in  the  Metropolis : — 

"  Would  clear-brained  C  s  add  to  penetration 

Some  novel  spirit  of  investigation, 

He'd  vaunt  of  just  success,  while  clumsy  D  e 

Should  pluck  a  sprig  from  G— n — tt's  happy  grace." 

SIR  PHILIP  CRAMPTON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1811,  1820,  1844, 

AND  1855. 

Sir  Philip  Crampton  was  born  in  No.  16  William-street,  Dublin, 
on  the  7th  June,  1777.  His  ancestor,  John  Crampton,  came  to 
Ireland  from  Nottinghamshire  in  the  time  of  Charles  II.  His  son, 
John,  born  in  1686,  became  Rector  of  Headford  and  Archdeacon 
of  Tuam,  and  married  the  Hon.  Miss  Fiennes  Twisleton,  daughter 
of  Lord  Saye  and  Sele.  The  present  possessor  of  that  title  (an 
archdeacon  of  the  Established  Church  in  England)  is  Frederick 
Twisleton  Wykeham  Fiennes.  Sir  Philip  Crampton  evidently 
named  his  son,  the  present  baronet,  John  Fiennes  Twisleton  in 
honour  of  his  "  grand  relations." 

Archdeacon  Crampton  had  four  sons  and  two  daughters.  His 
third  son,  John,  was  born  on  the  20th  October,  1732,  and  was 
indentured  to  Surgeon  George  Daunt,  and  having  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  dentistry,  which  at  that  time  was  rarely  practised  by  educated 
surgeons,  he  soon  attained  to  a  large  practice,  and  realised  a  handsome 


in  1811,  1820,  1844,  and  1855. 


355 


fortune.  He  married  Anne,  daughter  of  J ames  Verncr,  of  Churchill, 
County  of  Armagh,  a  member  of  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  aristocratic 
families  of  that  county.  Towards  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he 
resided  in  a  handsome  house  in  Merrion-square.  He  died  in  August, 
1792,  leaving  a  goodly  fortune  to  his  eldest  son,  and  £2,000  to 
each  of  his  other  two  sons.  One  of  them  became  a  judge,  another 
entered  the  Church,  and  was  promoted  to  the  Rectory  of  Mulcaher, 
in  the  County  of  Limerick,  and  the  youngest,  Philip,  elected  to  be  a 
surgeon.  Philip  Crampton  was  fond  of  music,  and,  when  a  lad, 
became  intimate  with  Wolfe  Tone,  the  United  Irishman.  It  is 
said  that  whilst  Crampton  and  Tone  were  playing  a  duet  in  the 
house  of  Mrs.  Crampton,  information  was  brought  to  Tone  that  his 
relations  with  the  United  Irishmen  had  just  been  discovered. 

On  the  8th  November,  1792,  and  when  little  more  than  fourteen 
years  old,  Crampton  was  indentured  to  Surgeon  Solomon  Pvichards,  of 
York-street,  and  soon  after  commenced  his  professional  studies  in 
the  College  School,  in  Mercer-street,  and  in  the  Meath  Hospital. 
In  1798  he  was  "passed"  at  the  College  for  surgeon's  mate,  and 
soon  after  was  attached  to  the  army  of  Sir  John  Moore.  He  saw, 
however,  very  little  of  foreign  service.  He  studied,  in  1799,  at 
Glasgow,  Edinburgh,  and  London,  and  graduated,  in  1800,  M.D. 
in  Glasgow  University.  On  the  25th  September,  1798,  he  received 
the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College,  and  three  days  later  he  was 
appointed  a  surgeon  to  the  Meath  Hospital,  in  succession  to  W. 
Dease.  This  position  he  retained  until  his  death — a  period  of 
nearly  sixty  years. 

On  the  11th  of  August,  1801,  Crampton  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  College,  and  the  high  opinion  entertained  of  his  abilities  by 
his  colleagues  is  shown  by  his  election,  a  few  months  later,  to  the 
membership  of  the  Court  of  Assistants.  At  this  time  he  was  not 
twenty-five  years  old. 

On  the  12th  May,  1802,  Crampton  married  Selina,  third  of 
the  eight  daughters  of  Patrick  Hamilton  Cannon,  an  officer  of 
the  12th  Dragoons.    "  Her  face  was  her  fortune."    She  died  in 
consequence  of  a  severe  burn,  which  terribly  disfigured  her  face, 
in  1804  he  fitted  up  the  rere  buildings  of  his  house,  No.  24 


356 


SIR  PHILIP  CRAMPTON,  PRESIDENT 


Dawson-street,  as  a  dissecting  room  and  lecture-theatre.  Here  lie 
taught  anatomy  and  surgery  until  1813,  thereby  establishing  the 
first  of  those  private  schools  which  afterwards  became  so  numerous 
in  Dublin  (see  Chapter  on  the  Private  Schools).  In  1806  he  was 
appointed  a  surgeon  to  the  Westmoreland  Lock  Hospital,  Townsend- 
street. 

Crampton's  reputation  as  a  surgeon  was  now  steadily  increasing. 
A  circumstance  which  occurred  in  1810  made  him  the  subject  of 
town  talk  for  a  considerable  time,  and  it  is  said  had  an  immediate 
effect  upon  his  practice.  A  waiter  in  the  Richmond  Tavern,  which 
was  situated  opposite  to  Crampton's  house,  was  choking  from  the 
impaction  of  a  piece  of  meat  in  his  oesophagus.  Crampton  was  sent 
for,  promptly  performed  tracheotomy,  and  the  man  recovered. 

In  1811  Crampton  was  elected  President  of  the  College.  In 
1813  he  was  appointed  to  the  important  and  lucrative  position  of 
Surgeon-General  by  the  Lord  Lieutenant  (the  Duke  of  Richmond). 
His  practice,  which  at  this  time  was  considerable,  was  still  further 
increased,  and  he  now  began  to  mix  in  the  most  fashionable  circles 
of  Dublin  society.  The  following  anecdote  is  told  in  reference  to 
his  first  appearance  at  Dublin  Castle  in  the  handsome  uniform  of 
the  Surgeon-General: — Some  one  having  inquired  as  to  his  identity, 
a  gentleman  replied,  "  He  is  the  Surgeon-General;"  whereupon  the 
witty  Judge  Norbury,  who  was  present,  exclaimed,  "  I  suppose  that 
is  a  general  in  the  Lancers?  Another  version  of  this  anecdote, 
in  which  King  George  IV.  is  made  the  inquirer  as  to  Crampton's 
identity  is,  I  am  satisfied,  erroneous.  Crampton  was  a  man  of  very 
striking  appearance;  he  was  tall,  well  proportioned,  and  fleshy; 
his  features  were  large  and  well  shaped,  his  forehead  massive,  and 
his  hair  abundant  up  to  old  age.  He  was  very  fond  of  rural  sports, 
especially  of  hunting.  The  clever  but  often  unjustly  sarcastic 
writer,  Erinensis,  whose  letters  to  the  Lancet  caused  so  much  com- 
motion 60  years  ago,  gives  the  following  description  of  the  Surgeon- 
General : — "About  six  feet  in  height,  slightly  formed,  elegantly 
proportioned,  and  elastic  as  corkwood;  and  if,  instead  of  the  gothic 
(abides  by  which  his  graceful  figure  was  distorted,  he  had  been 
habited  in  flowing  robes  of  Lincoln  green,  he  might  doubtless  have 


in  1811,  1820,  1844,  and  1855. 


357 


posed  for  the  model  of  James  Fitzjames.  A  blue  coat  with 
scarcely  anything  deserving  the  name  of  skirts,  a  pair  of  doe-skin 
breeches  that  did  every  justice  to  the  ingenious  maker,  top  boots, 
spurs  of  imposing  longitude,  and  a  whip,  called  a  blazer  in  this 
country,  completed  the  costume  of  this  dandy  Nimrod." 

Crampton  had  a  country  residence  (St.  Valerie's),  situated  in  a 
small  demesne  near  Bray.  He  loved  this  house,  and  spent  much  of 
his  holiday  time  in  it.  When  advanced  in  years,  he  was  heard 
one  day  to  boast  that  he  had  swam  across  Lough  Bray,  ridden 
into  Dublin,  and  amputated  a  limb  before  breakfast. 

Crampton  resided  for  about  45  years  in  the  house  No.  14 
Merxion-square,  which  has  the  well-known  pear  tree  on  its  front. 
Here  he  died  on  the  10th  June,  1858,  aged  eighty-one  years  and 
three  days.  According  to  his  wish,  his  body  was  encased  in  Roman 
cement,  in  presence  of  Messrs.  F.  Rynd,  Josiah  Smyly,  and  P.  C. 
Smyly,  and  was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome  cemetery. 

Crampton  had  two  sons,  one  of  whom  died  young,  and  four 
daughters.  He  was  succeeded  in  his  title  by  his  son,  already 
referred  to,  a  distinguished  diplomatist,  who  served  as  British 
Ambassador  at  the  Courts  of  St.  Petersburg  and  Madrid.  He  resides 
at  Bray,  is  childless,  and  with  him  the  baronetcy  becomes  extinct. 

Crampton  attained  to  every  honour  which  is  usually  bestowed 
upon  eminent  medical  men.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Fellowship  of 
the  Royal  Society,  and  to  the  ordinary  or  honorary  membership  of 
many  British  and  foreign  scientific  associations.  With  the  exception 
of  S.  Richards,  he  was  the  only  member  who  was  four  times  eiected 
President  of  the  College.  He  was  successively  Surgeon-in-Ordinary 
in  Ireland  to  George  IV.  and  Queen  Victoria;  and  in  1839  her 
Majesty  created  him  a  baronet.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Senates 
of  the  Queen's  and  London  Universities.  He  was  President  of  the 
Zoological  Society,  of  whom  he  was  the  principal  founder,  and  for 
whom  he  was  mainly  instrumental  in  procuring  the  site  of  their 
beautiful  gardens  in  the  Phoenix  Park. 

Crampton  takes  rank  with  the  greatest  surgeons  which  the  United 
Kingdom  has  produced.  He  was  sagacious  in  diagnosis,  ready  in 
resources,  dexterous  in  the  use  of  instruments,  and  sympathetic  in 


358 


SIR  PHILIP  CRAMPTON,  PRESIDENT 


his  treatment  of  his  patients.  Surgeon  Maurice  H.  Collis,  in  an 
Introductory  Address  delivered  in  the  Meath  Hospital,  described  his 
surgical  skill  as  follows: — "  Crampton's  great  forte  lay  in  acute 
observation — a  look,  a  touch,  one  or  two  pregnant  questions,  and 
the  diagnosis  was  made,  and  the  treatment  determined  upon.  And 
with  this  rapidity  of  judgment — so  captivating  to  the  looker-on, 
and  so  fatal  to  those  who,  with  less  accurate  eye  and  feebler  powers 
of  deduction,  attempt  to  copy  it — he  seldom  erred.  To  the  last  his 
hand  was  light  and  steady,  his  movements  as  an  operator  quietly 
graceful,  devoid  of  ostentatious  show,  rapid,  but  not  hurried,  cool 
in  every  emergency,  and  prompt  in  every  danger." 

In  1805  Crampton  published  an  essay  on  Entropeon,  or  inversion 
of  the  eyelid,  which  excited  considerable  interest  at  the  time.  In 
1813  he  described,  in  the  Annals  of  Philosophy,  a  muscle  in  the 
eyes  of  birds,  arising  from  the  inner  surface  of  the  bony  hoop 
which  surrounds  the  cornea,  and  terminating  in  a  circular  tendon 
connected  with  the  circular  lamina  of  the  cornea.  By  means  of 
this  muscle  the  lens  can  be  so  adjusted — telescoped,  so  to  speak — as 
to  enable  it  to  see  objects  at  short  or  long  distances,  as  required. 
This  muscle  has  been  termed  musculus  cramptonius  in  honour  of 
its  discoverer,  who  was  also  rewarded  by  being  elected  a  F.R.S. 
[A.  Macalister  has,  however,  shown  that  the  discovery,  though  . 
important,  was  not  quite  novel,  Porterfield  having,  in  1757,  made 
some  reference  to  such  a  muscle.]  He  improved  the  operation  for 
cleft  palate,  and  his  papers  on  various  practical  subjects,  published 
in  the  Dublin  Hospital  Reports,  the  Dublin  Medical  Journal,  and 
the  Medico- Chirurgical  Transactions,  are  valuable.  He  was  an 
excellent  clinical  teacher,  and  ably  co-operated  with  Graves  in 
introducing  the  bedside  system  of  instruction  to  students. 

Crampton  was  the  first  to  pei-form  lithotrity  in  Dublin,  having 
operated  for  stone  by  that  method  on  the  7th  March,  1834. 

Apropos  to  lithotrity,  the  following  may  prove  interesting: — 

About  1800  a  Colonel  Martin  proposed  a  method  of  crushing 
stone  in  the  bladder,  but  the  process  was  brought  into  operation 
with  great  success  by  Dr.  Civiale,  who  is  usually  regarded  as  the 
inventor  of  lithotrity.    The  operation  is,  however,  supposed  to  have 


in  1811,  1820,  1844,  and  1855. 


359 


been  performed  so  early  as  the  year  15  by  Ammonius,  of  Alexandria. 
Dr.  Olympias  discovered,  in  1857,  that  lithotrity  was  practised 
as  early  as  the  ninth  century.  "  Chronography  "  was  the  title  of 
one  of  the  works  of  a  Byzantine  historian  named  Theophanes,  and 
a  biography  of  this  author,  written  by  a  contemporary,  is  prefixed 
to  the  work.  In  this  biography  it  is  stated  that  Theophanes,  find- 
ing the  Emperor  Leon  the  Armenian  suffering  from  dysuria  and 
chronic  disease  of  the  kidneys,  introduced  into  his  bladder,  through 
the  natural  passage  to  that  viscus,  instruments  by  which  he  crushed 
and  extracted  stones,  and  gave  ease  to  his  imperial  patient.  Thus 
it  would  appear  that  Colonel  Martin's  and  Dr.  Civiale's  supposed 
invention  of  lithotrity  was  anticipated  certainly  a  thousand  and 
probably  eighteen  hundred  years  ago. 

In  Collins'  "  Lives  and  Actions  of  the  Sidneys,"  a  MS.  preserved 
in  the  State  Papers  Office,  Dublin,  and  to  which  Sir  Philip 
Crampton  directed  attention  in  1838,  in  an  address  to  the  College 
of  Surgeons,  it  is  shown  that  lithotrity  was  practised  in  Dublin 
326  years  ago.  It  is  as  follows : — "  My  Lord  President  (Sir  Henry 
Sidney,  Lord  Deputy  in  Ireland),  being  of  the  age  of  xxxvi 
yeares  went  into  Ireland  a  hole  man,  not  touched  with  the  stone, 
and  so  remaned  one  yeare  and  a  half  or  thereabought,  and  then, 
after  long  grief,  avoided  two  stones,  which  were  very  big,  such  as 
few  men  have  been  known  to  have  avoided.  After  this  he  took 
his  journey  to  the  north  parts  of  Irelande  and  so  continued  void 
of  pain  or  grief  until  his  arrival  in  Englande,  which  was  about  8 
weeks  after,  and  then  at  Chester  felt  the  like  grief  as  at  first,  and 
60  continued  in  pain  until  Christmas  Eve ;  at  that  time  being 
searched  with  Surgeons  he  avoided  one  other  stone  broken  by  the 
Surgeon  his  instrument  in  divers  pieces,  for  that  it  was  so  great 
that  otherwise  it  could  not  be  taken  out,  for  all  the  pieces  laid 
together  might  make  the  quantity  of  a  nutmegge." 

Francis  L'Estrange,  a  Dublin  surgeon,  improved  the  two-branch 
lithrotomy  instrument  invented  by  Weiss,  by  adapting  a  screw  to 
the  movable  part  of  it,  by  means  of  which  the  calculus  might,  in 
most  cases,  be  pulverised  without  the  use  of  percussion. 

Crampton  was  a  well-read  man.  and  possessed  an  excellent  know- 


360      JOHN  CREIGHTON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1812  AND  1824. 

ledge  of  the  classics  and  history.  He  shone  in  conversation,  and  as 
a  lecturer  his  style  was  clear  and  ornate.  He  gave  a  celebrated 
lecture  on  the  history  of  medicine  in  1838,  at  an  evening  meeting 
of  the  College  of  Surgeons,  in  presence  of  the  Viceroy  (Lord 
Normanby)  and  a  distinguished  company. 

Crampton's  memory  was  done  honour  to  by  both  his  professional 
brethren  and  the  general  public.  His  bust  in  marble  adorns  the 
College  of  Surgeons.  A  bronze  fountain,  having  a  bust  of  Crampton' 
in  the  front  of  it,  is  placed  in  the  open  space  at  the  junction 
of  Great  Brunswick-street  and  College-street.  The  inscription 
upon  it  is  the  composition  of  the  late  Earl  of  Carlisle,  Lord 
Lieutenant,  and  is  as  follows: — "This  fountain  has  been  placed 
here — a  type  of  health  and  usefulness — by  the  friends  and  admirers 
of  Sir  Philip  Crampton,  Bart.,  Surgeon-General  to  Her  Majesty's 
Forces.  It  but  feebly  represents  the  sparkle  of  his  genial  fancy,  the 
depth  of  his  calm  sagacity,  the  clearness  of  his  spotless  honour,  the 
flow  of  his  boundless  benevolence." 

A  marble  statue  of  Crampton  from  the  master  chisel  of  Foley, 
placed  in  the  College  Hall,  would  have  been  a  more  suitable  memorial 
of  him  than  the  inartistic  structure  in  College-street.  As  the 
statue  of  William  Dease  will  soon  adorn  the  College  Hall,  let  us 
hope  that  the  statues  of  Colles,  Crampton,  and  Carmichael  will 
yet  be  placed  beside  it. 

JOHN  CREIGHTON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1812  AND  1824. 

J.  Creighton  was  born  in  1768,  at  Athlone.  His  father  possessed 
some  landed  property  near  that  town,  and  had  a  residence  in  Dublin. 
He  was  a  cadet  of  the  noble  house  of  Erne,  the  family  name  of 
which,  originally  Crichton,  changed  into  Creighton  in  the  last 
century,  has,  within  the  present  one,  reverted  to  its  original 
orthography.  lie  married  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Edward  Low,  of 
Lissay,  County  of  Westmeath.  Her  sister  married  Mr.  Vigors,  of 
Burgage,  Co.  Carlow,  at  which  residence  some  of  John  Creighton's 
earlier  years  were  spent.  He  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of 
the  College  on  the  18th  October,  1792,  and  became  a  member  on 
the  24th  November  following.     He  served  as  surgeon  to  the 


JOHN  CREIGHTON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1812  AND  1824.  361 


Foundlings'  Hospital  for  the  period  of  30  years.  One  of  the  earliest 
and  most  ardent  of  Jenner's  disciples,  he  was  the  principal  founder 
of  the  Cowpock  Institution  in  Dublin,  and  ably  advocated  by 
papers  and  lectures  the  principles  of  vaccination.  Between  the 
30th  December,  1800,  and  the  15th  July,  1801,  he  vaccinated 
nine  children.  The  Surgeon-General,  G.  Stewart,  attempted  to 
inoculate  those  children  with  the  virus  of  small-pox,  but  in  every 
instance  failed,  and  similar  trials  with  ten  children  gave  identical 
results.  Seven  years  afterwards  the  nineteen  children — all  of 
whom,  strange  to  relate,  lived  through  a  stage  of  life  in  which  the 
rate  of  mortality  is  exceedingly  high — were  inoculated  with  small- 
pox matter,  but  resisted  its  infective  power.  John  Abraham, 
Creighton's  eldest  son,  was  one  of  the  nineteen  children.  He 
became  a  licentiate  of  the  College  in  1819,  and  succeeded  his 
father  as  surgeon  to  the  Foundlings'  Hospital,  and  retained  his 
connection  with  the  institution  until  it  was  abolished.  Richard  H., 
another  of  Creighton's  sons,  was  also  one  of  the  nineteen  children 
(Saunders'  News-Letter,  February,  1839).  It  seems  certain  that 
Creighton  first  introduced  the  practice  of  vaccination  into  Ireland. 
He  served,  "  without  fee  or  reward,"  as  Physician  to  the  Cowpock 
Institution,  established  in  1800  at  26  Exchequer-street. 

Creighton  had  a  large  practice,  and  his  patients  were  amongst 
the  most  fashionable  classes.  He  attended  the  family  of  the  great 
Duke  of  Wellington  when,  as  Sir  Arthur  Wellesley,  he  was  Chief 
Secretary  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant.  He  was  regarded  as  peculiarly 
skilful  in  the  treatment  of  diseases  incidental  to  infancy.  On  the 
1st  December,  1794,  he  succeeded  Sir  Henry  Jebb  as  Professor  of 
Midwifery  in  the  College  School.  He  was  wont  to  commence  his 
lectures  with  an  exordium  in  highly  ornate  language,  on  women 
and  their  role  in  nature,  styling  them  "  the  loveliest  things  of  God's 
creation." 

John  Creighton  married  Margaret  St.  Clair,  whose  family  claimed 
direct  descent  from  Strongbow.  He  died  from  paralysis,  on  the 
11th  August,  1827,  at  4  Merrion-square,  and  was  interred  in  St. 
Ann's  church.  Dr.  Crichton,  of  Youghal,  is  grandson  of  the 
*  resident,  but  he  has  changed  the  spelling  of  his  name. 


362 


RICHARD  CARM1CHAEL,  PRESIDENT 


RICHARD  CARMICHAEL,  PRESIDENT  IN  1813,  1826,  AND  1845. 

R.  Carmichael  was  descended  from  an  ancient  Scottish  family, 
one  of  whom,  in  the  person  of  a  cadet  of  the  noble  house  of  Hynd- 
ford,  settled  in  Ireland  about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
Andrew  Carmichael,  of  Dungannon,  died  in  1758,  and  his  death  was 
announced  in  the  newspapers  of  the  day  as  follows :  "  Last  week,  at 
Dungannon,  aged  upwards  of  90,  Andrew  Carmichael,  of  an  ancient 
Scottish  Family,  a  gentleman  much  esteemed  for  universal  benevo- 
lence, probity,  and  skill.  He  maintained  his  judgment  and  memory 
to  the  last ;  and  was  remarkable  for  writing  the  smallest  hand  and 
reading  the  smallest  print,  without  spectacles."  A  grandson  of 
this  Andrew  Carmichael,  was  Hugh  Carmichael,  Solicitor,  and 
Deputy  Clerk  of  the  Crown  for  Drogheda,  and  the  Counties  of 
Meath  and  Louth.  He  married  Sarah,  second  daughter  of  Richard 
Rogers,  of  Balgeen,  County  of  Meath.  Richard,  their  fourth  son, 
was  born*  on  the  6th  February,  1776,  at  Bishop-street,  Dublin. 
He  Avas  indentured  in  1794  to  Robert  Moore  Peile,  and  his  profes- 
sional education  was  completed  in  the  College  School,  chiefly  under 
the  direction  of  Halahan  and  Dease,  and  in  the  House  of  Industry 
Hospitals. 

On  the  15th  September,  1795,  being  then  only  in  his  twentieth 
year,  he  "  passed  "  at  the  College  of  Surgeons  the  examination  quali- 
fying him  to  act  as  surgeon's  mate  to  a  regiment.  He  was  shortly 
afterwards  attached  to  the  Wexford  Militia,  and  served  in  that 
regiment  until  the  reduction  in  the  strength  of  the  forces,  which 
in  1802  resulted  from  the  Peace  of  Amiens.  He  was  for  a  long 
period  quartered  in  Dungannon  Fort.  In  1803  he  settled  down  to 
practise  in  Cumberland-street,  Dublin,  and  in  an  almost  unprece- 
dentedly  short  time  rose  to  eminence  in  his  profession.  On  the 
16th  May,  1803,  he  passed  his  examination  for  the  licence  of  the 
College,  and  on  the  7th  November  following  he  was  elected  member. 
In  January,  1813,  he  was  placed,  at  the  early  age  of  thirty-four,  in 

*  R.  Carmichael  had  more  than  one  "  Rtrain  "  of  blue  blood  in  his  veins.  His 
great  grandmother  was  the  Hon.  Letitia  Moore,  daughter  of  the  second  Earl  of 
Drogheda. 


in  1813,  1826,  and  1845. 


363 


the  presidential  chair.  In  1803  he  was  elected  Surgeon  to  St. 
George's  Hospital  and  Dispensary — an  institution  in  which  he 
began  his  study  of  cancer.  On  the  23rd  of  August,  lol6,  he  was 
appointed  a  Surgeon  to  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals — institu- 
tions which  he  raised  greatly  in  public  estimation  by  his  teaching, 
and  to  which  his  admirable  cliniques  attracted  large  classes.  In 
1810  his  appointment  as  a  Surgeon  to  the  Lock  Hospital  gave  him 
ample  opportunities  of  observing  that  disease  with  the  history  of 
the  diagnosis  and  treatment  of  which  Carmichael's  name  will  be 
for  ever  associated.  For  many  years  his  practice  was  large  and 
lucrative.  He  resided  in  the  splendid  house,  No.  24  Rutland-square, 
where  he  entertained  his  friends  hospitablyand  gracefully.  Although 
he  had  so  much  professional  work  to  absorb  his  time,  he  continued 
to  devote  himself  to  literary  labours.  His  published  papers  exceed 
thirty.  Carmichael,  for  a  long  period,  gave  himself  but  little  leisure 
or  pleasure;  he  was  indeed  a  thorough  worker,  as  every  profes- 
sional man  must  be  who  aspires  to  reputation  and  to  riches.  It 
will  not  now  suffice  that  he  should,  with  Martial,  thus  describe  his 
sole  occupation,  "  Prandeo,  poto,  ludo,  lego,  cano,  quiesco." 

About  the  year  1825  a  change  took  place  in  Carmichael's 
religious  opinions  which  induced  him  to  sever  his  connection  with 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  and  to  attach  himself  to  the 
Unitarian  Communion.  It  would  appear  that  this  step  led  to  the 
rupture  of  some  friendships  of  old  standing;  but  this  change  of 
faith  did  not  affect  the  high  respect  and  admiration  entertained 
towards  him  by  his  medical  brethren  at  large,  or  by  the  general 
public. 

In  1827  he  began  to  suffer  from  gouty  sciatica  and  gall  stones. 
He  continued  in  a  very  delicate  state  for  about  two  years,  and 
at  length  was  obliged  to  relinquish  practice  for  a  while  and  to  seek 
for  health  renovation  at  the  pleasant  health  resorts  in  the  south  of 
France.  At  the  close  of  1829  he  returned  to  Dublin  with  mind 
and  body  restored  to  their  normal  state,  and  recommenced  practice. 

In  1835  he  was  elected  a  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Academy 
of  France,  being  the  first  Irishman  upon  whom  that  body — one  of  the 
most  illustrious  societies  in  the  world — conferred  such  a  distinction. 


364 


RICHARD  CARMICHAEL,  PRESIDENT 


Carmichael  was  an  ardent  medical  reformer,  and  for  ten  years 
presided  over  the  Medical  Association  of  Ireland,  the  objects  of 
which  were  the  protection  of  the  interests  of  the  profession,  and 
the  reformation  of  the  methods  of  educating  and  examining  its 
members.  Carmichael  desired  to  see  a  separation  of  the  prescribing 
from  the  compounding  of  medicines,  and  he  advocated  the  complete 
education  of  the  student,  so  as  to  qualify  him  to  practise  in  any 
department  of  the  healing  art.  The  soundness  of  these  views  is 
shown  by  recent  attempted  medical  legislation  and  by  the  actual 
and  meditated  combinations  of  licensing  bodies  to  confer  a  complete 
qualification  in  medicine,  surgery,  and  midwifery,  which  indeed 
should  be  the  indispensable  condition  for  registration  as  a  medical 
practitioner.  Carmichael  contributed  £500  to  the  funds  of  this 
Association;  but  the  money  not  being  required,  was  ultimately,  at 
Carmichael's  desire,  transferred  to  the  Medical  Benevolent  Associa- 
tion. This  institution  had  always  in  him  an  active  advocate  and  a 
liberal  benefactor,  and  his  last  public  act  was  to  preside  at  one  of 
its  annual  meetings.  In  his  will  this  excellent  Society  was  not 
forgotten,  £4,500  being  bequeathed  to  it. 

Carmichael's  death  took  place  under  melancholy  circumstances. 
He  had  a  seaside  residence  at  Sutton,  near  Howth.  On  the  8th 
June,  1849,  he  was  riding  from  Dublin  to  this  house,  about  half-past 
six  o'clock  in  the  evening.  He  appears  to  have  been  tempted  to 
shorten  the  journey  by  crossing  the  strand  between  Clontarf  and 
Sutton,  the  tide  being  at  the  time  out,  and  in  some  way,  which  can 
never  be  known,  he  was  drowned.  It  is  probable  that  he  kept  too 
far  from  the  shore  and  got  into  a  channel  which,  even  when  the 
tide  is  fully  out,  is  seven  or  eight  feet  in  depth.  His  horse  may 
have  suddenly  plunged  into  this  channel  and  thrown  its  rider  into 
the  deep  water.  Carmichael  was  an  excellent  swimmer,  but  the  fall 
may  have  stunned  him.  When,  four  days  later,  his  body  was 
recovered,  no  fractures  of  any  portion  of  it  were  discovered. 

Carmichael's  funeral  was  largely  attended  by  the  profession  and 
the  general  public.  The  members  of  the  medical  corporations 
walked  in  the  procession ;  and  upon  this  occasion,  and  as  a  compli- 
ment to  the  memory  of  Carmichael,  thrice  President  of  his  College, 


in  1813,  1826,  and  1845. 


305 


their  President,  Fellows,  and  Licentiates  were  given  precedence 
over  the  physicians.  His  resting  place  is  the  new  cemetery  of  St. 
George's  parish.  Dr.  John  M'Donnell,  the  pupil  and  the  friend  of 
Cannichael,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  wrote  the  following  truthful 
and  eloquent  words : — 

"  His  epitaph  should  resemble  that  of  Boerhaave  in  sublime  sim- 
plicity. The  tablet  that  marks  the  spot  in  the  cemetery  of  St. 
George's  parish,  where  all  of  him  that  was  not  immortal  rests, 
should  bear  an  inscription  like  this : — 

"  Salutif  ero 

KlOHARDI  CARMICHAEL 

genio  sacrum. 

We  were  about  to  say  that  a  brilliant  light  had  been  extinguished 
by  the  death  of  this  great  and  good  man.  But  it  is  not  so.  His 
bright  example  will  long  light  congenial  spirits  in  his  profession  to 
tread  the  path  he  trod,  and  encourage  them  to  emulate  the  energy, 
the  perseverance,  the  virtues,  that  made  him  an  ornament  to  his 
profession,  a  credit  to  his  country,  an  honour  to  human  nature 
itself. 

"  'Tanto  nomini  nullum  par  eulogium.' 
"  Even  his  death  has 

"  'Mark'd  him  extraordinary; 

And  all  the  courses  of  his  life  have  shown 
He  was  not  in  the  roll  of  common  men.'  " 

Carmichael  was  a  handsome  man.  His  figure  was  firm  and  erect. 
His  face  was,  on  the  whole,  a  kindly  one,  though  the  firmly-set 
mouth  indicated  great  strength  of  character  and  determination. 
His  forehead  was  ample,  his  eyes  large,  and  his  nose  aquiline. 

Carmichael  married  Jane,  daughter  of  Walter  Bourne,  Clerk  of 
the  Crown  of  the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench.  She  was  the  grand- 
daughter of  Andrew  Carmichael,  a  cousin  of  Richard  Carmichael, 
and  father  of  Surgeon  Hugh  Carmichael.  Richard  Carmichael  had 
no  children. 

The  liberality  of  Carmichael  was  too  large  and  general  to  be 
concealed.  He  was  most  considerate  when  his  professional  services 
were  sought  for  by  those  who  could  ill  afford  to  pay  adequately  for 
them.    On  the  other  hand,  he  observed  the  strictest  professional 


i 


366 


RICHARD  CARMICHAEL,  PRESIDENT 


etiquette,  and  was  never  known  to  oust  a  brother-professional  man. 
He  left  this  world  respected  by  the  public  and  honoured  by  his 
professional  brethren — Non  omnis  morior,  muUaque  pars  mei  vitabit 
libitinarn. 

In  1846,  on  becoming  President  for  the  third  time,  he  publicly 
announced  his  intention  to  give  up  practice  as  an  ordinary  visiting 
surgeon,  and  to  confine  himself  to  consultation  cases,  and  to  seeing 
patients  in  his  own  house.  This  step  was  taken  altogether  in  the 
interests  of  his  younger  professional  brethren,  a  large  number  of 
whom  soon  after  acknowledged  his  generous  consideration  for  them 
in  a  handsomely-worded  address.  A  sincere  admiration  for  Car- 
michael  was  not  confined  to  his  junior  brethren,  for,  in  1841,  410 
medical  men,  representing  fully  every  department  and  branch  of  the 
profession,  presented  to  him  a  testimonial  consisting  of  a  piece  of 
plate,  and  an  address.  The  latter  expressed  their  high  sense  of  the 
many  services  which  he  had  rendered  to  the  profession  and  to  the 
cause  of  medical  reform. 

Carmichael  bequeathed  £10,000  for  the  improvement  of  the 
Richmond  Hospital  School,  in  which,  for  a  short  time,  he  lectured 
on  surgery  and  anatomy.  His  connection  with  this  School,  and 
with  an  earlier  one  established  in  1816,  will  be  described  in  the 
Chapter  on  the  Private  Schools. 

He  left  to  the  College  of  Surgeons  £3,000,  in  trust,  for  the 
purpose  of  giving  prizes  every  fourth  year  for  the  best  two  essays 
on  medical  education,  submitted  to  competitive  tests.  The  first 
prize  is  £200,  and  the  second  £100.  Drs.  Mapother,  Isaac  Ashe, 
Dale,  Rivington,  and  Laffan,  have  won  Carmichael  Essay  Prizes. 

There  are  not  many  anecdotes  current  in  reference  to  Carmichael. 
It  is  said  that  he  once  attended  Lord  Norbury,  who  was  threatened 
with  a  determination  of  blood  to  the  head ;  he  opened  the  temporal 
artery,  and  relieved  the  tension.  Whilst  engaged  in  the  operation, 
Lord  Norbury  said  :  "  Carmichael,  I  believe  you  were  never  called 
to  the  Bar."  "  No,  my  Lord,  I  never  was,''  replied  Carmichael. 
"  Well,  doctor,"  rejoined  the  witty  judge,  "  I  am  sure  I  can  safely 
say  that  you  have  cut  a  figure  in  the  Templet 

The  following  anecdote  illustrates  Carmichael's  generous  disposi- 


in  1813,  1826,  and  1845. 


367 


tion.  The  late  Mr.  Robert  Adams  and  Dr.  John  M'Donnell — who 
is  still  with  us,  old,  but  hale,  and  vigorously  intellectual — were 
candidates  for  the  surgeoncy  in  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals, 
rendered  vacant  by  the  death  of  Ephraim  M'Dowel.  In  order  to 
prevent  either  (especially  the  latter)  from  being  disappointed,  and  to 
secure  for  the  Hospitals  men  whom  he  knew  would  be  valuable 
acquisitions,  he  created  a  second  vacancy  by  himself  resigning. 

Carmichael,  so  early  as  1806,  and  when  only  twenty-seven  years 
old,  published  in  Dublin  a  work  entitled  "  An  Essay  upon  the 
Effects  of  Carbonate  of  Iron  upon  Cancer ;  with  an  Enquiry  into 
the  Nature  of  that  Disease."    8vo,  pp.  113.    A  second  edition  of 
this  work,  enlarged  to  495  pages,  appeared  in  1809.    These  works 
are  his  least  meritorious,  and  his  views  as  to  the  nature  of  cancer 
are  not  now  shared  in  by  nosologists.    In  1810  he  published  in 
London  "  An  Essay  on  the  Nature  of  Scrofula,"  a  small  work  of 
111  pages.    He  contended  in  it  that  this  disease  resulted  from 
disorders  of  the  digestive  organs.  This  work  attracted  considerable 
attention,  and  a  German  translation  of  it  appeared  in  Leipzig  in 
lblS.    In  1814  he  published  in  Dublin  a  quarto  volume  of  237 
payes,  with  four  plates,  on  "  The  Venereal  Diseases  which  have 
been  confounded  with  Syphilis,  and  the  Symptoms  which  exclusively 
arise  from  that  Poison."    In  1818  there  appeared  in  London  his 
"  Observations  on  the  Symptoms  and  Specific  Characteristics  of 
Venereal  Diseases,  interspersed  with  Hints  for  the  more  effectual 
prosecution  of  the  present  Enquiry  into  the  Use  and  Abuse  of 
Mercury  in  their  Treatment."    8vo,  pp.  221.    A  second  edition, 
consisting  of  376  pages  and  five  plates,  appeared  in  1825.  In 
1836  he  published  in  Dublin  "An  Essay  on  the  Origin  and  Nature 
of  Tuberculous  and  Cancerous  Diseases."    8vo,  pp.  56.    In  1842 
a  new  edition  of  his  "  Clinical  Lectures  on  Syphilis,"  reported  by 
Dr.  Samuel  Gordon,  was  published  in  Dublin.    Two  pamphlets 
containing  his  introductory  lectures  on  Anatomy  and  Surgery,  at 
the  Richmond  Hospital  School,  were  published  in  1827. 

The  most  celebrated  of  Carmichacl's  works  are  those  relating  to 
Syphilis.  In  1786  John  Hunter  contended  that  all  forms  of  venereal 
disease  arose  from  a  common  cause,  but  that  many  maladies  simulated 


368         CUSACK  RONET,  PRESIDENT  IN  1814  AND  1828. 

the  characteristics  of  syphilis.  He  instanced  the  case  of  a  gentleman 
who  inoculated  himself  with  the  matter  of  yaws,  and  suffered  there- 
from all  the  symptoms  usually  described  as  the  secondary  of  syphilis  ; 
they  were,  however,  unaffected  by  mercury.  In  Abernethy's  work, 
published  in  1804,  it  was  contended  that  the  only  difference  between 
syphilis  and  gonorrhoea  was  a  clinical  one — syphilis  was  curable  by 
mercury,  gonorrhoea  was  not.  The  theory  of  the  unity  of  syphilitic 
poison  was  supported  by  Cazenave  in  Paris.  Ricord  combated  it,  and 
advanced  many  proofs  to  demonstrate  that  syphilis  and  gonorrhoea 
were  in  every  respect  distinct  diseases.  He  converted  the  immense 
majority  of  the  profession.  His  assertion,  however,  that  secondary 
syphilis  was  non-effective  was  disproved  by  Wallace's  experiments  in 
Dublin.  Carmichael  did  great  service  by  proving  that  syphilis  was 
curable  without  the  aid  of  mercury.  Clutterbuck  made,  indeed,  a 
somewhat  similar  assertion  iu  a  pamphlet  published  in  1799, and  which 
seems  to  have  attracted  but  little  attention.  "  I  have  seen,"  says  the 
author,  "  cases  which  induce  me  to  believe  that  the  venereal  disease, 
in  some  of  its  stages,  may  get  well  without  mercury  or  any  other 
remedy."  This  is  a  weak  statement — nearly  every  disease  may 
disappear  without  being  expelled  by  medicines.  Some  other  writers 
have  treated  this  subject,  but  it  is  admitted  that  Carmichael  settled 
the  matter.  He  adopted  and  expanded  Ricord's  views  as  to  the 
plurality  of  syphilitic  poisons. 

Carmichael  said  that  his  reputation  would,  like  an  Isle-of-Man 
penny,  rest  upon  three  legs — syphilis,  scrofula,  and  cancer.  Time 
has  knocked  away  two  of  those  legs,  but  the  syphilis  one  is  likely 
to  last  for  ever. 

CUSACK  KONEY,  PRESIDENT  IN   1814  AND  1828. 

Perhaps  the  most  modern  example  of  the  adoption  of  the  healing 
art  as  a  hereditary  profession  in  Ireland  is  afforded  in  the  case  of 
the  Roney  family.  In  1752  Cusick  Roney,  of  Meath-street,  was 
one  of  the  surgeons  to  St.  Nicholas'  Hospital,  or  the  new  Charitable 
Infirmary,  Cole's-alley,  off  Meath-street.  It  was  founded  by  him 
in  conjunction  with  Doctors  Patrick  Kelly,  John  Taaffe,  and 
Edward  Jennings,  and  Surgeons  Peter  Brenan,  Thomas  Mercer, 


CUSACK  RONEY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1814. 


369 


James  Dillon,  and  Edward  Walls.  In  the  following  year  a  large 
house  was  taken  in  Francis-street,  and  the  hospital  transferred  to  it. 
It  was  the  first  one  established  in  that  part  of  Dublin,  in  which 
at  that  time  a  dense  population,  largely  composed  of  artisans,  lived. 
They  kept  early  hours  in  those  days  ;  the  dispensary  attached  to  the 
hospital  was  opened  at  eight  o'clock  and  closed  at  ten  o'clock  a.m.  — 
dispensaries  are  now  opened  at  the  latter  hour.  St.  Catherine's 
Hospital,  which  was  soon  afterwards  established,  was  subsequently 
united  with  St.  Nicholas',  and  in  the  year  1808  the  United  Hospital 
of  St.  Nicholas  and  St.  Catherine  was  removed  to  Mark-street,  and 
was  re-named  the  Hospital  of  St.  Mark  and  St.  Ann.  It  was  closed  for 
some  time,  and  subsequently  re-opened  as  an  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital. 
Finally,  on  the  extinction  of  Park-street  Medical  School  in  1848, 
the  hospital  was  removed  to  the  school  premises,  and  is  now  St. 
Mark's  Hospital  for  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear. 

Cusick  Roney's  son,  Patrick  Cusack,  was  born  in  the  year  1753, 
and  served  an  apprenticeship  to  his  father  in  Meath-street.  He 
appears  to  have  converted  the  "  i "  in  his  second  Christian  name  into 
"a,"  but  he  did  not,  as  asserted  by  the  satirical  "turpentine  "  Brennan 
in  the  Milesian  Magazine,  omit  an  "  o  "  from  his  patronymic,  although 
the  author  of  the  Metropolis  also  stated  that  he  did  so,  for  he  says : — 

"  Och,  Paddy  R  y,  if  you're  titled  so, 

For  why — young  C— u — k  has  renounced  an  'o.' " 

The  name  may  have  originally  been  Rooney,  but  so  far  back  as  1752 
his  father  wrote  it  Roney.  He  was  surgeon  to  Cork-street  Fever 
Hospital  for  many  years,  and  in  1782,  on  the  death  of  Alexander 
Cunningham,  he  succeeded  that  surgeon  in  the  Meath  Hospital,  and 
resigned' the  office  in  favour  of  his  son,  Thomas  Roney,  in  1813. 

P.  C.  Roney  married  Bridget  Forde.  They  had  several  children. 
He  died  in  Meath-street  on  4th  December,  1822,  and  was  buried  in 
St.  Catherine's  churchyard.  Their  eldest  son,  Cusack,  was  born 
in  Meath-street  in  1782.  He  was  indentured  to  his  father  on  the 
2nd  November,  1795,  and  studied  professionally  in  the  College  of 
Surgeons1  School.  He  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  on  the 
15th  June,  1801,  and  was  elected  a  member  thereof  on  the  7th 
November,  1803. 

2  B 


370  SAMUEL  WILMOT,  PRESIDENT  IN  1815. 

In  1802  Roney  succeeded  George  O'Brien  as  Surgeon  to  the 
Meath  Hospital,  and  retained  that  position  until  his  death.  He  was 
also  Surgeon  to  Kilmainham  Prison.  At  first  he  resided  in  Dominick- 
street,  and  about  1824  changed  his  residence  to  York-street.  He 
speculated  largely  in  stocks,  and  lost  heavily.  This  misfortune 
obliged  him  to  leave  Dublin,  and  he  resided  with  one  of  his  sons  in 
London  for  several  years.  He  returned  to  Dublin,  and  died  of 
Asiatic  cholera  on  the  26th  August,  1849,  at  Mountpleasant-square, 
and  was  buried  in  St.  Catherine's  Churchyard,  James's-street. 

Roney  married  a  Charlotte  Mallay,  by  whom  he  had  three  sons 
and  one  daughter.  His  eldest  son,  Cusack  Patrick,  was  a  Licentiate 
of  the  College  of  Surgeons,  but  he  gave  up  the  practice  of  surgery, 
became  connected  with  the  railway  interests,  and  was  knighted 
for  his  services  in  connection  with  the  International  Exhibition  at 
Dublin  in  1853.  His  second  son  attained  to  a  good  position  as  a 
barrister  in  Demerara,  and  the  youngest  became  a  colonel  in  the 
British  army.  All  are  dead.  His  daughter  married  Surgeon  Dillon, 
long  connected  as  a  Demonstrator  with  the  College  School.  Thus 
we  see  that  four  generations  of  the  Roney's  practised  surgery. 

Charles  Lever  has  immortalised  Cusack  Roney  in  his  amusing 
novel,  the  "  Confessions  of  Harry  Lorrequer."  Dr.  Finucane,  pre- 
tending to  be  suffering  from  hydrophobia,  tells  Lorrequer  that  he 
had  bitten  off  Cusack  Roney's  thumb,  whereupon  the  doctor  is  left 
to  the  exclusive  possession  of  the  interior  of  a  mail  coach,  whilst 
Lorrequer  passes  a  rainy  night  upon  its  summit. 

SAMUEL  WILMOT,  PRESIDENT  IN  1815  AND  1832. 

S.  Wilmot  was  born  in  June,  1772,  at  the  large  house,  now  the 
Convent  of  St.  Clare,  Harold's  Cross,  Dublin.  His  father,  John 
Wilmot,  a  gentleman  of  independent  means,  was  married  to  Ann, 
daughter  of  John  Allam,  of  Moravia.  Wilmot  had  an  aversion  to 
surgery,  and  insisted  upon  his  son,  who  desired  to  study  the  healing 
art,  confining  himself  to  medicine.  Wilmot  entered  T.C.D.  in 
1790.  In  1813  he  took  the  degrees  of  M.B.  and  M.D.  After  his 
father's  death  he  turned  his  attention  to  surgery,  and  studied  anatomy 


SAMUEL  WILMOT,  PRESIDENT  IN  1815. 


371 


under  Hartigan.  On  Nov.  24,  1801,  he  obtained  the  Letters  Testi- 
monial of  the  College  of  Surgeons,  and  was  elected  a  member  on 
May  7,  1804.  In  1802  he  was  appointed  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy 
in  the  School  of  Trinity  College,  and  acted  as  locum  tenens  for 
Professor  Hartigan  in  1811  and  1812.  He  was  a  candidate,  in 
1813,  for  the  Chair  of  Anatomy  and  Chirurgery,  but  was,  contrary 
to  general  expectation,  defeated  by  Dr.  James  Macartney.  Many 
were  displeased  with  this  election,  believing  that  Macartney  was  an 
Englishman  and  a  stranger.  He  was,  however,  a  native  of  Armagh, 
and  had  received  part  of  his  professional  education  in  Dublin. 
Professor  Macalister,  in  an  interesting  presidential  Address  to  the 
Sub-Section  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine 
in  Ireland,  says  of  him  that — "  He  was  an  expert  anatomist,  a  philo- 
sophical biologist  far  in  advance  of  his  period,  with  a  mind  and 
memory  stored  with  knowledge,  acquired,  riot  by  any  short  cut  of 
books,  but  by  the  toilsome,  yet  thorough,  method  of  knife  and 
forceps.  His  description  of  the  anatomy  of  the  vascular  system  of 
birds  has,  in  many  respects,  not  been  surpassed,  and  his  account  of 
the  anatomy  of  mammals  may  be  read  with  more  profit  than  many 
modern  works.  In  his  account  of  the  brain  of  the  chimpanzee,  and 
its  comparison  with  that  of  an  idiot,  as  well  as  in  others  of  his  papers, 
there  are  glimpses  of  a  morphology  far  beyond  that  of  Cuvier,  whose 
translated  works  Macartney  edited ;  and  his  work  on  Inflammation* 
may  be  placed  side  by  side  with  any  pathological  work  of  the  period, 
while  his  researches  on  animal  luminosity  (in  the  '  Philosophical 
Transactions ')  form  the  basis  of  many  of  the  subsequent  researches 
on  the  subject."  Macartney  discovered  the  fibrous  nature  of  the 
white  matter  of  the  brain,  and  the  connection  between  the  sub- 
cortical nerve-fibre  and  the  gray  cerebral  matter.  He  gave  the  first 
satisfactory  account  of  the  process  of  rumination  in  the  herbivora, 
and  he  discovered  numerous  glandular  appendages  in  the  digestive 
organs  of  mammals,  especially  of  rodents.  Under  his  super- 
vision there  were  translated,  from  the  Latin,  Adolphus  Murray's 
"Description  af  the  Human  Arteries;"  and,  from  the  French, 


*  This  book  was  published  in  London  in  1811. 


372 


SAMUEL  WILMOT. — JAMES  MACARTNEY. 


Cuvier's  "  Lemons  d'Anatomie  Comparee."  Both  works  are  now 
very  rare. 

It  was,  perhaps,  well  that  Wilmot  failed  to  obtain  the  College 
Professorship,  for  he  might  not  have  acquired  the  great  reputation 
as  a  pure  anatomist  that  he  won  as  a  surgeon,  and  Macartney*  would 
have  been  lost  to  the  Irish  School  of  Medicine.  S.  Wilmot's  first 
appointment  was  to  the  Meath  Dispensary.  In  1807  he  was  elected 
Surgeon  to  Mercer's  Hospital — chiefly  owing  to  James  M'Evoy's 
influence,  and  he  succeeded  O'Brien  as  Surgeon  to  Steevens' 
Hospital.  Subsequently  he  held  positions  in  connection  with  the 
Lock,  Sir  Patrick  Dun's,  and  Cork-street  Hospitals. 

Wilmot  was  fond  of  teaching.    In  1813  he  taught  anatomy  and 

*  Macartney's  memoir  does  not  properly  come  within  the  scope  of  this  work  ;  but, 
as  he  was  the  greatest  anatomist  and  physiologist  which  Ireland  has  produced,  I  am 
induced  to  make  an  exception  in  his  case.  No  doubt  his  biographer  will  some  day 
appear,  but,  in  the  meantime,  the  following  notes  of  his  medical  education  may  prove 
interesting  : — He  was  indentured  to  Hartigan  on  the  10th  February,  1793,  and 
entered  as  a  pupil  in  the  College  School  in  Mercer-street.  He  attended  at  the  Lock 
Hospital,  and  at  the  Dublin  General  Dispensary,  old  Post-office  yard,  Temple  Bar.  In 
this  institution  he  had  ample  opportunities  of  becoming  acquainted  with  disease,  as 
about  10,000  patients  were  treated  annually  in  it,  or  were  visited  at  their  homes  by  its 
staff — a  numerous  one,  including  such  men  as  Percival,  Dickson,  Bell,  Kennedy,  Boyton, 
Archer,  Costelloe,  Hartigan,  &c.  Macartney's  early  inclination  towards  anatomy  is 
shown  by  the  fact  that  he  made  neat  preparations  for  the  Museum  of  the  College  School. 
In  1796,  Macartney,  with  the  consent  of  Hartigan,  went  to  London,  and  entered  his 
name  on  the  pupils'  roll  at  the  Medical  School  in  Windmill-street.  Here  he  had  the 
advantage  of  being  under  such  able  teachers  as  Baillie  (the  author  of  the  "  Morbid 
Anatomy "),  Cruickshank,  Wilson,  and  Thomas.  He  occasionally  attended  at  St. 
George's  Hospital  to  listen  to  Sir  E.  Holmes'  discourses,  and  the  Borough  Hospital, 
in  which  Clive  and  Cooper  taught.  Having  spent  more  than  a  year  in  Guy's  Hospital 
and  School,  he  went  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  where,  after  attending  upon 
Abernethy's  lectures,  he  became  that  eminent  man's  assistant.  So  insatiable  was  his 
thirst  for  professional  knowledge  that  he  attended  the  lectures  of  no  fewer  than  twenty 
different  teachers,  whose  instruction  related  to  every  department  of  medical  science. 
On  the  6th  February,  1800,  Macartney  became  a  member  of  the  London  College  of 
Surgeons,  and  commenced  to  practise  as  a  surgeon  and  to  lecture  on  Comparative 
Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital.  In  1813  he  became  Professor 
of  Anatomy  in  T.C.D.,  and  very  soon  placed  the  School  of  Physic  in  a  better  position 
than  it  had  ever  been  before.  After  twenty  years'  service  he  retired,  and,  it  is  to  be 
regretted,  disposed  of  his  museum  to  the  University  of  Cambridge,  from  whom  he 
received  a  degree  Honoris  Causd.  He  was  a  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  and  was  proposed  for  the  Honorary  Membership  of  the  College  of  Surgeons 
shortly  before  his  death.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  College  were  so  tardy  in  their 
recognition  of  the  great  merit  of  Macartney,  in  whose  success,  as  one  of  the  College 
pupils,  they  ought  to  have  felt  proud.  Macartney  died  on  the  6th  March,  1843,  aged 
seventy-three  years. 


ANDREW  JOHNSTON,  rilESIDENT  IN  1817. 


373 


surgery  in  a  small  school  in  connection  with  Jervis-street  Hospital. 
In  1824  he,  in  connection  with  Cusack,  Marsh,  and  others,  founded 
Park-street  Medical  School,  and  in  1826  succeeded  0.  PI.  Todd  as 
Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Surgery  to  the  College  of  Surgeons.  He 
resigned  his  professorship  in  1848,  and  died  on  the  9th  November 
of  that  year,  aged  seventy-five,  in  his  house,  120  Stephen's-green, 
and  was  interred  in  Santry  churchyard. 

Wilmot  was  a  skilful  surgeon,  and  enjoyed  a  large  practice.  He 
published  very  few  papers,  a  circumstance  which  he  regretted  in 
after-life.  He  communicated  two  papers  on  Aneurysms  to  the 
Dublin  Hospital  Reports,  Vol.  II.,  1818,  and  the  Dublin  Quarterly 
Journal,  Vols.  III.  and  V.,  1847  and  1848.  He  cured  femoral 
aneurysm  by  tying  the  external  iliac  artery.  A  course  of  lectures 
on  strictures  and  diseases  of  the  prostate,  delivered  in  the  College  of 
Surgeons,  was  published,  after  his  death,  in  the  Medical  Press, 
Vols.  I.  and  II.,  1839.  Brennan,  usually  so  sarcastic  in  referring 
to  the  medical  profession,  says  of  Wilmot : — 

"  The  last  on  my  roll, 

A  man  first  on  merit  and  modesty's  scroll." 

Wilmot  married,  in  1810,  Mary,  daughter  of  John  Lyons,  of 
Dublin,  formerly  of  Westmeath.  They  left  three  sons  and  six 
daughters.  One  of  the  former,  Samuel  George,  became  President 
of  the  College  in  1865. 

ANDREW  JOHNSTON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1817. 

A.  Johnston  was  descended  from  a  branch  of  the  Scottish  house 
of  Annandale,  which  settled  in  Ireland  about  1621.  His  great- 
grandfather, a  supporter  of  William  III.,  fought  at  the  siege  of 
Derry,  and  was  attainted  by  the  Parliament  of  James  II.  in  1689. 

A.  Johnston  was  the  youngest  son  of  William  Johnston,  architect, 
of  Armagh,  and  his  wife,  Margaret,  daughter  of  James  Houston, 
and  was  born  in  1770.  He  was  educated  at  the  Royal  School, 
Armagh.  Having  been  indentured  on  the  2nd  July,  1791,  to  W. 
Hartigan,  he  entered  upon  his  professional  studies  in  the  College 
School,  then  situated  in  Mercer-street.    On  the  3rd  December, 


374 


THOMAS  HEWSON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1819. 


1794,  he  passed  the  qualifying  examination  of  the  College  of 
Surgeons.  The  date  of  his  commission  as  surgeon  "  to  His  Majesty's 
44th  Regiment,  from  the  1st  Battalion  of  the  Essex  Regiment,"  and 
signed  by  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby,  was  the  1st  December,  1796. 
He  served  in  the  West  Indies  and  also  in  Egypt  under  Sir  Ralph 
Abercromby,  and  received  the  Turkish  Medal.  He  retired  from  the 
army  in  1803,  and  settled  in  Dublin,  taking  in  that  year  the  licence 
of  the  College,  and  being  admitted  to  the  membership  on  the 
5th  May,  1805.  He  was  elected  in  1813  Professor  of  Surgical 
Pharmacy,  and  afterwards  (in  1819)  Professor  of  Midwifery.  For 
many  years  he  was  Treasurer  to  the  College. 

Johnston  married,  1st  July,  1806,  Sophia,  only  daughter  of  George 
Cheney,  of  Holywood,  County  Kildare,  and  St.  Stephen's-green, 
Dublin.  He  died  at  Barn  Hill,  Dalkey,  on  the  28th  August,  1833, 
aged  sixty-two,  and  was  interred  in  the  burial  ground  of  St.  George's 
Parish,  Dublin.    His  wife  survived  until  1868. 

J ohnston's  family  consisted  of  seven  sons  and  two  daughters,  of 
whom  the  third  son,  Dr.  George  Johnston,  is  well  known  in  the 
Dublin  medical  world  as  having  filled  the  important  offices  of 
Master  of  the  Rotunda  Lying-in  Hospital  and  President  of  the 
King  and  Queen's  College  of  Physicians. 

Andrew  Johnston  was  brother  of  Francis  Johnston  (born  in  1790), 
the  celebrated  architect,  to  whom  Ireland  is  indebted  for  the  handsome 
buildings  of  the  Royal  Hibernian  Academy  of  Painting,  Sculpture, 
and  Architecture,  which  he  built  and  presented  to  that  body. 

Amongst  the  many  persons  who  enjoyed  the  friendship  and 
hospitality  of  Johnston  was  a  well-known  Major  Popleton,  an  officer 
of  the  guard  at  St.  Helena  during  the  captivity  of  the  Great 
Napoleon.  He  was  in  almost  constant  attendance  on  the  illustrious 
prisoner  up  to  his  death,  and  his  well-told  anecdotes  were  of  the 
most  interesting  nature. 

THOMAS  HEWSON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1819. 

T.  Hewson  was  born  on  the  27th  September,  1783,  at  Ennismore, 
County  of  Kerry.  His  father  was  the  Venerable  Francis  Hewson, 
Rector  of  Kilgobbin  and  Archdeacon  of  Aghadoe.    His  mother 


CHARLES  IIAWKES  TODD,  PRESIDENT  IN  1821.  375 

was  Margaret,  daughter  of  Launcelot  Sandes,  of  Kilcavan,  in  the 
Queen's  County,  a  descendant  from  Edward  I.  He  was  educated  in 
Trinity  College,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1803.  On  the  1st  May, 
1800,  he  was  indentured  for  five  years  to  S.  Richards,  and  received 
his  professional  education  in  the  College  School  and  the  Meath 
Hospital.  On  the  1st  November,  1805,  he  passed  his  examination 
at  the  College,  but  he  was  not  elected  a  member  until  the  27th 
November,  1810.  On  the  7th  January,  1811,  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Court  of  Assistants,  and  in  1819  succeeded  A.Johnston 
as  Professor  of  Surgical  Pharmacy. 

In  1809  Hewson  succeeded  Bingham  Wilson  as  surgeon  to  the 
Meath  Hospital,  and  about  this  time  he  began  to  acquire  a  good 
practice.  He  was  much  esteemed  as  a  skilful  surgeon  and  an 
agreeable  companion.  He  died  (unmarried)  in  York-street,  where 
he  had  long  resided,  in  1831. 

In  1824  Hewson  published  a  treatise  entitled  "  Observations  on 
the  History  and  Treatment  of  the  Ophthalmia  accompanying  the 
Secondary  Forms  of  Lues  Venerea?' 

CHARLES  HAWKES  TODD,  PRESIDENT  IN  1821. 

C.  H.  Todd  was  born  in  Sligo,  on  the  2nd  November,  1782. 
His  father  was  a  surgeon  and  apothecary.  His  mother  was  Alicia, 
daughter  of  John  Hawkes,  of  the  County  of  Roscommon,  a  relative 
of  Oliver  Goldsmith.  Todd  was  educated  in  a  Dublin  school,  but 
did  not  enter  the  University.  On  the  13th  August,  1797,  he  was 
indentured  to  Henthorn.  On  June  28th,  1803,  he  "passed"  his 
examination  at  the  College,  and  was  elected  a  member  on  the  6th 
May,  1805.  On  the  7th  April,  1809,  he  was  appointed  Surgeon 
to  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals.  For  several  years  he  taught 
anatomy  and  surgery  in  a  small  medical  school  attached  to  these 
Hospitals,  and  which  became  extinct  before  the  foundation  (in  1826) 
of  the  Richmond  Hospital,  now  the  Carmichael,  School.  In  1819 
he  succeeded  R.  Dease  as  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Surgery  to 
the  College.  His  connection  with  the  College  as  Assistant  Secretary 
has  been  referred  to  in  Chapter  VI. 


376      CHARLES  HAWKES  TODD. — ROBERT  BENTLEY  TODD. 


Todd  contributed  several  papers  to  the  Dublin  Hospital  Reports. 
He  was  the  first  to  suggest  the  radical  cure  of  aneurysm  by  com- 
pression. In  the  Dublin  Hospital  Reports  for  1817,  he  points  out 
the  error  committed  by  the  great  anatomist,  Scarpa,  in  describing 
the  crural  hernia  as  being  situated  under  the  deeply-situated  fascia 
of  Poupart's  ligament.  In  1816  he  performed  Csesarean  section  on 
a  woman  named  Elizabeth  M'Lorey,  at  Loughbrickland ;  the  mother 
died  on  the  fourth  day,  but  the  child  survived. 

Todd  died  on  the  19th  March,  1826,  at  No.  3  Kil dare-street, 
where  the  Kildare- street  Club  now  stands,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
James's  Church,  in  the  city  of  Dublin.  The  College  placed  a  bust 
of  him  in  their  principal  hall,  and  a  tablet  to  his  memory  was  erected 
in  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  by  the  medical  students  of  Dublin. 

Todd  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Colonel  Bentley,  of  the 
East  India  Company's  service.  She  died  on  the  12th  January,  1862, 
aged  seventy-six  years.  Their  fifteen  children  attained  to  man 
and  woman's  estate.  Nine  were  sons,  six  were  daughters — all  save 
one  married.  Four  of  his  sons  were  medical  men,  three  were 
clergymen,  one  was  a  barrister  and  one  a  solicitor.  Two  still  sur- 
vive— the  barrister  and  a  clergyman.  The  eldest  son,  James 
Henthorn,  was  a  Fellow  of  T.C.D.,  and  distinguished  for  his 
erudition  and  antiquarian  lore.  His  second  son,  Robert  Bentley, 
a  remarkable  man,  was  born  in  1809,  and  studied  under  his  father 
at  the  College  School  and  the  Richmond  Hospital.  He  went  to 
London,  where,  at  the  early  age  of  twenty-seven,  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  King's  College  Hospital 
School.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1837. 
and  became  an  M.D.  of  Oxford  University  in  1836.  His  works  are 
of  the  highest  order ;  the  more  important  are  as  follows  : — On  Gout 
Rheumatic  Fever,  and  Chronic  Rheumatism  of  the  Joints;  on  the 
Anatomy  of  the  Brain,  Spinal  Cord,  and  Ganglions;  Lectures  on 
Clinical  Medicine,  and  on  Convulsive  Diseases,  and  on  Delirium 
and  Coma.  In  conjunction  with  Bowman  he  produced  the  Physio- 
logical Anatomy  and  Physiology  of  Man,  and  projected  the  famous 
Encyclopaedia  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology,  in  which  so  many  con- 
tributions from  his  old  friends  in  Dublin  appear.    Todd  died  in 


JAMES  HENTHORN,  PRESIDENT  IN  1822.  377 

London  on  the  28th  January,  1860.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  so 
early  in  life  he  changed  the  scene  of  his  labours  from  his  native 
city;  but  we  may,  however,  fairly  claim  him  as  a  Dublin  anatomist 
and  physiologist,  and  feel  proud  that  he  is  one  of  the  few  medical 
men  to  whose  memory  public  statues  have  been  erected. 

JAMES  HENTHORN,  PRESIDENT  IN  1822. 

J.  Henthorn  was  born  in  the  year  1744.  He  was  appointed 
Surgeon  to  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals,  on  the  7th  December, 
1773.  His  appointment  was  two  months  later  than  that  of  Deane 
Swift's,  the  first  surgeon  attached  to  these  Hospitals.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Dublin  Society  of  Surgeons,  and  his  name  is  in  the 
first  Charter  granted  to  the  College  in  1784.  There  is  every  reason 
to  believe  that  the  real  founders  of  the  College  were  the  elder 
Dease  and  Henthorn.  He  discharged  the  duties  of  Secretary  to  the 
College  for  the  long  period  of  nearly  forty-nine  years,  and  frequent 
mention  of  his  name  occurs  in  Chapters  VI.  and  VII.  Henthorn 
was  Surgeon  to  the  Lock  Hospital.  When  he  became  a  Governor 
of  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals  he  was  mainly  instrumental  in 
inducing  the  Government  to  erect  the  Richmond,  Hardwicke,  and 
Fever  Hospitals — institutions  which  have  been  of  great  service  in 
the  education  of  medical  students,  and  the  observations  made 
in  which  have  enriched  the  pages  of  British  and  Irish  medical 
periodicals.  He  published  some  very  good  papers  on  the  Treatment 
of  Syphilis  in  the  Dublin  Hospital  Reports  for  1808-9. 

Henthorn  was  a  most  amiable  man,  an  agreeable  and  interesting 
companion,  and  warm-hearted  friend.  He  married  Elizabeth  Stanley, 
whose  niece  was  Charles  H.  Todd's  wife.  They  had  no  children. 
Henthorn  died  on  the  28th  December,  1832,  in  122  Stephen's- 
green,  in  consequence  of  a  fall  whilst  attempting  to  ascend  the  stairs 
without  assistance.  He  was  eighty-nine  years  old.  His  wife  died  on 
the  29th  August,  1833,  aged  seventy-nine  years.  Both  were  interred 
in  St.  James's  churchyard.  A  full-sized  portrait  of  Henthorn, 
painted  by  Cregan,  is  placed  beside  a  similar  one  of  Benny's  in  the 
College  meeting-room ;  they  are  the  only  full-sized  portraits  which 


378 


JOHN  TIMOTHY  KIRBY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1823. 


the  College  possess.  The  following  lines  on  Henthorn  appeared 
in  the  Metropolis,  2nd  edition,  published  in  1805 : — 

"  Those  tantrums  H — th — n  takes  no  pride  to  ape, 
Ne'er  in  a  rage,  a  hurry,  or  a  scrape  ; 
Quiet  he  crawls,  between  a  sneak  and  waddle, 
Astern  his  knuckles  and  a-stoop  his  noddle. 
But  howe'er  listless,  indolent,  or  lazy, 
He  lost  no  time  or  place  to  make  him  easy  ; 
Foremost  in  nice  discriminating  skill, 
When  to  withhold  or  minister  the  pill. 
His  human  kindness  equal  succour  lends 
To  those  whom  Heaven  abandons  or  befriends." 

JOHN  TIMOTHY  KIRBY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1823. 

Whilst  collecting  materials  for  this  history,  I  happened  one  day 
to  meet  Mr.  John  Baker,  F.R.C.S.,  of  Clare-street.  "You  were 
asking  me,"  he  said.  "  where  any  of  the  late  Surgeon  Kirby's  rela 
tives  could  he  found.  Well,  one  of  his  sons,  a  retired  army  chap- 
lain, is  now  residing  in  Northumberland-road."  I  immediately 
wrote  to  the  rev.  gentleman  requesting  an  interview,  and  by  return 
of  post  received  a  polite  answer  that  I  could  see  him  any  morning 
from  10  till  11  o'clock.  I  went  next  morning,  and  he  was  good 
enough  to  hand  me  an  autobiography  of  his  father,  written  half  a 
century  ago,  and  which,  he  said,  had  only  been  seen  by  one  or  two 
members  of  his  family.  Two  days  later  I  was  shocked  to  see  in  the 
newspapers  the  announcement  of  his  death.  Mr.  Baker,  when  he 
saw  it,  thought  that  I  had  probably  not  called  upon  Mr.  Kirby  in 
time  to  obtain  the  required  information,  and  was  rather  astonished 
when  he  heard  of  my  success.  I  have  decided  to  publish  the  auto- 
biography intact,  as  Mr.  Kirby's  name  was  long  a  prominent  one  in 
Dublin  medical  circles: — 

Autobiography. 

"  My  grandfather  and  father  were  both  eminent  physicians  in  the 
South  of  Ireland.  My  mother's  father,  who  was  from  Lochaber, 
joined  the  Pretenders  Army  and  suffered  with  them,  being  amongst 
the  banished  (see  a  memoir  left  by  my  mother).  My  father,  who 
lived  in  Tallow  and  Lismore,  died  when  I  was  seven  years  old,  On 
his  way  from  Bath,  whither  he  had  gone  for  his  health.  He  died 
of  consumption  at  a  time  when  he  considered  himself  well  of  a 


JOHN  TIMOTHY  KIRBY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1823.  379 

haemorrhage  from  the  lungs.  I  hardly  remember  the  event,  being 
but  seven  years  old,  having  been  born  in  1781.  We  expected  him 
home  that  day,  when  his  servant,  who  was  with  him  at  the  time, 
arrived  with  the  account  of  his  death.  His  remains  were  brought 
to  Cork,  and  thence,  accompanied  by  all  that  was  respectable  in  the 
country,  conveyed  to  Ahern,  where  they  were  deposited.  Crowds 
of  the  working  classes,  to  whom  he  was  always  kind,  also  attended. 

"The  executors  to  his  will  were  Sir  R.  Musgrave,  Bart.;  L. 
Croker,  Esq.,  father  to  J.  W.  Croker.  This  last  gentleman's  office 
being  in  London,  he  relinquished. 

"  My  father  had  no  estate,  but  was  an  extensive  leaseholder  under 
the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  in  common  with  my  uncle  William,  who 
was  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the  Counties  of  Cork  and  Waterford, 
and  held  a  lucrative  sinecure  in  the  Customs  or  Excise — I  don't 
now  recollect  which.  He  commenced  a  suit  in  Chancery  to  possess 
himself  of  all  the  property.  We  were  then  put  on  a  limited  allow- 
ance, and  I  was  sent  to  school  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Crawford,  Lismore, 
where  I  remained  till  I  was  fifteen.  I  outlived  all  the  boys  but 
two — Mr.  Parkes  and  Archdeacon  Oldfield.  Perhaps  there  may 
be  others,  though  I  don't  know  them.  Mr.  Crawford  succeeded  Mr. 
Jessop,  who  was  a  contemporary  and  an  intimate  of  Dr.  Johnson. 
He  held  his  school  in  a  very  creditable  manner;  not  so  Crawford, 
who  allowed  to  creep  into  his  school  everything  calculated  to 
debauch  the  mind.  He  was  a  drunkard,  and  used  to  walk  in  at  our 
ordinary  business,  in  a  state  of  inebriety,  singing  caroling  drinking 
songs  in  an  undertone.  He  was  one  of  the  curates  of  the  Cathedral. 
We  never  had  morning  or  evening  prayer.  No  prayerbook  in  the 
school  composed  of  35  boys.  We  were  allowed  to  lie,  to  steal,  and 
to  commit  every  the  most  obscene  abomination.  We  were  washed 
once  a  week,  only  think  how  filthy,  and  then  what  a  business ;  the 
same  water,  the  same  cloth — never  called  to  prayer.  Pro  pudor  ! 
I  spent  seven  years  at  this  school.  I  rejoiced  when  I  left  it,  which 
I  did  in  the  summer  of  1795.  I  now  partook  of  country  amuse- 
ments and  neglected  to  advance  myself  by  reading.  I  became 
military  mad,  and  left  the  country  in  1798  to  throw  myself  upon 
my  guardian  and  entreat  a  commission  which  he  could  procure  from 
Lord  Cornwallis,  then  Lord  Lieutenant.  Our  law-suit  was  not  yet 
decided.  I  rode  to  town,  attended  by  the  same  servant  who  was 
with  my  father  when  he  died.  A  passport  was  necessary  and  I  had 
one,  yet  it  did  not  procure  me  reception  into  Cahir,  where  I  was 


380 


JOHN  TIMOTHY  KIRBY,   PRESIDENT  IN  1823. 


obliged  to  sleep  in  the  suburbs.  This  was  the  only  interruption  I 
met  with,  until  I  came  to  Naas.  Hitherto  I  avoided  the  rebel 
passes.  As  I  approached  Maryborough,  Sir  Thomas  Parsons  asked 
Geary  who  I  was.  He  knew  my  father.  He  rode  up  to  me  and 
advised  me  not  to  proceed,  but  to  return  with  him,  as  we  were  in 
the  highway  to  the  rebel  camp.  Believing  my  servant  to  be  a 
rebel,  I  relied  on  his  judgment,  and  I  made  an  apology  in  the  best 
terms  I  could.  We  passed  Rathangan,  where  the  rebels  were  in 
force,  and  came  to  Kildare,  where  I  was  indebted  to  my  old  school- 
fellow, William  O'Connor,  a  major  in  the  North  Cork  Militia,  for 
reception  and  accommodation  for  a  night.  Next  day  the  public 
coaches,  which  had  ceased  to  run  for  some  time  in  consequence  of 
the  rebellion,  began  to  run,  and  I  was  an  inside  passenger.  We 
travelled  about  four  miles  an  hour,  and  were  guarded  by  six 
dragoons,  whom  we  changed  every  six  miles.  The  coach  dined  at 
Rathcoole.  I  was  surprised  at  the  other  three  inside  passengers 
proposing  to  pay  for  me;  I  suppose  they  were  surprised  at  my 
knight-errantry  in  undertaking  such  a  journey,  for  I  could  not 
suppose  such  a  practice  to  be  common,  and  I  know  of  no  other 
reason  for  the  favour  they  intended. 

"  The  coach  stopped  at  the  hotel  called  Macken's.  I  dined  and 
dressed  myself,  and  waited  on  my  guardian,  who  was  at  the  Parlia- 
ment House.  When  I  had  an  interview,  he  was  very  angry ; 
however,  he  was  soon  pacified,  and  this  good-natured  man  gave  a 
pass  for  the  theatre  for  next  night.  I  was,  like  all  young  people, 
astonished  at  first.    The  play  was  Inkle  and  Yarico. 

"In  a  few  months  I  had  a  commission.  I  now  for  the  first  time 
began  to  reflect  on  the  step  I  was  taking,  and  resolved  to  return  the 
commission  to  Sir  R.  M.  I  did  so,  and  on  the  4th  November,  '98, 
I  was  Mr.  Halahan's  apprentice.  This  was  an  eventful  time.  I 
was  about  sixteen  years  old  or  seventeen.  I  here  met  with  a  young 
lady,  his  niece,  to  whom  in  three  years  I  was  married.  She  was  a 
Miss  Rose;  her  father  was  paymaster  of  the  59th  Regiment. 

"  Now  I  entered  T.C.D.  as  a  Fellow-Commoner  to  save  the  half 
year,  not  that  my  means  permitted  me  to  do  so.  I  was  a  pupil  of 
Mr.  Walker,  who  afterwards  resigned  his  Fellowship.  I  was  then 
transferred  to  Mr.  Devonport,  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy,  who 
died  a  lunatic.  The  College  books  can  tell  how  I  distinguished 
myself.  I  was  no  medal  man,  having  entered  late  in  the  year.  Dr. 
Greene — I  mean  the  Fellow — was  anxious  that  I  should  read  for  a 


JOnN  TIMOTHY  KIRBY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1823. 


381 


Fellowship,  but  I  had  no  mind  to  do  so.  I  took  my  degree  when 
the  natural  time  arrived,  and  then  devoted  myself  to  my  profession. 
I  took  my  diploma  in  1805.  My  answering  was  distinguished.  I 
now  was  candidate  for  the  Armagh  Hospital.  I  waited  on  the 
Primate — Stewart,  I  think.  He  kept  me  waiting  a  long  time; 
I  grew  impatient,  left  him  all  my  credentials,  and  retired,  believing 
myself  to  be  badly  treated.  I  returned,  entered  Lying-in  Hospital — 
Kelly,  Master.    I  never  took  a  certificate,  disgusted  at  what  I  saw. 

.  This  gave  me  enough  of  midwifery. 
"  I  was  next  appointed  Demonstrator  in  Anatomy  by  the  Professors 
Colles  and  Dease.  I  served  them  well  for  two  years.  I  was,  in 
conjunction  with  Mr.  Regan,  afterwards  settled  in  Kilkenny.  I 
was  now  alone.  I  prepared  dissections  for  lectures,  attended  dis- 
secting-room, and  gave  demonstrations.  My  services  earned  me 
the  good  opinion  of  the  class,  who  presented  me  with  a  piece  of 
plate  worth  100  guineas.  This  offended  the  Professors.*  I  resigned, 

*  The  Professors  appear  to  have  thought  that  Kirby  treated  them  badly,  judging 
by  the  following  correspondence  : — 

"Dear  Doctor, — On  meeting  Mr.  Garnett  yesterday  I  communicated  to  him  that 
circumstances  had  occurred  since  I  last  saw  him  which  compel  me  to  retire  from  the 
Demonstratorship  to  which  you  had  appointed  me.  I  conceive  it  my  duty  to  put  you  in 
possession  of  my  reasons.  At  the  period  of  my  former  resignation  I  entered  into  a 
partnership,  regularly  secured  by  a  bond  and  mutual  penalty  of  £1,000,  to  conduct  a 
School  of  Anatomy,  &c,  for  a  certain  period,  and  not  to  hold  the  Demonstratorship  for 
any  part  of  that  time  without  the  full  approbation  of  my  partner.  With  these  conditions 
I  in  some  measure  acquainted  Mr.  G.,  at  his  waiting  upon  me  to  reconcile  the  existing 
differences,  and  declined  giving  any  consent  untill  I  had  consulted  the  person  with 
whom  I  am  connected.  He  immediately  gave  me  full  liberty  to  return  for  the  one 
year  specified  by  Mr.  Garnett,  but,  on  farther  conference  with  his  friends,  he  recalls  his 
indulgence,  in  opposition  to  every  remonstrance  on  my  part  and  that  of  my  friend 
Leahy.  These  are  the  motives  which  oblige  me  to  leave  you.  I  resign  with  reluctance, 
and  fear  that  you  will  be  put  to  some  temporary  inconvenience.  Though  thus 
separated  I  am  still  sincerely  yours, 

"  John  Kibby. 

"  Cuffe-street,  Sept.  15,  1809." 

Colles  replied  as  follows  to  Kirby's  letter  : — 

"  Sept.  17,  1809. 
"  College,  Stephen's-green. 
"  Dear  Sib, — I  communicated  to  my  colleague,  Mr.  Dease,  your  note  of  the  15th  inst. 
We  regret  and  are  surprised  that  you  should  now  feel  yourself  obliged  to  withdraw  from 
that  engagement  with  us,  which  you  had  entered  into  some  weeks  ago  when  Mr. 
Garnett  waited  on  you  for  the  purpose  of  reconciling  the  differences  then  existing 
between  you  and  us.  No  doubt,  we  shall  be  put  to  some  temporary  inconvenience  by 
having  our  arrangements  for  the  season  broken  up  at  this  late  period.  These,  how- 
ever, we  shall  endeavour  by  suitable  exertions  to  surmount." 


382 


•TOHN  TIMOTHY  KIRBY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1823. 


and  now  I  thought  of  commencing  a  school  on  my  own  account. 
I  gave  my  first  lecture  in  a  small  house  near  Mercer's  Hospital, 
to  a  class  larger  than  they  had  at  the  College  of  Surgeons.  This 
aroused  envy.  Mr.  Todd,  who  was  appointed  in  my  place,  spread 
many  reports  injurious  to  my  character.  He  produced  an  unsteady 
feeling  in  my  class.  I  fixed  it  upon  him,  called  on  him,  and  got  his 
disavowal  of  all,  with  liberty  to  paste  his  name  on  the  lecture  door. 
He  cut  a  poor  figure  in  the  .  .  .  and  was  always  my  secret  foe. 

"  Mr.  Colles  proved  also  my  bitter  enemy,  refusing  me  in  con- 
sultation whenever  and  wherever  he  could,  tn  my  great  injury  in 
my  professional  progress.  He  also  showed  himself  my  enemy  in 
the  College.  I  opened  St.  Peter's  and  St.  Bridget's  Hospital  in 
Peter-street,  the  house  which  is  now  the  Anglesey  Hospital.  I 
had  in  it  twelve  surgical  beds,  the  number  from  which  the  celebrated 
Scarva  worked  out  all  that  has  illuminated  the  pages  of  surgery. 
Mr.  C.  did  not  think  this  enough.  He  proposed  and  carried  the 
motion  in  the  College  that  they  would  not  recognise  any  hospital 
which  did  not  contain  twenty-four  beds.  I  was  the  only  speaker  in 
opposition  to  such  an  ungenerous  measure.  I  showed  that  I  per- 
formed more  operations  in  the  year  it  had  existed  than  were 
performed  in  all  the  hospitals  in  Dublin  in  the  same  period.  They 
also  made  it  necessary  that  there  should  be  a  Board  of  Governors 
as  guarantee  for  the  sound  working  of  the  hospital.  This  was  easily 
done,  and  twelve  were  appointed  with  Lord  Trimleston  at  their 
head.  I  extended  the  hospital,  and  added  ten  medical  beds  under 
the  clinical  direction  of  Dr.  Leahy.  This  forced  the  College  to  a 
similar  movement,  and  the  late  Dr.  Stokes*  was  appointed. 

"  The  support  of  the  hospital  was  dependent  solely  on  my  clinical 
lectures,  which  were  largely  attended,  and  my  private  funds,  so 
that  it  may  readily  be  conceived  that  I  expended  the  principal 
part  of  the  large  income  I  derived  from  my  anatomical  and  surgical 
class. 

"  Seeing  that  I  gained  character,  and  was  not  thus  to  be  put  down 
within  the  College,  a  new  scheme  was  contrived  for  my  ruin.  1 
always  gave  a  summer  course  of  lectures  on  anatomy  and  surgery, 
and  I  held  dissections.  This  was  so  profitable  that  the  sum  it 
yielded  paid  the  winter's  expenses.  Nothing  dashed  by  their 
scheme,  I  commenced  the  summer  course  in  two  days,  my  auditors 
being  my  apprentices.    However,  when  the  pupils  found  I  was  in 

*  This  is  an  error.  John  Cheyne  was  first  Professor  of  Medicine,  but  not  on 
account  of  Kirby's  action  (see  page  299). — C.  A.  C. 


JOHN  TIMOTHY  KIRBY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1823. 


383 


earnest  they  flocked  to  me,  and  I  soon  numbered  in  my  class  forty 
five. 

"  The  Medical  and  Naval  Boards  of  London  received  my  tickets 
and  certificates.  I  always  sent  them  a  private  report,  securing  to 
the  service  a  good,  and  efficient,  and  gentlemanlike  set  of  men. 
About  this  period  the  certificates  were  copied  in  London,  and  sold 
at  a  high  price.  Twenty  men  got  into  the  service  by  these 
fraudulent  means.  Suspicion  became  alive  to  the  fraud,  and  their 
names  and  appointments  were  returned  to  me.  Their  names  were 
taken  at  the  Board.  They  were  not  cashiered,  but  they  were  never 
advanced  in  the  service. 

"  In  some  time  I  filled  the  office  of  Assistant  and  Censor  according 
to  the  old  Charter,  as  I  rather  think  I  was  a  good  examiner.  I 
became  in  my  turn  Vice-President  and  President,  and  was  voted,  as 
usual,  the  thanks  of  the  College,  and  was  chosen  one  amongst  the 
seniors. 

"The  opposition  ceased,  and  for  a  time  there -was  peace  in  those  days. 

"  The  College  had  by  this  time  grown  rich,  and  they  began  to 
deliberate  on  the  way  of  laying  out  £6,000.  I  proposed  an  hospital, 
and  wrote  on  the  subject  (see  pamphlet).  My  motion  in  the  College 
had  no  one  to  second  it. 

"  Impaired  as  my  patrimony  was  by  twenty-four  years  in  Chancery, 
I  sold  it  for  £700,  which  I  embarked  in  my  anatomical  school, 
Peter-street. 

"  I  was  now  to  lose  my  excellent  wife,  who  supported  me  by  her 
counsel,  and  with  whom  I  got  £250  a  year.  She  died,  and  her 
case  deserves  more  than  a  passing  notice.  She  left  me  nine  children, 
and  died  in  childbed  of  the  sixteenth.  ...  In  1825  I  had  saved 
£2,000,  and  had  my  house  in  Harcourt-street,  and  my  school  in 
Peter-street,  when  I  was  deprived  of  her. 

"  Prom  1810  to  1814  ray  industry  and  labour  were  intense.  I  rose 
at  five,  at  which  hour  I  had  a  private  pupil  in  my  house,  lectured 
him  until  seven,  breakfasted,  went  to  lecture  to  Peter-street  classes 
till  twelve,  lectured  at  three,  demonstrated  at  one,  demonstrated  at 
six,  classes  till  ten. 

"  I  commenced  my  profession  with  a  resolution  to  call  as  few 
consultations  as  possible.  I  always  applied  when  danger  existed, 
and  allowed  patients  or  their  friends  to  determine.  In  this  way  I 
was  as  fortunate  as  others,  and  I  enjoyed  more  peace  of  mind,  having 
little  to  do  with  the  cabals  and  jealousy  of  medical  men." 


384  ALEXANDER  READ,  PRESIDENT  IN  1825. 

Kirby  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College  on  the 
19th  March,  1805,  and  the  Membership  on  the  5th  September, 
1808. 

In  1805  he  graduated  B.A.,  and  in  1832  LL.B.  and  LL.D.  in 
the  University.  An  account  of  his  school  in  Peter-street,  and  a 
description  of  its  owner,  appear  in  Chapter  XIX.  He  had  a 
large  medical  practice  as  well  as  a  surgical  one.  In  1819  his 
"  Surgical  Cases"  appeared  in  the  form  of  a  book,  brought  out  by 
Hodges  and  M'Arthur,  College-green,  and  in  1850  his  Lectures 
on  Urinary  Disease,  edited  by  A.  J.  Walsh,  were  published  in 
the  Dublin  Hospital  Gazette. 

Kirby  died  on  the  26th  May,  1853,  aged  seventy-two  years,  at 
Newton  House,  Rathfarnham,  and  was  interred  in  St.  Kevin's 
graveyard,  Dublin.  In  the  same  grave  is  interred  another  surgeon, 
John  Timothy  Kirby,  son  of  the  preceding  Kirby,  and  a  surgeon 
in  the  74th  Regiment.  Pie  died,  aged  twenty-eight  years,  on  the 
7th  October,  1840.    One  of  his  sons  is  a  Major-General. 

ALEXANDER  READ,  PRESIDENT  IN  1825  AND  1835. 

A.  Read  was  born  in  Downpatrick  about  the  year  1786.  His 
father  was  a  wine  merchant,  and  resided  in  Fleet-street.  He 
was  educated  in  Mr.  Fay's  school  and  in  Trinity  College,  and 
graduated  B.A.  in  1807,  and  M.A.  in  1827.  On  the  2nd  July, 
1802,  he  was  indentured  to  Sir  Henry  Jebb,  "passed"  the  College 
on  the  11th  October,  1808,  and  was  elected  a  member  on  the 
27th  November,  1810.  Read  was  Surgeon  to  Mercer's,  the  Blue 
Coat,  and  Simpson's  Hospitals,  and  to  the  city  prisons.  He  was 
esteemed  a  skilful  surgeon,  and  he  had  a  large  purely  medical 
practice.  He  had  a  taste  for  scientific  studies,  and  for  a  while 
lectured  on  medical  jurisprudence  at  the  Park-street  Medical  School, 
and  he  was  subsequently  connected  with  the  Richmond  Hospital 
School.  He  married  Miss  Charlotte  Long,  a  member  of  an  old 
family  well  known  in  Dublin.  Read  died  on  the  18th  July,  1870, 
at  71  Pembroke-road,  aged  eighty-four,  and  was  interred  in  Finglas 
Churchyard,  County  of  Dublin. 


J.  W.  CUSACK,  PRESIDENT  IN  1827,  1847,  AND  1853.  385 


JAMES  WILLIAM  CUSACK,  PRESIDENT  IN  1827,  1847,  AND  1853. 

J.  W.  Cusack,  son  of  Athanasius  Cusack,  was  born  26th  May, 
1788,  at  his  father's  house,  Laragh,  near  Maynooth.  His  mother 
was  a  daughter  of  Edward  Rotheram,  of  Crossdrum,  County  of 
Meath.  Having  received  a  sound  classical  education,  he  was 
apprenticed,  on  the  6th  December,  1806,  to  Obre,  and  commenced 
to  study  at  the  College  School  and  Steevens'  Hospital,  and  shortly 
afterwards  was  enrolled  a  student  in  T.C.D.  His  university  career 
was  a  distinguished  one.  In  1807  he  won  a  Scholarship  and  was 
awarded  the  Berkeley  gold  medal ;  in  1809  he  graduated  in  arts, 
and  in  1812  in  medicine;  taking,  in  1840,  the  degree  of  M.D.,  and 
that  of  M.Chir.  in  1859.  On  the  28th  January,  18  L2,  he  received 
the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College,  having  passed  a  brilliant  exami- 
nation; and  on  the  7th  February,  1814,  he  was  elected  a  member. 

Having  served  for  several  years  as  Resident  Surgeon  in  Steevens' 
Hospital,  Cusack  took,  in  1825,  a  house  in  Cavendish-row,  from 
which,  in  the  following  year  he  removed  to  No.  3  Kildare-street, 
where  he  resided  until  the  house  was  sold  to  the  Kildare-street  Club, 
and  was  pulled  down.  Cusack's  immediate  predecessor  in  this  house 
was  Surgeon  Todd.  Few  houses  were  for  the  third  of  a  century 
better  known  than  No.  3  Kildare-street.  Cusack  had  a  large 
practice,  and  an  unusually  great  number  of  apprentices.  When  the 
latter  attained  to  the  number  of  52  his  pupils  called  him  the  Colonel 
of  the  52nd.  He  was  a  hospitable  man,  particularly  in  the  case  of 
his  former  apprentices,  to  whom  his  house  was  always  an  open  one. 
At  one  time  11  of  the  surgeons  of  County  Infirmaries  were  past- 
apprentices  of  Cusack.  Very  few  of  his  78  apprentices  survive. 
Dr.  Tweedy,  of  Rutland-square,  and  Dr.  Brunker,  of  Belgrave- 
square,  formerly  Surgeon  to  the  Dundalk  Infirmary,  are,  I  think, 
the  senior  survivors. 

Cusack's  practice  was  much  increased  by  his  successful  treatment 
of  a  patient — a  man  of  rank — who  was  wounded  in  the  back  by  a 
bullet.  When  Cusack  saw  him  he  was  dying  from  haemorrhage, 
which  the  surgeon  stopped  by  instantly  cutting  down  on  and  tying 
the  carotid  artery. 

2  c 


386       J.  W.  CUSACK,  PRESIDENT  IN  1827,  1847,  AND  1853. 


Cusack's  situations  of  honour  and  emoluments  were  numerous. 
He  was  one  of  the  Surgeons-in-Ordinary  to  the  Queen,  and  Regius 
Professor  of  Surgery,  T.C.D.  (1852).  His  connection  with  the 
College  as  an  official  has  frequently  been  referred  to  in  preceding 
chapters.  He  was  one  of  the  Founders  of  Park-street  School.  For 
many  years  he  was  surgeon,  or  visiting,  or  consulting  surgeon  to 
Steevens',  Swift's,  City  of  Dublin,  Rotunda,  and  St.  Mark's 
Hospitals. 

Cusack's  reputation  as  a  surgeon  stood  very  high.  He  was  most 
careful  in  his  operations,  and  never  resorted  to  one  if  it  could  be 
avoided.  The  night  before  he  had  to  perform  a  critical  operation 
he  was  wont  to  lie  awake  for  hours  thinking  how  he  could  best  do 
it.  The  operation  over,  no  surgeon  was  more  careful  or  minute  in 
the  subsequent  treatment  of  the  patient. 

Cusack  did  not  publish  much — a  circumstance  to  be  regretted,  as 
he  had  plenty  of  materials  for  his  pen.  Conjointly  with  Stokes,  he 
proved  that  the  mortality  of  Irish  medical  practitioners  was  double 
that  of  combatant  officers  during  the  years  1811  to  1814,  when  the 
country  was  at  war.    He  contributed  some  papers  to  the  journals. 

Cusack  was  twice  married ;  first  to  Elizabeth  Frances,  daughter 
of  Joseph  Bernard,  of  Greenhills,  King's  County,  by  whom  he  had 
four  sons  and  two  daughters ;  and  secondly,  to  Frances,  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  Stephen  Radcliffe,  and  widow  of  Richard  Rothwell,  of 
Hurdlestown,  County  of  Meath.  Sir  Ralph  Smith  Cusack,  D.L.,  of 
Furry  Park.  Raheny,  is  one  of  his  sons. 

Cusack  died  at  his  residence,  No.  7  Merrion-square,  North,  on 
25th  September,  1861,  and  was  interred  in  St.  Thomas's  Church- 
yard, Dublin.  His  portrait,  in  oil,  executed  by  an  English  artist 
named  Scott,  in  the  employment  of  Mr.  Cranfield,  of  Grafton-street, 
is  in  the  College  Board  Room,  and  his  bust,  sculptured  by  Kirk,  is 
placed  in  the  College  Central  Hall. 


CHAPTER  XV. 


THE  PEESIDENTS  OF  THE  COLLEGE  UNDER  THE  SECOND 
CHARTER— 1829-1844. 

CuSACK  Eoney  was  President  at  the  time  of  the  granting  of  the 
New  Charter,  and  he  was  named  President  in  it;  but,  on  the  first 
Monday  in  January,  1829,  he  waa  succeeded  by  W.  Auchinleck. 

WILLIAM  AUCHINLECK,  PRESIDENT  IN  1829. 

W.  Auchinleck  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  19th  May,  1787.  He 
was  the  fourth  son  of  Hugh  Auchinleck,  solicitor,  of  Dublin  and 
Strabane.  The  Auchinlecks  are  of  Scotch  extraction.  One  branch 
came  from  Ayrshire,  and  settled  in  the  County  of  Fermanagh; 
another  migrated  to  England,  and  changed  their  name  to  Affleck. 
Sir  Robert  Affleck,  Bart.,  represents  this  branch. 

On  the  6th  August,  1802,  Auchinleck  was  indentured  to  Macklin, 
and  commenced  his  studies  at  the  College  of  Surgeons  and  Mercer's 
Hospital.  On  the  23rd  June,  1810,  he  became  a  licentiate,  and  on 
the  7th  April  a  member  of  the  College.  He  was  appointed  a 
Surgeon  to  Mercer's  Hospital,  in  which  institution,  about  the  year 
1842,  he  successfully  removed  the  inferior'  maxillary  bone,  the 
patient  making  a  good  recovery;  this  was  the  first  occasion  upon 
which  this  operation  was  performed  in  Dublin.  Auchinleck  was 
Lecturer  on  Surgery  in  the  Dublin  School  of  Medicine.  He  died, 
suddenly,  at  his  residence,  42  Lower  Dominick-street,  on  the  27th 
December,  1848,  and  was  interred  in  St.  Michan's  churchyard. 

Mr.  Auchinleck  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  James  Stewart. 
None  of  his  sons  survive.  Mr.  Hugh  A.  Auchinleck,  F.R.C.S.,  is 
his  nephew. 


388      RAWDON  MACNAMARA  (priinus)  PRESIDENT  IN  1831. 
RAWDON  MACNAMARA  (primus)  PRESIDENT  IN  1831. 

R.  Macnamara  was  born  at  Ayle,  in  the  County  of  Clare.  His 
father  was  Thady  Macnamara,  and  his  mother,  Narcissa,  was  a 
daughter  of  Dr.  Dillon,  physician  to  Colonel  Rawdon,  who  sub- 
sequently became  Lord  Moira.  The  strong  friendship  existing 
between  Thady  Macnamara  and  the  Colonel  caused  the  former  to 
name  his  son  Rawdon — a  cognomen  ever  since  retained  in  the 
family.  R.  Macnamara  was  indentured  to  Sir  Philip  Crampton, 
and  on  the  3rd  November,  1806,  he  passed  the  examination  in 
Classics  at  the  College,  and  was  registered  as  a  pupil  on  the  4th 
December.  He  acquired  nearly  all  his  anatomical  education  in 
Crampton's  School,  and  only  attended  one  course  of  anatomical 
lectures  in  the  College  School,  but  he  received,  in  the  latter  School, 
instruction  in  pharmacy  and  botany  from  Garnett  and  Wade,  and 
also  acquired  some  of  his  technical  education  in  the  School  of 
Physic.  On  the  8th  December,  1812,  he  obtained  the  Letters 
Testimonial  of  the  College,  and  was  elected  a  member  on  the  6th 
February,  1815.  For  some  time  he  acted  as  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy  to  Professor  Macartney  in  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  In 
1819  hes  ucceeded  Solomon  Richards  as  a  Surgeon  to  the  Meath 
Hospital.  On  the  15th  June,  1826,  he  was  elected  Professor  of 
Materia  Medica  (hitherto  termed  Surgical  Pharmacy)  to  the  College, 
and  resigned  the  office  on  the  18th  October,  1836,  on  the  ground 
that  his  residence  in  Gralway  interfered  with  the  efficient  discharge 
of  his  duties.    He  presented  his  valuable  museum  to  the  College. 

In  1818  he  married  Mary,  eldest  daughter  of  George  Symmers, 
of  Dangan  Park,  County  of  Gal  way,  a  lineal  descendant  of  the 
officer  who  carried  the  standard  of  Prince  Charles  Edward  at  the 
battle  of  Culloden.  Mr.  Symmers,  an  army  officer,  wrote  an 
account  of  the  sinking  of  the  unfortunate  "  Royal  George,"  of  which 
he  was  an  eye-witness. 

The  most  important  of  Macnamara's  contributions  is  an  article  on 
foreign  bodies  in  the  trachea,  published  in  the  Dublin  Hospital 
Reports,  Vol.  V.,  and  which  left  but  little  for  subsequent  writers  to 
describe. 

Macnamara  died  in  York-street  on  the  2nd  November,  1836. 


JAMES  KERIN,  PRESIDENT  IN  1833. 


389 


JAMES  KERIN,  PRESIDENT  IN  1833. 

J.  Kerin  was  born  about  the  year  1779,  in  the  County  of  Kerry. 
His  father  was  a  farmer,  and  his  uncle,  the  Rev.  John  Kerin,  was 
Rector  of  Killury,  in  the  diocese  of  Ardfert.  His  mother  was  a 
relative  of  Sir  Colman  O'Loghlen,  Bart.  On  the  24th  June,  1806, 
Kerin  was  indentured  to  Peter  Harkan,  and  studied  in  the  College 
and  Crampton's  Schools.  He  obtained  the  licence  of  the  College 
on  the  2nd  of  March,  1813,  and  was  elected  a  member  on  the  1st 
May,  1815.  For  many  years  he  acted  as  surgeon  to  the  General  Post 
Office,  and  in  1836,  on  the  institution  of  the  Irish  Constabulary, 
he  was  appointed  surgeon  to  that  force.  He  died  from  pneumonia, 
at  the  Constabulary  Barracks,  Phoenix  Park,  on  the  17th  March, 
1848,  aged  68,  and  was  interred  at  Glasnevin  Cemetery. 

Kerin  was  married  to  Miss  Catherine  Staunton;  he  left  no 
children. 

Whilst  President  of  the  College  Kerin  was  attacked  by  Asiatic 
cholera,  and  was  attended  by  Marsh  and  Graves.  His  ca3e  seemed 
hopeless,  but  Graves,  who  at  that  time  was  a  believer  in  the  efficacy 
of  acetate  of  lead  in  the  treatment  of  cholera,  suggested  this  remedy, 
and,  Marsh  assenting,  it  was  tried,  with,  as  Graves  believed,  success. 
At  all  events,  the  patient  recovered.  [The  formula  for  the  pills 
was  as  follows: — fy.  Acetatis  plumbi,  3j ;  opii  gr.  j.  M.  fiat  secun- 
dum artem  massa,  in  pilul.  xii  dividenda.] 

FRANCIS  WHITE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1836. 

F.  "White  was  born  in  1787  at  Carrick-on-Suir.  His  father  was 
Francis  White,  of  Carrickbeg,  County  of  Waterford,  and  his  mother 
was  Anne  Lee.  He  was  indentured  to  Abraham  Colles  on  17th 
March,  1807,  and  for  some  time  was  a  resident  pupil  in  Steevens' 
Hospital  and  a  student  in  the  College  School.  He  became  a 
Licentiate  of  the  College  on  the  19th  January,  1813,  and  was 
elected  a  Member  on  the  1st  May,  1815.  He  established  a  Hospital 
for  Diseases  of  the  Eye  on  Lower  Ormond  quay,  and  subsequently 
added  to  it  a  small  anatomical  school.  He  gave  useful  evidence 
before  the  Warburton  Committee.  During  the  cholera  epidemic 
of  1832  he  was  very  active,  and  was  for  several  years  Secretary  to 


390        ARTHUR  JACOB,  PRESIDENT  IN  1837  AND  1864-5. 


the  Board  of  Health,  which  met  for  many  years  in  Dawson-street. 
In  1841  the  important  office  of  Inspector- General  of  Prisons  was 
conferred  upon  him.  When  the  Lord  Chancellor  (Sir  Edward 
Sugden)  undertook  the  revision  of  the  laws  relating  to  lunacy,  he 
obtained  valuable  advice  from  White,  who  was  subsequently  first 
Inspector  of  Lunatic  Asylums  under  the  Act  of  1845.  He  was  a 
man  of  very  agreeable  manners,  and  was  popular  in  society,  On 
3rd  June,  1836,  he  entertained  Lord  Mulgrave,  the  Lord  Lieu- 
tenant, at  a  collation  in  the  College.  He  published  a  case  of 
tracheotomy  (in  1825),  and  one  on  rupture  of  the  uterus,  in  the 
Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science. 

Mr.  White  married  (first)  Catherine  Rogers  and  (second)  Maria 
Kent.  Two  of  his  children  survive — namely,  Mr.  Piers  White,  au 
eminent  QC,  and  Anne,  wife  of  the  late  Laurence  Waldron,  D.L., 
M.P.  for  County  of  Tipperary.  He  died  in  August,  1859,  in  conse- 
quence of  an  injury  to  the  spine,  the  result  of  a  railway  accident  at 
Dunkit,  near  Waterford,  by  which  several  persons  were  killed. 

ARTHUR  JACOB,  PRESIDENT  IN  1837  AND  1864-5. 

Arthur  Jacob  was  born  on  the  13th  June,  1790,  at  Knockfin,  near 
Maryborough,  Queen's  County.  His  father,  John  Jacob,  Surgeon 
to  the  Queen's  County  Infirmary,  enjoyed  a  very  large  practice  in 
the  midland  counties;  and  his  grandfather,  Michael  Jacob,  was 
also  a  surgeon.  The  Jacobs  were  a  family  who  in  the  13th  century 
held  lands  in  Cambridgeshire.  The  first  of  them  who  settled  in 
Ireland  received  a  grant  of  land  at  Sigginstown,  in  the  County  of 
Wexford,  in  1667,  and  his  descendants  (at  first  numerous)  divided 
into  two  branches,  the  senior  of  which  settled  in  the  Queen's  County. 
The  English  Jacobs  having  become  extinct,  Arthur  Jacob  became 
the  senior  representative  of  this  old  family.  Surgeon  John  Jacob 
died  at  Maryborough  on  the  24th  June,  1827.  His  wife,  Grace, 
only  child  of  Jerome  Alley,  of  Donaghmore,  Queen's  County, 
survived  until  1835,  when  she  died  in  Dublin,  and  was  interred  in 
St.  Mary's  churchyard. 

Arthur  Jacob,  having  received  a  sound  preliminary  education, 
was  indentured  on  the  7th  March,  1808,  to  his  father,  entered 


ARTHUR  JACOB,  PRESIDENT  IN  1837  AND  1864—5.  391 


the  College  School  in  1811,  and  became  a  pupil  at  Steevens' 
Hospital,  under  Colles.  In  1813  he  proceeded  to  Edinburgh,  and 
graduated  M.D.  in  the  University  of  that  city  in  1814.  In  1815  he 
attended  the  cliniques  of  Lawrence,  Brodie,  and  Cooper,  in  London, 
and  secured  the  friendship  of  those  great  surgeons.  Returning  to 
Dublin  he  was  appointed  a  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the  School 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  retained  that  position  until  1824, 
when,  together  with  Cusack  and  others,  he  founded  the  Park-street 
School.  On  November  20th,  1813,  he  became  a  Licentiate  of  the 
College,  and  on  the  5th  August,  1816,  a  Member;  subsequently 
he  attained  to  almost  every  offiee  of  importance  in  connexion  with 
the  College.  In  1826  he  was  elected  their  Professor  of  Anatomy 
and  Physiology.  In  1852  he  was  one  of  the  College  Professors  who 
founded  the  City  of  Dublin  Hospital.  In  conjunction  with 
Henry  Maunsell  he  established,  in  1838,  the  Dublin  Medical  Press. 
In  1869  he  resigned  his  professorship  and  retired  to  Barrow-in- 
Furness,  in  Lancashire,  where  he  died  on  the  21st  September, 
1874,  aged  85. 

Arthur  Jacob  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Coote  Carroll,  of 
Ballymote,  County  of  Sligo.  Their  family  consisted  of  five  sons, 
all  of  whom  lived  to  manhood,  and  one  daughter,  who  died  in 
infancy.  One  of  his  sons,  Archibald  Hamilton,  is  Secretary  to  the 
College  Council. 

In  the  History  of  the  College,  given  in  the  previous  pages, 
J acob's  name  frequently  occurs.  He  was  an  uncompromising  cham- 
pion for  the  College  School.  In  the  debates  which  occurred  at  the 
meetings  of  the  College  he  always  took  a  leading  part,  and  was 
by  no  means  "  mealy-mouthed "  in  referring  to  those  from  Avhose 
opinions  he  differed.  As  a  writer  he  was  much  given  to  drastic 
polemical  articles,  which  frequently  greatly  irritated  those  against 
whom  they  were  directed.  He  rarely  indulged  in  even  the  mildest 
festivities,  but  devoted  himself  wholly  to  his  professional  and  editorial 
work,  and  to  original  research.  He  remained  up  till  long  after 
midnight  as  a  rule,  nevertheless  he  was  always  punctually  at  work 
early  in  the  day.  He  had  an  intense  dislike  to  charlatanism  and 
humbug  of  every  kind.    He  took  a  deep  interest  in  the  success  of 


392  WILLIAM  HENRY  PORTER,  PRESIDENT  IN  1838. 

his  pupils,  and  he  laboured  hard  to  instruct  them.  One  of  his  few- 
weaknesses  was  his  notion  that  he  alone  of  the  Professors  should 
always  give  the  introductory  lecture  at  the  commencement  of  the 
session  at  the  College  School. 

In  1860  there  was  a  strong  desire  to  present  Jacob  with  a  testi- 
monial, but  he  decisively  opposed  the  proposal.  However,  a  very 
beautiful  medal,  in  his  honour,  was  struck.  The  obverse  bears  his 
bust,  and  the  reverse  the  following  words  : — "  Arthur  Jacob,  M.D., 
F.R.C.S.I ,  Prof,  of  Anat.  and  Phys.  Roy.  Coll.  of  Surgeons  in 
Ireland,  in  commemoration  of  eminent  services  rendered  to  the 
profession  in  Ireland,  1860." 

Jacob's  original  work  is  of  high  value.  In  1819  he  published, 
in  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  his  discovery  of  the  delicately- 
constructed  membrane  now  known  as  the  bacillary  layer  of  the 
retina.  It  was  named,  but  not  by  its  discoverer,  Membrana  Jacobi. 
He  described,  in  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science  for  1836,  the 
infra-orbital  sinuses  of  deer,  and  the  mouth  and  mammary  gland  of 
the  cetacea.  He  was  the  first  to  give  an  account  of  the  rodent  ulcer, 
at  one  time  termed  Jacob's  Ulcer.  He  invented  the  curved  needle 
for  cataract  which  bears  his  name.  His  work  on  "  Inflammation  of 
the  Eyeball "  is  a  classic  on  that  subject. 

WILLIAM  HENRY  PORTER,  PRESIDENT  IN  1838. 

W.  H.  Porter,  son  of  a  country  gentleman,  was  born  on  the  5th 
March,  1790,  at  Dublin.  His  mother  was  Susanna,  daughter  of 
Anthony  Bacon,  of  Dublin.  Having  been  educated  at  Porterstown 
School,  Portarlington,  he  entered  Trinity  College;  and  having,  in 
1808,  won  a  Scholarship,  he  graduated  in  arts  in  1810 — he  did 
not,  however,  take  out  a  medical  degree  until  1842,  when  he 
became  M.D.  In  January,  1809,  he  was  indentured  to  Crampton, 
and  his  professional  studies  were  conducted  in  the  College  School 
and  in  the  Meath  Hospital.  On  the  13th  September,  1814,  he 
obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College,  and  on  the  10th 
November,  1817,  was  elected  a  Member.  In  1826  he  became 
connected,  as  a  teacher  of  anatomy  and  surgery,  with  the  Park-street 
School,  and  in  1837  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Surgery  to  the 


WILLIAM  HENRY  PORTER,  PRESIDENT  IN  1838.  393 

College  of  Surgeons.    In  1819  he  was  appointed  Surgeon  to  the 
Meath  Hospital,  and  he  was  also  Consulting  Surgeon  to  the  City  of 
Dublin  Hospital.    Porter  was  an  excellent  anatomist  and  patho- 
logist.   His  description  of  the  deep  fascia  in  front  of  the  trachea 
was  by  far  the  best  up  to  that  time.    In  1826  he  published,  in 
Dublin,  a  work  of  283  pages  on  the  "  Surgical  Pathology  of  the 
Larynx  and  Trachea,"  which  was  reproduced  in  London  the  following 
year,  and  met  with  a  good  reception.    In  1841  he  produced  a  little 
work  on  the  "  Surgical  Pathology  of  Aneurysm."    He  was  a  remark- 
ably bold  but  withal  successful  operator,  and  had  a  great  reputation 
for  the  skill  he  exhibited  in  ligaturing  the  greater  arteries,  very 
few  of  which  remained  untied  by  him.    One  of  his  cases  created 
a  sensation  at  the  time — it  was  that  of  a  man  suffering  from  disease 
of  the  innominata ;  on  exposing  the  artery  it  was  found  to  be 
atheromatous,  and  the  ligature  was  not  applied,  but  the  irritation 
to  which  the  vessel  was  subjected  caused  eventually  consolidation 
to  take  place  in  it. 

Porter  took  great  interest  in  his  hospital.  In  1822  he  and  his 
colleague,  Maurice  Collis,  personally  helped  to  remove  the  patients 
from  the  old  Meath  Hospital  on  the  Coombe  to  the  present  building. 
The  patients  were  wrapped  in  blankets,  and  carried  in  baskets  made 
specially  for  the  purpose.  During  their  removal  a  violent  storm 
arose,  and  Porter  and  Collis  were  very  glad  to  shelter  their  heads 
from  falling  slates  by  covering  the  former  with  the  empty  baskets. 
This  hospital  was  opened  on  the  2nd  of  March,  1753,  on  the  Coombe. 
and  was  intended  chiefly  to  afford  medical  assistance  to  the  operative 
population  in  the  "  Liberties."  It  was  removed  to  Skinner's-alley  in 
1757,  to  Meath-street  in  1760,  and  to  Earl-street  (North)  in  1766. 
In  1770  the  erection  of  a  new  building  on  the  Coombe  was  com- 
menced, and  when  it  was  completed  the  hospital  was  removed  to  it. 
In  1816  the  site  of  the  present  hospital  in  the  "Long-lane"  was 
acquired  at  a  cost  of  £1,126,  and  with  the  aid  of  a  county  present- 
ment of  £4,788  the  hospital  was  completed  in  1822.  The  Coombe 
Hospital  was  subsequently  converted  into  a  Maternity.  It  was 
rebuilt  and  enlarged  a  few  years  ago,  at  the  expense  of  the  late  Sir 
Benjamin  Lee  Guinness,  Bart.   Since  the  foundation  of  the  College 


394 


MAURICE  COLLIS,  PRESIDENT  IN  1839. 


of  Surgeons,  in  1784,  26  surgeons  have  been  appointed  to  the  Meath 
Hospital,  of  whom  exactly  one-half  became  Presidents  of  the  College 


THE  MEATH  HOSPITAL  A  CENTURY  AGO. 


Porter  married  Jane,  daughter  of  Cuthbert  Hornidge,  of  Russells- 
town,  Blessington,  County  of  Wicklow.  For  the  greater  portion 
of  his  professional  career  he  resided  at  21  Kildare-street,  and  here 
he  was  found  dead  in  his  bed  on  the  27th  April,  1861.  It  was 
supposed  that  aneurysm  of  the  thoracic  aorta  was  the  cause  of  the 
catastrophe.    Porter's  portrait  and  bust  are  in  the  College. 

MAURICE  COLLIS,  PRESIDENT  IN  1839. 

M.  Collis  was  born  in  1791  at  No.  20  York-street,  Dublin.  He 
was  son  of  John  Fitzgerald  Collis,  Deputy  Master  of  the  Rolls, 
and  his  mother  was  Margaret,  daughter  of  John  Day,  of  Cork,  who 
claimed  descent,  through  the  Fitzmaurices  of  Kerry,  from  King 
Edward  I.  Collis,  when  only  one  year  old,  lost  his  father.  His 
mother  attended  carefully  to  his  education,  which  was  chiefly  con- 
ducted in  Portarlington  School.  He  entered  T.C.D.,  and  graduated 
B.A.  in  1813.  On  the  1st  November,  1810,  he  was  apprenticed  to 
Hewson,  and  became  a  pupil  in  the  College  School  and  the  Meath 


ROBERT  ADAMS,  PRESIDENT  IN  1840,  1860-1,  AND  1867-8.  395 


Hospital.  He  "  passed  "  at  the  College  in  1815,  and  was  elected 
a  Member  on  the  4th  May,  1818.  In  1816  he  was  appointed 
Demonstrator  in  the  College  School,  and  in  1825  he  succeeded 
Thomas  Roney  as  Surgeon  to  the  Meath  Hospital — a  ward  in  that 
institution  is  dedicated  to  his  memory.  In  1833  he  took  the  degree 
of  M.A.  He  married  Frances  Diana,  daughter  of  Archdeacon 
Herbert.  His  death,  caused  by  asthma,  occurred  in  March,  1852, 
at  66  Lower  Baggot-street.  Collis  was  a  very  religious  man,  and 
obtained  the  sobriquet  of  "  Collis  the  Good."  He  wrote  very  little; 
in  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science  for  1834  he  published  two 
cases  of  popliteal  aneurysm. 

ROBERT  ADAMS,  PRESIDENT  IN  1840,  1860-1,  AND  1867-8. 

R.  Adams  was  born  in  Dublin  about  the  year  1793.  His  father 
was  a  solicitor,  and  his  mother  was  a  Miss  Filgate.  On  the  20th 
February,  1810,  he  was  indentured  to  Hartigan,  after  whose  death 
he  was  transferred  to  Surgeon-General  Stewart,  on  New  Year's 
Day,  1813.  In  1814  he  graduated  B.A.  in  the  University,  but  he 
did  not  take  the  M.B.  degree  until  1842.  In  that  year  he  became 
a  M.D.,  and  in  1861  received  the  newly-instituted  qualification 
of  Master  in  Surgery.  The  greater  part  of  Adams'  anatomical 
studies  was  prosecuted  in  the  College  of  Surgeons  under  Abraham 
Colles'  directions.  On  the  18th  June,  1816,  he  obtained  the 
Letters  Testimonial,  and  on  the  2nd  November,  1818,  he  was 
promoted  to  the  Membership  of  the  College. 

On  the  29th  December,  1838,  Adams  was  appointed  a  surgeon  to 
the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Richmond  Hospital  Medical  School,  and  for  many  years  was  a  most 
successful  teacher  in  that  institution.  He  had,  previous  to  his 
connection  with  the  Richmond  School,  a  dissecting  place  in  Meck- 
lenburgh-street,  in  which  for  many  years  he  taught  anatomy  to  his 
apprentices  and  others.  Adams'  offices  were  numerous.  He  was 
Consulting-Surgeon  to  Sir  P.  Dun's  and  the  Rotunda  Hospital; 
Surgeon  to  the  Queen;  Regius  Professor  of  Surgery,  T.C.D. ; 
Member  of  the  Senate  of  the  Queen's  University ;  and  a  member 
of  several  British  and  foreign  medical  associations. 


396 


THOMAS  RUMLEY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1841. 


Adams  was  a  surgeon  and  anatomist  of  the  first  rank.  An 
inspection  of  the  pathological  specimens  which  he  has  left  in  the 
Museum  of  the  Richmond  Hospital  will  well  repay  the  surgical 
visitor.  His  treatise  on  "  Chronic  Rheumatic  Arthritis" — a  classic 
on  that  subject — reached  a  second  edition,  which  is  unusual  except 
in  the  case  of  text-books.  He  contributed  two  articles  on  Abnormal 
Joints  to  "Todd's  Cyclopaedia,"  and  various  papers  on  Diseases 
of  the  Heart  and  other  Affections  to  the  Dublin  medical  journals. 
No  other  anatomist  has  given  so  accurate  an  account  of  the  relations 
of  the  common  iliac  arteries. 

Adams  was  a  short,  stout  man,  with  a  chubby  face.  He  was 
fond  of  horses,  and  always  had  a  good  one  to  draw  his  well-known 
cabriolet.  He  was  married,  first  to  a  Miss  Lebas,  a  lady  of  French 
extraction,  and  secondly  to  Miss  Montgomery.  He  died  16th 
January,  1875. 

THOMAS  RUMLEY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1841. 

T.  Rumley  was  born  at  Kingstown,  County  of  Dublin,  about 
the  year  1793.  His  father  held  an  appointment  in  the  Revenue 
Department,  and  his  mother's  maiden  name  was  Margaret  Smith. 
He  was  educated  at  Dr.  Millar's  school,  near  Dublin.  In  April, 
1811,  he  was  indentured  to  Kirby,  and  studied  in  the  College  and 
Kirby's  schools.  On  the  25th  June,  1815,  he  "passed"  at  the 
College,  and  on  the  9th  November,  1818,  he  was  elected  a  Member. 
He  engaged  in  surgical  and  medical  practice,  but  did  not  become 
attached  to  any  hospital.  Having  long  suffered  severely  from  gout, 
he  died  at  his  residence,  37  York-street,  in  March,  1856,  and  was 
interred  on  the  30th  of  that  month  in  Glasnevin  Cemetery. 
Rumley  was  bred  a  Protestant;  but  he  married  a  Catholic  lady, 
Miss  Maguire,  and  it  would  appear  that  before  his  death  he  con- 
formed to  his  wife's  faith. 

In  1832  Rumley  and  A.  Stokes  were  deputed  to  investigate  a 
case  of  supposed  cholera  at  Kingstown.  Although  neither  of  them 
had  any  previous  experience  of  the  disease,  they  pronounced  the 
case  to  be  one  of  Asiatic  cholera.  The  inhabitants  were  annoyed 
that  their  town  should  be  pronounced  infected  with  cholera,  and  an 


WILLIAM  TAGERT,  PRESIDENT  IN  1842. 


397 


infuriated  mob  attacked  Stokes  and  Rumley,  who  narrowly  escaped 
with  their  lives.  Soon  after  this  event  cholera  became  epidemic  in 
Ireland. 

The  greatest  comic  actor  Ireland  has  ever  produced — namely, 
Tyrone  Power — had  an  extraordinary  regard  for  Rumley.  It  is 
believed  that  there  were  only  two  places  in  which  he  would  dine  in 
Dublin — one  was  the  residence  of  the  Viceroy,  the  other  was  Rumley's 
house. 

WILLIAM  TAGERT,  PRESIDENT  IN  1842. 

W.  Tagert  was  born  in  Dublin  in  1793.  His  father  was  a 
merchant,  and  his  mother  was  Catherine  Dawson,  of  Nutgrove, 
Rathfarnham,  County  of  Dublin.  He  received  his  primary  educa- 
tion at  Nutgrove  School,  Rathfarnham,  at  that  time  kept  by  a 
clergyman  named  Jones,  whose  son  carried  on  the  school  until 
1861,  had  a  wooden  leg,  and  insisted  upon  being  called  Phil,  even 
by  his  pupils. 

Tagert  was  indentured  to  Jebb  in  December,  1808,  and  on  Jebb's 
death  in  1811  was  transferred  to  Read.  He  became  a  Licentiate 
of  the  College  on  the  30th  July,  1816,  and  a  Member  on  the 
1st  November,  1819.  He  was  Surgeon  to  Mercer's  Hospital,  and 
Lecturer  on  Surgery  in  the  original  Ledwich  School  of  Medicine, 
and  he  bequeathed  his  library  to  the  latter  institution.  He  died, 
after  a  long  illness  from  paralysis,  on  the  14th  October,  1861,  and 
was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery. 

Tagert  never  married.  He  was  of  a  retiring  disposition,  and  did 
not  seem  to  care  much  for  practice.  He  was  a  good  surgeon,  and 
was  liked  as  a  lecturer.  As  an  Examiner  at  the  College,  he  was 
what  is  termed  "  stiff."  His  professional  life  was  chiefly  spent  while 
residing  in  20  French-street  and  54  Camden-street. 

james  o'beirne,  president  in  1843. 

J.  O'Beirne  was  born  in  the  year  1787.  He  was  apprenticed  on 
the  4th  February,  1804,  to  Kichard  Dease,  for  five  years,  and 
studied  at  the  College  School  and  at  Edinburgh  University.  On 
the  26th  June,  1810,  he  received  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the 
College,  and  was  elected  a  Member  on  the  17di  July,  1820.  In 


398 


JAMES  O'BEIRNE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1843. 


1818  lie  graduated  M.D.  in  Edinburgh.  O'Beirne  entered  the  army, 
served  for  several  years  in  the  Royal  Artillery,  received  the  war  medal 
with  eight  clasps,  and  in  1815  retired  from  the  service  on  half  pay. 
He  was  the  first  person  who  held  the  honorary  office  of  Surgeon 
Extraordinary  to  the  King  in  Ireland.  He  was  Surgeon  to  Jervis- 
street  Hospital  from  1819  to  1832,  and  on  the  5th  May,  1828,  was 
appointed  a  Surgeon  to  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals,  continuing 
in  office  until  1844.  He  was  Consulting  Surgeon  to  Maynooth 
Hospital.  O'Beirne  died  at  Bayswater,  London,  on  the  16th  June, 
1862,  and  was  so  poor  that  the  cost  of  his  funeral  was  defrayed  by 
the  Roman  Catholic  bishop  of  the  district. 

O'Beirne  occupies  a  good  position  amongst  the  medical  authors  of 
Ireland.  In  1828  he  published  in  Dublin  a  treatise  of  286  pages 
on  "  New  Views  on  the  Process  of  Defecation,  and  their  Application 
to  the  Pathology  and  Treatment  of  Diseases  of  the  Stomach."  His 
"  Description  of  the  Anatomy  of  the  Rectum,"  and  his  "  Views  of 
its  Physiology,"  attracted  much  attention  some  years  ago,  and  it  is 
admitted  that  there  is  some  originality  in  them.  O'Ferrall  claimed 
to  have  made  at  an  earlier  date  the  same  observations,  and  had  a 
discussion  with  O'Beirne  on  the  question  of  priority.  In  1833 
O'Beirne  published  his  "  Analytical  Corrections  of  Sir  Charles  Bell's 
'  Views  of  the  Nerves  of  the  Face.'  "  His  other  papers  of  importance 
were  as  follows:  on  "Tobacco  in  Tetanus,"  on  "Mercury  in  Hip 
Disease  and  other  White  Swellings,"  on  "  Hydrocele  of  the  Neck," 
on  "Retinitis,"  on  "Extirpation  of  the  Lachrymal  Gland,"  and  on 
"  Diagnosis  between  Hydrophthalmia  and  Tumours  in  the  Orbit." 
The  Paris  Archives  Generates,  for  November,  1838,  contains  a 
laudatory  article  on  O'Beirne's  works,  referring  particularly  to  his 
paper  on  "  Taxis  considered  as  a  Means  of  avoiding  Operations,  and 
its  Application  to  the  different  Stages  of  Strangulation."  In  this 
paper  the  importance  of  removing  the  contents — especially  the 
gaseous  ones — of  the  intestines,  by  the  introduction  of  a  gum-elastic 
tube,  is  pointed  out.  In  the  Lancet  for  1843  will  be  found  an 
interesting  "  Case  of  Strangulated  Hernia  successfully  treated  by 
the  Exhausting  Syringe  attached  to  an  O'Beirne's  Rectal  Tube," 
reported  by  Charles  S.  Webber,  F.R.C.S.  Eng. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 


THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  COLLEGE  UNDER  THE  SUPPLEMENTAL 
CHARTERS,  1844-1885-6. 

James  O'Beirne  was  President  in  1843,  and  was  named  as  first 
President  under  the  Supplemental  Charter.  The  date  of  election 
of  the  President  was  changed  from  January  to  June,  and  conse- 
quently O'Beirne  remained  in  the  chair  during  eighteen  months. 
The  President  elected  in  June,  1844,  was  Crampton,  who  was 
followed  by  Carmichael,  Wilmot,  and  Cusack.  As  all  those  Presi- 
dents served  previously,  the  first  one  under  the  Supplemental 
Charter  who  had  not  passed  the  chair  was  Robert  Harrison. 

ROBERT  HARRISON,  PRESIDENT  IN"  1848-9. 

R.  Harrison  was  born  in  Cumberland  in  1796.  His  family 
belonged  to  the  commercial  class,  and  some  business  transactions 
which  Harrison's  father  had  in  Ireland,  were  probably  the  cause  of 
his  sending  his  son  to  be  educated  in  Dublin.  The  latter  entered 
Trinity  College,  where  he  graduated  in  arts  in  1814.  In  August, 
1810,  he  was  indentured  to  Colles,  and  commenced  to  study  in 
the  College  School.  In  1815  he  obtained  the  diploma  of  the 
London  College,  and  in  the  following  year  that  of  the  Irish 
College,  of  which  he  was  on  the  9th  June,  1818,  elected  a  member. 
In  1817  he  was  appointed  Demonstrator  in  the  College  School, 
and  was  elected  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  on  the  4th 
August,  1827.  In  1824  he  took  the  degree  of  M.B.,  and  in  1837 
that  of  M.D.  He  was  appointed  Professor  of  Anatomy  and 
Chirurgery  in  the  School  of  Physic  in  1837.  He  was  for  many 
years  one  of  the  Honorary  Secretaries  to  the  Royal  Dublin  Society, 
and  took  an  active  part  in  the  management  of  that  great  institu- 
tion, especially  distinguishing  himself  in  debate  when  the  policy  of 
the  Council  was  challenged.    On  the  day  before  his  death  he  was 


400  ANDREW  ELLIS,  PRESIDENT  IN  1849-50. 

in  his  usual  health ;  during  the  night  he  had  an  apoplectic  seizure, 
and  died  at  11  o'clock  on  the  following  day,  the  23rd  April,  1858, 
at  his  residence,  No.  1  Hume-street.  His  remains  were  interred 
at  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery. 

Harrison  married  Anne,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Cope, 
Rector  of  Ahascragh,  County  of  Galway,  a  sister  of  Abraham 
Colles'  wife.  Captain  Harrison,  who  has  held  an  appointment  in 
Dublin  Castle,  is  their  son. 

In  1824  Harrison  published  in  two  volumes  his  "  Surgical 
Anatomy  of  the  Arteries,"  a  work  of  sterling  merit,  and  which 
at  once  stamped  the  author  as  an  anatomist  of  the  first  order, 
and  an  original  observer.  In  1839  the  fourth  edition  of  this 
valuable  work  appeared  in  a  single  volume  of  423  pages,  and  other 
editions  have  since  been  published.  A  translation  by  Harrison  of 
Weitrbrecht's  Syndesmologia  was  published  in  Dublin  in  1829. 
The  famous  "  Dublin  Dissector "  appeared  that  year  under  his 
name,  an  earlier  edition  having  been  published  under  the  nom  de 
plume  of  M.R.C.S.I.  In  1835  the  work  reached  a  fifth  edition, 
and  maintained  its  place  amongst  the  text-books  almost  down  to 
the  present  time — for  many  years  it  was  the  favourite  anatomical 
text-book  in  the  American  schools. 

Harrison  published  several  papers  in  the  medical  journals.  He 
was  a  fluent  lecturer,  and  his  forty  years'  teaching  of  anatomy 
contributed  in  no  unimportant  degree  to  maintain  the  high 
character  of  the  Dublin  School. 

ANDREW  ELLIS,  PRESIDENT  IN  1849-50. 

A.  Ellis  was  born  in  1792,  at  Kilpool,  in  the  County  of  Wicklow. 
He  was  the  third  son  of  William  Ellis,  a  gentleman-farmer,  by  his 
wife,  Mary  Byrne,  of  Cronybyrne,  in  the  County  of  Wicklow. 
On  the  28th  January,  1815,  he  was  indentured  to  Thomas  Rooney, 
of  York-street.  He  was  educated  chiefly  at  the  College  School, 
and  the  Meath,  and  Sir  Patrick  Dun's  Hospitals,  but  he  attended 
some  lectures  at  the  University.  In  1820  he  "passed"  at  the 
College,  and  on  the  12th  July,  1827,  was  elected  a  member.  In 


THOMAS  E.  BEATTY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1850-51.  401 

1821  he  was  appointed  Surgeon,  vice  Oliver  Dease,  to  St.  Mary's 
Hospital,  Lower  Ormond-quay ;  and  in  the  same  year  he  started, 
in  conjunction  with  White,  a  medical  school  at  the  rere  of 
the  hospital,  teaching  anatomy  there  until  1827,  when  he  joined 
Kirby  in  the  Peter-street  School.  After  the  dissolution  of  Kirby's 
school  in  1832,  he  established,  in  conjunction  with  Brenan,  a  new 
one  in  Peter-street,  which  lasted  until  1841.  In  1837  he  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Surgery  to  the  Apothecaries'  Hall,  and  on 
the  extinction  of  their  school  in  1854,  he  became  Professor  of 
Surgery  to  the  Catholic  University.  He  was  Surgeon  to  Jervis- 
street  Hospital  and  Maynooth  College,  had  a  good  private 
practice,  and  was  an  excellent  anatomist.  In  1828  he  published 
a  small  treatise  on  the  "  Physiology  and  Pathology  of  the  Organs 
of  Motion,"  and  in  1848  he  brought  out  a  work  on  "  Clinical 
Surgery."  His  contributions  to  the  medical  press  were  numerous — 
one  of  them  attracted  some  attention — namely,  on  "  Wounds  of 
the  Abdomen  and  their  Effects "  (the  Lancet,  for  1832).  He 
posed  as  a  medical  reformer,  and  in  1834  produced  a  pamphlet 
upon  "  Medical  Reforms." 

Ellis  was  twice  married.  First,  to  a  Miss  Colclough ;  and 
secondly,  in  1841,  to  a  daughter  of  Mr.  John  O'Beirne.  He 
died  childless  on  the  6th  May,  1867,  and  was  interred  in  Glasnevin 
Cemetery. 

THOMAS  EDWARD  BEATTY",  PRESIDENT  IN  1850-51. 

T.  E.  Beatty  was  born  on  the  first  day  of  the  present  century, 
at  No.  28,  now  29  Molesworth-street.  His  father  was  William  C. 
Beatty,  M.D.,  Dublin  Univ.,  a  practitioner  in  midwifery.  His 
mother  was  the  daughter  of  H.  Betagh,  a  solicitor,  who  in  1787 
resided  in  York-street. 

Beatty  was  apprenticed  to  C  H.  Todd,  on  the  29th  October, 
1814.  He  was  educated  partly  in  the  College  School,  and  partly 
in  Edinburgh  University,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  in 
1820.  He  graduated  as  B.A.  in  Dublin  in  1818.  In  1821  he 
became  a  Licentiate,  and  on  the  3rd  May,  1824,  a  Member  of  the 
College,  to  which  he  subsequently  became  successively  Professor  of 

2  D 


402 


THOMAS  E.  BEATTY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1850-51. 


Medical  Jurisprudence  and  of  Midwifery.  On  the  18th  April, 
1860,  he  hecame  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  on 
the  21st  May  following  was  elected  an  Honorary  Fellow.  He 
was  for  some  time  Lecturer  on  Midwifery  in  the  Park-street 
School,  and  Lecturer  on  Medical  J nrisprudence  in  the  Richmond 
Hospital  School,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  City  of  Dublin 
Hospital.  In  1862  he  resigned  his  Fellowship  of  the  College  on 
becoming  a  Fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  was  the  only 
man  who  was  President  of  both  Colleges.  In  1864  he  received 
the  degree  of  M.D.  honoris  causa  from  the  University.  He 
contributed  articles  to  the  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Practical  Medicine," 
but  the  more  important  of  his  works  are  to  be  found  in  his  large 
book  entitled  "Contributions  to  Midwifery,"  published  in  1866. 

Beatty  was  a  portly,  handsome  man,  with  a  florid,  clean- 
shaven face.  His  patients  were  chiefly  among  the  higher  classes, 
and  he  went  much  into  society.  His  social  qualities  were  of  a 
high  order.  He  possessed  a  sweet  tenor  voice,  which  was  highly 
cultivated.  He  was  very  intimate  with  the  late  Sir  William 
Wilde,  as  were  also  the  Rev.  Charles  Tisdall,  Chancellor  of 
Christ  Church,  and  Dr.  Waller,  the  well-known  litterateur.  Drs. 
Beatty  and  Tisdall's  vocal  performances  at  Wilde's  dinner  parties 
are  remembered  with  pleasure  by  many,  including  the  writer  of 
this  history.  Dr.  Waller's  songs,  especially  that  of  "  The  Glass," 
were  favourites  at  those  gatherings. 

Beatty  married — first,  Margaret,  daughter  of  the  late  Judge 
Mayne,  and,  secondly,  Maria  Catherine  Colburn,  eldest  daughter  of 
the  late  Captain  John  Mayne — Captain  Mayne  and  Judge  Mayne 
were  cousins.  Beatty  died  at  the  house  of  his  nephew,  Dr.  Guinness 
Beatty,  62  Lower  Mount-street,  on  the  3rd  May,  1872,  from 
cellulitis,  resulting  from  the  extraction  of  one  of  his  teeth.  He 
was  interred  in  St.  Ann's  churchyard,  and  his  friends  erected  a 
tablet  to  his  memory  in  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral. 


LEONARD  TRANT. — EDWARD  HUTTON. 


403 


LEONARD  TRANT,  PRESIDENT  IN  1851-2. 

L.  Trant  was  born  in  1798  at  Castleknock,  county  of  Dublin, 
where  his  father  had  a  distillery.  His  mother  was  a  Miss 
F etherston.  Having  received  a  primary  education  at  Blanchards- 
town  School,  he  was,  in  November,  1818,  apprenticed  to  Obre,  at 
Stevens'  Hospital,  and  entered  as  a  pupil  at  the  College.  On  the 
28th  September,  1825,  he  became  a  Licentiate,  and  on  May  3rd, 
1830,  a  Member  of  the  College.  During  many  years  he  was 
Surgeon  to  Cork-street  Hospital.  He  invented  a  bistoury  for 
hernia,  but  he  wrote  very  little.  He  married  a  Miss  Bucannon, 
but  had  no  children.  His  residences  were — first,  Bachelors'-walk, 
next,  North  Great  George's-street,  and,  lastly,  18  Upper  Pem- 
broke-street, where  he  died  on  the  1st  March,  1864,  and  was 
interred  in  Glasnevin  Cemetery. 

EDWARD  HUTTON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1852-3. 

E.  Hutton  was  born  on  the  21st  July,  1797,  at  Summer-hill, 
Dublin.  His  father  was  minister  of  the  Unitarian  Church,  in 
Strand-street;  his  mother  was  Mary  Swanwich,  of  Wem,  near 
Chester.  He  was  educated  at  a  school  kept  by  his  father,  and 
also  in  Trinity  College,  and  was  indentured  in  April,  1814,  to  Mr. 
Peile,  of  York-street,  who  entered  him  as  a  pupil  at  the  College 
School.  In  1819  he  became  a  Licentiate,  and  on  the  1  st  November, 
1824,  a  Member  of  the  College.  He  graduated  B.A.  in  1817, 
M.B.  in  1822,  and  M.D.  in  1842.  On  the  5th  May,  1828,  he  was 
appointed  a  Surgeon  to  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals,  and 
subsequently  became  Surgeon  to  Simpson's  Hospital.  He  was 
married  three  times — first,  to  Anne  Luccock,  of  Leeds  ;  secondly,  to 
Maria  Bruce,  of  Belfast ;  and,  lastly,  to  Maria  Greer,  County  of 
Tyrone.  He  died  on  November  24th,  1865,  at  5  Merrion-square, 
South,  Dublin,  from  enlargement  of  the  spleen,  and  was  buried  at 
Mount  Jerome  Cemetery. 

Hutton  lectured  on  Surgery  for  several  years  at  the  Richmond 
School,  and  was  long  a  Member  of  the  Court  of  Examiners  of  the 


404  WILLIAM  HARGRAVE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1853-4. 

College.  He  had  a  large  practice,  and  was  much  esteemed  as  a 
surgeon.  Of  his  contributions  to  periodical  literature — which 
were  few — his  most  important  appeared  in  the  Dublin  Journal 
of  Medical  Science  for  1843. '  It  detailed  a  case  of  popliteal 
aneurysm,  in  which  compression  of  the  femoral  artery  was  success- 
fully tried.  This  revival  of  the  compression  method  attracted 
great  attention  at  the  time,  and  this  subject  was  so  frequently 
discussed  at  the  Surgical  Society  that  at  length  they  were 
jocularly  termed  the  Aneurysmal  Society.  The  claim  of  the  Dublin 
surgeons  to  have  been  the  first  to  render  the  treatment  of  aneurysm 
by  compression  completely  successful,  is  acknowledged  by  Mr. 
Erichsen  and  other  eminent  authors. 

WILLIAM  HARGRAVE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1853-4. 

W.  Hargrave  was  born  in  Cork  in  1797.    He  was  the  fifth  son 
of  Abraham  Hargrave,  architect.    His  mother  was  the  daughter 
of  Mr.  Harrison,  of  Chester,  an  eminent  architect.     He  was 
educated  at  Mr.  Adair's  School,  Fermoy,  and  at  the  early  age  of 
fourteen  he  entered  Trinity  College  as  a  Fellow  Commoner,  under 
the  Rev.  Daniel  Mooney.    In  1815  he  graduated  as  B.A.,  and  in 
1823  as  M.A.  and  M.B.    Amongst  his  class-mates  and  friends 
were  Jones  Quain,  who   subsequently  became  a  distinguished 
medical  man  in  London,  and   Mr.  (afterwards  Chief  Baron) 
Pigott.    He  was  indentured  in  November,  1813,  to  Sir  Philip 
Crampton,  and  commenced  his  studies  at  the  College  School,  in 
which  he  attended  five  courses  of  lectures  on  anatomy.  He 
studied  at  the  Meath,  Rotunda,  and  occasionally  at  the  Royal, 
Hospitals.    On  the  9th  February,  1819,  he  "passed"  at  the 
College,  and  in  the  November  following  obtained  the  diploma 
of  the  Rotunda  Hospital.    He  next  made  a  tour  in  France  and 
Italy,  and  during  six  months  attended  cliniques  at  the  Paris 
hospitals.    He  spent  the  winter  of  1821-22  in  London,  where  he 
had  the  opportunity  of  witnessing  the  practice  of  St.  Bartholomew 
and  Guy's  Hospitals.    In  1822  he  attended  the  medical  lectures 
of  Dr.  Home,  and  the  materia  medica  lectures  of  Dr.  Duncan,  at 
Edinburgh.  In  the  winter  of  1822-3  he  was  a  pupil  of  Dupuytren, 


WILLIAM  HARGRAVE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1853-4.  405 

Recamier,  and  Blainville,  in  Paris,  and  on  the  7th  Februaiy,  1825, 
lie  was  elected  a  Member  of  the  College. 

In  1825  Hargrave  began  a  successful  career  as  a  private  teacher 
of  surgery  and  anatomy.  He  fitted  up  the  stable  at  the  rere  of 
his  house  in  134  Stephen's-green,  West,  as  a  dissecting-room,  and 
had  a  large  class  in  it.  He  was  the  first  private  lecturer  who 
gave  a  distinct  course  on  surgery.  In  1832  he  established  the 
Digges-street  School.  On  the  14th  December,  1837,  he  was 
elected  Professor  of  Anatomy  to  the  College,  and  on  the  18th 
September,  1847,  he  was  translated  to  the  Chair  of  Surgery.  He 
represented  the  College  on  the  General  Medical  Council  for 
several  years,  was  one  of  the  original  staff  of  the  City  of  Dublin 
Hospital,  and  in  that  institution  he  ligatured  the  left  common 
iliac  artery — it  was  the  second  operation  of  the  kind  in  Ireland, 
and  the  first  successful  one. 

Hargrave's  contributions  to  the  medical  journals  exceed  sixty. 
Most  of  them  appear  in  the  Dublin  Medical  Press.  In  the  tenth 
volume  of  that  journal  he  put  forth  some  novel  views  on  the  anatomy 
and  functions  of  Meckel's  ganglion,  derived  from  cases  of  paralysis 
of  the  portiae  dura  nerve.  In  1831  he  published,  in  Dublin,  "A 
System  of  Operative  Surgery,"  chiefly  for  the  use  of  students. 
It  is  an  octavo  volume  of  533  pages,  and  possesses  a  novel 
feature — namely,  that  it  describes  the  relative  anatomy  of  the 
parts  which  form  the  subject  of  operation.  Mr.  Erichsen,  the 
eminent  surgeon,  once  mentioned  to  me  that  he  obtained  more 
useful  information  from  Hargrave's  work  than  from  any  other 
single  volume  which  he  had  read,  and  expressed  surprise  that  a 
new  edition  of  it  had  not  been  brought  out. 

Hargrave  married  a  daughter  of  Alexander  Deane,  architect,  of 
Cork,  and  sister  of  Sir  Thomas  Deane,  also  an  architect.  One  of 
Hargrave's  two  sons  is  a  medical  man.  the  other  an  engineer.  One 
of  his  daughters  is  the  wife  of  Alexander  S.  Deane,  J.P.,  of  Oldtown, 
County  Dublin ;  the  other  (now  deceased)  married  James  Creed 
Meredith,  LL.D.,  at  present  a  Secretary  to  the  Royal  University. 

Hargrave  died  at  56  Upper  Mount-street,  Dublin,  on  the  24th 
March,  1874,  aged  seventy -nine.    In  person  he  was  stout,  about  the 


406  CHARLES  BENSON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1854-5. 

medium  height,  and  possessed  remarkably  thick  and  curly  hair. 
He  always  addressed  every  male  above  the  period  of  childhood 
as  "  Sir." 

CHARLES  BENSON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1854-5. 

Mr.  Benson,  son  of  a  land  agent,  was  born  in  the  County  of 
Sligo  in  1797.  His  earlier  education  was  chiefly  received  in  that 
town,  in  a  school  kept  by  Mr.  W.  C.  Armstrong,  and  at  an  early 
age  he  proved  his  capacity  for  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  both 
classics  and  mathematics.  In  1813  he  was  the  only  pupil  in  his 
school  to  whom  a  prize  in  Euclid  was  awarded,  whilst  at  the  same 
time  he  was  the  first  of  six  prizemen  in  Greek,  of  nine  in  French, 
and  the  winner  of  prizes  in  arithmetic,  map  drawing,  and  geography. 
Having  entered  Trinity  College,  he  won  a  Classics  Scholarship  in 
1818,  though  in  this  year  he  was  a  hard-working  medical  student, 
and  a  resident  pupil  in  the  Richmond  Hospital. 

On  the  28th  January,  1815,  Charles  Benson  was  indentured  to 
Mr.  C.  H.  Todd.  He  worked  under  that  able  teacher  in  the 
dissecting  room  near  the  Hardwicke  Hospital,  and  also  was  entered 
as  a  pupil  in  the  College  School  and  the  School  of  Physic.  In 
1821  he  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College,  who,  on 
the  7th  February,  1825,  promoted  him  to  their  Membership.  In 
1819  he  graduated  B.A.,  in  1822  M.B.,  and  in  1840  M.D. 

Having  acted  for  several  years  as  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in 
the  College  School  Benson  was  elected  Professor  of  Medicine 
in  1836.  For  a  long  period  he  was  Physician  to  the  City  of 
Dublin  Hospital  and  was,  with  the  exception  of  Dr.  Apjohn,  the 
last  survivor  of  the  founders  of  that  institution. 

Benson  for  many  years  enjoyed  a  large  practice,  and  was 
held  in  high  esteem  by  a  large  circle  of  friends.  On  one 
occasion  a  handsome  presentation  of  plate  was  made  to  him  by 
the  pupils  of  the  College  School.  He  took  an  active  part  in 
the  foundation  of  the  Medical  Benevolent  Fund  Society  and  of 
several  other  charitable  institutions,  and  his  professional  skill,  his 
time,  and  his  purse  were  not  lightly  taxed  for  the  benefit  of  the 
poor.    His  manner  was  singularly  mild  and  courteous.  During 


ROBERT  C.  WILLIAMS,  PRESIDENT  IN  1856-7. 


407 


the  nine  years  preceding  his  death  his  sight  utterly  failed,  but 
notwithanding  this  infirmity  he  continued  to  take  the  greatest 
interest  in  professional  topics.  He  was  often  to  be  seen  at  my 
lectures  on  Public  Health  in  the  College  of  Surgeons.  A  short 
time  before  his  death  he  composed  a  poem  of  considerable  merit 
on  the  subject  of  sight.  He  died  peaceably,  and  apparently  pain- 
lessly, at  his  residence,  No.  42  Fitzwilliam-square,  on  the  21st 
January,  1880,  and  was  interred  at  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery. 
His  portrait,  painted  by  Mr.  Stephen  Catterson  Smith,  R.H.A.,  is 
placed  in  the  Board-room  of  the  College  ;  and  another  portrait  of 
Benson  is  in  Baggot-street  Hospital,  to  which  (as  he  was  one 
of  its  principal  founders  and  supporters)  it  was  presented  by  a  large 
number  of  his  friends. 

Benson  married  Maria,  daughter  of  the  late  Maunsell  Andrews, 
J.P.,  of  Rathenny,  King's  County.  A  biographical  sketch  of 
his  son  Arthur  appears  in  the  Chapter  on  the  Lecturers  in  the 
Private  Schools.  His  son,  Dr.  J.  Hawtrey  Benson,  is  Physician 
to  the  City  of  Dublin  Hospital,  and  Medical  Censor  of  the  King 
and  Queen's  College  of  Physicians  for  the  second  time  ;  and  Dr. 
Benson's  daughters  are  among  our  best  amateur  painters,  especially 
of  landscapes. 

Benson  contributed  many  papers  to  the  journals.  In  1840-2 
his  Lectures  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Digestive  Organs  were  pub- 
lished in  the  Dublin  Medical  Press.  He  is  the  author  of  the 
articles  "Axilla,"  "  Bone,"  "Normal  Anatomy,"  and  "Diaphragm," 
in  Todd's  Cyclopcedia,  and  of  "  Auscultation,"  in  Costellus  Cyclo- 
pcedia  of  Practical  Surgery. 

ROBERT  CARLISLE  WILLIAMS,  PRESIDENT  IN  1856-7. 

R.  C.  Williams  was  born  in  Baggot-street  about  the  year  1808. 
His  father  was  George  Robert  Williams,  a  barrister,  and  the 
descendant  of  a  family  who  had  come  from  England  during 
the  Commonwealth  and  settled  in  Tippei'ary.  Williams  was 
educated  at  Mr.  White's  school,  in  Dublin,  and  in  T.C.D.  He 
graduated  B.A.  in  1824,  and  M.B.  and  M.D.  in  1845.  On  the 
27th  July,  1822,  he  was  indentured  to  Abraham  Colles  for  five 


408  ROBERT  C.  WILLIAMS,  PRESIDENT  IN  1856-7. 

years,  the  last  three  of  which  he  spent  as  resident  pupil  in 
Steevens'  Hospital.  Having  on  the  14th  August,  1827,  "passed" 
at  the  College,  he  proceeded  to  Paris,  where  he  remained  for  nine 
months.  Here  he  received  instruction  from  Baron  Dupuytren  at 
the  Hotel  Dieu,  and  he  attended  assiduously  at  the  Ecole  de 
Medicine.  He  next  spent  nearly  a  year  in  Vienna  and  other 
German  towns,  and  returned  to  Dublin  an  accomplished  medical 
man.  In  1830  he  was  appointed  by  Mr.  Colles  Clinical  Clerk  to 
Steevens'  Hospital,  a  situation  which  he  held  for  a  year.  On 
May  3rd,  1830,  he  became  a  Member  of  the  College.  From 
1832  to  1835  he  was  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  in  the  Park-street 
School,  and  in  1836  was  elected  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  to 
the  College.  In  1844  he  became  a  Member  of  the  newly-consti- 
tuted Council  of  the  College,  and  continued  so  until  his  death. 
He  was  the  first  representative  elected  to  serve  on  the  Medical 
Council  in  1858.  In  1837  he  became  one  of  the  staff  of  the  City 
of  Dublin  Hospital.  He  died  at  the  Golden  Cross  Hotel,  Charing- 
cross,  London,  on  the  19th  June,  1860,  from  acute  disease  of  the 
liver,  and  was  interred  on  the  23rd  June  in  Mount  Jerome 
Cemetery.  On  the  day  of  his  death  he  delivered  a  long  and 
remarkably  clever  speech  at  the  Medical  Council,  and  after  its 
conclusion  he  seemed  to  be  much  exhausted. 

Williams'  contributions  to  the  medical  journals  were  very 
numerous,  but  his  literary  efforts  were  by  no  means  confined  to 
purely  professional  topics  ;  he  established  a  reputation  for  himself 
as  an  able  journalist  with  more  than  one  editor.  He  was  associated 
for  several  years  with  the  late  J.  Sheridan  Le  Fanu  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  Warder  newspaper,  to  which  (in  its  palmy  days)  he 
used  to  contribute  articles  by  the  dozen,  throwing  them  off  with 
extraordinary  facility — indeed,  for  a  long  time  he  was  mainly 
instrumental  in  keeping  the  paper  going.  Le  Fanu's  feelings  of 
gratitude  towards  him  may  be  judged  by  the  tone  of  an  extract 
from  a  letter  addressed  by  that  eminent  writer  to  Mrs.  Williams 
immediately  after  she  became  a  widow : — "  I  write  in  deep  grief 
for  the  loss  of  my  admirable  and  valued  friend,  who  was  with  me 
in  so  many  scenes  of  sickness  and  sorrow,  my  physician  and  friend. 


HANS  IRVINE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1857-8.  409 

The  sad  news  came  upon  me  this  morning  with  an  indescribable 
shock;  for  I  could  not  believe  that  even  the  gloomiest  anticipations 
could  have  reasonably  justified  apprehensions  of  a  result  so  melan- 
choly and  immediate.  A  nobler,  gentler,  and  more  humane  being 
does  not  live."  In  connection  with  Williams'  literary  career,  thus 
brought  to  a  close  so  unexpectedly,  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to 
mention  that  the  famous  Maginn  was  a  friend  and  associate  of  his 
earlier  years,  whilst  Charles  Lever  remained  his  intimate  friend 
through  life,  and  used  invariably  to  send  him  copies  of  his  works. 
Lady  Morgan  made  an  attempt  to  patronise  him  as  a  young  lion  soon 
after  he  left  College,  but  his  sense  of  the  ludicrous  was  too  strong  to 
permit  of  his  enduring  her  aesthetic  entertainments  with  patience. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  able  men  who  have  been  connected  with 
the  management  of  the  affairs  of  the  College.  Shortly  after  his 
death  the  Council  placed  his  bust  in  marble  in  the  College  hall. 

Williams  married  Franceska  Gabriella,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Reid,  by  his  wife  Lucina,  nSe  Hardy.  Their  son,  Richard  Carlisle, 
occupies  a  high  position  in  the  Indian  Civil  Service. 

HANS  IRVINE,  PRESIDENT  IN  1857-8. 

H.  Irvine  was  a  descendant  of  Dr.  Christopher  Irvine,  Physician- 
General  to  the  States  of  Scotland,  whose  son,  Christopher,  Physician 
to  Charles  II.,  settled  in  the  County  of  Fermanagh,  which  he 
represented  in  Parliament.  H.  Irvine  Avas  born  in  the  year  1803 
at  the  Rectory,  Kilbixy,  County  of  Meath.  His  father,  a  clergy- 
man, was  one  of  the  twenty-six  children  of  Colonel  Irvine,  of 
Castle  Irvine,  County  of  Fermanagh,  and  his  mother,  Elizabeth, 
was  one  of  the  thirty-six  children  of  James  Hamilton,  of  Sheep- 
hill,  County  of  Dublin. 

Irvine  graduated  B.A.  in  Dublin  University  in  1826,  and  M.B. 
and  M.A.  in  1833.  He  was  apprenticed  to  C.  H.  Todd  on  the 
2nd  December,  1823,  and  after  his  master's  death,  in  1826,  he  was 
transferred  to  R.  Carmichael.  He  took  out  five  Winter  Courses 
of  Anatomy  in  the  College  School.  On  the  30th  March,  1830, 
he  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  College,  and  on  the  1st  May,  1837, 
was  elected  a  Member  thereof.    He  was  well  acquainted  with 


410         CHHISTOPHEH  FLEMING,  PRESIDENT  IN  1859-60. 


Charles  Lever,  the  novelist,  both  having  studied  anatomy  together. 
Irvine  commenced  as  a  teacher,  and,  in  conjunction  with  Malcolm 
H.  Hillis,  established  an  Anatomical  School  in  Marlborough-street 
(see  chapter  on  Private  Schools).  He  subsequently  attained  to  a 
good  practice,  and  became  one  of  the  best  known  and  most  popular 
men  in  Dublin  society,  including  the  clubs.  He  was  fond  of 
hunting,  and  for  half  a  century  there  was  no  more  familiar  sight 
than  Hans  Irvine,  mounted  on  a  good  horse,  riding  in  the  after- 
noon through  the  streets.  In  his  youth  he  was  a  very  handsome 
man,  and  kept  up  much  of  his  good  appearance  until  he  was  near 
his  grand  climacteric. 

Having,  owing  to  advancing  years  and  increasing  deafness, 
retired  from  practice,  Irvine  died  from  pneumonia  at  the  University 
Club,  Stephen's-green,  Dublin,  on  the  4th  March,  1882,  aged  79. 
He  never  married. 

CHRISTOPHER  FLEMING,  PRESIDENT  IN  1859-60. 

C.  Fleming  was  born  on  July  14,  1 800,  at  Boardstown,  Mullingar, 
County  of  Westmeath.  His  father  was  a  country  gentleman,  and 
a  claimant  of  the  Barony  of  Clane,  still  in  abeyance.  His  mother 
was  Catherine,  daughter  of  B.  Taylor,  of  Castle  Pollard.  He 
graduated  in  arts  in  the  University  in  1821,  and  proceeded  to  the 
M.D.  degree  in  1838.  In  1818  he  was  apprenticed  to  R.  Dease,  and 
on  the  death  of  the  latter  he  was,  in  1819,  transferred  to  Abraham 
Colles,  and  studied  for  five  years  in  the  College  School.  He  was 
admitted  as  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  on  the  4th  September,  1824, 
and  was  elected  a  Member  on  6th  November,  1826.  On  the  17th 
November,  1851,  he  was  appointed  Surgeon  to  the  House  of 
Industry  Hospitals.  He  was  Surgeon  to  the  Netterville  Dispensary, 
and  a  Visiting  Surgeon  to  Steevens'  Hospital.  He  lectured  on 
surgery  for  several  years  at  the  Park-street  School  of  Medicine, 
then  became  an  Examiner  in  the  College,  and  lastly,  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Council.  He  was  a  Corresponding  Member  of 
the  Surgical  Society  of  Paris. 

Fleming  contributed  several  papers  to  the  Dublin  Journal  of 
Medical  Science  and  the  Hospital  Gazette.    His  "  Clinical  Obser- 


WILLIAM  JAMESON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1861-2. 


411 


vations  on  Injuries  and  Diseases  of  the  Urinary  Organs,"  which 
appeared  in  the  latter  journal,  form  the  basis  of  a  work  which  he 
published*  under  the  editorship  of  Mr.  William  Thomson,  F.R  C.S., 
and  which  was  accorded  a  yery  favourable  reception. 

Fleming  married  the  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Stephen  Radcliff. 
Having  retired  from  practice,  he  left  his  old  residence,  6  Merrion- 
square,  North,  and  lived  for  some  time  at  Brookfield-terrace, 
Donnybrook,  where  he  died  on  the  30th  December,  1880,  aged  81, 
and  was  buried  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery.  Of  his  seven  children 
two  survive — Lieut.-Col.  Fleming,  late  95th  Regiment,  and  Mary 
C.  Fleming.  Fleming  was  bred  a  Roman  Catholic,  but  like  his 
contemporary,  Rumley,  he  changed,  I  believe,  his  religion  in  his 
later  years.    He  was  a  skilful  surgeon  and  courteous  gentleman. 

WILLIAM  JAMESON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1861-2. 

W.  Jameson  was  born  at  No.  68  Harcourt-street,  Dublin,  on 
the  19th  November,  1802.  He  was  the  only  son  of  William 
Jameson,  of  York-street,  and  Egremount,  Cumberland,  and  Jane, 
sole  heiress  of  William  Lyster,  and  his  wife  Margaret  Gunning 
(Viscountess  Mayo,  of  Athleague  and  Castle  Coote,  County  of 
Roscommon).  He  was  educated  at  the  Feinaiglian  School  (now 
Aldborough  Barracks),  and  was  apprenticed  in  December,  1821, 
to  Surgeon  W.  Auchenleck.  He  became  a  Licentiate  of  the 
College  in  1829,  and  a  Member  on  the  6th  May,  1833.  In  1836 
he  graduated  M.  D.  in  Glasgow  University.  He  was  a  Surgeon  to 
Mercer's  Hospital,  and  was  an  Examiner  at  the  College  for  many 
years,  both  in  the  ordinary  court  and  in  the  midwifery  one.  He 
lectured  on  anatomy,  physiology,  surgery,  and  midwifery,  in  the 
Medical  School,  27  Peter-street.  A  Master  of  the  Coombe 
Hospital,  he  was  a  midwifery  as  well  as  surgical  practitioner. 
Having  long  suffered  from  diabetes,  he  died  from  that  disease 
at  68  Harcourt-street,  on  February  1st,  1875. 

Jameson  married  2nd  June,  1825,  Lucy,  youngest  daughter 
of  John  Gordon  Holmes,  of  Blackbush,  Clontarf.    Five  of  their 

*  Clinical  Records  of  Injuries  and  Diseases  of  the  Genito-Urinary  Organs.  Dublin  : 
Faunin  &  Co.,  1877.    8vo,  pp.  388. 


412  THOMAS  LEWIS  MACKESY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1862. 

children  survive — namely,  William,  a  J.P. ;  John  Lyster,  a  Surg.- 
General;  Paul  Lyster,  in  Holy  Orders;  and  two  daughters,  one  of 
whom  is  widow  of  Surgeon  Maurice  H.  Collis. 

THOMAS  LEWIS  MACKESY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1862. 

T.  L.  Mackesy  was  born  in  1790,  at  Waterford.  His  father 
was  an  apothecary,  and  his  mother  was  a  Miss  Lewis.  He  was 
apprenticed  to  his  father,  and  saw  a  good  deal  of  practice  at  the 
Leper  Hospital,  in  Waterford.  Kirby,  of  Dublin,  prepared  him 
in  twelve  months  for  the  office  of  assistant-surgeon  in  the  army. 
He  served  for  seven  years  in  the  artillery,  and  was  present  when 
the  British  were  repulsed  at  Guadaloupe,  where  his  speed  as  a 
runner  saved  him  from  captivity.  He  was  in  one  of  the  ships 
which  received  the  British  troops  after  the  Battle  of  Corunna. 
Having  settled  down  to  civil  practice,  he  became  a  Member  of  the 
English  College  of  Surgeons  in  1809,  was  appointed  Surgeon 
to  the  Leper  and  Fanning  Hospitals  in  his  native  city,  and  acquired 
an  extensive  private  practice.  When  in  1844  the  College  acquired 
their  Supplemental  Charter,  they  co-opted  Mackesy  as  a  Fellow. 
On  the  6th  June,  1864,  his  portrait  in  oils  and  a  piece  of  plate 
was  presented  to  him  by  a  large  number  of  his  professional  friends, 
in  testimony  of  their  "  high  sense  of  his  distinguished  and  untiring 
efforts,  while  consulting  the  best  interests  of  the  public,  to  sustain 
and  elevate  a  profession  which  he  adorns."  In  1863  the  Univer- 
sity conferred  upon  him,  honoris  causa,  the  degree  of  M.D.  He 
was  the  first  provincial  practitioner  elected  President  of  the 
College. 

Mackesy  was  married  three  times — first,  to  Miss  Poulter; 
secondly,  to  Miss  Vincent;  and  thirdly,  to  Miss  Madden.  He 
died  on  the  9th  April,  1869,  aged  79.  Two  of  his  grandsons — 
George  and  William  Lewis — are  in  medical  practice  in  Waterford. 

WILLIAM  COLLES,  PRESIDENT  IN  1863-4. 

Mr.  Colles  was  born  on  the  2nd  July,  1809,  at  No.  13  St. 
Stephen's-green,  Dublin.  He  is  the  son  of  Abraham  Colles  (see 
page  332).    He  received  a  primary  education  at  the  Feinaigjian 


WILLIAM  COLLES,  PRESIDENT  IN  1863-4.  413 

School,  and  graduated  in  arts  in  the  University  in  1831,  and  in 
medicine  in  1841.  In  1865  he  proceeded  to  the  M.D.  degree.  On 
the  11th  April,  1826,  he  was  apprenticed  to  his  father,  and 
studied  at  the  College  School  and  Steevens'  Hospital.  On 
the  9th  July,  1831,  he  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the 
College,  and  was  elected  a  Member  on  the  1st  May,  1837.  He 
spent  some  months  in  the  hospitals  of  Vienna,  Berlin,  and 
Gottingen;  and  on  the  11th  February,  1834,  he  was,  on  the 
motion  of  Dr.  John  Crampton,  seconded  by  Sir  Philip  Cramp  ton, 
elected  to  be  the  House  Surgeon  of  Steevens'  Hospital ;  at  the 
end  of  seven  years — the  term  of  office — he  became  one  of  its 
Visiting  Surgeons,  an  office  which  he  still  holds.  During  the  exis- 
tence of  the  school  connected  with  this  hospital,  Mr.  Colles  was  one 
of  the  lecturers  on  surgery  in  it.  He  is  Consulting  Surgeon  to  the 
Rotunda  Hospital,  Regius  Professor  of  Surgery,  and  one  of  Her 
Majesty's  Surgeons-in-Ordinary  in  Ireland.  For  many  years  he 
has  filled  the  honorary  offices  of  Secretary  and  Librarian  to  the 
College,  and  he  takes  the  deepest  interest  in  their  affairs  ;  he  may 
indeed  be  justly  termed  the  Nestor  of  the  College. 

Mr.  Colles  edited  a  series  of  valuable  papers  which  his  father 
left  in  MS.,  and  published  them  in  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical 
Science.    He  has  contributed  several  papers  to  the  journals. 

In  1850  Mr.  Colles  married  Pamella  Hatchell,  daughter  of 
Cadwallader  Waddy,  County  of  Wexford — which  at  one  time  he 
represented  in  Parliament.  Mr.  Colles  has  one  son  and  two  daugh- 
ters, and  he  resides  in  the  well-known  house,  21  Stephen's-green, 
where  his  father  died. 

SAMUEL  GEORGE  WILMOT,  PRESIDENT  IN  1865-6. 

S.  Gr.  Wilmot  was  born  in  No.  31  York-street,  Dublin,  on  the 
7th  March,  1821,  and  is  the  son  of  Samuel  Wilmot  (see  page  370). 
He  was  indentured  to  his  father  on  the  19th  December,  1837,  and 
studied  at  the  College  School  and  Steevens'  Hospital.  On  the 
31st  May,  1842,  he  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial,  and  was 
elected  a  Fellow  on  the  13th  December,  1844.   He  matriculated 


414 


SAMUEL  O.  WILMOT,  PRESIDENT  IN  1865-6. 


in  T.C.D.  in  1837,  but  did  not  proceed  to  a  degree  m  Dublin. 
On  tbe  30tb  July,  1846,  be  graduated  in  the  Aberdeen  University, 
and  on  the  12th  May,  1860,  he  obtained  the  Licence  of  the  College 
of  Physicians,  and  in  1849  he  was  appointed  Visiting  Surgeon  to 
Steevens'  Hospital,  in  which  since  1843  he  had  been  Resident 
Surgeon.  He  was  joint  Lecturer  on  Surgery  with  Tagert  at  the 
Original,  now  the  Ledwich  School,  and  subsequently  lectured  upon 
the  same  subject  in  the  Richmond  Hospital  and  Steevens'  Hospital 
Schools.  Dr.  Wilmot,  beside  minor  appointments,  holds  the  office 
of  Consulting  Surgeon  to  the  Coombe  Hospital,  but  for  some 
years  past  he  has  to  a  large  extent  withdrawn  from  the  active 
practice  of  his  profession.  He  married  a  daughter  of  the  late 
eminent  Surgeon  J.  W.  Cusack,  and  has  several  children.  Mr. 
Wilmot  has  contributed  several  papers  to  the  medical  journals. 
His  book  on  "  Stricture  of  the  Urethra,  &c,"  published  in  1858, 
is  of  practical  value. 

RICHARD  GEORGE  HEEBERT  BUTCHER,  PRESIDENT  IN  1866-7. 

Mr.  Butcher  was  born  at  Danesfort,  Killarney,  on  the  19th 
April,  1819.  His  family  are  of  English  origin.  His  grandfather, 
Thomas  Butcher,  resided  at  Northampton  ;  and  his  father,  Samuel, 
was  born  at  Copple,  in  Bedfordshire,  in  1770.  He  entered  the 
Royal  Navy  in  1786,  served  with  distinction  in  many  parts 
of  the  world,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  Admiral;  an  account 
of  his  services  may  be  seen  in  O'Beirne's  "  Naval  History." 
He  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Richard  Townsend  Herbert, 
M.P.,  of  Carnane,  in  the  County  of  Kerry,  a  gentleman  of  great 
ability,  who  held  Ministerial  office  in  the  Irish  Government  in 
ante-union  times.  The  eldest  son  of  Admiral  Butcher  entered 
T.C.D. ,  in  which  he  rose  to  the  position  of  Regius  Professor  of 
Divinity,  and  subsequently  was  appointed  Bishop  of  Meath. 
Another  son  became  a  Captain  in  the  Royal  Navy ;  one  rose  to 
the  rank  of  Major-General  in  the  Army;  a  fourth  became  a 
Colonel  in  the  Royal  Marine  Light  Infantry  ;  and  the  original  of 
this  sketch  decided  to  embrace  surgery  as  his  profession.  He 


RICHARD  G.  H.  BUTCHKR,  PRESIDENT  IN  186G-7.  415 

received  a  sound  education  in  Hamblin's  and  Porter's  School, 
South  Mall,  Cork,  and  began  his  studies  in  the  Cork  School  of 
Medicine,  under  John  Woodroffe.  He  spent  two  years  there, 
and  then  came  to  Dublin,  and  prosecuted  his  anatomical  studies 
in  the  School  at  27  Peter-street.  He  finally  spent  some  time  in 
Guy's  Hospital,  London,  where  he  had  the  advantage  of  listening 
to  the  cliniques  of  Sir  Astley  Cooper. 

Mr.  Butcher  took  out  the  Licence  of  the  London  College  of 
Surgeons  in  1838,  and  that  of  the  Dublin  College  on  the  18th 
September,  1841 ;  on  the  10th  May,  1844,  he  was  co-opted  a  Fellow. 
Mr.  Butcher  was  appointed  a  Demonstrator  in  the  Dublin  School 
of  Medicine  as  soon  as  he  was  "  qualified,"  and  was  shortly 
afterwards  promoted  to  the  position  of  Lecturer  on  Anatomy,  lie 
was  for  many  years  Surgeon  to  Mercer's  Hospital,  to  which  institu- 
tution  he  soon  attracted  large  numbers  of  students.  His  ability 
as  a  surgeon  was  speedily  recognised,  and  his  practice  began  to 
increase  rapidly.  Early  in  his  career,  and  for  many  subsequent 
years,  Mr.  Butcher  excited  the  admiration  of  many  generations  of 
medical  students  by  exhibitions  of  his  muscular  development.  He 
was  wont  to  roll  up  his  shirt-sleeves  before  operating,  and  this 
process  exposed  to  view  biceps  of  much  more  than  average  pro- 
portions. 

Mr.  Butcher  served  for  a  very  long  period  as  an  Examiner  in 
the  College,  and  for  several  years  he  was  Senior  Member  of  the 
Court. 

The  Rev.  Professor  Haughton,  M.D.,  Medical  Registrar  of 
Trinity  College,  ever  anxious  to  further  the  interests  of  that  great 
institution,  induced  Mr.  Butcher  to  accept  the  newly-created  office 
of  Lecturer  on  Operative  Surgery.  This  new  appointment  caused 
him  to  sever  his  connection  with  the  hospital  in  which  his  reputa- 
tion had  been  mainly  established,  and  led  to  his  joining  the  medical 
staff  of  Sir  Patrick  Dun's  Hospital.  Professor  Haughton  once 
said  at  a  festive  gathering :  "  Since  the  day  I  entered  Trinity 
College,  I  do  not  believe  that  a  greater  benefit  was  ever  conferred 
on  it  than  on  the  day  on  which  I  induced  Mr.  Butcher  to  under- 
take the  teaching  of  operative  surgery  in  its  School  of  Medicine." 


416         SIR  GEORGE  H.  PORTER,  PRESIDENT  IN  1868-9. 


The  University  showed  their  appreciation  of  his  distinguished 
services  to  surgical  science  by  conferring  upon  him,  in  1863,  the 
degree  of  M.D.  honoris  causa.  He  is  an  Honorary  Fellow  of  the 
Philadelphia  College  of  Physicians,  and  a  member  of  several  medical 
societies,  home  and  foreign. 

Mr.  Butcher's  published  writings  are  voluminous ;  they  have 
chiefly  appeared  in  the  Dublin  Quarterly  Journal  of  Medical  Science, 
and  some  of  the  more  important  were  subsequently  published  in  a 
large  volume.  To  the  medical  students  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
America,  and  other  countries,  he  is  most  familiarly  known  as  the 
inventor  of  a  surgical  saw,  usually  termed  "  Butcher's  Saw " 
{Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science,  1851).  He  has  a  well-deserved 
reputation  as  a  skilful  surgeon,  sparing  of  blood,  and  anxious  to 
conserve  as  much  as  possible  the  "  precious  porcelain  "  of  man — in 
a  word,  he  is  a  successful  practitioner  of  " bloodless"  and  " preser- 
vative surgery." 

In  1879  Mr.  Butcher  fitted  up  a  life-boat  station  on  the  shores 
of  Tralee  Bay,  as  a  memorial  of  his  father,  Admiral  Butcher,  and 
of  his  brother,  the  late  Bishop  of  Meath.  The  cost  of  the  life-boat 
alone  was  £1,000. 

In  1885  Mr.  Butcher,  at  my  request,  at  once  consented  to 
present  his  valuable  museum  to  the  College  of  Surgeons,  and  his 
old  friend,  Mr.  O'Reilly-Dease,  has  generously  undertaken  to 
construct,  at  his  sole  cost,  a  building  for  its  reception.  Mr. 
Butcher  had  intended  to  bequeath  his  museum  to  Mr.  W.  J. 
Wheeler ;  but  that  gentleman  promptly  approved  of  the  proposal 
to  place  it  in  the  College. 

Mr.  Butcher  married,  in  1840,  Julia,  daughter  of  Evory  Car- 
michael,  M.D. 

SIR  GEORGE  HORNIDGR  PORTER,  PRESIDENT  IN  1868-9. 

Sir  Gr.  H.  Porter,  son  of  W.  H.  Porter  (see  page  392),  was  born 
in  his  father's  house,  15  Kildare-street,  on  the  24th  November, 
1822.  He  was  educated  at  home  and  in  Trinity  College ;  on 
the  6th  November,  1838,  he  was  indentured  for  five  years  to 


SIR  GEORGE  H.  PORTER,  PRESIDENT  IN  1868-9.  417 


Josiah  Smyly.  His  medical  and  surgical  education  was  conducted 
in  the  College  and  Trinity  College  Schools,  and  the  Meath  Hospital. 
On  the  2nd  November,  1844,  he  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial 
of  the  College,  and  on  the  15th  of  the  same  month  became  a 
Fellow.  His  degrees  in  the  University  of  Dublin  bear  the  follow- 
ing dates  :— B.A.,  1845  ;  MB,  1848  ;  and  M.D.,  1865.  In  1873 
the  University  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Master  in  Surgery, 
honoris  causa.  Sir  George's  appointments  are  very  numerous  ;  but 
it  will  be  sufficient  to  enumerate  the  following : — Surgeon  to  the 
Meath  Hospital  (1849),  and  to  Simpson's  Hospital  (1866);  Con- 
sulting Surgeon  to  the  Coombe  (1861),  St.  Mark's  Ophthalmic 
(1876),  and  Steevens'  (1881)  Hospitals.  In  1869  he  was  appointed 
Surgeon-in-Ordinary  to  the  Queen  in  Ireland.  He  is  a  past 
President  of  the  Pathological  Society  and  of  the  Dublin  Branch 
of  the  British  Medical  Association,  and  is  a  member  of  many 
medical  societies  of  the  United  Kingdom.  As  to  his  non-profes- 
sional positions,  it  will  suffice  to  state  that  he  is  a  J.P.  for  the 
County  of  Wexford,  and  a  Governor  of  the  Bluecoat  and  Lock 
Hospitals  and  of  the  Wexford  District  Lunatic  Asylum  Sir 
George  is  a  member  of  the  Kildare-street  Club,  who  are  chary  in 
electing  professional  men  ;  Dr.  Banks  and  Dr.  Little  are  the  only 
other  medical  practitioners  entitled  to  date  their  letters  from  the 
handsome  club  house  in  Kildare-street.  In  1883  he  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood  from  her  Majesty  at  Windsor,  "to  mark 
his  high  position  amongst  the  surgeons  of  the  United  Kingdom." 

Sir  George  has  published  "  Clinical  Lectures  on  Surgery"  in  the 
Medical  Press,  and  has  contributed  several  papers  to  the  Dublin 
Journal  of  Medical  Science. 

Sir  George  is  married  to  Julia,  second  daughter  of  the  late 
Isaac  Bond,  of  Flimby,  Cumberland.  His  only  child  is  William 
Henry,  a  captain  in  the  3rd  battalion,  Royal  Irish  Regiment.  Sir 
George  resides  at  3  Merrion-square,  North.  He  attends  usually 
as  a  Grand  Juror  at  the  Wexford  Assizes,  and  is  the  only  surgeon 
practising  in  Dublin  who  serves  on  a  County  Grand  Jury. 


2  E 


418  EAWDON  MACNAMAEA,  PRESIDENT  IN  1869-70. 


R  A  WD  ON  MACNAMAEA  (secundus),  PEESIDENT  IN  1869-70. 

R.  Macnamara,  second  son  of  Rawdon  Macnaniara,  primus  (see 
page  388),  was  born  at  28  York-street,  Dublin,  on  the  23rd 
February,  1822.  He  was  educated  at  home,  and  matriculated  in 
T.C.D.,  but  did  not  proceed  beyond  the  grade  of  Senior  Sophister. 
He  was  indentured  on  the  15th  March,  1838,  to  Sir  Philip 
Crampton,  and  his  professional  studies  were  conducted  in  the 
College  School.  He  spent  five  years  in  attendance  at  the  Meath 
Hospital.  On  the  6th  March,  1 846,  he  obtained  the  diploma  of 
the  College,  and  "  passed  "  for  the  Fellowship  on  the  8th  December, 
1852.  He  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians  in 
1859,  and  in  1870  the  University  conferred  upon  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  M.D.  in  recognition  of  his  services  in  the  cause  of 
medical  education  and  progress  in  Ireland. 

Mr.  Macnamara,  shortly  after  becoming  qualified,  was  appointed 
Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica  in  the  Dublin  School  of  Medicine, 
and  subsequently  lectured  upon  that  subject  in  the  Carmichael  and 
Ledwich  Schools.  On  the  3rd  of  August,  1860,  he  was  elected 
Professor  of  Materia  Medica  to  the  College.  When  he  became 
President,  in  1869,  he  filled  the  three  offices — President,  Professor 
of  Materia  Medica,  and  Surgeon  to  the  Meath  Hospital — which 
his  father  had  occupied.  At  present  he  represents  the  College  on 
the  General  Medical  Council,  and  in  1884  was  nominated  by  that 
Council  to  be  a  Visitor  to  the  Universities.  In  that  year,  too,  the 
Apothecaries'  Hall  gave  him  honorary  membership — a  compliment 
conferred  for  the  first  time  upon  an  Irishman,  and  only  once 
upon  an  Englishman — Mr.  Cooper.  Mr.  Macnamara  is  Surgeon 
to  the  Lock  Hospital,  and  was  formerly  Medical  Attendant  at  the 
Dublin  General  Dispensary.  He  has  been  an  Examiner  in  the 
Queen's  University,  and  in  the  University  of  Dublin.  He  is  the 
editor,  and  has  in  great  part  become  the  author,  of  Neligan's 
"  Medicines  and  their  Uses,"  and  has  contributed  numerous  papers 
to  the  journals,  and  published  several  pamphlets,  including  one  on 
"  Epistaxis  "  and  another  on  the  "  Treatment  of  Stricture  by  the 
Immediate  Plan." 


ALBERT  JASPER  WALSH. — JAMES  HENRY  WHARTON.  419 


In  1846  Mr.  Macnamara  married  Sarah,  only  child  of  Patrick 
Blanchard,  of  Eagle  Lodge,  Brompton,  London.  One  of  his  sons, 
a  medical  man,  died  in  Trinidad,  another  is  now  engaged  in 
medical  practice  in  Demerara,  and  a  third  (Francis),  a  pupil  in  the 
College  School,  is  likely  to  enter  the  army  as  a  combatant  officer. 

ALBERT  JASPER  WALSH,  PRESIDENT  IN  1870-1. 

A.  J.  Walsh  was  born  in  Dundrum  Castle,  County  of  Dublin, 
on  the  15th  April,  1815.  His  father,  John  Walsh,  was  a  merchant, 
and  his  mother's  maiden  name  was  Sarah  Hayes.  He  received  his 
earlier  education  at  the  Feinaiglian  School,  and  graduated  B.A.  in 
the  University  in  1837. 

On  the  13th  March,  1837,  Walsh  became  a  Licentiate,  and  on 
the  10th  January,  1845,  a  Fellow  of  the  College.  In  1842  he 
took  out  the  licence  of  the  London  College  of  Physicians.  Whilst 
still  a  medical  student,  he  formed  the  idea  of  establishing  a 
hospital  for  the  exclusive  use  of  Protestants — an  idea  which  ulti- 
mately led  to  the  foundation  of  the  Adelaide  Hospital,  Peter- 
street.  He  was  the  first  surgeon  to  this  hospital,  and  was  con- 
nected with  it  until  shortly  before  his  death  (caused  by  softening 
of  the  brain),  which  event  took  place  on  24th  July,  1880.  He 
was  buried  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery.  Walsh  resided  for  many 
years  at  89  Harcourt-street.  He  contributed  a  paper  on  the  "  Use 
of  Chloride  of  Barium  in  Scrofula  and  Dysentery"  to  the  Medical 
Press,  and  one  on  "Erysipelas"  to  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical 
Science,  and  edited  Kirby's  Lectures  on  the  Urinary  Organs, 
which  appeared  in  the  former  journal.  Walsh  married  Charlotte 
Maria,  eldest  daughter  and  now  only  surviving  child  of  Courtney 
Kenny  Clarke,  of  Larch  Hill,  County  of  Dublin,  and  Dobbs, 
County  of  Galway,  and  has  issue. 

JAMES  HENRY  WHARTON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1871-2. 

Mr.  Wharton  was  born  in  49,  now  53,  York-street.  His  father, 
G.  Wharton,  was  a  solicitor,  and  his  mother  was  Jane  Saddler. 
Having  received  a  sound  education  at  the  Rev.  Dr.  Wall's  School, 


420        FREDERICK  KIRKPATRICK,  PRESIDENT  IN  1872-3. 


Hume-street,  he  graduated  B.A.  in  Dublin  University  in  1837, 
and  in  1868  he  took  the  degrees  of  M  B.  and  M.A.,  Dubl.  Univ. 
His  first  annus  medicus  was  spent  in  the  School,  27  Peter-street ; 
subsequently  he  pursued  his  studies  in  the  College  School.  On 
20th  December,  1839,  he  "  passed  "  for  the  licence,  and  on  the  3rd 
January,  1845,  obtained  the  Fellowship  of  the  College.  On  the  31st 
October,  1853,  he  took  out  the  licence  of  the  College  of  Physicians. 
He  was  formerly  Surgeon  to  St.  Peter's  Dispensary  and  to  the 
Adelaide  Hospital,  and  at  present  he  is  Surgeon  to  the  Hospital 
for  Incurables  and  to  Bloomfield  Retreat.  In  1858  he  was  elected 
to  his  present  post  of  Surgeon  to  the  Meath  Hospital.  In  1846 
he  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica  in  the  Original,  now 
the  Ledwich  School  of  Medicine,  and  in  1858  became  a  Lecturer  on 
Surgery  in  that  institution,  which  position  he  retained  until  1880. 
He  has  for  many  years  past  served  on  the  College  Council,  and  is 
rarely  absent  from  their  meetings,  or  from  those  of  their  com- 
mittees. He  has  contributed  several  papers  to  the  medical  journals. 

Mr.  Wharton  was  married  to  Elizabeth  Letitia  Brady,  daughter 
of  the  late  Sir  William  Brady,  and  niece  of  Lord  Chancellor 
Sir  Maziere  Brady,  Bart.  She  died  in  1875,  leaving  three  sons 
and  four  daughters. 

FREDERICK  KIRKPATRICK,  PRESIDENT  IN  1872-3. 

Mr.  Kirkpatrick  was  born  on  the  29th  March,  1812,  at  York- 
street,  Dublin.  His  father  was  a  landed  proprietor,  whose  property 
at  Rathmoor,  in  the  County  of  Wicklow,  is  now  in  possession  of 
the  Right  Hon.  Mr.  Cogan,  P.C.  His  mother,  Mary  Darley,  was 
sister  to  the  alderman  (in  the  "  old  Corporation  "  of  Dublin)  so 
well  known  early  in  this  century.  Mr.  Kirkpatrick  was  educated 
.at  a  school  in  Wexford  and  in  Trinity  College.  On  the  1st  August, 
1831,  he  was  indentured  to  Surgeon  Thomas  E.  Byrne,  of  Carlow, 
who,  however,  lived  only  for  a  few  months  after  ;  and  on  his  death 
Mr.  Kirkpatrick  was  transferred  to  Surgeon  Samuel  Wilmot,  to 
whom  he  acted  for  some  time  as  clinical  clerk.  He  spent  nearly 
five  years  in  Steevens'  Hospital. 


JOHN  DENHAM,  PRESIDENT  IN  1873-4. 


421 


Mr.  Kirkpatrick's  qualifications  bear  the  following  dates : — 
L.E.C.S.L,  8th  March,  1836  ;  M.B.,  1837  ;  F.K.C.S.I.,  1st  March, 
1844;  and  L.  M.,  Dublin  Lying-in-Hospital,  1841.  He  was  for  many 
years  Medical  Attendant  at  St.  Mary's  Dispensary  and  the  Hospitals 
of  the  North  Dublin  Union.  He  contributed  to  the  Dublin  Journal 
of  Medical  Science  papers  on  Epidemic  Ophthalmia  and  Diseases 
of  the  Bones  and  Joints ;  and  published  a  small  pamphlet  on  the 
"  Surgical  Uses  of  Potassce  cum  Calce."  Mr.  Kirkpatrick's  method 
of  treatment  of  diseased  joints  by  escharotics,  has  recently  been 
employed  by  Mr.  W.  Stokes,  V.P.,  R.C.S.,  who  exhibited  success- 
ful instances  of  its  value  at  the  meeting  of  the  Surgical  Section 
of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  11th  December,  1885. 

Mr.  Kirkpatrick  married  Susan,  daughter  of  George  Ivie,  of 
Waterford. 

JOHN  DENHAM,  PRESIDENT  IN  1873-4. 

Mr.  Denham  was  born  on  the  10th  October,  1806,  at  Kille- 
shandra,  where  his  father,  the  Rev.  Joseph  Denham,  was  a 
Presbyterian  clergyman.  His  mother  was  Eliza,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Crumley,  a  merchant  in  Clones.  Having  received  a  classical 
education  in  the  Belfast  Academical  Institution,  he  was  indentured 
to  Ephraim  M' Dowel  on  the  1st  December,  1826,  and  commenced 
his  studies  in  the  College  and  Richmond  Hospital  Schools  and 
House  of  Industry  Hospitals.  Having  spent  some  time  in  Edin- 
burgh, he  graduated  in  its  University  in  1831.  On  the  10th 
August,  1832,  he  "passed"  at  the  College,  but  did  not  become  a 
Fellow  until  the  6th  November,  1863.  On  the  31st  July,  1861, 
he  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  Mr.  Denham 
is  an  excellent  anatomist,  and  taught  anatomy  in  the  Marlborough- 
street,  Park-street,  and  Carmichael  Schools.  He  was  Master  of 
the  Rotunda  Hospital,  and  for  a  protracted  period  enjoyed,  and 
well  deserved,  a  large  practice,  chiefly  obstetrical,  on  retiring  from 
which  in  1885  he  received  a  handsome  testimonial  from  his  medical 
and  lay  friends. 

Mr.  Denham  was  married,  first,  to  St.  Clair,  daughter  of  Major 
Knox,  R.  A.  (a  direct  descendant  from  the  celebrated  Scotch  divine, 


422 


JOLLIFFE  TUFNELL,  PRESIDENT  IN  1874-5. 


John  Knox)  ;  and  secondly,  to  Louisa,  widow  of  Ebenezer  Barclay, 
of  Aberdeen,  and  daughter  of  the  late  Samuel  Pourton,  of  Cranage, 
Cheshire.  Dr.  Denham  has  a  son — Dr.  John  Knox  Denham — in 
practice  in  Dublin,  and  his  daughter  is  married  to  Mr.  Swanzy 
(formerly  Professor  of  Ophthalmology  to  the  College). 

JOLLIFFE  TUFNELL,  PRESIDENT  IN  1874-5. 

Mr.  J.  Tufnell  was  born  at  Lackham  House,  near  Chippenham, 
Wilts,  on  the  23rd  of  May,  1819.  He  was  a  younger  son  of 
Colonel  J.  C.  Tufnell  and  Ulianna,  only  daughter  of  the  Very 
Rev.  Dr.  Powell,  of  Fowelscombe,  Kent.  After  being  educated 
at  Dr.  Radcliffe's,  at  Salisbury,  and  other  large  schools  in  England, 
he  was  apprenticed  in  1836  to  Mr.  Samuel  Luscombe,  of  Exeter, 
then  Senior  Surgeon  to  the  Devon  and  Exeter  Hospital,  to  which 
a  Medical  School  was  attached.  Having  studied  there  for  three 
years  Mr.  Tufnell  proceeded  to  London,  and  entered  at  St. 
George's  Hospital,  under  Sir  Benjamin  Brodie  and  Mr.  Caesar 
Hawkins.  In  May,  1841,  Mr.  Tufnell  took  the  Membership  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England,  and  on  the  11th  of 
June  he  entered  the  Army  as  Assistant-Surgeon  of  the  44th 
Regiment,  then  serving  in  India.  Upon  reaching  Calcutta  he 
took  medical  charge  of  all  the  troops  as  they  arrived  from 
England,  remaining  for  this  purpose  at  Chinserah  up  to  Christmas, 
until  the  last  detachment  had  landed.  To  this  delay  Mr.  Tufnell 
owed  his  life,  for  whilst  proceeding  up  the  country,  en  route  to 
Cabul,  the  massacre  of  the  44th  Regiment  took  place — one  officer 
and  seven  men  only  remaining  out  of  the  entire  corps.  In 
October  he  returned  to  England  with  such  of  the  recruits  of  the 
44th  as  had  not  volunteered  to  remain  in  India.  Shortly  after 
his  return  he  was  sent  to  Dundalk,  to  join  the  3rd  Dragoon 
Guards,  and  served  with  this  regiment  at  Dublin  and  Cork ;  but, 
having  married  Mrs.  Ellen  Fanning,  daughter  of  Mr.  Molony,  of 
the  County  of  Clare,  he  determined  to  leave  the  service  and  settle 
in  private  practice  in  Dublin.  The  Fellowship  of  the  College  had 
then  just  been  thrown  open  to  those  who  could  produce  satisfactory 


JOLLIFFE  TUFNELL,   PRESIDENT  IN  1874-5. 


423 


evidence  as  to  their  education,  and  who  were  willing  to  undergo 
two  days'  public  examination.  Mr.  Tufnell  underwent  the  ordeal 
and  was  successful,  thus  becoming  the  first  Fellow  of  the  Irish 
College  of  Surgeons  by  examination. 

A  vacancy  in  the  Army  Medical  Staff  of  Dublin  having  soon 
after  occurred,  Mr.  Tufnell  applied  to  be  transferred  from  the 
3rd  Dragoon  Guards  to  the  Staff,  which  was  granted,  and  shortly 
after  he  withdrew  altogether  from  active  service,  accepting  the 
Surgeoncy  of  the  Dublin  District  Military  Prison  as  a  life 
appointment. 

In  1846  Mr.  Tufnell  fitted  up  a  class-room  and  lectured  on 
Military  Hygiene  in  it,  and  subsequently  in  St.  Vincent's  and 
Baggot-street  Hospitals,  until  his  appointment  as  Professor  of 
Military  Surgery  in  the  College. 

The  war  between  Russia  and  Turkey  having  broken  out  in  the 
spring  of  1854,  Mr.  Tufnell  now  proceeded  -  to  the  East,  in 
company  with  the  late  Dr.  Richard  M'Kenzie,  Surgeon  to  the 
Edinburgh  Infirmary,  in  order  that  they  might  avail  themselves 
of  the  opportunities  of  studying  the  injuries  inflicted  in  warfare 
upon  a  large  scale.  They  spent  three  months  in  the  Debrudcha 
and  on  the  shores  of  the  Danube,  when  Dr.  M'Kenzie's  health 
giving  way,  Mr.  Tufnell  accompanied  him  to  Varna.  He  subse- 
quently  went  with  a  Scotch  regiment  to  the  Crimea,  and  after 
seeing  some  fighting  on  the  Danube  he  returned  to  Dublin. 

Mr.  Tufnell  was  for  many  years  Examiner  in  Surgery  in  the 
College,  and  resigned  that  office  on  becoming  a  candidate  for  the 
Vice-Presidency  in  1873. 

Mr.  Tufnell's  name  is  associated  with  the  treatment  of  aneurysm, 
both  internal  and  external,  and  his  writings  upon  this  subject  are 
of  importance.  He  devised  various  surgical  instruments — amongst 
which  may  be  enumerated  splints  for  talipes  and  fractures,  tubular 
bougies  for  stricture  of  the  rectum,  and  a  bullet-extractor,  which 
was  almost  exclusively  employed  during  the  Crimean  War. 

Since  the  foregoine;  was  written  Mr.  Tufnell  was  stricken  with 
fever  of  an  obscure  nature,  to  which  he  succumbed  on  the  27th 
of  November,  1885,  and  was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery. 


424  EDWARD  HAMILTON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1875—6. 

He  was  a  very  tall,  large,  and  handsome  man,  and  was  a  favourite 
amongst  a  large  circle  of  friends. 

EDWARD  HAMILTON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1875-6. 

E.  Hamilton  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  13th  April,  1824.  His 
father,  William  Cope  Hamilton,  was  for  many  years  medica. 
officer  of  the  Milltown  (County  of  Dublin)  Dispensary,  and  during 
the  cholera  epidemic,  in  1832,  was  medical  attendant  to  the 
Cholera  Hospital  in  Kevin-street.  He  was  a  constant  attendant 
at  the  meetings  of  the  Physico-Medical  Society,  at  the  College 
of  Surgeons.  At  one  of  them  he  read  a  paper  on  Hippo,  in  which 
he  described  a  peculiar  complaint,  termed  "  hippo  coryza,"  then 
almost  unrecognised,  and  from  which  he  suffered  acutely  when 
exposed  to  the  exhalations  from  the  powdered  root.  He  advocated, 
from  a  large  experience  of  its  effects,  the  use  of  ipecacuanha 
emetics  in  Asiatic  cholera.   Did  the  hippo  eject  the  cholera  bacilli  ? 

Hamilton  married  (in  1813)  Emily,  daughter  of  John  Robinson, 
Notary  Public.  Their  youngest  son,  Edward,  was  educated  at 
Portobello  School,  and,  having  entered  Trinity  College,  he  graduated 
in  Arts  in  1845,  and  in  Medicine  in  1846.  He  studied  chiefly  in 
the  School  of  Physic  and  the  Dublin  School,  but  attended  J. 
Aldridge's  Chemical  Lectures  at  the  Park-street  School,  and 
Geoghegan's  Lectures  on  Forensic  Medicine  at  the  College.  His 
hospitals  were  Sir  Patrick  Dun's  and  Mercer's. 

On  the  29th  May,  184S,  Mr.  Hamilton  obtained  the  Letters 
Testimonial,  and  "  passed  "  for  the  Fellowship  on  the  16th  October, 
1852.    In  1860  he  proceeded  to  the  degree  of  M.D. 

Mr.  Hamilton,  shortly  after  he  became  qualified,  commenced  to 
lecture  on  Medical  Jurisprudence  in  the  Dublin  School,  but  soon 
turned  his  attention  to  Anatomy,  and  lectured  on  that  subject 
until  1857,  when  the  School  was  dissolved  and  one  opened  in 
connection  with  Steevens'  Hospital.  He  became  Resident  Surgeon 
in  this  Institution  and  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  in  its  School,  and  in 
due  time  he  became  a  Visiting  Surgeon  to  the  Hospital.  In  1884 
he  was  elected  Professor  of  Surgery  to  the  College.  He  was 
President  of  .the  Pathological  Society,  and  of  the  Dublin  Branch 


GEORGE  HUGH  KIDD,  PRESIDENT  IN  1876-7.  425 

of  the  British  Medical  Association,  and  is  new  in  the  Presidential 
Chair  of  the  Irish  Medical  Association,  and  was  one  of  the 
surgeons  to  the  Earl  of  Carnarvon,  Lord  Lieutenant.  He  has 
contributed  many  articles  to  the  medical  journals,  more  especially 
in  reference  to  diseases  of  the  rectum  and  anus,  and  has  published 
a  brochure  entitled  the  "  Army  Medical  Service  as  a  Life  Career." 

Mr.  Hamilton  married  Eliza,  daughter  of  the  late  Dr.  John 
Glover,  of  Philipstown,  and  niece  of  the  well-known  Serjeant 
Glover,  of  the  English  Bar,  and  proprietor  of  the  London  Morning 
Chronicle,  once  a  leading  journal,  but  now  extinct.  Dr.  Hamilton 
has  four  daughters  and  four  sons — one  of  his  sons  is  a  pupil  in  the 
College  School. 

GEORGE  HUGH  KIDD,  PRESIDENT  IN  1876-7. 

On  a  tomb  in  Dunluce  Church,  County  of  Antrim,  the  following 
inscription  exists: — "Here  lyeth  the  children  of  Walter  Kyd, 
Merchant  of  Dunluce,  Burgess  of  Irving.  He  made  this  stone 
tenth  of  March,  anno  domini,  1630."  From  this  Walter  Kyd,  of 
Ayrshire,  Mr.  George  H.  Kidd  is  descended.  His  ancestors,  who 
changed  the  spelling  of  their  name  to  Kidd,  settled  about  the  end 
of  the  17th  century  at  Millmount,  near  Keady,  where  they  intro- 
duced and  until  very  recently  carried  on  linen  bleaching  upon  a 
large  scale.  One  of  them,  Benjamin,  married  a  Miss  Hadden,  of 
the  County  of  Tyrone,  and  had  five  sons,  of  whom  the  eldest 
James,  succeeded  his  father  in  his  business  at  Millmount.  He 
died  11th  January,  1815,  leaving  four  sons,  the  youngest  of  whom, 
Hugh,  was  father  of  George  Hugh  Kidd,  the  original  of  this  notice. 
Archibald,  son  of  Benjamin,  became  Rector  of  Jonesboro',  and  died 
in  1833,  aged  79.  His  son,  William  Lodge,  served  with  distinction 
in  the  navy,  and  became  a  Fellow  of  the  College  in  1844.  His 
youngest  son,  Archibald,  also  a  Fellow,  died  in  January,  1886. 

G.  H.  Kidd  was  born  in  Armagh,  on  the  12th  June,  1824.  His 
mother  (also  of  Scotch  extraction)  was  Eliza,  youngest  daughter 
of  Thomas  M'Kinstry,  of  Keady.  He  was  educated  partly  at 
home,  and  partly  at  the  school  kept  by  the  Rev.  J ohn  Bleckley  at 
Monaghan,  and  that  of  Dr.  Lyons  at  Newry.    His  professional 


426  GEORGE  HUGH  KIDD,  PRESIDENT  IN  1876-7. 

studies  were  conducted  at  the  College,  Trinity  College,  Park- 
street,  and  Marlborough-street  Schools,  and  were  completed  at 
Edinburgh  University.  He  obtained  the  licence  of  the  College 
on  the  25th  July,  1842,  at  the  early  age  of  eighteen  years  ;  and 
on  the  25th  October,  1844,  was  co-opted  a  Fellow,  but  was  not 
enrolled  till  1849.  In  1845  Mr.  Kidd  graduated  M.D.  in  Edin- 
burgh University  and  obtained  one  of  the  "  Graduation  "  medals 
of  the  year.  At  that  time  it  was  usual  to  give  three  medals  for 
the  best  graduation  theses  of  the  year ;  but  on  the  occasion  that 
Mr.  Kidd  obtained  his  medal  four  were  granted,  Mr.  Kidd's  name 
being  "first  called."  In  the  following  year  none  of  the  theses 
were  considered  worthy  of  medals. 

Mr.  Kidd's  first  appointment  was  as  medical  officer  of  Derrylin 
Dispensary  district.  He  resigned  it  on  the  24th  September,  1844, 
before  proceeding  to  Edinburgh,  and  his  committee  passed  a  very 
complimentary  resolution — signed  by  Lord  Erne  as  chairman — 
expressing  their  high  sense  of  the  care  and  ability  with  which  Mr. 
Kidd  had  discharged  his  duties.  In  1845  he  became  a  Demonstrator 
of  Anatomy  in  the  Park-street  School,  and  subsequently  lectured 
on  Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  Peter-street  School  until  its  disso- 
lution in  1857.  He  has  for  many  years  acted  as  Obstetric  Surgeon 
to  the  Coombe  Hospital,  and  was  Master  of  it  from  1876  till  1883, 
seven  years  being  the  maximum  period  of  mastership  according 
to  the  terms  of  the  charter  of  the  hospital.  He  is  Consulting 
Obstetric  Surgeon  to  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals,  and  is 
an  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  London  and  Edinburgh  Obstetrical 
Societies,  and  corresponding  member  of  several  foreign  societies. 
He  has  served  the  offices  of  President  of  the  Obstetrical  and  Patho- 
logical Societies  and  of  the  Obstetric  Section  of  the  Irish  Academy 
of  Medicine.  In  1883  the  University  of  Dublin  conferred  on 
him  the  degree  of  Magister  in  Arte  Obstetricid  Honoris  Causa,  on 
which  occasion  honorarv  degrees  were  also  conferred  on  Earl 
Spencer,  Lord  Wolseley,  and  Professor  Crawford.  In  1884  he 
was  selected  to  give  the  address  on  Obstetric  Medicine  at  the 
meeting  of  the  British  Medical  Association  in  Belfast. 

Of  Mr.  Kidd's  contributions  to  medical  literature  (which  are 


GEORGE  HUGH  KIDD,  PRESIDENT  IN  1876-7.  427 

numerous)  the  majority  are  on  obstetrical  subjects.  He  was  the 
first  to  apply  nitric  acid  to  the  interior  of  the  uterus.  He  was  for 
many  years  proprietor  and  editor  of  the  Dublin  Quarterly  Journal 
of  Medical  Science. 

Mr.  Kidd  married  Frances  Emily,  daughter  of  the  late  William 
Eigby,  of  Dublin.    She  died  in  1884. 

One  of  the  most  important  events  in  the  life  of  Mr.  Kidd  is  his 
instrumentality  in  the  foundation  of  the  Stewart  Institution  for 
Idiotic  and  Imbecile  Children.  As  this  asylum  is  a  monument 
of  the  liberality  and  philanthropy  of  members  of  the  medical 
profession,  this,  perhaps,  is  as  good  a  place  as  any  to  sketch  its 
history.  Mr.  Kidd  was  led  in  1864  to  make  an  attempt  to  found 
an  hospital  for  idiots,  by  the  perusal  of  a  pamphlet  on  the  subject 
of  "  Institutions  for  the  Training  of  the  Feeble-Minded,"  written 
by  Mr  Cheyne  Brady  and  Surgeon  Wharton.  On  the  back  of 
the  pamphlet  there  appeared  a  notice  that  it  was  intended  to  call  a 
meeting  to  consider  what  steps  should  be  taken  to  found  one  of 
these  institutions  in  Ireland,  and  requesting  all  interested  in  the 
subject  to  communicate  with  Mr.  Jonathan  Pirn  or  Mr.  Brady. 
Mr.  Kidd  called  on  Mr.  Pirn,  and  asked  to  be  allowed  to  join  in  the 
effort,  but  learned  from  him  that  a  meeting  had  been  held  at  which 
it  was  decided  that  the  scheme  was  impracticable.  Mr.  Kidd, 
nevertheless,  determined  to  try  what  could  be  done.  He  visited  the 
asylums  at  Earlswood  and  Colchester  in  England,  and  at  Larbert 
in  Scotland.  He  wrote  a  sketch  of  what  had  been  done  at 
these  institutions  and  elsewhere,  and  of  the  literature  of  the 
subject,  which  was  published  in  the  Dublin  Quarterly  Journal  of 
Medical  Science  for  February,  1865,  and  subsequently  extended 
and  printed  for  general  circulation,  under  the  title  of  "  An  Appeal 
on  behalf  of  the  Idiotic  and  Imbecile  Children  of  Ireland."  It 
was  extensively  circulated  and  well  received.  A  public  meeting 
was  subsequently  held  at  Charlemont  House,  Rutland-square,  on 
1st  February,  1866 — the  Earl  of  Charlemont  in  the  chair — which 
was  largely  attended,  and  resolutions  approving  of  the  project  were 
passed.  A  committee  was  nominated — Lord  Charlemont,  chair- 
man, and  Lord  James  Butler,  vice-chairman — and  a  subscription 


428  GEORGE  HUGH  KIDD,  PRESIDENT  IN  1876-7. 

list  opened,  when  £941  was  subscribed  in  the  room — Dr.  Stewart, 
F.R.C  S.I.,  putting  down  his  name  for  £50. 

Mr.  Kidd  next  visited  Belfast,  and  made  arrrangements  for  a 
public  meeting,  which  was  held  soon  afterwards,  and  a  Committee 
formed  to  assist  that  already  organised  in  Dublin. 

Early  in  1868  the  subscriptions  received  amounted  to  £6,171, 
and  a  second  public  meeting  was  held  in  Charlemont  House.  At 
this  meeting  Dr.  H.  H.  Stewart  again  attended,  and  now  proposed 
to  give  the  committee  the  asylum  he  had  founded  at  Lucan  for 
lunatics  of  the  middle  classes.  This  asylum,  which  had  been  open 
for  ten  years,  had  paid  on  an  average  an  annual  profit  of  £1,100. 
Stewart  proposed  to  consign  it  in  full  working  order,  together  with 
a  sum  of  £5,000,  on  condition  that  the  committee  would  keep  it 
up  for  the  benefit  of  middle-class  lunatics,  for  whom  there  was  no 
other  provision  in  Ireland,  so  long  as  it  proved  a  paying  concern, 
the  profits  to  be  applied  to  the  maintenance  of  the  Institution  for 
Idiots.  This  munificent  proposition  was  accepted,  and  arrange- 
ments were  entered  into  for  opening  the  institution.  Premises 
were  taken  in  the  Crescent,  Lucan,  which  stood  on  the  same 
plot  of  ground  as  Stewart's  Asylum  ;  they  were  adapted  to  the 
purpose,  and  in  July,  1869,  the  first  pupils  (twelve  in  number) 
were  admitted.  Up  to  this  point  Mr.  Kidd,  in  addition  to  liberal 
pecuniary  aid,  undertook  all  the  labour  of  organising  the  institution, 
conducting  the  correspondence  and  keeping  the  accounts,  but  now 
a  paid  secretary  was  appointed,  and  Mr.  Kidd,  relieved  from  those 
duties,  continued  to  assist  in  the  working  of  the  institution.  Stewart, 
too,  took  an  active  part  in  its  management  during  his  lifetime, 
giving  it  large  donations,  and  at  his  death  bequeathed  it  £2,000 ; 
and  out  of  his  residuary  estate  (which  he  left  for  various  charitable 
and  educational  purposes)  it  received  a  further  sum  of  £5,000 — 
altogether  the  institution  derived  from  him  more  than  £12,000, 
besides  the  profit  from  his  Asylum,  amounting  to  about  £1,000 
a  year.  Finally  the  institution  was  removed  to  Palmerston, 
Chapelizod,  where  suitable  buildings  had  been  erected  for  its 
accommodation  and  that  of  Dr.  Stewart's  Asylum,  on  the  site  of 
the  mansion  formerly  occupied  by  Lord  Donoughmore,  which,, 


ROBERT  M'DONNELL,  PRESIDENT  IN  1877-8.  429 

together  with  a  demesne  of  40  acres,  had  been  purchased  for  the 
purpose.  In  honour  of  its  chief  benefactor,  it  was  named 
"  The  Stewart  Institution  for  Idiotic  and  Imbecile  Children  and 
Asylum  for  Lunatic  Patients."  It  now  contains  70  idiotic  and 
imbecile  children,  240  having  been  admitted  since  it  was  opened 
in  1869  ;  and  there  are  83  lunatic  patients  in  the  Asylum,  200 
having  been  admitted  since  it  was  given  over  to  the  committee 
by  Stewart,  when  there  were  91  in  the  house.  Dr.  Frederick 
Pirn,  Resident  Physician,  devotes  his  entire  attention  to  its  manage- 
ment. A  sum  of  £46,287 — supplied  by  voluntary  contributions — 
has  been  expended  on  the  erection  of  this  institution,  and  it  has  a 
subscription  list  of  more  than  £1,000  a  year,  which,  together  with 
a  profit  of  nearly  £1,000  a  year,  derived  from  Dr.  Stewart's 
Asylum,  is  devoted  to  the  maintenance  and  education  of  idiotic 
and  imbecile  children.  The  results  obtained  in  the  education  and 
training  of  these  children  have  been  most  encouraging ;  many  of 
them  have  been  made  useful,  self-supporting  members  of  society. 
A  large  majority  of  them  have  had  their  intellects  improved,  their 
senses  educated,  their  physical  powers  invigorated,  and  their  con- 
sciences awakened,  and  have  thereby  been  enabled  to  live  in 
comparative  happiness.  They  have  received  tender  care,  instead 
of  being  allowed  to  remain  the  down-trodden  victims  of  the 
thoughtless,  idle,  or  vicious  children  of  the  village-green.  Families 
have,  moreover,  been  relieved  from  the  care  and  burden  of  helpless 
members,  who  occupied  the  entire  time  and  attention  of  at  least 
one  healthy  individual,  which  but  too  frequently  their  means  could 
not  afford. 

ROBERT  M'DONNELL,  PRESIDENT  IN  1877-8. 

R.  M'Donnell  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  15th  of  March,  1828, 
and  is  the  second  son  of  Dr.  John  M'Donnell,  of  Upper  Fitz- 
william-street,  Dublin.*  He  was  educated  privately  until  his 
entrance  to  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1844.  He  was  appren- 
ticed on  the  1st  November,  1845,  to  the  late  Surgeon  Richard 

*  Dr.  John  M'Donnell's  lineage  will  be  found  in  the  Chapter  on  the  School 
Professors. 


430  ROBERT  M'DONNELL,  PRESIDENT  IN  1877-8. 

Carmichael,  and  after  the  death  of  the  latter  was  transferred  to  the 
late  Mr.  Robert  Moore  Peile,  and  commenced  his  professional  studies 
in  the  College  and  the  Carmichael  Schools.  He  graduated  B.A. 
and  M.B.  in  1850,  and  obtained  the  Licence  of  the  College  on 
the  22nd  February,  1851,  becoming  on  the  24th  August,  1853,  a 
Fellow.  Having  become  a  qualified  medical  man,  Mr.  M'Donnell 
studied  for  some  time  in  Edinburgh,  Paris,  and  Vienna.  In  1857 
he  proceeded  to  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  the  University  of  Dublin. 
During  the  Winter  Session  of  1856-7  he  was  a  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy  in  the  Carmichael  School  of  Medicine,  and  was  subse- 
quently appointed  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  that 
institution. 

Mr.  M'Donnell  is  a  Member  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  and 
of  every  important  medical  and  scientific  society  in  Dublin.  He  is 
a  honorary  or  corresponding  member  of  several  British  and  foreign 
societies,  and  in  1865  he  received  that  coveted  distinction — the 
Fellowship  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London.  In  1864  he  took  ad 
eundum  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  the  Queen's  University  in  Ireland. 
In  1863  he  became  a  Surgeon  to  Jervis-street  Hospital,  and  three 
years  later  was  elected  a  Surgeon  to  Dr.  Steevens'  Hospital,  and 
Professor  of  Descriptive  Anatomy  in  the  Medical  School  connected 
with  it.  In  1857  he  was  appointed  by  Lord  Carlisle  to  be  Medical 
Superintendent  at  Mountjoy  Government  Prison,  in  the  room 
of  Surgeon  Francis  Ryncl,  discharging  the  duties  of  that  office 
for  a  period  of  ten  years,  and  rendering  important  services  in 
improving  the  hygienic  condition  of  the  prison.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Royal  Commission  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  Medical 
Acts,  1881-82,  and  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Prisons  in  Ireland, 
1882-83,  and  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  the  Education  and 
Employment  of  the  Blind,  1885-6.  He  was  twice  elected  by  the 
Senate  of  the  Dublin  University  a  Member  of  the  University 
Council,  serving  thereon  for  a  period  of  eight  years.  He  resigned 
the  office  of  Examiner  in  the  College  of  Surgeons,  in  order  to 
become  in  1876  a  candidate  for  the  Vice-Presidency ;  and  was 
elected  President  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  in  Ireland  in  1885. 

Mr.  M'Donnell  occupies  a  foremost  position  amongst  those 


ROBERT  M'DONNELL,,  PRESIDENT  IN  1877-8.  431 

medical  men  who  by  their  investigations  enlarge  the  boundaries  of 
the  domain  of  medicine.  The  following  are  only  the  more  important 
of  his  numerous  contributions  to  medicine  and  its  allied  sciences  : — 

Lectures  and  Essays  on  the  Science  and  Practice  of  Surgery ; 
Lectures  on  the  Physiology  of  the  Nervous  System ;  Observations 
on  the  Habits  and  Anatomy  of  the  Lepidosiren  Annectens ;  On 
the  Functions  of  the  Liver  (1865)  ;  On  the  Physiology  of  Diabetic 
Sugar  in  the  Animal  Economy ;  On  the  Operation  of  Trephining 
the  Spine  in  cases  of  Fracture. 

The  greater  number  of  his  papers  have  appeared  in  The  Dublin 
Hospital  Gazette,  Dr.  Brown-Sequard's  Journal  de  la  Physiologic, 
"  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,"  "  Proceedings  of  the 
Royal  Society,"  "  Transactions  of  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society 
of  London,"  and  "  Compts  Rendus  de  V Academie  des  Sciences."  He 
is  the  editor  of  the  volume  of  the  works  of  Abraham  Colles, 
F.R.C.S.I.,  published  by  the  New  Sydenham  Society  in  1881. 

Dr.  M'Donnell's  investigations  into  the  renal  circulation  are 
thus  referred  to  in  Strieker's  "Histology"  (Vol.  II.,  page  108,  of 
Translations  for  New  Sydenham  Society)  : — "  The  arteriolar  recta? 
verse  were  discovered,  independently  of  each  other,  by  R.  M'Donnell 
and  Virchow." 

Mr.  M'Donnell  served  during  the  war  with  Russia.  He  was 
stationed  at  the  British  Hospital  at  Smyrna,  and  in  1855  went  as 
volunteer  to  the  General  Hospital  in  the  Camp  before  Sebastopol, 
where  he  served  as  Civil  Surgeon  on  the  Medical  Staff  until  the 
fall  of  Sebastopol.  For  his  services  he  received  the  British  medal 
and  clasp  and  the  Turkish  medal.  The  following  letter  shows  that 
he  attracted  the  attention  even  of  the  non-medical  officers  : — 

[copy.] 

"  General  Hospital,  Smyrna, 
"  4th  January,  1856. 
"  My  dear  Sir, — I  cannot  permit  you  to  leave  Smyrna  without 
offering  you  my  best  thanks  for  the  manner  in  which  you  have 
invariably  performed  your  duties  throughout  your  connection  with 
the' Smyrna  Hospital  Staff,  and  I  would  at  the  same  time  express 
to  you  the  high  sense  I  entertain  of  your  talents  and  ability  as  a 


432 


ROBERT  M'DONNELL,  PRESIDENT  IN  1877-8. 


professional  man.  For  your  voluntary  services  in  the  Crimea  I 
consider  you  entitled  to  special  thanks.  You  only  left  the  field 
when  compelled  by  severe  illness. 

"  Accept  my  best  wishes  for  your  future  success,  and  believe  me, 
"  My  dear  Sir, 

"  Very  faithfully  and  sincerely  yours, 
"John  Meyer,  M.D., 

"Medical  Superintendent,  British  Hospital,  Smyrna." 

Extract  from  a  letter  from  Sir  Henry  Storks,  Commandant, 
Smyrna : — 

"Dr.  M'Donnell  discharged  his  responsible  duties  with  great 
zeal  and  intelligence,  and  I  am  glad  to  have  the  opportunity 
afforded  me  of  expressing  the  sense  I  entertain  of  his  humanity 
and  kindness  to  the  sick  and  wounded  soldiers  of  the  army,  and  of 
the  devotion  he  at  all  times  displayed  for  the  public  service. 

"  Dr.  M'Donnell  volunteered  his  services  wherever  the  Govern- 
ment might  consider  them  useful. 

"  H.  E.  Storks, 

"M.  General." 

[extract.] 

"  Dr.  M'Donnell  was  one  of  the  medical  gentlemen  who  gave  up 
the  ease  and  comfort  of  the  Civil  Hospital  at  Smyrna,  and  volun- 
teered their  services  for  the  more  laborious  duties  of  the  Military 
Hospitals  in  the  Crimea. 

"The  General  Hospital  in  Camp,  where  Dr.  M'Donnell  was 
employed,  contained  about  300  wounded,  and  he  had  opportunities 
of  witnessing  surgical  practice  on  an  extended  scale,  which,  I  am 
quite  sure  from  his  assiduity,  he  must  have  improved  to  the 
utmost.  We  all  regretted  his  departure,  and  the  cause  of  it — 
severe  fever. 

"John  Hall,  M.D.  &  F.R.C.S.,  Eng., 

"  Inspector-General  of  Hospitals,  and  Principal  Medical  Officer  of  the 
"  Army  in  Turkey.  . 

"  29th  December,  1856." 

Mr.  M'Donnell  married,  first  (in  1865),  Mary  M'Auley,  daughter 
of  Daniel  Molloy,  of  Clonbela,  in  the  King's  County  (who  died  in 
1869) ;  and,  secondly,  Susan  Isabella  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Sir 
Richard  Bolton  M'Causland,  of  Fitzwilliam-square,  and  Drimbawn, 
County  of  Mayo.    He  has  one  son  by  his  second  marriage. 


PHILIP  C HAMPTON  SMYLY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1878-9.  433 


PHILIP  CRAMPTON  SMYLY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1878-9. 

Mr.  Smyly  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  eminent  surgeon,  Josiah 
Smyly,  of  Merrion-square,  Dublin,  who  was  born  in  Dublin  in 
1804,  and  was  the  second  son  of  John  Smyly,  a  King's  Counsel 
in  large  practice  in  Dublin.  The  family  came  to  Ireland  in  1560 
from  Scotland,  and  have  many  branches  in  the  North. 

Josiah  Smyly  was  apprenticed  to  his  uncle,  Sir  Philip  Crampton, 
on  the  31st  October,  1816.  He  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial 
of  the  College  on  the  23rd  May,  1826,  and  in  the  same  year  took 
his  degree  of  B.A.  in  the  University  of  Dublin.  Having  studied 
for  some  time  in  Edinburgh  and  Paris,  he  was,  on  June  6th, 
1828,  elected  a  Member  of  the  College,  in  which  he  subsequently 
became  an  Examiner.  In  1831  he  succeeded  Thomas  Hewson  as 
Surgeon  to  the  Meath  Hospital — a  position  which  he  retained 
until  his  death,  thirty-three  years  afterwards.  He  was  Consulting 
Surgeon  to  several  of  the  Dublin  eleemosynary  institutions.  In 
1863  he  was  elected  Vice-President  of  the  College,  and  had  he 
lived  half  a  year  longer  would  have,  as  a  matter  of  course,  become 
President.  He  was  one  of  my  teachers  at  the  Meath  Hospital,  and 
I  shall  always  remember  his  kindly  manners,  his  humane,  sympa- 
thetic, and  skilful  treatment  of  those  committed  to  his  charge,  and 
the  great  desire  which  he  exhibited  to  instruct  all  who  attended 
his  cliniques. 

Mr.  Smyly's  contributions  to  medical  literature  include  a  valu- 
able paper  on  Lithotrity,  in  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science, 
Vol.  III. ;  one  on  Thoracentesis  in  Empyema,  in  Vol.  XXVIII., 
and  many  others  on  various  surgical  subjects.  He  died  during  his 
year  of  office,  from  acute  pneumonia,  on  the  19th  of  January, 
1864,  and  was  interred  in  the  family  vault  at  Mount  Jerome, 
Harold's-cross,  Dublin. 

Philip  Crampton  Smyly  was  born  17th  June,  1838,  at  No.  8 
Ely-place.  He  is  the  second  child  of  Josiah  Smyly  and  Ellen, 
third  daughter  of  the  late  Matthew  Franks,  of  Merrion-square, 
and  of  Jerpoint  Hill,  in  the  County  of  Kilkenny.  He  was  educated 
at  home  by  private  tutors.    In  1853  he  was  bound  an  apprentice 

2  F 


434       PHILIP  CRAMPTON  SMYLY,  PRESIDENT  IN  1878-9. 

to  his  granduncle,  Sir  Philip  Crampton,  Bart.,  and  at  his  death 
became  an  apprentice  to  William  Henry  Porter,  Professor  of 
Surgery,  and  Surgeon  to  the  Meath  Hospital.  He  studied  at  the 
College  and  T.C.D.  Schools,  and  at  the  Meath  Hospital,  and  in  the 
last-named  he  obtained  the  Senior  Medical  and  the  Stokes  Stetho- 
scopic  Prize — his  father  did  not  permit  him  to  compete  for  any 
of  the  surgical  prizes.  He  won  the  prize  for  Chemistry  in  the 
University  School,  and  the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Pathological  Society. 
In  1859  he  took  a  Moderatorship  and  Silver  Medal  in  Experi- 
mental Physics  and  his  degree  in  Arts,  and  in  1863  he  proceeded  to 
the  degree  of  M.D.  In  1860,  having  obtained  the  licence  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  the  diploma  of  the  Rotunda  Hospital, 
Mr.  Smyly  went  to  Berlin,  where  he  studied  operative  surgery 
under  Langenbeck,  and  attended  the  cliniques  of  Graefe  and 
other  teachers.  In  the  spring  of  1861  he  came  home,  obtained 
the  licence  of  the  College,  and  returned  to  Germany,  spending 
several  months  in  Vienna.  In  1861  Mr.  Smyly  was  elected 
Surgeon  to  the  Meath  Hospital,  in  succession  to  Professor  William 
H.  Porter,  and  on  the  22nd  August,  1863,  he  became  a  Fellow 
of  the  College. 

During  Earl  Spencer's  first  Viceroyalty  in  Ireland  Mr.  Smyly 
became  his  medical  attendant,  and  was  subsequently  appointed 
Surgeon-in-Ordinary.  He  was  reappointed  by  the  Duke  of  Abei'- 
corn  and  the  Duke  of  Marlborough.  During  Lord  Cowper's 
Viceroyalty  Mr.  Smyly  was  his  private  medical  attendant,  and  was 
reappointed  by  Lord  Spencer  when  he  became  Viceroy  a  second 
time ;  and  was  also  appointed  by  Lord  Carnarvon,  and  by  Lord 
Aberdeen  (in  February,  1886)  to  the  same  office. 

Shortly  after  his  election  as  President  Mr.  Smyly  gave  a 
banquet  in  the  College,  at  which  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  (at 
the  time  Lord  Lieutenant)  and  more  than  a  hundred  guests  . were 
present. 

Among  Mr.  P.  C.  Smyly's  contributions  to  medical  literature  are 
papers  on  the  Treatment  of  Strychnine  Poisoning  with  Tobacco, 
being  the  first  Practical  Application  of  Professor  Haughton's 
Researches  on  Strychnine  and  Nicotine;  on  Ovariotomy;  on 


EDWARD  D.  MAPOTHER,  PRESIDENT  IN  1879-80.  435 

Stricture  of  the  Urethra ;  and  a  Course  of  Lectures  on  Diseases 
of  the  Throat,  &c. 

In  1864  Mr.  Smyly  married  the  Hon.  Nina  Plunket,  the  fifth 
daughter  of  the  Right  Hon.  John,  third  Baron  Plunket,  and  sister 
of  the  present  Archbishop  of  Dublin,  and  of  the  Right  Hon.  David 
Plunket,  M.P.  for  the  University  of  Dublin.  He  has  three  sons 
and  four  daughters. 

Mr.  Smyly  is  very  fond  of  the  violin,  and  frequently  plays  with 
the  distinguished  President  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  Dr. 
Cruise,  who  performs  on  the  violoncello.  His  younger  brother, 
Dr.  William  Josiah  Smyly,  a  Fellow  and  Examiner  of  the  College 
of  Physicians,  and  an  Ex-Fellow,  R.C.S.I.,  is  engaged  in  obstetric 
practice. 

EDWARD  DILLON  MAPOTHER,  PRESIDENT  IN  1879-80. 

Mr.  Mapother  was  born  on  the  14th  October,  1835,  at  Fairview, 
near  Dublin.  His  father,  an  officer  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland, 
belonged  to  a  leading  family  in  the  County  of  Roscommon,  of 
English  origin,  but  long  resident  in  Ireland.  His  mother,  Mary 
Lyons,  was  also  a  member  of  one  of  the  principal  families  in  the 
County  of  Roscommon.  He  received  his  professional  education  in 
the  College  and  Carmichael  Schools,  the  Queen's  College,  Galway, 
Jervis-street  and  the  Richmond  and  allied  Hospitals,  and  in  1857 
he  graduated  M.D.  (with  First  Honour  and  a  Gold  Medal)  in  the 
Queen's  University.  On  April  21st,  1854,  he  obtained  the  Letters 
Testimonial  of  the  College,  and  "  passed  "  as  a  Fellow  on  the  30th 
August,  1862.  Before  he  was  quite  nineteen  years  old  he  began 
to  teach  anatomy,  and  for  many  years,  in  conjunction  with  the 
late  Mr.  John  Morgan,  he  conducted  with  great  success  large 
classes  at  the  College  of  Surgeons.  During  the  Crimean  War 
his  pupils  obtained  army  medical  appointments  in  great  numbers. 
On  the  30th  May,  1864,  he  was  elected  to  the  Chair  of  Hygiene 
in  the  College,  which  had  been  vacant  since  Maunsell's  resigna- 
tion in  1846.  His  lectures  were  open  to  the  public,  and  were  well 
attended.    On  the  21st  February,  1867,  he  was  elected  Professor 


436         ALFRED  H.  M'CLINTOCK,  PRESIDENT  IN  1880-1. 

of  Anatomy  and  Physiology,  in  succession  to  Professor  Jacob,  and 
holds  that  position  at  the  present  time.  He  has  been  a  Surgeon 
to  St.  Vincent's  Hospital  since  1859,  and  for  several  years  dis- 
charged with  conspicuous  ability  the  duties  of  Medical  Officer  of 
Health  for  Dublin,  and  was  the  first  who  held  that  post.  He  is  a 
past-President  of  the  Statistical  Society.  His  published  works 
are  numerous,  and  include — "A  Manual  of  Physiology"  (of  which  a 
third  edition  has  been  edited  by  Mr.  Knott),  "  Lectures  on  Public 
Health "  (two  editions),  "  The  Body  and  its  Health,  a  Book  for 
Primary  Schools "  (four  editions),  "  Lectures  on  Skin  Diseases," 
" Lisdoonvarna  Springs"  (three  editions),  &c.  In  1868  he  was 
awarded  the  Carmichael  Prize  of  £200  for  the  best  Essay  on 
Medical  Education.  His  most  important  contributions  to  surgical 
literature  are — On  Complete  Pressure  in  Treating  Aneurysm  and 
On  Topical  Blood-letting :  both  appeared  in  the  Dublin  Medical 
Press  for  1865  and  1876. 

Mr.  Mapother  was  one  of  the  Surgeons  to  Earls  Cowper 
and  Spencer,  and  is  now  Surgeon  to  Lord  Aberdeen,  Lords 
Lieutenant.  He  married,  in  1870,  Ellen,  daughter  of  the  late 
John  Tobin,  M.P.,  of  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  and  has  issue  one  son 
and  six  daughters. 

ALFRED  HENRY  M'CLINTOCK,  PRESIDENT  IN  1880-1. 

A.  H.  M'Clintock  was  born  at  Dundalk  on  the  20th  October, 
1822.  His  father,  Henry  M'Clintock,  served  for  some  time  as  an 
officer  in  the  3rd  Dragoon  Guards,  and  subsequently  held  a  minor 
civil  appointment.  He  married  Elizabeth  Melesina,  daughter  of 
the  Ven.  George  Fleury,  Archdeacon  of  Waterf  ord.  His  elder  son 
is  the  celebrated  Arctic  explorer,  Admiral  Sir  Francis  Leopold 
M'Clintock.  His  second  son,  Alfred,  received  his  primary  education 
in  Dundalk  and  his  professional  training  in  the  College  School  and 
the  Dublin  and  Paris  hospitals.  The  following  are  the  dates  of  his 
degrees  and  diplomas :— L.K.C  S.I. ,  1 6th  December,  1842;  F.R.C.S., 
11th Oct.,  1844;  M.D.,  Glasgow,  1844;  L.K.  &  Q.C.P., 5th  August, 
1851.    The  University  of  Edinburgh  conferred  upon  him,  in  1874, 


ALFKED  H.  M'CLINTOCK,  PRESIDENT  IN  1880-1.  437 


the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.,  and  that  of  Dublin  the  degree 
of  Master  in  Obstetric  Science  (honoris  causa) — a  qualification 
instituted  in  1867. 

M'Clintock  became  the  Master  of  the  Rotunda  Hospital  in  1854, 
and  retained  that  office  for  the  usual  period  of  seven  years.  He 
served  in  the  College  Court  of  Midwifery  Examiners  for  several 
years,  and  lectured  upon  obstetrical  science  at  the  Park-street 
Medical  School.  He  was  President  of  the  Obstetric  and  Patho- 
logical Societies,  Dublin,  and  of  the  Obstetrical  Section  of  the 
International  Medical  Congress  in  1880,  in  which  year  he  was 
also  one  of  the  Queen's  Representatives  on  the  General 
Medical  Council.  He  was  an  ordinary,  corresponding,  or  honorary 
member  of  many  British  and  foreign  medical  institutions,  and  in 
his  special  department  he  stood  abreast  with  the  most  eminent 
obstetricians  of  his  time.  His  contributions  to  the  journals  are 
voluminous.  His  "  Clinical  Memoirs  on  the  Diseases  of  Women," 
published  in  1863,  and  "  Practical  Observations  on  Midwifery," 
written  in  1848,  in  conjunction  with  the  late  Dr.  Hardy,  are 
standard  works.  He  is  the  editor  of  Smellies'  work  on  "  Midwifery  " 
(2  vols.),  published  by  the  New  Sydenham  Society. 

M'Clintock's  health  was  poorly  during  the  greater  portion  of 
the  year  of  his  Presidency,  and  he  tendered  his  resignation  of 
the  office,  which,  however,  at  the  strongly  expressed  desire  of 
the  College  Council,  he  withdrew.  He  died  from  cardiac 
disease  on  the  21st  October,  1881,  near  Bray — where  he  had 
been  sojourning  in  hope  that  the;  country  air  and  quietude  would 
restore  his  health — and  was  interred  in  St.  George's  Cemetery, 
Drumcondra. 

M'Clintock  was  a  man  of  strong  but  unobtrusive  religious  feeling, 
and  possessed  a  kindly  and  generous  nature.  Like  the  working  of  a 
perfect  machine,  in  silence,  his  unassuming  philanthropy  exercised 
itself  quietly  in  many  directions,  unrecorded  upon  the  "  storied 
urn,"  but  written  in  the  hearts  of  those  to  whose  diseases,  bodily 
and  mental,  he  had  ministered.  With  gentle  force  his  sympathetic 
remonstrance  appealed  successfully  to  the  poor  outcast  of  our  cities, 
the  young  student  drifting  to  moral  wreck,  and  the  sceptic  of 


438  SAMUEL  CHAPLIN,  PRESIDENT  IN  1881-2. 

religion ;  and  to  his  clear  argument  or  cheery  encouragement  how 
many  a  once  hesitating  soul  owes  its  present  security ! 

In  his  home  M'Clintock's  character  appears  in  its  happiest  aspect. 
Ever  depreciative  of  his  own  powers,  his  sense  of  love  and  duty  to 
his  family  taught  him  to  wield  a  sway  whose  mildness  and  dignity 
deserved  the  reverence  accorded  him  by  each  of  its  devoted 
subjects.  For  them,  his  great  affection  and  fully  realised  apprecia- 
tion of  the  responsibilities  of  husband  and  father,  effected  as 
much  as  he  himself  could  wish,  and  set  to  others  an  example  of  the 
greatness  and  perfectness  of  that  law  of  love  which  was  his  delight. 
From  the  great  model  Himself,  M'Clintock  endeavoured  to  form 
his  conduct,  the  message  of  His  peace  he  ever  carried  to  the  sick  or 
the  sorrowing  ;  and,  when  his  skill  availed  not  to  rescue  from  death, 
its  sorrows  were  lightened  by  the  comfortable  words  of  that  religion 
in  which,  in  his  own  great  hour,  he  trusted  unreservedly.  On  his 
60th  birthday  he  completed  a  life  stained  by  no  blemish,  molested 
by  no  envy,  possessing  a  repute  whose  purity  was  attempted  by  no 
detractor.  I  shall  conclude  this  brief  sketch  of  him  by  the  appro- 
priate quotation  of  a  motto  often  less  truly  applied  to  others — 

"  Totus,  teres,  atque  rotundus," 

and  which  cannot  be  more  suitably  availed  of  than  in  this  con- 
nection. 

Dr.  M'Clintock  married  Frances,  third  daughter  of  George 
Cuppaidge,  of  Gralway,  who,  together  with  two  sons  and  three 
daughters,  survive. 

SAMUEL  CHAPLIN,  PRESIDENT  IN  1881-2. 

S.  Chaplin  is  the  son  of  the  late  Samuel  Chaplin,  of  Woodview, 
Durrow,  Queen's  County.  His  mother  was  a  daughter  of  the 
late  John  Porter,  of  Kilkenny.  Mr.  Chaplin  was  born  in  that 
city  in  November,  1826.  He  received  his  early  education  from 
the  Rev.  Thomas  Moriarty  and  the  Rev.  William  Stone,  and  at 
the  age  of  fifteen  he  was  apprenticed  to  his  uncle,  Dr.  Porter,  of 
Carlow,  Medical  Officer  of  the  Workhouse  and  Fever  Hospital.  In 
those  institutions  and  in  the  County  Infirmary  and  Fever  Hospital 
Mr.  Chaplin  had  abundant  opportunities  of  becoming  acquainted 


JOHN  K.  BARTON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1882-3. 


439 


with  disease  requiring  both  surgical  and  medical  treatment.  After 
the  expiration  of  his  apprenticeship  he  studied  in  the  College 
School,  the  City  of  Dublin  Hospital  (for  two  years),  and  the 
Meath  Hospital. 

On  the  2nd  June,  1849,  Mr  Chaplin  became  a  Licentiate  of  the 
College,  and  on  the  27th  June,  1854,  "passed"  at  the  College  of 
Physicians.  In  1848  he  was  Medical  Attendant  at  the  Carlos- 
Cholera  Hospital  (Carlow  suffered  terribly  from  that  disease). 
The  severe  work  and  anxiety  incidental  to  this  appointment 
injured  Mr.  Chaplin  so  much,  that  in  order  to  recruit  his  health  he 
was  obliged  to  go  to  America  for  some  months.  On  his  return  he 
assisted  his  uncle  in  Carlow.  In  1856  he  was  elected  Surgeou 
to  the  Kildare  Infirmary,  on  the  nomination  of  the  Marquis  of 
Kildare  and  Marquis  of  Drogheda.  On  the  19th  May,  1874,  he 
became  a  Fellow  of  the  College.  In  1857  he  married  Anne 
Reeks,  of  Carlow.  He  is  Surgeon  to  the  .Kildare  Hospital, 
established  sixteen  years  ago,  under  the  provisions  of  the  Con- 
tagious Diseases  Acts.  He  is  a  J.P.  for  the  County  of  Kildare, 
and  resides  in  the  town  of  that  name. 


JOHN  KELLOCK  BARTON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1882-3. 

Mr.  Barton  was  born  on  the  25th  November,  1829,  at  Stone 
House,  County  of  Dublin.  He  is  the  son  of  the  late  John  Barton, 
a  Director  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland,  who  served  in  the  important 
office  of  Governor  of  that  institution,  and  had  been  in  the  linen 
trade  in  its  palmy  days,  and  when  the  Dublin  Linen  Hall,  now  a 
military  barracks,  was  tenanted  by  opulent  merchants.  He  was 
a  native  of  Hanley,  in  Staffordshire,  and  married  Jane,  daughter 
of  J.  Culley,  of  Newry,  whose  family  had  been  settled  there  for 
several  generations.  They  had  nine  sons  and  five  daughters. 
The  seventh  son,  John  Kellock,  was  educated  in  the  school  of  the 
late  Rev.  Daniel  Flynn,  Harcourt-street.  He  entered  the  Univer- 
sity, and  graduated  B.A.  in  1852,  taking  a  first  place.  His  pro- 
fessional studies  were  pursued  in  the  School  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  the  Carmichael  School,  and  in  the  three  well-known 


440  WILLIAM  I.  WHEELER,  PRESIDENT  IN  1883-4. 

Hospitals  in  North  Brunswick-street,  in  which  he  was  a  Resident 
for  two  years.  On  the  1st  September,  1852,  he  obtained  the 
Letters  Testimonial,  and  on  the  20th  October,  1859,  the  Fellow- 
ship of  the  College.  His  Medical  Degrees  bear  the  following 
dates: — M.B.,  1854;  M.D.,  1861.  Before  taking  out  any  medical 
diploma  he  won  the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Pathological  Society,  in 
1852,  and  was  the  first  recipient  of  that  honour.  When  duly 
qualified  he  was  offered,  through  the  late  Dr.  W.  Stokes,  an 
appointment  as  Assistant-Surgeon  in  the  Army,  which  he  accepted 
conditionally  on  being  sent  to  the  Crimea,  then  the  seat  of  war. 
This  condition  being  refused,  he  became  a  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy  in  Trinity  College  School.  In  1861  the  office  of  Univer- 
sity Anatomist — dormant  for  a  century  —  was  resuscitated,  and 
Mr.  Barton  was  installed  in  it.  In  1864,  when  he  became  Lec- 
turer in  Surgery  in  the  Ledwich  School,  he  resigned  his  connection 
with  Trinity  College  School.  He  subsequently  discharged  the 
duties  of  a  similar  office  in  the  Carmichael  College  of  Medicine. 
In  1858  he  was  elected  Surgeon  to  the  Adelaide  Hospital,  and  is 
now  Senior  Surgeon  to  that  institution,  where  he  has  served  for 
more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century.  He  has  contributed  papers  on 
Syphilis  and  on  Excision  of  the  Knee-joint  to  the  journals.  In 
1868  his  work  "  On  the  Pathology  and  Treatment  of  Syphilis  " 
was  published  in  London.  Mr.  Barton  married  Mary,  daughter 
of  Professor  Apjohn,  and  has  issue,  three  daughters  and  one  son. 

WILLIAM  IRELAND  WHEELER,  PRESIDENT  IN  1883-4. 

The  family  of  the  Wheelers,  originally  English,  have  long  been 
settled  in  Ireland,  and  for  many  generations  the  owners  of  landed 
property  in  the  Counties  of  Kilkenny  and  Kildare.  William  I. 
Wheeler  was  born  on  the  28th  of  February,  1846,  at  Annes- 
borough  House,  County  of  Kildare.  His  father,  George  N. 
Wheeler,  Esq.,  a  landed  proprietor,  was  descended  from  Joseph 
Wheeler,  of  Strancurty,  County  of  Kilkenny,  brother  of  Jonah 
Wheeler,  consecrated  in  1619  first  Protestant  Bishop  of  Ossory, 
from  whom  is  descended  the  present  Sir  Charles  Wheeler  Cuffe, 


WILLIAM  I.  WHEELER,  PRESIDENT  IN  1883-4.  441 

Bart.  Mr.  William  I.  Wheeler's  mother  was  Williamza  Florence, 
daughter  of  the  late  William  Ireland.  D.L.,  County  of  Kildare. 

Mr.  Wheeler  was  educated  by  private  tutors  and  at  Dr.  Fleury's 
school,  in  Dublin.  He  entered  Trinity  College  in  1862,  and  at 
once  commenced  medical  professional  work  in  the  College  School 
and  the  School  of  Physic,  and  pursued  his  clinical  studies  in  the 
City  of  Dublin  and  Sir  Patrick  Dun's  Hospitals,  winning  by  com- 
petition in  the  former  hospital  the  Purser  Studentship.  In  186(3 
he  graduated  B.A.,  and  obtained  the  licences  of  the  Colleges  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons.  In  1870  he  took  the  degrees  of  M.B., 
M.D.,  and  Master  of  Surgery,  in  the  University,  and  on  the  10th 
March,  1874,  he  passed  the  Examination  for  the  Fellowship  of  the 
College. 

Shortly  after  being  qualified,  Mr.  Wheeler  entered  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  Army,  and  spent  six  months  at  Netley  Military 
Hospital  and  Medical  School,  where  he  obtained  the  highest  marks 
in  Military  Hygiene  and  other  subjects;  and  having  for  a  short 
time  done  duty  at  the  Royal  Hospital,  he  was  selected  for  service 
with  the  expeditionary  force  to  Abyssinia.  For  the  manner  in 
which  he  discharged  his  duties  in  this  campaign  he  received,  by 
letter,  the  thanks  of  the  Director-General,  Sir  G.  Logan ;  he  also 
received  the  Abyssinian  Medal.  Having  served  in  the  Army  for 
about  three  years  he  resigned  his  commission,  and  settled  in  Dublin. 
In  1871  he  was  appointed  a  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the  College 
School,  and  in  the  following  year  became  a  Surgeon  to  the  City  of 
Dublin  Hospital.  He  soon  acquired  a  reputation  as  a  teacher,  and 
his  classes  at  the  College  rapidly  increased  in  numbers.  In  his 
labours  at  the  College  Mr.  Wheeler  was  associated  with  the  late 
Dr.  H.  Loftie  Stoney,  also  a  most  energetic  and  successful  private 
teacher.  The  pressure  upon  his  time,  from  a  steadily  increasing 
surgical  practice,  caused  Mr.  Wheeler  to  resign  his  appointment 
at  the  School.  He  then  served  for  a  short  time  as  Examiner  at 
the  College,  and  afterwards  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Council. 

Mr.  Wheeler  was  President  of  the  College  during  a  remarkable 
year — namely,  in  1884,  when  the  College  attained  the  hundredth 
year  of  their  existence.     Upon  the  centenary  anniversary  of  the 


442  EDWARD  H.  BENNETT,  PRESIDENT  IN  1884-5. 

granting  of  the  Charter,  Mr.  Wheeler  entertained,  at  a  banquet 
in  the  Examination  Hall,  the  Lord  Lieutenant  (Earl  Spencer)  and 
a  distinguished  company,  numbering  119  persons.  In  tbat  year 
Edinburgh  University  celebrated  its  tercentenary  anniversary ; 
and  Mr.  Wheeler,  who  represented  the  College  on  that  interesting 
occasion,  was  presented  with  a  medal  struck  to  commemorate  the 
event. 

Mr.  Wheeler  has  contributed  numerous  papers  to  the  medical 
journals,  the  more  important  of  which,  probably,  are  as  follows : — 
Amputation  of  Thigh  in  Elephantiasis  Arabum ;  Disease  existing 
for  1 8  years,  and  description  of  Pathology  (Medical  Press  and 
Circular,  1874) ;  a  Case  (first  of  the  kind  in  Ireland)  of  Successful 
Pharyngotomy  (Medical  Press,  1874)  ;  Deformities  of  the  Bladder 
and  operations  therefor,  with  experiments  relating  to  the  absorp- 
tion and  excretion  of  Medicine  by  the  Kidneys,  and  the  influence 
of  certain  Drugs  on  the  Bladder  Mucus  (Medical  Press,  1878) ; 
Aneurysms  Treated  by  Elastic  Bandages  (Medical  Press,  1881)  ; 
Tetanus  Successfully  Treated  by  Nerve-stretching  (Medical  Press, 
1882) ;  What  Society  has  gained  by  the  progress  of  Modern  Sur- 
gery— an  Address  at  the  opening  meeting  of  the  Surgical  Section 
of  the  Academy  of  Medicine ;  Experiments  on  Air  in  Hospital 
Ships  ("  Blue  Book  "  relating  to  Abyssinia,  1866) ;  Trephining  in 
Tympanic  and  Mastoid  Diseases.  He  devised  special  instruments 
for  the  treatment  of  hare-lip.  In  the  Medical  Press  for  1873  he 
has  described  an  apparatus  for  use  in  fractured  patella. 

In  1869  Mr.  Wheeler  married  Frances  Victoria,  daughter  of  the 
late  Henry  Shaw,  of  Waterloo-road  (a  member  of  a  well  known 
Dublin  family,  being  the  first  cousin  of  the  late  Sir  Eobert 
Shaw  and  the  late  Recorder  of  Dublin,  the  Right  Honoui-able  Sir 
Frederick  Shaw,  Bart.),  and  has  issue  five  sons  and  two  daughters. 

EDWARD  HALLARAN  BENNETT,  PRESIDENT  IN  1884-5. 

Mr.  Bennett  was  born  on  the  9th  April,  1837,  at  Charlotte- 
quay,  Cork.  He  is  the  fifth  son  of  the  late  Robert  Bennett, 
Barrister,  Recorder  of  Cork,  and  a  near  relative  to  the  celebrated 


SIR  CHARLES  A.  CAMERON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1885-6.  443 

anatomist,  Mr.  Bennett,  whose  remarkable  career  has  been  described 
in  Chapter  VIII.  Mr.  E.  H.  Bennett's  mother,  Jane  Hallaran, 
was  a  daughter  of  William  Saunders  Hallaran,  M.D.,  of  Cork, 
who,|-in  1810  and  1818,  published  two  works  relating  to  insanity, 
which  secured  for  him  a  high  reputation,  not  yet  faded  out. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Bennett  received  his  earlier  education  in  Cork,  at 
H  am  hi  in's  school,  and  subsequently  at  the  school  kept  in  Har- 
court-street  by  the  late  Rev.  Daniel  Flynn,  and  styled  "  the 
Academic  Institute,"  from  which  he  passed  into  the  University, 
and  graduated  B.A.,  M.B.,  and  M.Ch.  in  1859.  He  received  his 
technical  education  in  the  School  of  T.C.D.,  and  the  Meath, 
Steevens',  Richmond,  and  Sir  P.  Dun's  Hospitals.  On  the  17th 
August,  1863,  he  obtained  the  Fellowship  of  the  College,  without 
having  previously  "  passed  "  as  a  Licentiate.  He  succeeded  Mr 
Barton  as  University  Anatomist  in  1864,  and  in  1873  was,  on  the 
decease  of  Robert  W.  Smith,  appointed  to  the  Chair  of  Surgery  in 
Trinity  College.  He  is  Surgeon  to  Sir  Patrick  Dun's  Hospital, 
and  Consulting  Surgeon  to  St.  Mark's  Hospital,  was  President 
of  the  Pathological  Society  in  1880,  and  is  now  (1886)  President 
of  the  Dublin  Branch  of  the  British  Medical  Association.  Perhaps 
the  most  valuable  of  his  contributions  to  medical  literature  is  the 
paper  on  Colles'  Fracture,  read  at  the  meeting  of  the  British 
Medical  Association  in  Cork  in  1880. 

Professor  Bennett  is  married  to  Frances,  daughter  of  Conolly 
Norman,  of  Fahan,  County  of  Donegal,  and  has  two  daughters. 

SIR  CHARLES  A.  CAMERON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1885-6.* 

"  Sir  Charles  Alexander  Cameron  inherits  a  splendid  name,  and 
has  succeeded  in  adding  lustre  even  to  that  borne  by  the  famous 
Sir  Ewen  Dubh  of  Lochiel.  His  father  was  the  great-grandson  of 
John  of  Lochiel,  and  grandson  of  the  amiable  and  unfortunate 
Archibald  Cameron,  who  was  beheaded  on  Tower  Hill  for  the  part 
he  took  in  the  Rising  of  1745. 

*  From  the  "  History  of  the  Camerons,"  pp.  415-16.  By  A.  Mackenzie,  F.S.S. 
Published  by  A.  &  W.  Mackenzie,  Inverness. 


444       SIR  CHARLES  A.  CAMERON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1885-6. 

"  Captain  Ewen  Cameron,  father  of  Sir  Charles,  was  born  in 
1787,  and  died  in  1844.  His  commission  in  the  British  army  was 
secured  for  him  through  the  influence  of  his  near  relative,  Colonel 
John  Cameron  of  Fassifern,  who  fell  so  gloriously  at  Quatre  Bras, 
and  he  had  the  rank  of  Colonel  in  the  Spanish  army.  During  his 
campaigns,  in  which  he  served  with  the  gallantry  of  his  race,  he 
was  wounded  eight  times.  He  married  Belinda,  daughter  of  John 
Smith,  County  Cavan,  Ireland,  and  of  that  union,  on  the  16th  of 
July,  1830,  was  born,  in  Dublin,  the  subject  of  this  notice. 

"  Sir  Charles  Alexander  Cameron  was  educated  in  Dublin, 
Guernsey,  and  Germany.  He  has  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  the 
scientific  branches  of  Medicine,  and  to  Chemistry.  He  has  almost 
from  boyhood  been  a  constant  contributor  to  the  newspaper,  serial, 
and  scientific  press,  as  editor,  essayist,  and  reviewer.  He  was,  for 
several  years,  editor  and  part  proprietor  of  the  Agricultural  Review 
and  the  Hospital  Gazette.  Some  of  his  researches  on  the  physiology 
and  chemistry  of  plants  are  of  great  importance ;  as  are  also  his 
researches  on  the  physiological  action  of  chlorine  and  of  the 
bromates  and  iodates  upon  man.  He  has  discovered  several  new 
chemical  compounds.  His  works  include — '  The  Chemistry  of 
Agriculture,'  '  The  Stock-Feeder's  Manual,'  '  The  Chemistry  of 
Food,'  '  Lectures  on  the  Preservation  of  Health,'  '  A  Handy 
Book  on  Health,'  4  A  Manual  of  Hygiene,'  and  '  Reports  on 
Public  Health.'  He  has  edited  the  last  four  editions  of  '  J ohnston's 
(now  called  Johnston  and  Cameron's)  Agricultural  Chemistry  and 
Geology,'  published  by  Blackwood,  Edinburgh.  He  has  translated 
a  small  volume  of  poems  from  the  German,  also  published  by 
Blackwood,  and  is  now  engaged  on  his  opus  magnum,  '  The 
History  of  Medicine  in  Ireland.' 

"  For  many  years  he  was  Scientific  Adviser  to  the  Irish  Govern- 
ment in  criminal  cases,  but  this  office  he  resigned  about  four  years 
ago.  In  1867  he  was  a  member  of  the  Jury  of  the  Paris  Great 
International  Exhibition. 

"  Sir  Charles  Cameron  is  now  President  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  in  Ireland  ;  Vice-President  of  the  Institute  of  Chemistry 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland ;  Professor  of  Chemistry  (formerly 


SIR  CHARLES  A.  CAMERON,  PRESIDENT  IN  1885-6.  445 

of  Anatomy)  in  the  Royal  Hibernian  Academy  of  the  Fine  Arts  ; 
Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Hygiene,  R.C.S.I. ;  Chief  Medical 
Officer  of  Health  for  Dublin  ;  Examiner  in  Cambridge  and  the 
Royal  Universities.  He  was  President  of  several  Societies  and  is 
an  honorary  or  ordinary  member  of  many  British  and  foreign 
learned  bodies.  Her  Majesty,  in  1885,  conferred  upon  him  the 
honour  of  knighthood,  in  recognition  of  his  '  Scientific  Researches, 
and  his  efforts  to  improve  the  state  of  Public  Health  in  Ireland.' 

"In  1862  he  married  Lucie,  daughter  of  the  late  John  Macnamara, 
solicitor,  Dublin,  and  cousin  of  W.  G.  Wills,  the  famous  dramatic 
author.  She  was  much  beloved  for  her  graces  of  mind  and 
person.  She  died  on  28th  November,  1883,  leaving  issue — (1) 
Charles  John,  born  in  1866,  Lieutenant  in  the  3rd  Battalion  Royal 
Inniskilling  Fusiliers.  (2)  Edwin  Douglas,  born  in  1868.  (3) 
Ernest  Stuart,  born  in  1872.  (4)  Mervyn  Wingfield,  born  in 
1875.  (5)  Ewen  Henry,  born  in  1882.  (6)  Lucie.  (7)  Helena 
Margaret." 


CHAPTER  XVII. 


THE  COLLEGE  SCHOOL. 

One  of  the  objects  of  the  founders  of  the  College  was  the 
establishment  of  a  School  of  Surgery.  Provision  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  "  Professor  or  Professors "  was  made  in  the  by-laws 
enacted  during  the  first  year  of  their  existence,  and  on  the  15th 
August,  1785,  it  was  decided  to  appoint  Professors  of  Anatomy 
and  Physiology,  Surgery  and  Midwifery.  The  first  application 
for  a  professorship — that  of  Midwifery — came  from  a  member, 
Thomas  Costello,  and  was  dated  15th  August,  1785,  but  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  accepted.  On  the  30th  November  following, 
John  Halahan,  a  skilful  anatomist,  proposed  to  lecture  upon 
anatomy  in  a  theatre  to  be  fitted  up  by  himself.  His  offer  was 
accepted,  and  £20  voted  towards  defraying  his  expenses.  He 
gave  lectures  on  anatomy  and  physiology,  and  demonstrations  on 
the  operations  in  surgery,  including  bandaging.  At  the  same 
time  Mr.  William  Dease's  offer  to  deliver  lectures  on  surgery  was 
accepted.  At  this  time  the  College  had  no  premises  of  their  own, 
but  we  may  regard  the  teaching  by  Halahan  and  Dease,  under  the 
authority  of  the  College,  as  the  beginning  of  their  School,  which, 
therefore,  we  may  date  from  1785.  Towards  the  close  of  that 
year  the  College  petitioned  the  House  of  Commons  for  pecuniary 
assistance  to  enable  them  to  provide  premises  for  the  teaching  of 
anatomy  and  surgery. 

The  professors  were  at  first  allowed  to  charge  a  fee  of  two 
guineas  to  registered  pupils  and  three  guineas  to  other  persons. 
After  the  Mercer-street  premises  had  been  procured,  one  guinea  was 
deducted  from  the  fee  paid  by  each  pupil,  and  was  retained  by  the 
College,  but  in  1793  the  professors  of  anatomy  were  allowed  to 
retain  the  entire  fee,  as  they  undertook  to  supply  subjects  and  to 
pay  the  superintendents  of  dissections,  as  the  demonstrators  of 
anatomy  were  then  termed. 


THE  COLLEGE  SCHOOL. 


447 


On  the  27th  August,  1789,  the  College  passed  the  following 
resolutions : — 

"  1st.  That  a  convenient  place  he  provided  and  fitted  up  before 
the  1st  of  October  next,  for  the  purpose  of  Anatomical  Dissections. 

"2ndly.  That  the  Court  of  Examiners,  or  the  major  part  of 
them,  be  empowered  to  appoint,  from  the  Court  of  Assistants, 
Members  and  Licentiates,  six  persons  to  be  Demonstrators  for 
one  year. 

"  3rdly.  That  every  Registered  Pupil,  on  paying  one  guinea 
annually  towards  the  support  of  the  Institution,  be  entitled  to 
attend  the  course. 

"  4thly.  That  the  pupils  be  examined  once  or  twice  every  year ; 
as  to  their  progress  in  anatomy,  &c. ;  and  that  premiums  be  dis- 
tributed to  the  most  deserving.  The  Examiners  to  be  chosen 
from  the  Court  of  Assistants,  or  Members,  by  the  Court  of 
Examiners,  or  the  major  part  of  them. 

"  5thly.  That  the  Court  of  Examiners  be  authorised  and  em- 
powered to  superintend  and  cany  into  execution  the  foregoing 
plan,  and  to  draw  on  the  Treasurer  for  such  sum  as  they  may 
find  necessary." 

On  the  28th  August,  1789,  the  College  directed  the  Court  of 
Examiners  to  prepare  a  scheme  for  establishing  Schools  of  Surgery 
and  Anatomy,  and  on  the  13th  October  the  following  appoint- 
ments were  made  by  the  Court : — 

A  1T11    ..  ( William  Hartigan, 

Anatomy  and  Physiology      -       —  *  _  _     „  ,  ,  ° 
J  J       &J  { John  Halahan. 

Surgery       -  William  Dease. 

Midwifery    -----     John  Halahan. 

Surgical  Pharmacy       -  Clement  Archer. 

C  Charles  Bolger, 

Superintendents  of  Dissections      -  <  Thomas  Wright, 


William  Lawless. 


Of  the  above  Dease  was  President  of  the  College ;  Hartigan, 
Halahan,  Archer,  and  Bolger  were  Members;  and  Wright  and 
Lawless  were  Licentiates.  Dease,  Kenny,  and  Henthorn  were 
particularly  active  members  in  establishing  the  "  Schools,"  as  they 


448 


THE  COLLEGE  SCHOOL. 


were  termed — i.e.,  the  School  of  Anatomy  and  the  School  of 
Surgery. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  session  each  Professor  was  required  to 
submit  to  the  Court  of  Examiners  a  detailed  syllabus  of  his  course 
of  lectures ;  and  on  one  occasion  Clement  Archer,  who  was  wont 
to  wander  from  his  subject,  was  admonished  to  confine  himself  to 
surgical  pharmacy. 

On  receiving,  in  April,  1791,  a  grant  of  £1,000  from  the 
Government  towards  improving  the  School  premises,  the  College 
resolved  to  admit  army  surgeons  and  surgeons'  mates  free  to  the 
lectures. 

On  the  23rd  June,  1792,  Walter  Wade,  Professor  of  Botany  to 
the  Royal  Dublin  Society  was  permitted  to  lecture  on  Botany  in 
the  School,  which  resolution  may  be  regarded  as  the  foundation 
of  the  Professorship  of  Botany.  Wade  lectured  regularly  in  the 
School,  and  on  the  12th  June,  1804,  he  was  formally,  by  direction 
of  the  College,  elected  Professor  of  Botany  by  the  Court  of 
Examiners. 

In  1793  Halahan's  Professorship  of  Midwifery  was  transferred 
to  Sir  Henry  Jebb — not,  however,  on  the  hygienic  ground  that 
anatomy  and  obstetrics  should  not  be  practised  by  the  same 
person ! 

Immediately  after  the  foundation  of  the  School,  certificates  of 
attendance  upon  the  lectures  were  issued,  and  were  submitted  in 
due  course  at  the  examinations  as  evidence  of  educational  training, 
though  for  a  long  period  after  this  time  apprenticeship  alone 
entitled  to  examination. 

The  fees  for  attendance  at  the  lectures  were — one  guinea  for 
registered  pupils,  and  three  guineas  for  non-registered  students. 

In  1799-1800  there  were  55  pupils  and  5  navy  and  army 
surgeons  and  surgeons'  mates  studying  in  the  College  Schools. 
In  1800-1801  the  numbers  were  :— Registered  pupils  (i.e.,  appren- 
tices), 38;  "students,"  42;  army  surgeons  and  surgeons'  mates, 
22;  navy  ditto,  3— Total,  105.  The  "students"  were  pupils 
intending  to  seek  their  qualifications  from  other  licensing  bodies, 
persons  from  England  and  the  Colonies,  unregistered  apprentices, 


THE  COLLEGE  SCHOOL. 


449 


and  perhaps  students  who  intended  qualifying  in  medicine.  In 
this  year  the  cost  of  procuring  subjects  amounted  to  £54  8s.  2d. 

In  1804  Abraham  Colles  became  Professor  of  Anatomy  and 
Surgery  in  the  School,  and,  in  connection  with  Richard  Dease, 
worked  his  departments  with  great  energy.  In  the  session  1809-10 
the  class  numbered  162,  of  whom  but  few  were  navy  or  army 
surgeons.  In  1810  the  number  rose  to  185,  and  in  the  following 
year  to  204.  At  this  time  the  School  became  famous  for  its 
anatomical  teaching. 

In  1810  the  Professor  of  Midwifery  was  permitted  to  give 
independent  certificates  of  attendance  upon  his  lectures ;  previously 
the  certificates  issued  referred  to  anatomy,  surgery,  and  midwifery 
combined.  On  the  28th  November,  in  the  same  year,  140  guineas 
were  granted  to  the  Professor  of  Surgical  Pharmacy,  who,  from 
want  of  proper  specimens,  had  been  unable  to  deliver  a  full  course. 

In  1810  the  anatomical  department  was  removed  to  the  new 
buildings  in  Stephen's-green.  The  lectures  on  pharmacy  and 
botany  were  delivered  in  Mercer-street  for  two  years  longer. 

In  1811  £2,000  were  granted  by  Parliament  for  the  purpose  of 
enlarging  and  improving  the  anatomical  theatre  and  the  dissecting 
rooms. 

On  the  23rd  April,  1813,  the  following  scale  of  fees  were  fixed 
by  the  College : — Anatomy,  Physiology,  and  Surgery,  £4  4s. ; 
Practical  Anatomy,  £6  6s. ;  Surgical  Pharmacy,  £1  Is. ;  Mid- 
wifery, £1  Is.  The  registered  pupils  were  exempted  from  pay- 
ment of  those  fees.  In  this  year  a  Chair  of  the  Practice  of  Physic 
was  instituted,  and  Dr.  John  Cheyne  appointed  Professor. 

In  April,  1826,  Dr.  Whitley  Stokes,  Professor  of  Medicine, 
wrote  to  the  College,  stating  that,  owing  to  certain  arrangements 
in  other  Schools,  he  had  no  class  to  lecture  to  during  the  previous 
winter.  He  requested  that  his  son,  William  Stokes,  might  be 
associated  with  him  in  his  lectures,  in  order  that  the  pupils  might 
have  access  to  the  Meath  Hospital,  in  which  his  son  was  Physician. 
It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  the  College  refused  their  Professor's 
request.  Had  it  been  otherwise  the  College  would  have  had  the 
honour  of  having  the  name  of  one  of  Ireland's  most  illustrious 

2  g 


450  THE  COLLEGE  SCHOOL. 

physicians  associated  with  them.  Being  refused  admission  to 
the  College,  Dr.  Stokes  connected  himself  with  the  Park-street 
School. 

On  the  12th  July,  1827,  the  College  passed  a  set  of  by-laws  for 
the  government  of  the  School.  The  Court  of  Examiners  were  to 
report  annually  upon  the  condition  of  the  buildings  and  other 
property  in  charge  of  the  Professors,  and  upon  the  manner  in 
which  the  professorial  duties  were  discharged.  They  were  to 
regulate  the  School  advertisements,  receive  lists  of  attendances  at 
lectures,  and  to  report  upon  any  Professor  whose  conduct  they 
might  deem  censurable.  The  power  of  regulating  the  fees  was 
retained  by  the  College  at  large. 

In  1828  Dr.  Apjohn  was  elected  Professor  of  Chemistry.  A 
large  room  opposite  the  School  Museum  and  a  small  room  behind, 
both  used  for  dissecting  purposes,  were  converted  into  a  lecture 
theatre  and  laboratory  at  a  cost  of  £450.  The  theatre  was 
soon  found  to  be  insufficient  for  the  large  class  attracted  by 
Apjohn,  and  in  1832  a  new  one,  together  with  a  preparation  room, 
a  laboratory,  and  a  room  for  the  Curator,  were  built  at  a  cost  of 
£900.  The  buildings  were  situated  at  the  rere  of  the  Examination 
Hall,  on  the  north  side  of  the  College  yard.  The  theatre  accom- 
modated 200  persons,  and  was  often  filled.  At  this  time  the 
School  at  Trinity  College  was  not  flourishing,  and  there  were  no 
lectures  on  chemistry  (with  the  exception  of  those  at  Park-street) 
delivered  in  the  private  schools,  consequently  nearly  every  medical 
student  in  Dublin  attended  Apjohn's  lectures.  In  the  session  of 
1831-3,  163  pupils,  exclusive  of  navy  and  army  surgeons,  listened 
to  the  chemical  lectures.  The  buildings  which  he  deserted,  on  the 
south  side  of  the  yard  and  separated  from  York-street  by  a  wall 
only,  were  subsequently  used  by  Geoghegan,  Professor  of  Medical 
Jurisprudence.  Professor  Benson  generally  lectured  in  the  old 
chemical  theatre. 

In  1829  the  College  resolved  to  allow  £20  a  year  to  a  laboratory 
porter. 

On  the  24th  August,  1831,  an  Anatomy  Committee,  represent- 
ing all  the  Medical  Schools  of  Dublin,  were  constituted.  They 


THE  COLLEGE  SCHOOL. 


451 


arranged  to  have  the  subjects  for  dissection  in  a  depot  for  common 
use. 

In  1837  Professor  Macnamara  presented  his  Materia  Medica 
Museum  to  the  College. 

In  1837  the  Professors  of  Chemistry,  Materia  Medica,  Medicine, 
and  Medical  Jurisprudence,  were  permitted  to  charge  three  guineas 
for  their  Courses,  except  to  pupils  then  registered.  The  fees  were 
afterwards  reduced  to  two  guineas,  and  again,  in  1862,  raised  to 
three  guineas.  After  Mr.  Harrison's  resignation,  in  1837,  it  was 
resolved  that  Mr.  Jacob  should  still  continue  to  be  styled  Professor 
of  Anatomy  and  Physiology,  and  that  two  Professorships  of 
Descriptive  Anatomy  should  be  created ;  the  fee  for  the  Course  to 
be  three  guineas. 

In  1839  the  Professor  of  Midwifery  did  not  lecture,  only  one 
"  paying  pupil "  having  entered  for  his  Course.  At  that  time  the 
private  Medical  Schools  made  no  charge  for  midwifery  lectures. 

On  the  17th  December,  1840,  Dr.  Apjohn  was  requested  to 
deliver,  every  Spring,  a  Course  of  Lectures  on  Natural  Philosophy 
to  the  registered  pupils.  The  sum  of  £100  was  granted  for  the 
purchase  of  apparatus  to  illustrate  the  lectures,  and  a  salary 
of  £100  was  voted  to  the  Professor.  No  fee  was  charged  for 
those  lectures ;  they  were  continued  until  Dr.  Apjohn's  resignation 
in  1850. 

In  1841  a  Professorship  of  Hygiene  or  Political  Medicine  was 
instituted,  being  the  first  of  the  kind  in  the  United  Kingdom. 
Forty-five  years  ago  the  subject  of  public  health  attracted  but 
little  attention,  and  the  sanitary  laws,  few  and  imperfect,  were 
rarely  put  into  operation  by  the  local  authorities.  At  the  present 
time  the  importance  of  public  hygiene  is  fully  recognised,  and  the 
administration  of  the  statutes  relating  to  sanitation  affords  employ- 
ment to  a  large  number  of  medical  men.  Let  us  hope  that  in  the 
future  "  preventive  medicine  "  will  be  regarded  as  the  most  useful 
department  of  the  physician's  province,  for  to  use  the  words  of  our 
greatest  medical  poet,  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes — 

"  To  guard  is  better  than  to  heal — 
The  shield  is  nobler  than  the  spear  !" 


452 


THE  COLLEGE  SCHOOL. 


In  1851  the  Government  instituted  a  Regius  Professorship  of 
Military  Surgery,  and  attached  it  to  the  College.  In  September 
the  Secretary-at-War  informed  the  Council  that  £150  would  be 
allowed  towards  fitting  up  a  museum  and  dissecting-room  for  the 
Professor.  The  building  cost  £191  15s.,  exclusive  of  furniture. 
Mr.  Tufnell  was  appointed  to  the  Professorship,  and  lectured 
until  1860,  when  his  Chair  was  abolished  as  a  result  of  the 
foundation  of  Netley  Military  School.  At  the  request  of  the 
Secretary-at-War  the  Council  agreed  to  maintain  the  dissecting- 
room  for  the  use  of  army  medical  officers,  but  declined  the  Secre- 
tary's offer  of  an  annual  grant  of  £10  or  £12  for  this  purpose. 

In  1863  black  gowns  were  provided  for  the  Professors.  The 
Council  decided  that  on  and  after  August,  1864,  certificates  of 
attendance  at  lectures  on  botany  would  be  required  for  examina- 
tion for  Letters  Testimonial. 

A  School  Committee  of  the  Council  were  formed  in  1873 ;  in 
1884  they  were  dissolved,  but  in  the  following  year  were  re-consti- 
tuted, and  are  now  supposed  to  supervise  the  School,  and  to  meet 
occasionally  with  the  Professors. 

In  1874  the  Chemical  Laboratory  was  improved  and  a  small 
one  for  teaching  purposes  added  to  it.  In  1881  the  Lecture 
Theatre  was  converted  into  a  laboratory  for  students,  at  a  cost  of 
£243  Is.  4d.,  and  the  lectures  on  chemistry  have  since  that  year 
been  delivered  in  the  smaller  theatre  built  for  Dr.  Apjohn  in 
1828. 

In  1878  the  Professor  of  Chemistry  fitted  up,  at  his  own  expense, 
a  research  laboratory  in  a  room  formerly  occupied  by  the  Curator, 
and  situated  in  the  block  of  buildings  containing  the  laboratory. 
In  1880-81  twelve  new  compounds  of  selenium  were  formed  in 
this  laboratory  by  the  Professors  of  Chemistry  and  Medical  Juris- 
prudence, and  described  in  the  "  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy  "  for  1882. 

In  1881  Mi*.  John  Morgan,  Professor  of  Anatomy,  died.  It  was 
thereupon  decided  that  his  successor  should  be  required  to  devote 
his  whole  time  to  the  duties  of  his  office.  It  was  also  resolved  that 
whenever  the  second  Professorship  of  Anatomy  became  vacant  it 


DATES  OF  APPOINTMENTS  OF  PROFESSORS.  453 

should  be  allowed  to  lapse,  so  that  the  whole  emoluments  derived 
from  the  anatomical  teaching  should  go  to  only  one  Professor. 
By  this  arrangement  it  was  hoped  that  a  first-class  anatomist 
would  be  secured  for  the  School — a  hope  realised  by  the  acceptance 
of  the  Professorship  of  Anatomy  by  Mr.  D.  J.  Cunningham,  of 
Edinburgh  University. 

In  1882  great  improvements  were  made  in  the  School.  A 
histological  laboratory  was  built  over  the  dissecting  room,  the 
floor  of  the  latter  being  lowered.  The  old  School  Museum  was 
converted  into  a  "  bone  room ;"  the  lecture  theatre  was  improved  ; 
two  rooms  for  the  Professors  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  were 
provided,  as  was  also  a  large,  airy,  well-lighted  apartment  for  the 
preparation  of  subjects.  Mr.  Henderson,  the  College  architect, 
designed,  in  conjunction  with  the  Professor,  these  alterations  and 
additions  to  the  School  buildings.  The  expense  of  effecting  these 
improvements  (including  interest  on  an  overdraft  upon  the  Bank 
of  Ireland)  up  to  1883  amounted  to  £3,421  18s.  lOd.  The  Pro- 
fessors undertook  to  pay  the  College  4^  per  cent,  interest  on  the 
sum  expended,  but  in  December,  1885,  this  impost  upon  the 
Professors  was  removed. 

The  proposal  to  expend  a  large  sum  of  money  for  exclusively 
School  purposes  excited  dissatisfaction  amongst  a  considerable 
number  of  Fellows.  (See  page  244.)  The  improvement  of  the 
School  was  warmly  taken  up  by  Mr.  G.  H.  Kidd,  who  devoted 
much  time  to  the  subject. 

In  the  session  1885-6  the  School  was  opened  to  women — one 
only,  Miss  Agnes  Shannon,  entered. 

Dates  of  Appointments  of  Professors  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology. 

1.  John  Halahan,  16th  November,  1785;  retired  in  1794;  re- 
elected in  1799  ;  resigned  in  1804. 

2.  William  Hartigan,  30th  October,  1789  ;  resigned  in  1799. 

3.  William  Lawless,  1st  September,  1794;  expelled  in  1798. 

4.  Richard  Dease,  September,  1798;  died  in  1819. 

5.  Abraham  Colles,  4th  September,  1804;  resigned  in  1827,  but 
retained  Chair  of  Surgery. 


454 


DATES  OF  APPOINTMENTS  OF  PROFESSORS. 


6.  Charles  Hawkes  Todd,  13th  March,  1819 ;  died  in  1826. 

7.  Samuel  Wilmot,  18th  April,  1826 ;  resigned  in  1827,  but 
retained  Chair  of  Surgery. 


8.  Arthur  Jacob, 

9.  Robert  Harrison,  |  4th  August,  1827 


resigned  in  1868. 
transferred  to  T.C. 
School,  1837. 

10.  Edward  Dillon  Mapother,  21st  February,  1868. 


Dates  of  Appointments  of  Professors  of  Surgery. 

1.  William  Dease,  16th  November,  1785;  died  in  1798. 

2.  William  Hartigan,  September,  1798  ;  resigned  in  1799 

3.  John  Halahan.  )  „  (  resigned  in  1804. 

September,  1799;     «.  ?.  1ai0 


4.  Richard  Dease,  j  '  (  died  in  1819. 

5.  Abraham  Colles,  4th  September,  1804;  resigned  in  1836. 

6.  Charles  Hawkes  Todd,  13th  March,  1819;  died  in  1826. 

7.  Samuel  Wilmot,  18th  April,  1826  ;  resigned  in  1836. 

8.  William  Henry  Porter,  24th  October,  1836 ;  died  in  1847. 

9.  William  Hargrave,  18th  September,  ]  847 ;  resigned  in  1872. 

10.  John  Hatch  Power,  14th  June,  1861 ;  died  in  1863. 

11.  James  Stannus  Hughes,  25th  June,  1863;  died  in  1884. 

12.  William  Stokes,  24th  December,  1872. 

13.  Edward  Hamilton,  24th  July,  1884. 


Dates  of  Appointments  of  Professors  of  Midwifery. 

1.  John  Halahan,  13th  October,  1789;  resigned  in  1793. 

2.  Sir  Henry  Jebb,  26th  September,  1793;  resigned  in  1794. 

3.  John  Creighton,  1st  December,  1794;  resigned  in  1819. 

4.  Andrew  Johnston,  15th  June,  1819;  resigned  in  1823. 

5.  Charles  Johnson,  June,  1823 ;  resigned  in  1835. 

6.  Henry  W.  Maunsell,  26th  February,  1835  ;  resigned  in  1841. 

7.  Thomas  Edwd.  Beatty,  23rd  January,  1842  ;  resigned  in  1857. 

8.  James  H.  Sawyer,  5th  October,  1857 ;  resigned  in  1874. 

9.  John  Cronyn,  14th  January,  1875;  died  in  1877. 

10.  William  Roe,  2nd  August,  1877. 


DATES  OF  APPOINTMENTS  OF  PROFESSORS.  455 


Dates  of  Appointments  of  Professors  of  Materia  Medica,  formerly 
termed  Surgical  Pharmacy. 

1.  Clement  Archer,  13th  October,  1789  ;  died  in  1803.  Clement 
Archer  and  J.  A.  Garnett  (assistant),  September,  1799. 

2  John  Armstrong  Garnett,  6th  September,  1803  ;  resigned  in 
1813.  J.  A.  Garnett  and  A.  Johnston  (assistant),  17th  September, 
1812. 

3.  Andrew  Johnston,  14th  September,  1813 ;  transferred  to 
Midwifery  Chair  in  1819. 

4.  Thomas  Hewson,  15th  June,  1819 ;  resigned  in  1826. 

5.  Rawdon  Macnamara  (primus),  15th  June,  1826  ;  resigned  in 
1836. 

6.  Robert  Carlisle  Williams,  1st  September,  1836  ;  died  in  1860. 

7.  Rawdon  Macnamara  (secundus),  3rd  August,  1860. 

Dates  of  Appointments  of  Professors  of  Botany. 

1.  Walter  Wade,  23rd  January,  1792  ;  died  in  1825.  Vacancy 
unfilled  until  1842. 

2.  O'Bryen  Bellingham,  15th  June,  1842  ;  resigned  in  1850. 

3.  Arthur  Mitchell,  7th  May,  1850 ;  resigned  in  1867. 

4.  Humphrey  Minchin,  21st  March,  1867. 

Dates  of  Appointments  of  Professors  of  Medicine. 

1.  John  Cheyne,  15th  June,  1813;  resigned  in  1819. 

2.  Whitley  Stokes,  15th  June,  1819;  resigned  in  1828. 

3.  Sir  Henry  Marsh,  4th  August,  1828 ;  resigned  in  1832. 

4.  John  Timothy  Kirby,  28th  July,  1832;  resigned  in  1836. 

5.  Charles  Benson,       1  7th  M     h  1836  \  res^=nec^  m  1872. 

6.  Richard  J.  Evanson, )  '  (  resigned  in  1843. 

7.  James  Little,  13th  December,  1872 ;  resigned  in  1883. 

8.  Arthur  Wynne  Foot,  2nd  June,  1883. 

Dates  of  Appointments  of  Professors  of  Chemistry. 

1.  James  Apjohn,  16th  June,  1828;  transferred  to  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1850. 

2.  William  Barker,  5th  August,  1850;  died  in  1873. 


456 


DATES  OF  APPOINTMENTS  OF  PKOFESSORS. 


3.  James  Emerson  Reynolds,  24th  October,  1873 ;  transferred 
to  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1875. 

4.  Charles  Alexander  Cameron,  18th  March,  1875. 

Dates  of  Appointments  of  Professors  of  Medical  Jurisprudence. 

1.  John  Thomas  Adrien,  23rd  July,  1829  ;  died  in  1830. 

2.  Thomas  Edward  Beatty,  29th  Nov.,  1830 ;  resigned  in  1835. 

3.  Thomas  Grace  Geoghegan,  9th  July,  1835 ;  died  in  1879. 

4.  Edmond  William  Davy,  17th  February,  1870. 

Dates  of  Appointments  of  Professors  of  Descriptive  Anatomy. 

1.  John  Hart,  14th  December,  1837;  resigned  in  1853. 

2.  William  Hargrave,  14th  December,  1837;  transferred  to  Chair 
of  Surgery  in  1847. 

3.  John  M'Donnell,  23rd  October,  1847;  resigned  in  1851. 

4.  John  Hatch  Power,  15th  December,  1851;  transferred  to 
Chair  of  Surgery  in  1861. 

5.  Philip  Bevan,  30th  October,  1853;  died  in  1882. 

6.  John  Morgan,  2nd  August,  1861 ;  died  in  1876. 

7.  William  Thornley  Stoker,  27th  April,  1876. 

8.  Daniel  John  Cunningham,  26th  January,  1882;  transferred 
to  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1883. 

9.  Alexander  Frazer,  4th  November,  1883. 

Dates  of  Appointments  of  Professors  of  Hygiene,  or  Political  Medicine. 

1.  Henry  Maunsell,  13th  December,  1841 ;  resigned  22nd  May 
1846.    Interregnum  until  1864. 

2.  Edward  Dillon  Mapother,  30th  May,  1864;  transferred  to 
Chair  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  1868. 

3.  Charles  Alexander  Cameron,  9th  April,  1868. 

Date  of  Appointment  of  Regius  Professor  of  Military  Surgery. 
Edward  Jolliffe  Tufnell,  1851-60.    (Professorship  abolished). 

Date  of  Appointment  of  Professor  of  Logic. 
John  Murray,  13th  May,  1852;  resigned  14th  April,  1862. 
(Professorship  in  abeyance.) 


DATES  OF  APPOINTMENTS  OF  PROFESSORS.  457 


Dates  of  Appointments  of  Professors  of  Ophthalmology. 

1.  Henry  Wilson,  4th  July,  1872  ;  died  in  1877. 

2.  Henry  Rosborough  Swanzy,  2nd  August,  1877 ;  resigned  on 
becoming  Examiner  in  1881. 

3.  Archibald  Hamilton  Jacob,  8th  May,  1881. 

Date  of  Appointment  of  Professor  of  Dental  Surgery. 
Theodore  Stack,  3rd  January,  1884. 


Number  of  Pupils  attending  at  the  Courses  of  Lectures  on  Anatomy 
delivered  in  the  College  School  during  the  years  1799  to  1884 


inclusive  :— 

Year 

No. 

Year 

No. 

Year 

No. 

1799 

60 

1828 

282 

1857 

127 

1800 

105 

1829 

291 

1858 

170 

1801 

183 

1830 

273 

1859 

183 

JL  KJ  U 

1802 

86 

1831 

270 

1860 

220 

1803 

94 

1832 

252 

1861 

189 

1804 

104 

JL  V/^X 

1 833 

277 

1  Sfi 

1805 

119 

1834 

264 

1863 

162 

1806 

117 

1835 

244 

1864 

115 

1807 

120 

1836 

223 

1865 

168 

1808 

185 

1837 

218 

1866 

171 

1809 

192 

1838 

197 

1867 

161 

1810 

185 

1839 

214 

1868 

148 

1811 

204 

1840 

130 

1869 

157 

1812 

188 

1841 

146 

1870 

137 

1813 

165 

1842 

141 

1871 

153 

1814 

141 

1843 

137 

1872 

160 

1815 

173 

1844 

105 

1873 

116 

1816 

155 

1845 

1874 

186 

1817 

137 

1846 

1875 

192 

1818 

150 

1847 

1876 

198 

1819 

160 

1848 

1877 

189 

1820 

155 

1849 

104 

1878 

178 

1821 

184 

1850 

105 

1879 

170 

1822 

207 

1851 

120 

1880 

183 

1823 

243 

1852 

118 

1881 

140 

1824 

275 

1853 

116 

1882 

132 

1825 

265 

1854 

126 

1883 

120 

1826 

224 

1855 

129 

1884 

111 

1827 

254 

1856 

122 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES  OF  THE  COLLEGE  PROFESSORS. 

Up  to  the  present  sixty-five  Professors  have  been  elected,  all  of 
whom,  except  Dr.  Murray,  Professor  of  Logic,  were  medical  men. 
Fifty-two  of  the  Professors  rank  as  Members  or  Fellows,  of  whom 
twenty-four  have  served  in  the  office  of  President,  and  one  is  now 
President — biographical  sketches  of  the  latter  appear  in  Chapters 
XIV.,  XV.,  and  XVI.  Arthur  Jacob  served  longest  as  Professor, 
namely,  forty-one  years ;  Charles  Benson  was  thirty-six  years  in 
office ;  W.  Hargrave  and  T.  G.  Geoghegan,  thirty-five  years  each  ; 
and  Abraham  Colles  and  Walter  Wade,  thirty-four  years  each. 
These  are  the  only  Professors  whose  tenure  of  office  exceeded 
thirty  years. 

JOHN  THOMAS  ADRIEN,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICAL  JURIS- 
PRUDENCE, 1829-30. 

The  Adriens  are  descended  from  a  French  Huguenot  family, 
who  settled  in  Ireland  after  the  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 
In  process  of  time  they  became  Roman  Catholics — probably  as  a 
result  of  intermarriage.  In  the  last  century  one  of  them,  William 
Adrien,  was  a  tallow-chandler,  residing  at  No.  42  Thomas-street. 
He  had  a  son  named  John,  born  in  1760,  who  was  educated  in 
Paris  as  a  medical  man,  and  graduated  in  that  city  as  M.D.  in 
1781.  He  set  up  in  practice  in  Meath-street,  and  devoted  himself 
chiefly  to  surgery  and  midwifery.  In  1798,  when  Lord  Edward 
Fitzgerald  was  mortally  wounded  by  Major  Sirr,  the  first  surgeon 
who  attended  him  was  Adrien,  who  happened  to  be  in  a  house — 
no  doubt  his  father's — close  by  to  that  in  which  Lord  Edward  had 
been  concealed.  John  Adrien  gradually  removed  his  abode  east- 
wards, as  his  practice  became  more  extensive.  Having  lived  in 
Great  Ship-street,  Eustace-street,  and  Fleet-street,  he  finally  took 


J.  T.  ADRIEN,  PROF.  OF  MED.  JURISPRUDENCE,  1829-30.  459 

the  splendid  house,  No.  20  Dawson-street,  which  had  been  the 
town  residence  of  Lord  Northlands,  and  is  now  the  house  of  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy.  It  is  said  that  he  had  rooms  set  apart  for 
the  use  of  his  country  patients,  so  that  to  some  extent  his  house 
was  a  private  hospital.    He  died  in  1827. 

Dr.  Adrien  married  Mrs.  Derrick,  a  widow.  His  eldest  son, 
John  Thomas,  was  born  in  Eustace-street,  on  the  17th  May,  1798. 
He  was  educated  in  Trinity  College,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1818. 
He  studied  in  the  College  School,  and  obtained  the  Letters  Testi- 
monial of  the  College  on  the  18th  October,  1821,  and  in  1824  was 
elected  a  member.  He  married,  in  1817,  at  the  early  age  of  nine- 
teen, Bridget,  daughter  of  Thomas  Archdeacon,  a  Dublin  merchant. 
They  had  two  daughters  and  a  son.  One  of  the  former  died  aged 
sixteen;  the  other  married,  in  1841,  Francis  Norman,  Solicitor,  of 
Dublin.  She  died  in  1883,  leaving  a  large  family.  His  son,  John 
Joseph,  born  in  1830,  became  an  army  surgeon.  He  married 
Eliza,  daughter  of  Michael  Griffin,  County  of  Galway,  and  died 
at  Malta  in  1854,  leaving  two  children.  A  son  of  John  Adrien 
still  survives  in  the  person  of  Dr.  William  Adrien,  born  about 
1807. 

John  T.  Adrien  was  elected  in  1829  first  Professor  of  Medical 
Jurisprudence  in  the  College.  He  died  on  the  5th  October, 
1830,  from  cancer  of  the  tongue,  and  was  interred  in  St.  Ann's 
churchyard.  It  is  said  that  the  disease  was  contracted  from  a 
burn  which  he  received  whilst  engaged  in  some  blowpipe  experi- 
ments in  the  College  School. 

Adrien's  mother  was  a  Protestant,  and  he  was  entered  as  a 
Protestant  in  T.C.D. ;  but  it  is  certain  that  he  died  a  Roman 
Catholic. 

JAMES  APJOHN,  PROFESSOR  OF  CHEMISTRY,   L 82 8-50. 

Dr.  Apjohn  is  the  son  of  the  late  Thomas  Apjohn  and  of  his 
wife  Mary,  nee  Behan.  He  was  born  on  the  1st  September,  1796, 
at  his  father's  residence  and  property,  Sunville,  parish  of  Granard, 
in  the  County  of  Limerick,  and  was  educated  in  Tipperary 
Grammar  School,  where  he  spent  four  years.    In  1814  he  entered 


460      JAMES  APJOHN,  PKOFESSOR  OF  CHEMISTRY,  1828-50. 

Trinity  College  under  the  tutorship  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  "Wall — 
subsequently  Vice-Provost — and  won  a  scholarship  in  1815.  His 
medical  education  was  conducted  chiefly  in  T.C.D.  In  1817  he 
graduated  as  B.A.,  and  in  1821  took  the  degree  of  M.B.,  proceeding 
to  that  of  M.D.  in  1837.  On  the  7th  September,  1829,  he  became 
a  licentiate,  and  in  1831  a  Fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians. 
In  1850  he  vacated  his  Fellowship  on  being  elected  Professor  of 
Chemistry  in  Trinity  College,  and  was  immediately  afterwards 
elected  an  Honorary  Fellow. 

Dr.  Apjohn  made  his  dSbut  as  a  lecturer  on  science  in  the  Cork 
Institution  in  1824.  Towards  the  close  of  that  year  he  joined  with 
Cusack  and  others  in  establishing  the  Park-street  School,  and 
lectured  upon  chemistry  in  that  institution  until  1828,  when  he 
was  elected  Professor  of  Chemistry  to  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  where  he  attracted,  as  already  stated,  a  large  class. 
In  1841  he  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Applied  Chemistry  in 
Trinity  College,  and  in  1850,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  F.  Barker,  he 
succeeded  to  the  Chair  of  Chemistry,  with  which,  five  years  later, 
the  Professorship  of  Mineralogy  was  amalgamated.  In  1832  he 
joined  with  others  in  founding  the  City  of  Dublin  Hospital,  and 
acted  for  some  time  as  Physician  to  that  institution. 

Dr.  Apjohn  occupies  a  high  position  amongst  the  scientists  of 
these  countries.  As  a  lecturer  his  style  was  extremely  lucid,  and 
his  experiments  were  well  devised  and  successful.  In  1837  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy  awarded  him  the  Cunningham  Medal,  for 
his  papers  on  a  new  method  of  investigating  the  specific  heats  of 
gaseous  bodies.  In  foreign  countries  he  is  best  known  by  his 
formula  for  the  determination  of  the  dew-point,  which,  though  not 
absolutely  perfect,  corresponds  best  with  the  observations  made 
with  hygrometers.  His  papers  on  Chemistry,  Electricity,  and 
Mineralogy,  published  in  the  Records  of  the  Royal  Society  and 
the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  and  in  various  scientific  journals,  are 
numerous  and  important.  He  is  a  F.R.S.,  and  a  member,  honorary 
or  ordinary,  of  many  scientific  societies. 

Dr.  Apjohn  is  married  to  Anne,  daughter  of  the  late  Richard 
White,  of  Kilmoylan,  and  has  issue.   His  son  Richard,  Lecturer  on 


W.  BARKER,  PROFESSOR  OF  CHEMISTRY,  1850-73.  461 

Chemistry  at  Cambridge,  died  young ;  one  of  his  daughters  is 
married  to  Mr.  Barton,  Past  President  of  the  College. 

WILLIAM  BARKER,  PROFESSOR  OF  CHEMISTRY,  1850-73. 

W.  Barker's  father,  Francis  Barker,  was  an  eminent  physician 
and  chemist,  who  for  forty  years  filled  the  Chair  of  Chemistry  in 
the  University  of  Dublin.  In  the  last  century  and  the  early  part 
of  the  present  one,  the  cultivation  of  chemical  science  and  the 
practice  of  medicine  were  frequently  associated  in  the  same 
person.  Steevens,  Hutcheson,  Thornton,  M'Bride,  and  Percival 
were  engaged  in  medical  practice,  but  all  of  them,  save  M'Bride, 
taught  chemistry,  and  he  made  it  the  subject  of  original  investi- 
gation. Francis  Barker  was  a  highly  educated  physician.  He 
graduated  in  medicine  in  Edinburgh  in  1795.  In  1793  he  took 
the  B.A.  Degree,  and  in  1810  the  M.D.  Degree  of  Dublin  Univer- 
sity. He  became  a  Licentiate,  in  1805,  and  a  Fellow,  in  1813,  of 
the  College  of  Physicians,  and  for  many  years  was  Secretary  to 
the  Board  of  Health,  and  a  Physician  to  Cork-street  Fever 
Hospital.  In  1828  he  published  a  translation  of,  and  observations 
on,  the  Dublin  Pharmacpoeia,  and  he  was  author  of  several  valuable 
Eeports  of  the  Cork-street  Hospital,  and  one  (in  1831)  on  the 
"  Prevention  of  Spasmodic  Cholera."  In  conjunction  with  John 
Cheyne  he  produced,  in  1821,  a  work  on  "  Typhus  Fever  Epidemics" 
(see  Cheyne).    Barker  died  Oct.  8th,  1859,  aged  eighty-six  years. 

William  Barker  was  bom  in  Dublin  on  the  6th  January,  1810. 
His  mother,  Emma,  was  a  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Arthur  Conolly, 
Vicar  of  Donard,  in  the  County  of  Wicklow.  Barker  was  educated 
in  Arts  and  Medicine  in  Trinity  College,  and  in  1832  took  the 
Degree  of  B.A.,  in  1835  that  of  M.B.,  and  in  1842  proceeded  to 
the  M.D.  Degree.  On  the  20th  of  July,  1840,  he  was  admitted  a 
Licentiate,  and  on  the  14th  April,  1845,  a  Fellow  of  the  College 
of  Physicians — of  which,  in  1854,  he  became  Vice-President — but 
he  never  practised  as  a  physician.  In  1836  he  began  to  lecture  on 
Chemistry  in  the  Richmond  School,  and  in  1850  succeeded  Dr. 
Apjohn  in  the  Chemical  Chair  at  the  College  of  Surgeons.  He 
lectured  on  Natural  Philosophy  at  the  Royal  Dublin  Society  until 


462    o'b.  bellingham,  professor  of  botany,  1842-50. 

the  Royal  College  of  Science  was  established,  when  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  that  institution.  In  1838  he  married  Miss  Houghton, 
of  Dublin.  He  died  from  disease  of  the  liver  at  his  house,  21 
Hatch-street,  in  September,  1873.  Barker  did  not  write  much. 
He  was  a  highly  accomplished  musician  and  a  very  amiable  man, 
and  thousands  of  people  remember  his  popular  lectures.  His  son, 
Arthur  Edward  James,  a  Fellow  of  the  College,  is  Assistant- 
Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery,  University  College,  London,  and 
translator  of  Frey's  "  Manual  of  Histology  and  Histo-Chemistry." 

o'bryen  bellingham,  professor  of  botany,  1842-50. 

O'B.  Bellingham  was  a  son  of  Sir  Alan  Bellingham,  second 
Baronet,  and  his  wife,  Eliza,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Edward  Wallis, 
of  Boothby  Hall,  Lincolnshire.  He  was  born  at  his  father's  resi- 
dence, at  Castlebellingham,  on  the  12th  December,  1805.  His 
family  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  can 
trace  their  lineage  from  the  period  of  the  Conquest.  Having 
been  educated  at  the  Feinaiglian  School,  he  was  apprenticed  to 
James  Duggan  in  August,  1822,  and  entered  in  that  year  the 
College  School.  In  1828  he  "  passed  "  for  the  Licence,  and  on  the 
6th  May,  1833,  was  elected  to  the  Membership  of  the  College. 
He  spent  two  sessions  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  where  he 
graduated  in  1830.  He  was  for  several  years  a  member  of  the 
Pharmacy  Court  of  Examiners  of  the  College,  and  their  Professor 
of  Botany  during  the  period  1 842-50.  In  the  latter  year  he  became 
a  Surgical  Examiner.  He  was  Librarian  of  the  College  and 
Secretary  to  the  Surgical  Society.  Although  a  Protestant,  he  was 
appointed  Surgeon  to  St.  Vincent's  Hospital,  on  the  recommen- 
dation of  Dr.  Murray,  the  Roman  Catholic  Archbishop  of  Dublin. 
He  died  on  11th  October,  1857. 

Bellingham  was  a  singularly  mild  man,  courteous  in  his  inter- 
course with  all  classes.  By  his  patients  he  was  beloved  on  account 
of  his  sympathetic  and  tender  treatment  of  their  troubles.  His 
face  indicated  his  gentle  birth  and  his  high  intellectual  powers. 
He  was  fond  of  natural  history,  and  was  a  mainstay  of  the  Dublin 


PHILIP  BE  VAN,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  1853-82.  463 

Natural  History  Society,  which  met  for  many  years  in  Sackville- 
street,  and  died  in  Brunswick-street  about  twenty-six  years  ago. 

Bellingham  s  papers  are  valuable,  but  his  reputation  rests  upon 
his  Treatises  on  the  "  Cure  of  Aneurysm  by  Compression,"  and  on 
"  Diseases  of  the  Heart."  The  first  was  published  in  1847,  and,  as 
it  deals  with  the  history  of  the  subject  it  is  a  most  interesting  and 
valuable  work,  especially  in  this  city,  with  which  the  cure  of 
aneurysm  by  compression  will  always  be  associated.  In  his  work  on 
Heart  Disease,  which  abounds  with  original  observations,  he  points 
out  the  symptoms  which  characterise  deposits  in  the  arch  of  the 
aorta.  A  bust  of  Bellingham,  executed  by  Mr.  Kirk,  adorns  the 
College  Hall. 

PHILIP  BEVAN,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  1853-82. 

P.  Bevan  was  born  in  Dublin  in  1808.  His  father,  a  vicar- 
choral  of  Christ  Church  Cathedral,  married  Mary,  daughter  of 
Philip  Beere,  of  Dublin.  In  September,  1825,  Bevan  was  appren- 
ticed to  Alexander  Read,  and  his  professional  education  was  con- 
ducted in  the  College,  T.C.D.,  the  Richmond  Hospital,  and  the 
"  Dublin"  Schools.  In  1830  he  graduated  in  Arts,  taking  the  Degree 
of  M.B.  in  1833,  and  of  M.D.  in  1845.  He  "  passed"  at  the  College 
on  the  27th  August,  1831,  and  on  the  7th  August,  1837,  he  was 
elected  a  Member.  Shortly  after  Hargrave  formed  his  school  in 
Digges-street,  Bevan  was  appointed  a  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in 
it,  and  in  the  course  of  a  few  years  became  a  lecturer  on  that 
subject.  He  continued  in  connection  with  this  school  after  its 
amalgamation  with  the  school  in  27  Peter-street,  until  1853, 
when  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Anatomy  to  the  College,  in 
succession  to  Mr.  Hart.  He  retained  his  professorship  until  his 
death,  which  took  place  (from  liver  disease),  on  the  6th  December, 
1881,  at  Pembroke-road,  Co.  Dublin.  He  was  interred  in  Mount 
Jerome  Cemetery.  Bevan  was  for  some  years  Surgeon  to  St. 
Peter's  Hospital,  and  for  a  longer  period  to  Mercer's  Hospital. 
He  served  on  the  College  Council  for  several  years.  A  highly 
accomplished  anatomist,  and  a  thoroughly  educated  man,  yet  he 
wrote  but  little.    Of  his  contributions  to  medical  literature  that 


464       JOHN  CHETNE,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,  1813-19. 

on  "A  New  Apparatus  for  Fracture  of  the  Femur"  {Dublin  Journal 
of  Medical  Science,  1852)  he  considered  his  best.  He  was  a  remark- 
ably polite  man,  but  of  a  somewhat  retiring  disposition.  He  was 
married  to  Anna  Maria,  daughter  of  Sir  Robert  Hogan,  of  Pembroke- 
road,  Dublin.  The  death  of  his  only  son  preyed  upon  Bevan's  mind, 
and  I  have  no  doubt  hastened  his  death.    He  left  five  daughters. 

JOHN  CHEYNE,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,  1813-19. 

J.  Cheyne,  born  on  the  2nd  February,  1777,  at  Leith,  near 
Edinburgh,  was  the  fourth  of  the  six  children  of  Dr.  John 
Cheyne  and  Margaret  Edmonston.  He  was  educated  in  Edinburgh 
University,  and  graduated  M.D.  in  1795,  and  in  the  same  year 
passed  the  qualifying  examination  for  surgeons'  mate  at  the 
Surgeons'  Hall.  He  entered  the  army,  and  was  sent  to  Ireland — 
where  he  saw  some  active  service,  and  was  present  at  the  Battle  of 
Vinegar  Hill,  in  the  County  of  Wexford.  In  1799  he  returned  to 
Scotland,  and  took  charge  of  the  Leith  Ordnance  Hospital,  and 
began  to  assist  his  father.  He  spent  nine  years  in  this  way,  fully 
using  his  opportunities  for  studying  pathology.  He  formed  an 
acquaintance  with  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  Charles)  Bell,  from  whom 
he  received  valuable  instructions  in  the  art  of  performing  dis- 
sections of  the  human  subject. 

Owing  to  some  accounts  which  he  received  as  to  the  state  of  the 
medical  profession  in  Dublin,  Cheyne  resolved  to  revisit  that  city, 
and  arrived  there  in  March,  1809.  He  states  that  he  found  the 
medical  profession  respected;  chiefly,  no  doubt,  owing  to  the 
eminent  physicians  who  had  flourished  in  Dublin  during  the  previous 
half  century.  Dr.  Smith,  remarkable  for  his  munificence;  Sir 
Nathaniel  Barry,  whom  Mr.  G  rattan  characterised  as  the  most 
accomplished  gentleman  he  had  ever  known;  Dr.  Plunkett,  the 
witty  and  learned  brother  of  the  Lord  Chancellor,  and  many 
others  could  be  named  amongst  the  accomplished  medical  men  of 
those  days.  Cheyne  states  that  he  found  the  Dublin  physicians 
mostly  belonging  to  Cullen's  School,  relying  chiefly  upon  sympto- 
mology,  and  paying  but  little  attention  to  pathology.  Much  of  the 
purely  medical  practice  was  passing  into  the  hands  of  the  surgeons. 


JOHN  CHEYNE,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,  1813-19.  465 

Cheyne  settled  in  Dublin  towards  the  end  of  1809.  On  the  5th 
October,  1811,  he  was  admitted  a  licentiate  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  on  the  18th  October,  1824. 

From  the  9th  November,  1810,  until  the  4th  May,  1811,  Cheyne 
received  in  fees  the  sum  of  three  guineas.  In  the  latter  year  he 
was  appointed  Physician  to  the  Meath  Hospital  in  succession  to 
Gr.  F.  Todderick.  On  the  15th  June,  1813,  he  was  elected  Pro- 
fessor of  Medicine  to  the  College  of  Surgeons.  His  lectures,  which 
were  chiefly  on  military  surgery  and  medicine,  were  largely  attended 
by  navy  and  army  surgeons  and  surgeons'  mates,  as  well  as  by  the 
registered  pupils  of  the  College. 

Cheyne,  it  is  believed,  was  the  first  physician  of  good  standing 
in  Dublin  who  regularly  met  apothecaries  in  medical  consultations. 
In  1812  his  fees  rose  to  £472.  On  the  27th  October,  1815,  he 
was  appointed  Physician  to  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals, 
whereupon  he  resigned  his  post  in  the  Meath  Hospital,  but  he  did 
not  resign  his  professorship  in  the  College  until  1819.  In  1816  he 
realised  £1,710  from  his  practice.  In  conjunction  with  Percival, 
he  established  a  school  of  clinical  medicine  and  a  museum  of 
morbid  anatomy,  in  connection  with  the  House  of  Industry  Hos- 
pitals. In  1817-18  a  fever  epidemic  raged  in  Dublin,  and  the 
House  of  Industry  became  converted  into  a  vast  hospital  for  typhus 
fever  cases ;  about  700  were  treated  by  Cheyne  and  his  colleagues. 
In  1820  he  was  appointed  Physician-General.  At  page  103  et 
seq.,  a  notice  of  the  physicians-general  will  be  found.  The  office 
was  always  considered  by  medical  men  as  one  of  great  dignity, 
and  its  emoluments  were  considerable.  In  the  Whimsical  Miscellany 
(of  which  three  volumes  are  preserved  in  Trinity  College  Library), 
the  following  lines,  probably  written  by  Dean  Swift,  occur : — 

"  As  for  the  motives  most  men  doubt, 
Why  those  two  doctors  did  fall  out ; 

Some  say  it  was  ambition, 
And  that  the  one  did  undermine 
The  other's  credit  with  design, 

To  be  the  State's  Physitian." 

From  1820  to  1830  Cheyne's  income  averaged  £5,000.  Had  he 
paid  visits  to  patients  in  the  country — which  he  declined  to  do— 

2  H 


466       JOHN  CHEYNE,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,  1813-19. 

his  income  would  have  probably  reached  £6,000.  In  1825  his 
health  began  to  fail,  and  in  1831  he  retired  to  Sherrington,  in 
Buckinghamshire,  where  he  died  on  the  31st  January,  1836. 

Cheyne  used  his  pen  freely.  Up  to  the  year  1809  he  published 
in  Edinburgh  three  works  relating  to  diseases  of  children.  In 
these  books  he  laid  great  stress  upon  the  importance  of  making 
pathological  observations.  In  Dublin  this  important  means  of 
advancing  medical  knowledge  had  been  much  neglected,  little 
having  been  published  on  morbid  anatomy  from  Clossy's  time. 

In  1809  Cheyne's  work  on  the  "  Pathology  of  the  Membrane 
of  the  Trachea  and  Bronchia  "  appeared  in  London  in  the  form  of 
a  volume  of  204  pages  and  8  plates.  In  1812  he  published  in 
London  a  work  entitled  "  Cases  of  Apoplexy  and  Lethargy,  with 
Observations  of  Comatose  Diseases,"  8vo,  224  pages  and  5  plates. 
In  1815  there  was  published  in  Dublin  a  second  edition  of  his 
"  Essay  on  Dropsy  of  the  Brain,"  8vo,  75  pages.  In  his  Report  on 
the  Hardwicke  Fever  Hospital  for  1818  he  gives  an  interesting 
account  of  the  epidemic  of  typhus  fever  which  raged  in  Dublin 
in  1817-18.  An  account  of  this  epidemic  also  appears  in  the 
Dublin  Hospital  Reports,  Vol.  II.,  as  does  one  of  an  epidemic  of 
dysentery  in  Vol.  III.  In  1819  an  enlarged  edition  (168  pages) 
of  his  work  on  hydrocephalus  acutus  appeared  in  Dublin. 

In  1821  Cheyne  and  William  Barker  published  their  "  Account 
of  the  Rise,  Progress,  and  Decline  of  the  Fever  lately  Epidemical 
in  Ireland."  The  work,  which  was  brought  out  in  Dublin  in  two 
octavo  volumes  of  500  and  387  pages  each,  contains  numerous  com- 
munications with  physicians,  and  various  official  documents  relating 
to  this  epidemic  of  (typhus)  fever,  which  will  always  afford 
valuable  information  to  the  systematic  writers  on  fever.  In  1831 
he  presented  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant  a  Report  on  the  Prevention 
of  Spasmodic  Cholera.  His  last  work  was  the  following,  published 
after  his  death,  "  Essays  on  Partial  Derangement  of  the  Mind  in 
Supposed  Connection  with  Religion."  Dublin  :  W.  Curry,  Jun., 
&  Co.,  1843. 

Cheyne  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  George  Macartney, 
Vicar  of  Antrim.    Like  his  father,  he  had  sixteen  children — nine 


JOHN  CRONYN,  PROFESSOR  OF  MIDWIFERY,   L875-77.  467 

sons  and  seven  daughters.  One  of  the  latter,  Selina,  married  the 
Right  Rev.  Charles  Graves,  present  Lord  Bishop  of  Limerick. 

JOHN  CRONYN,  PROFESSOR  OF  MIDWIFERY,  1875-77. 

Mr.  Cronyn  was  born  in  November,  1826,  at  Callan,  in  the 
County  of  Kilkenny.  His  father,  a  physician,  married  Miss  Burt- 
chael.  He  received  his  earlier  education  at  home,  and  his  pro- 
fessional at  the  College  and  Cecilia-street  Schools.  He  obtained 
the  Letters  Testimonial  on  the  24th  August,  1847,  and  the  Fellow- 
ship on  the  31st  March,  1865.  On  the  1st  May,  1860,  he  took  out 
the  Licence  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  Shortly  after  becoming 
qualified  he  secured  the  Dispensary  of  Errill,  which  is  now  incor- 
porated with  that  of  Rathdowney,  in  the  Queen's  County.  He 
next  became  medical  attendant  at  Maryborough  Dispensary.  In 
1854  he  was  elected  medical  officer  of  Gowran  Dispensary  and 
Fever  Hospital,  and  eight  years  later  came  to  Dublin,  and  remained 
as  Assistant-Physician  to  the  Rotunda  Hospital  until  1865.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Midwifery  Court  of  Examiners  of  the 
College.  In  1865  he  took  the  house  31  Molesworth-street,  in 
which  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life,  and  died  from  gouty 
pneumonia  and  heart  disease  on  the  22nd  of  June,  1877,  and  was 
interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery. 

Mr.  Cronyn  married  Caroline  E.,  daughter  of  John  Benn,  of 
Dromore  House,  Newport,  County  of  Tipperary.  One  of  his  sons 
is  a  Licentiate  of  the  College,  practising  in  Dublin. 

Mr.  Cronyn  published,  in  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medicine,  a 
few  papers  in  relation  to  Midwifery,  the  branch  of  the  profession 
which  he  chiefly  practised. 

DANIEL  JOHN  CUNNINGHAM,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  1882-3. 

Dr.  Cunningham  was  born  at  Crieff,  Perthshire,  on  the  15th 
April,  1850.  His  father,  a  clergyman  of  the  Established  Church 
of  Scotland,  married  Miss  Susan  Porteous  Murray.  Having  spent 
some  years  of  study  in  Morrison's  Academy,  Crieff,  Dr.  Cunningham 
entered  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  where,  in  1874,  he  graduated 


468     D.  J.  CUNNINGHAM,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  1882-3. 

with  first-class  honours.  In  1876  he  proceeded  to  the  Degree  of 
M.D.,  and,  having  taken  for  his  inaugural  thesis  the  subject  of  the 
Cetacea,  was  awarded  for  it  a  gold  medal.  Having  taught  anatomy 
as  a  Demonstrator  in  his  University  for  ten  years,  he  was  elected 
Professor  of  Anatomy  to  the  College  on  the  26th  January,  1882, 
and  on  the  translation  of  Dr.  Macalister*  from  Dublin  to  Cam- 
bridge, in  1883,  he  succeeded  him  as  Professor  of  Anatomy  in 
Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He  is  an  Examiner  in  Anatomy  in  the 
Universities  of  London  and  Edinburgh,  and  is  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  the  latter  city.  In  1882  he  became  a  Fellow  of 
the  Irish  College  of  Surgeons,  stipendis  condonatus,  on  account  of 
his  important  investigations  in  comparative  anatomy,  and  on  the 
17th  December,  1885,  he  received  the  Degree  of  M.D.,  honoris 
causa,  from  the  University  of  Dublin. 

Dr.  Cunningham  has  contributed  several  papers  to  the  journals, 
and  has  published  a  "  Manual  of  Practical  Anatomy."  His  most 
valuable  and  original  work  is  that  described  in  his  Report  on  the 
Anatomy  of  the  Marsupial  Animals  brought  home  in  H.  M. 
Exploration  Ship,  the  "  Challenger." 

Dr.  Cunningham  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Andrew  Browne,  a  clergyman  of  the  Scotch  Church.  He  has  two 
sons  and  one  daughter. 

EDMUND  WM.  DAVY,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICAL  JURISPRUDENCE 

SINCE  1870. 

Dr.  Davy  was  born  on  the  2nd  July,  1826,  at  the  Royal  Cork 
Institution.  He  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  late  Professor  Edmund 
Davy,  F.R.S.,  who  was  born  at  Penzance,  in  Cornwall,  in  the  year 
1785,  and  in  1804  was  appointed  Assistant  in  the  Laboratory  of 
the  Royal  Institution — an  office  previously  filled  by  his  first  cousin 

*  Dr.  Macalister  studied  in  the  College  of  Surgeons'  School,  and  served  the  office  of 
Demonstrator.  His  departure  from  Dublin  is  a  loss  to  our  scientific  community  which 
we  could  ill  afford.  His  original  researches  in  comparative  anatomy  are  of  the  highest 
value,  and  he  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  greatest  authorities  on  muscular  anomalies. 
His  talents  are  versatile,  as  shown  by  his  numerous  contributions  to  the  science  of 
Egyptology.  At  an  early  age  he  received  the  high  distinction  of  being  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 


EDMUND  W.  DAVY,  PROFESSOR  OP  CHEMISTRY,  1870.  469 


Sir  Humphry  Davy,  and  who  was  at  that  time  the  Professor.  At 
that  time  the  Royal  Institution  was  the  centre  of  attraction  to 
all  the  chemists  in  Europe — from  it  emanated  those  brilliant  dis- 
coveries which  revolutionised  the  science  of  chemistry ;  and  it  was 
Mr.  Davy's  privilege  to  have  been  the  assistant  to  the  discoverer  of 
the  safety  lamp,  and  of  the  metals  of  the  alkalies  and  alkaline  earths, 
and  whose  scientific  revelations  have  left  a  lasting  impress  upon  tha 
physical  sciences.  In  1813  Mr.  Davy  was  elected  to  the  Professor- 
ship of  Chemistry  in  the  Cork  Royal  Institution,  and  in  1826  he 
became  Professor  of  Chemistry  to  the  Royal  Dublin  Society,  which 
office  he  retained  up  to  the  time  of  his  decease  in  1857.  Mr. 
Davy  was  a  successful  worker  in  the  field  of  chemical  science,  as  is 
testified  by  the  various  contributions  to  that  science  which  he  pub- 
lished in  the  "  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London,"  and 
in  other  scientific  periodicals.  He  married  Phillis  Emma,  the  only 
daughter  of  the  late  David  Barry,  of  Dundulerick,  Co.  Cork,  by 
whom  he  had  several  children,  two  of  whom  became  medical  men. 
Edmund  W.  Davy,  his  eldest  son,  received  his  preliminary  education 
at  the  Rev.  Mr.  Flynn's  School,  Dublin,  from  which  he  entered 
T.C.D.,  and  took  the  following  degrees  of  the  Dublin  University — 
viz.,  of  A.B.  in  1848,  of  M.B.  in  1849,  of  M.D.  in  1872,  and  of  A.M. 
in  1873.  In  1850  he  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  to  the 
Carmichael  School,  and  he  has  held  different  other  professional 
appointments.  He  was  Assistant  to  his  father  in  the  Royal  Dublin 
Society,  and  after  his  decease  was  elected  his  successor.  On  the 
establishment  of  the  Royal  College  of  Science  in  Dublin,  in  1867, 
he  was  transferred  to  it  as  its  Professor  of  Agriculture,  and  held  that 
office  till  its  abolition  in  1877.  On  the  decease  of  the  late  Pro- 
fessor Geoghegan  he  was,  on  the  17th  February,  1870,  appointed 
to  the  Chair  of  Medical  Jurisprudence  in  the  School  of  this  College, 
a  post  he  still  continues  to  hold.  He  was  Examiner  in  Medical 
Jurisprudence  in  the  Queen's  University,  and  is  at  present  an 
Examiner  in  Medical  Jurisprudence  to  the  Royal  University  and  in 
Chemistry  to  the  Board  of  Intermediate  Education. 

Dr.  Davy  has  published  numerous  chemical  papers  in  the 
"  Transactions  and  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,"  the 


470       E.  T.  EV ANSON,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,  1836-43. 

"  Philosophical  Magazine,"  "  Chemical  News,"  and  other  scientific 
journals.  He  was  the  first  to  effect  the  complete  decomposition  of  urea 
by  the  action  of  the  hypochlorites,  for  estimation  of  that  substance — 
a  method,  modified  by  other  chemists,  now  in  general  use.  He  has 
described  several  new  salts,  particularly  of  the  alkaloids,  and  chemical 
tests  for  strychnine,  carbolic  and  nitrous  acids,  alcohol,  arsenic,  &c. 

Dr.  Davy  married  Maria  Margaret,  youngest  daughter  of  the  late 
Captain  Maurice  Hewson,  R.N.,  of  the  County  Kerry,  a  distin- 
guished naval  officer ;  his  family  consists  of  two  sons  and  four 
daughters. 

RICHARD  TOWNSON  EV  ANSON,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,  1836-43. 

R.  T.  Evanson  was  born  in  the  year  1800.  His  father  was  an 
army  surgeon,  and  his  mother  was  a  Miss  MacMahon,  of  the 
County  of  Clare,  whose  sister  married  Dr.  O'Brien,  and  was  mother 
of  the  well-known  George  O'Brien,  Surgeon  to  the  Clare  Infirmary. 
Evanson  was  indentured  to  Philip  Crampton  in  March,  1821,  and 
attended  the  various  courses  of  instruction  in  the  College  School 
and  the  cliniques  at  the  Meath  Hospital.  In  December,  1827,  he 
obtained  the  Licence  of  the  College,  and  on  the  3rd  May,  1830,  he 
became  a  Member  thereof.  In  1832  he  graduated  M.D.  at  Glasgow 
University.  His  practice  in  Dublin  was  not  large,  though  he  was 
a  very  skilful  physician,  and  made  a  special  study  of  the  diseases 
peculiar  to  infancy.  Conjointly  with  Henry  Maunsell  he  wrote  a 
valuable  work  on  "  The  Management  and  Diseases  of  Children," 
which  is  not  yet  obsolete.  In  1830  he  was  appointed  Lecturer  on 
Materia  Medica  at  the  Park-street  School,  and  held  that  office 
until  1836,  when  he  became  with  Dr.  Charles  Benson  co-Professor 
of  Medicine  to  the  College.  In  1843  he  resigned  his  professorship, 
and  went  to  England,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In 
1859  he  obtained  the  Fellowship  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians, 
London.  In  1868  he  wrote  a  poem  of  some  merit,  entitled  "  Nature 
and  Art,  or  Reminiscences  of  the  last  International  Exhibition." 
He  died  at  Torquay,  Devonshh'e — where  he  had  long  resided — on 
the  26th  October,  1871,  aged  seventy-two. 

Evanson  made  three  ventures  in  the  field  of  matrimony.  First, 


ARTHUR  W.  FOOT,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,  1883.  471 

he  married  a  daughter  of  Admiral  Fortescue  ;  secondly,  he  married 
the  widow  of  Lord  William  Montague,  son  of  the  Duke  of  Man- 
chester; and  his  last  wife  was  also  a  widow — namely,  Mrs. 
Johnston,  of  Torquay. 

ARTHUR  WYNNE  FOOT,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE  SINCE  1883. 

Dr.  Foot  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  22nd  January,  1838.  He 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Lundy  Edward  Foot,  Barrister,  and  Lilias, 
daughter  of  Nathaniel  Caldwell,  of  Fitzwilliam-square.   The  Foots 
are  descended  from  a  member  of  the  family  of  the  Foots  long 
settled  at  Footscray,  in  Kent,  who  came  over  to  Ireland  with 
William  III.    The  name  Lundy,  so  common  amongst  the  Foots, 
is  derived  from  a  Miss  Lundy,  an  heiress  residing  at  Ringsend,  who 
about  1733  married  Jeffrey  Foot,  gentleman,  of  College-street, 
DubUn.    Dr.  Foot  was  educated  at  the  Rev.  J.  A.  Wall's  school, 
PortarHngton,  and  was  apprenticed  to  Maurice  H.  Collis.  He 
graduated  in  Arts  and  Medicine  in  Dublin  University  in  18ii2, 
and  took  the  degree  of  M  D.  in  1865,  and  the  diploma  in  State 
Medicine  in  1871.  In  1862  he  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  Colleges 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  in  1866  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  former.   In  1871  he  succeeded  Dr.  Hudson  as  Physician  to  the 
Meath  Hospital.   He  received  a  silver  medal  from  the  Pathological 
Society  for  an  essay  on  diseases  of  the  testis,  and  subsequently 
became  President  of  that  Association.    From  1863  to  1871  he  was 
a  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the  Trinity  College,  School.  Sub- 
sequently he  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Medicine  in  the  Ledwich, 
and  finally  succeeded  Dr.  Little  in  the  Chair  of  Medicine  in  the 
College,  School.    Dr.  Foot's  contributions  to  the  medical  journals 
are  voluminous,  and  many  of  them  exhibit  great  erudition  on  the 
part  of  tbeir  author.    Amongst  the  more  interesting  of  his  papers 
are  those  on  Chromidrosis  in  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science 
for  1866  and  1869,  and  on  Bromidrosis  and  Xanthelasma  in  the 
volumes  of  that  Journal  for  1866  and  1876. 

Dr.  Foot  is  married  to  the  eldest  daughter  of  Edward  Hunt, 
County  of  Kilkenny. 


472     ALEXANDER  FRASER,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  1883. 
ALEXANDER  FRASER,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY  SINCE  1883. 

A.  Fraser  was  born  on  the  30th  April,  1853,  at  Lossiemouth, 
near  Elgin,  Morayshire.  His  father,  James  Fraser  (a  contractor, 
chiefly  for  the  construction  of  harbours),  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  William  Anderson,  of  Forres,  Morayshire.  At  an 
early  age  he  was  sent  to  the  General  Assembly's  School,  Elgin, 
and  subsequently  received  tutorial  instruction  from  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Wright,  George-street,  Edinburgh.  Having  travelled  in  1868-70 
throughout  the  United  States,  he  entered  Glasgow  University  in 
1870,  and  studied  in  Arts  up  to  1874,  when  he  entered  the 
Medical  School  of  the  University,  and  graduated,  in  1878,  with 
First-class  Honours  in  Medicine.  Having  acted  for  some  time  as 
one  of  Professor  Allen  Thomson's  Assistants,  he  was  appointed,  in 
1878,  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  Owens  College,  Manchester. 
In  1882-83  he  studied  anatomy  and  embryology  under  Professor 
His  of  Leipsig,  and  Professor  Kolliker  of  Wiirzburg,  and  visited 
various  German,  Austrian,  and  French  Universities.  In  1883  he 
was  elected  Professor  of  Anatomy  to  the  College. 

Prof.  Fraser's  paper  on  the  Development  of  the  Ossicula  Auditus 
appears  in  the  "  Philosophical  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  " 
for  1882.  A  summary  of  his  Researches  on  the  Development  of  the 
Embryo  in  the  Higher  Mammalia  has  been  published  in  the  "  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Royal  Society  for  1882."  He  is  now  (1886)  issuing 
an  Atlas  of  Human  Anatomy;  Part  I. — Brain  and  Organs  of  Sense. 

THOMAS  GRACE  GEOGHEGAN,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICAL  JURIS- 
PRUDENCE, 1835-70. 
T.  G.  Geoghegan  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  20th  January, 
1807.  His  father  was  a  silk  manufacturer,  at  a  time  when  that 
business  was  a  flourishing  one  in  Dublin.  His  mother  was  Sarah 
Moore.  He  was  educated  chiefly  at  the  school  in  Hume- 
street,  near  Ely-place,  kept  by  his  elder  brother,  the  Rev.  E. 
Geoghegan,  who,  he  often  said,  exhibited  a  most  unpleasant 
impartiality  towards  his  relative  in  the  use  of  the  cane.  On  the 
30th  November,  1824,  he  was  indentured  to  Thomas  Hewson,  and 
entered  upon  his  professional  studies  in  the  College  School  and 


T.  G.  GEOGHEGAN,  PROFESSOR  OF  JURISPRUDENCE,  1835-70.  473 

the  Meath  Hospital.  In  1830  he  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial, 
and  was  elected  a  Member  of  the  College  on  the  1st  May,  1832. 
He  graduated  M.D.  at  Glasgow,  and  on  the  9th  July,  1835,  he 
succeeded  Beatty  in  the  Chair  of  Medical  Jurisprudence  in  the 
College.  His  first  medical  appointment  was  to  the  Sick  Poor 
Institution,  Meath-street,  and  he  subsequently  became  Physician  to 
the  Mendicity  Institution  and  the  Adelaide  Hospital,  and  at  the 
time  of  his  death  was  Surgeon  to  the  City  of  Dublin  Hospital 
and  the  Hospital  for  Incurables.  In  the  little  laboratory  which 
Apjohn  deserted  when  the  larger  one  was  built  for  him,  Geoghegan 
carried  on  his  toxicological  work  for  nearly  thirty-five  years.  Many 
interesting  cases  in  toxicology  and  forensic  medicine  came  under 
his  notice,  and  some  of  them  are  recorded  in  the  Dublin  Journal 
of  Medical  Science,  the  Medical  Gazette,  and  the  Medical  Press.  In 
Taylor's  works  on  Toxicology,  &c,  his  name  is  frequently  mentioned. 
He  died  suddenly  from  heart  disease,  on  Christmas  morning,  1869, 
at  his  residence,  4  Upper  Merrion-street,  and  was  buried  in  Mount 
Jerome  Cemetery.  Dr.  Geoghegan  married  Frances  Anne  Purser, 
a  member  of  a  well-known  Dublin  family.    He  left  a  family. 

JOHN  HAL  AH  AN,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  SURGERY,  AND 
MIDWIFERY,  1785-1804. 

J.  Halahan  was  born  in  1753,  in  the  County  of  Cork,  where  his 
father  was  a  country  gentleman.  He  seems  to  have  devoted 
himself  early  in  life  to  the  study  of  anatomy ;  and  long  before  the 
foundation  of  the  College  School,  or  indeed  of  the  College,  he 
taught  anatomy  in  Dublin  with  great  success.  He  was  Surgeon 
to  the  Foundlings'  Hospital  and  to  the  Dublin  General  Dispensary, 
Temple-bar.    Gilborne,  writing  in  1775,  says  of  him  : — 

"  John  Halahan  our  just  esteem  deserves  ; 
His  curious  Art  dead  bodies  long  preserves 
Entire  and  sound,  like  monuments  of  brass, 
Embalm 'd  ^Egyptian  Mummies  they  surpass — 
Surpass  the  Labours  of  the  famous  Ruysch,* 
He  does  Injections  to  Perfection  push." 

*  The  poet  refers  to  Frederick  Ruysch,  a  celebrated  Dutch  anatomist,  and  author  of 
"  Opera  Omnia  Anatomico-Medico-Chirurgica."  4  vols.  Published  at  Amsterdam 
in  1717  and  succeeding  years. 


474      J.  HALAHAN,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  ETC.,  1785-1804. 

He  was  not  a  Member  of  the  Dublin  Society  of  Surgeons,  but  he 
was  one  of  the  original  Members  of  the  College,  their  first 
Professor  of  Midwifery,  and  one  of  their  first  Anatomical  Profes- 
sors. He  was  also  Professor  of  Anatomy  to  the  Hibernian  Society 
of  Artists,  who  bear  much  the  same  relation  to  the  Royal  Hibernian 
Academy  of  the  Fine  Arts  that  the  Dublin  Society  of  Surgeons 
do  to  the  College  of  Surgeons.  In  1814  the  Society  presented 
Halahan  with  a  piece  of  plate  and  the  following  Address : — 

"  To  John  Halahan,  Esquire,  Member  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  in  Ireland,  Honorary  Member  of  the  Hibernian 
Society  of  Artists,  and  Professor  of  Anatomy  to  said  Society. 

"  Sir, — We  the  Members  of  the  Hibernian  Society  of  Artists, 
impressed  with  a  due  sense  of  your  indefatigable  zeal  for  the 
promotion  of  the  Fine  Arts,  and  the  many  obligations  we  owe  to 
you  for  the  luminous  and  satisfactory  anatomical  instructions  you 
have  so  cheerfully  imparted,  beg  leave  to  return  you  our  most 
warm  and  heartfelt  thanks. 

"  We  anticipate  with  pleasure  the  further  progress  we  shall 
make  in  that  highly  useful  study  through  the  fuller  and  more 
practical  Course  you  have  so  kindly  promised  at  some  future 
period,  and  we  cannot  conclude  without  entreating  your  acceptance 
of  a  small  Piece  of  Plate  as  a  testimony  of  our  gratitude  and 
esteem  (though  a  very  inadequate  one  indeed)  for  the  solid  obliga- 
tions you  have  conferred  on  us  by  your  learned  and  interesting 
illustrations  of  the  Animal  System. 

"  Signed  by  order, 

"  Chas.  Robertson,  Sec." 

The  piece  of  plate  referred  to  in  the  above  Address  consists  of 
a  large  cup,  cut  out  of  the  solid  block,  with  the  inscription  on  one 
side—"  Presented  by  the  Hibernian  Society  of  Artists  to  J ohn 
Halahan,  Esq.,  1814,"  and  on  the  other  side  are  three  raised 
figures,  representing  Science  revealing  Nature  to  Art.  The 
Society  also  presented  him  with  his  full-sized  Portrait,  representing 
him  as  lecturing  to  the  Members,  with  the  index  finger  of  the 
right  hand  pointing  to  a  skull  in  his  left  hand.  I  hope  this  portrait 
may  some  time  be  presented  to  the  College. 


JOHN  HART,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  1837-53.  475 

That  Halahan  was  a  man  with  whom  it  was  not  easy  to  find 
fault  is  proved  by  his  having  been  made  the  subject  of  panegyric 
by  Brennen,  who  was  much  more  disposed  to  blame  than  praise. 
In  his  Hibernian  Magazine  he  says  : — 

"  H.  was  Halahan,  one  of  the  obsolete  school, 
Who  worked  all  his  questions  by  truth's  golden  rule, 
And  always  was  sure  to  produce  a  right  answer, 
Surer  than  the  most  science-struck  necromancer." 

Halahan  married  Maria,  daughter  of  Samuel  Handy,  of  Brackat 
Castle,  County  of  Meath.  He  died  at  11  York-street  in  1813, 
and  was  interred  in  St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  Dublin. 

Halahan  left  a  family  of  seven  sons  and  five  daughters,  all 
of  whom  attained  to  a  good  old  age  ;  the  youngest  still  surviving, 
in  full  possession  of  his  intellectual  faculties,  though  now  in 
his  eighty-seventh  year — the  Rev.  Hickman  Halahan,  for  upwards 
of  fifty-two  years  curate  and  incumbent  of  St.  Nicholas- Without 
and  St.  Luke's.  It  is  remarkable  that  a  son  of  Surgeon  Halahan's, 
who  was  in  practice  when  Gilborne  wrote  of  him  111  years 
ago,  should  be  now  living.  His  eldest  son  was  a  surgeon  in 
the  Royal  Artillery ;  his  second  became  Inspector-General  of 
Hospitals ;  the  third  and  fourth  were  lieutenants  in  the  army ; 
the  fifth  was  a  commander  in  the  Royal  navy  ;  and  the  sixth 
was  long  engaged  in  medical  practice  in  Dublin.  One  of  Halahan's 
sons,  Richard,  won  in  1847  the  Triennial  Prize  (£300),  offered  by 
Sir  Astley  Cooper,  for  the  best  essay  on  the  "  Uses  and  Structures 
of  the  Supra-renal  Capsules." 

JOHN  HART,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  1837-1853. 

J.  Hart,  son  of  Thomas  Hart,  of  Dublin,  was  born  in  that  city 
about  1797.  He  was  apprenticed  to  J.  Halahan  on  the  20th  Nov., 
1813,  'and  was  entered  as  a  pupil  in  the  College  School.  On 
the  30th  August,  1819,  he  became  a  Licentiate,  and  on  the  4th 
February,  1822,  a  Member  of  the  College,  graduating  as  M.D.  in 
Glasgow  in  1833.  On  the  opening  of  the  Park-street  School,  in 
1825,  Hart  acted  as  a  demonstrator,  and  soon  afterwards  became 
Lecturer  on  Anatomy  and  Physiology.    In  1837  he  was  elected 


476      JAMES  S.  HUGHES,  PROFESSOR  OF  SURGERY,  1863-84. 

Professor  of  Anatomy  to  the  College  of  Surgeons.  He  made  a 
special  study  of  comparative  anatomy,  and  so  enthusiastic  was  he 
in  the  acquisition  of  this  branch  of  knowledge — then  comparatively 
new — that  he  went  to  Paris  to  listen  to  the  lectures  of  Cuvier,  and 
attended  a  course  of  lectures  on  comparative  anatomy  given  by 
Richard  Owen  in  the  London  College  of  Surgeons  in  1847. 

Hart's  health  beginning  to  fail  in  1853,  he  was  obliged  to  resign 
his  professorship,  a  pension  being  granted  to  him.  In  1867  he 
became  an  inmate  of  the  Maison  de  SantS ;  at  that  time  he  was 
almost  perfectly  blind,  and  was  paralytic.  He  died  on  the  30th 
June,  1872,  and  was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery.  He 
never  married.  Hart  wrote,  in  1825,  a  monograph  on  the  "  Anatomy 
of  the  Irish  Fossil  Deer,"  which  reached  a  second  edition  in  1830. 
He  published  in  the  Dublin  Philosophical  Journal,  November, 

1825,  a  paper  on  Paralysis,  and  in  the  same  journal,  for  February, 

1826,  he  gave  a  description  of  human  bones  found  in  the  well- 
known  Dunmore  Cave.  He  accounted,  in  the  Edinburgh  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal  for  April,  1826,  for  the  cause  of  the  recurrent 
course  of  the  inferior  laryngeal  nerves,  and  contributed  eight 
articles  to  Todd's  "  Cyclopaedia." 

JAMES  STANNUS  HUGHES,  PROFESSOR  OF  SURGERY,  1863-1884. 

J.  S.  Hughes,  born  at  100  Capel-street,  Dublin,  on  the  20th 
July,  1812,  was  a  son  of  James  Hughes,  solicitor,  by  his  wife, 
Margaret,  daughter  of  Trevor  Morton,  solicitor,  of  Golden-lane. 
He  was  educated  at  the  school  kept  by  Finn  and  Macshehan — a 
seminary  well-known  early  in  the  century.  He  was  indentured  to 
A.  Colles  in  March,  1830,  and  studied  in  the  College  School 
and  in  Steevens'  and  Jervis-stx*eet  Hospitals.  In  1838  he  "  passed  " 
at  the  College,  and  was  elected  a  member  on  the  13th  December, 
1844.  He  graduated  M.D.  in  the  Queen's  University  in  1864. 
Dr.  Hughes  was  surgeon  to  Jervis-street  Hospital  and  the  Con- 
valescent Home,  and  was  a  lecturer  in  the  Ledwich  School.  He 
was  many  years  surgeon  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant's  household  (see 
page  106),  and  was  for  a  long  period  Secretary  to  the  College 


A.  H.  JACOB,  PROFESSOR  OF  OPHTHALMOLOGY,  1882.  477 

Council.  He  published  in  1860  a  treatise  on  Diseases  of  the 
Prostate  Gland,  and  contributed  several  papers  to  the  medical 
journals.  Hughes  was  fond  of  society,  and  his  agreeable  and  bland 
manners  acquired  for  him  many  friends.  He  married  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Walter  Blake,  of  Meelick,  County  of  Gralway.  He 
had  no  children,  and  was  for  a  long  time  a  widower.  He  died 
suddenly  at  No.  1  Merrion-square,  on  the  1st  of  June,  1884,  and 
was  interred  in  Glasnevin  Cemetery.  The  late  Judge  Hughes  was 
Dr.  Hughes'  brother. 

ARCHIBALD  HAMILTON  JACOB,  PROFESSOR  OF  OPHTHALMOLOGY 

SINCE  1882. 

A.  H.  Jacob  is  the  fourth  son  of  the  late  Arthur  Jacob  (see 
page  390),  and  was  born  in  his  father's  house,  23  Ely-place,  on 
the  13th  May,  1837.  His  earlier  education  was  conducted,  first, 
at  Dundrum,  secondly  (during  three  years),  at  St.  Peter's  School, 
York.  In  1854  he  entered  T.C.D.  as  a  pensioner,  and,  during 
his  undergraduate  course,  obtained  honours  in  Experimental 
Physics  and  various  professional  prizes.  In  1858  he  graduated 
B.A.,  and  in  1862  M.D.  His  medical  education  was  conducted 
in  the  College,  and  Trinity  College  Schools,  and  in  the  City  of 
Dublin  Hospital — studying  the  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear  under 
his  father,  to  whom  he  acted  as  Assistant.  In  1859  he  obtained 
the.  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College,  and  "passed"  for  the 
Fellowship  on  the  12th  August,  1863. 

In  1866  Mr.  Jacob  succeeded  his  father  as  Ophthalmic  Surgeon 
to  the  City  of  Dublin  Hospital,  and  about  the  same  time  was 
elected  a  Member  of  Council.  In  1870  he  resigned  his  connection 
with  the  City  of  Dublin  Hospital,  and  two  years  later  opened  the 

Dublin  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,"  and  acted  as  its  Surgeon  until 
1875.  In  1882  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Ophthalmology.  He 
had  previously  considerable  knowledge  of  the  School,  having  for 
several  years  assisted  his  father  as  Prosector  and  Assistant  in  the 
preparation  of  his  lectures  on  anatomy —  comparative  and  human — 
and  physiology.  In  1883  he  was  appointed  Surgeon  Oculist  to 
the  Lord  Lieutenant,  and  at  present  is  Ophthalmic  Surgeon  to 


478      CHARLES  JOHNSON,  PROFESSOR  OF  MIDWIFERY,  1823-35. 

the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals.  In  June,  1884,  lie  was  unani- 
mously elected  Secretary  to  the  Council. 

Mr.  Jacoh  takes  a  prominent  part  in  medical  literature  and 
politics,  and  since  1860  has  edited  and  managed  the  Medical  Press 
and  Circular.  In  1872  he  established  the  "  Irish  Medical  Direc- 
tory," following  the  lead  of  Mr.  Croly,  of  Rathfarnham,  who  in 
1843  brought  out  a  similar  publication,  of  which  a  second  edition 
appeared  in  1846.  It  was  the  earliest  of  the  Medical  Directories 
of  the  United  Kingdom.  The  numerous  contributions  of  Mr. 
Jacob  to  the  special  departments  in  which  he  practises  have  mostly 
appeared  in  his  own  journal. 

Mr.  Jacob  married,  in  1862,  Florence  Elizabeth,  the  second 
and  only  surviving  daughter  of  Francis  M'Clean,  of  10  Stephen' s- 
green,  by  his  wife  Elizabeth,  ne'e  Anderson.  They  have  ten 
children — five  boys  and  five  girls. 

CHARLES  JOHNSON,  PROFESSOR  OF  MIDWIFERY,  1823-35. 

C.  Johnson,  was  born  in  Wexford  in  1794,  and  was  a  posthumous 
child.  His  father,  a  man  of  good  position  and  some  means, 
belonged  to  a  Kerry  family,  and  was  married  to  Miss  Charlotte 
Smyth,  of  Sligo.  Their  son  Charles,  having  received  a  sound 
preliminary  education  was  apprenticed  on  the  8th  September,  1810, 
to  Ebenezer  Jacob,  and  commenced  to  learn  his  profession  in 
the  Wexford  Infirmary.  Jacob  dying  in  1813,  Johnson  was 
transferred  to  Hewson,  and  he  was  registered  as  a  pupil  in  the 
College  on  the  8th  October,  1812,  and  received  his  anatomical 
instruction  in  the  College  School,  and  his  medical  education  in  the 
Meath  Hospital. 

On  the  31st  January,  1815,  Johnson  "  passed  "  for  the  Licence 
at  the  College.  In  those  days  it  was  usual  for  the  Treasurer  to 
meet  at  the  Bank  the  candidate  for  the  diploma,  to  instruct  him 
as  to  the  lodgment  of  the  fee,  and  Johnson  had  arranged  to  meet 
Andrew  Johnston,  the  Treasurer,  for  this  purpose.  On  the  appointed 
day  he  was  sent  by  Hewson  to  visit  a  patient  in  Mercer-street,  and 
whilst  paying  his  visit  he  looked  at  his  watch,  and  found  that  it 


CHARLES  JOHNSON,  PROFESSOR  OF  MIDWIFERY,  1823-35.  479 


wanted  but  five  minutes  of  the  time  at  which  he  was  to  meet  the 
Treasurer.  Telling  the  patient  that  he  would  return  shortly,  he 
hurried  to  the  Bank,  transacted  his  business,  and  was  returning  to 
the  patient's  house,  when  he  learned  that  it  had  fallen  a  few  minutes 
after  he  had  left  it,  and  that  the  unfortunate  patient  was  killed — 
if  Johnson  had  not  been  a  punctual  man  he  would  have  met  the 
same  fate. 

On  the  3rd  Angust,  1818,  Johnsou  was  elected  a  Member  of  the 
College,  and  owing  to  defective  sight  in  one  eye,  he  decided  that 
the  branch  of  the  medical  art  which  that  infirmity  would  least 
interfere  with  was  the  obstetrical — in  those  days  the  uterine  specu- 
lum was  unknown.  He  accordingly  obtained  the  office  of  assistant 
to  Labatt,  Master  of  the  Rotunda  Hospital,  and  subsequently  (in 
1840)  became  himself  Master  of  the  great  Maternity.  Having 
served  three  years  in  the  Rotunda  he  set  up  in  practice  in  South 
Anne-street,  and  soon  gained  a  large  clientele.  In  1828  he 
succeeded  Andrew  Johnston  in  the  Chair  of  Midwifery  of  the 
College,  and  retained  it  until  1834,  when  the  pressure  of  his  large 
practice  obliged  him  to  resign  it.  He  was  now  living  in  Merrion- 
square,  and  his  practice  was  chiefly  amongst  the  upper  classes. 
He  made  a  special  study  of  the  diseases  of  children,  and  to 
him  and  Sir  Henry  Marsh  the  establishment  (in  1822)  of  the 
Pitt-street  Hospital  for  Children  is  due.  In  1829  he  obtained  the 
Licence  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  in  1841  was  elected  an 
Honorary  Fellow  of  that  College. 

Johnson  published  only  two  papers — one  on  Whooping-Cough, 
in  the  Encyclopaedia  of  Practical  Medicine;  the  other,  on  Two 
Cases  of  Extirpation  of  the  Inverted  Uterus,  appears  in  the 
third  volume  of  the  Dublin  Hospital  Reports.  The  latter  paper 
excited  considerable  interest,  very  few  cases  of  excision  of  the 
uterus  having  previously  been  recorded. 

Johnson  was  the  first  Dublin  accoucheur  who  abandoned  the 
white  cravat,  and  substituted  therefor  a  black  silk  necktie.  Ring- 
land  was  the  last  who  retained  the  "white  choker,"  believed 
not  many  years  ago  to  be  an  essential  part  of  the  obstetrician's 
costume.    Hair  powder  and  Hessian  boots  were  in  vogue  amongst 


480     WILLIAM  LAWLESS,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  1791—98. 

medical  men  longer  than  amongst  the  other  professions,  and,  with 
the  exception  of  clergymen,  they  were  the  latest  to  abandon  white 
neckerchiefs. 

Johnson  married  Letitia  Lucretia,  daughter  of  James  Johnston, 
solicitor,  son  of  Francis  Johnston,  of  Corkeeran,  County  of 
Monaghan ;  two  of  his  sons  are  medical  men,  but  they  have  long 
been  absent  from  this  country.  He  died  of  apoplexy  at  Clifton 
House,  Monkstown,  19th  June,  1866,  aged  seventy-three,  and  was 
interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery. 

WILLIAM  LAWLESS,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY  AND  PHYSIOLOGY, 

1794-1798. 

W.  Lawless  was  born  about  the  year  1764,  and  it  is  said  that 
he  was  a  distant  relation  of  Lord  Cloncurry.  On  the  12th 
March,  1781,  he  was  indentured  for  5  years  to  Michael  Keogh,  of 
Meath-street.  He  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College 
on  the  11th  June,  1788.  On  the  9th  March,  1790,  he  was  elected 
a  Member,  and  set  up  in  practice  in  Meath-street.  He  was  one  of 
the  superintendents  of  dissections  appointed  when  the  College 
School  was,  in  1789,  established  in  Mercer-street.  On  the  1st 
September,  1794,  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Anatomy  and 
Physiology.  He  became  a  United  Irishman,  and  in  1798,  having 
received  private  information  that  a  warrant  was  out  for  his  appre- 
hension, he  made  his  escape  from  Dublin.  On  the  4th  February, 
1799,  he  was  expelled  from  the  College. 

Lawless  entered  the  French  Army,  in  which  he  achieved  great 
distinction.  His  career  has  been  briefly  described  in  Dr.  Madden's 
"Lives  of  United  Irishmen."  He  lost  a  leg  at  the  Battle  of 
Dresden.  When  Walcheren  was  captured  by  the  British,  he 
wrapped  the  colours  of  his  regiment  round  his  body  and  plunged 
into  the  waves,  and,  amidst  a  shower  of  bullets,  swam  to  a  boat 
and  escaped.  He  attained  the  rank  of  Marechal  de  Camp,  and 
died  in  Paris  on  the  24th  December,  1825. 


r  J  AMES  LITTLE,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,   1872-83.  481 


JAMES  LITTLE,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,  1872-83. 

Dr.  Little  was  born  in  Newry  on  the  21st  January,  1837.  He 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Archibald  Little,  by  his  wife,  Mary,  nie 
Coulter,  of  Carnmeen.  He  was  educated,  first  at  the  Academy, 
Cookstown,  and  afterwards  at  the  Royal  School,  Armagh.  He 
then  became  an  Apprentice  of  the  late  Dr.  John  Colvan,  Physician 
to  the  Armagh  Fever  Hospital,  and  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Alexander 
Robinson,  Surgeon  to  the  County  Infirmary.  He  became  a 
student  in  the  College  School  in  November,  1853,  and  attended 
the  cliniques  at  the  City  of  Dublin  Hospital,  and  also  those  at  the 
Richmond  and  Whitworth  Hospitals.  Intending  to  graduate  in 
the  University  of  Edinburgh  he  took  out  two  courses  of  lectures 
each  year  in  the  School  of  Physic,  as  required  of  Dublin  students  by 
the  regulations  of  the  Edinburgh  University.  Having  become  a 
Licentiate  of  the  College  of  Surgeons  on  the  29th  June,  1856,  he 
returned  for  six  months  to  Armagh,  where  Dr.  Robinson  allowed 
him  to  take  the  responsible  charge  of  the  Infirmary,  and  where, 
through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Cuming,  he  was  also  permitted  regu- 
larly to  attend  the  Lunatic  Asylum.  In  the  spring  of  1857  he 
went  to  India,  in  the  service  of  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental  Steam 
Packet  Company,  and  remained  on  their  Calcutta  Station  until 
the  summer  of  1860.  On  his  return  he  went  to  Edinburgh,  where 
he  graduated  in  1861,  taking  the  prize  in  Psychological  Medicine, 
at  that  time  given  by  the  Commissioners  in  Lunacy  for  Scotland. 
Dr.  Little  then  spent  two  years  in  private  practice  in  Lurgan,  and 
subsequently  a  year  on  the  Continent.  At  the  termination  of  this 
he  settled  in  Dublin,  where,  after  an  interval  of  about  a  year,  he 
was  elected  one  of  the  Physicians  to  the  Adelaide  Hospital.  A 
little  later  he  became  Lecturer  on  Practice  of  Medicine  in  the 
Ledwich  School  of  Medicine,  and  this  office  he  held  until  appointed, 
on  the  3rd  December,  1872,  to  the  Professorship  of  Practice  of 
Medicine  in  the  School  of  Surgery  ;  the  latter  position  he  resigned 
in  1883.  On  the  11th  April,  1865,  he  was  admitted  a  Licentiate 
of  the  College  of  Physicians,  of  which  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  on 
the  18th  of  October,  1867. 

2  i 


482      john  m'donnell,  professor  of  anatomy,  1847-51. 


Dr.  Little  held  the  offices — first,  of  Registrar,  and  subsequently, 
for  four  years,  of  Examiner  in  Medicine  and  in  Clinical  Medicine, 
to  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  he  was  for  some  years  editor  of 
the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science.  He  is  Consulting  Physi- 
cian to  the  Rotunda,  St.  Mark's,  and  the  Children's  Hospitals. 

Dr.  Little  has  contributed  several  papers  to  the  journals,  and  is 
the  author  of  a  work  entitled  "First  Steps  in  Clinical  Study," 
which  has  attained  to  a  third  edition ;  it  is  designed  for  the  use  of 
students.  His  practice  is  a  very  large  one ;  probably  no  Dublin 
physician — not  even  John  Cheyne — had  a  greater.  Of  his  skill 
and  kindness  the  author  of  this  work  and  members  of  his  family 
are  grateful  witnesses. 

Dr.  Little  married  Anna,  daughter  of  the  late  Robert  Murdoch, 
of  Leeson-street,  an  eminent  solicitor,  and  has  issue  two  sons  and 
one  daughter. 

JOHN  M'DONNELL,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  1847-51. 

Dr.  M'Donnell's  family  are  of  Scottish  extraction,  but  they 
have  been  settled  for  nearly  three  centuries  in  Ireland — a  period 
of  time  more  than  sufficient,  according  to  Mr.  Froude,  to  thoroughly 
Hibernicise  them.  The  M'Donnells,  or  M'Donalds,  are  a  Highland 
clan  which  at,  one  time  possessed  considerable  power  in  Scotland, 
and  produced  warriors  of  great  prowess.  The  founder  of  Dr. 
M'Donnell's  family  was  Ian  Vohr  of  Isla  and  Cantyre,  who  about 
1390  married  Marjory  Byssett  of  Glenarm,  in  the  County  of 
Antrim,  sole  heiress  of  a  Norman  Baron  (a  follower  of  Richard 
II.),  who  acquired  a  large  estate  in  Ireland.  Scottish  historians 
assert  that  Richard  II.  was  not  murdered,  but  that  he  escaped  to 
Scotland,  where  he  lived  for  18  years  in  Stirling,  and  that  he  was 
recognised  by  an  Irish  lady  named  Byssett.  Ian  Vohr's  great  grand- 
son was  Sir  Alaster  Maccolla  M'Donnell,  a  Major-General,  and 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  and  successful  of  the  lieutenants  of  the 
great  Marquis  of  Montrose.  His  valour,  and  that  of  the  men  of 
his  brigade,  contributed  materially  to  win  the  six  battles  which 
Montrose  fought  in  1644-5.  After  the  splendid  victory  of  Kilsyth 
M'Donnell  was  knighted  upon  the  field  by  the  Marquis.    In  the 


JOHN  M'DONNELL,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  1847-51.  483 

Irish  campaign  in  1646  and  1647,  he  equally  distinguished  himself, 
and  whilst  opposing  Lord  Inchiquin  was  slain  at  the  Battle  of 
Nock-na-noss,  in  the  County  of  Cork,  and  was  buried  in  the  tomb 
of  the  O'Callaghans,  in  Clonmeed  Churchyard,  Kanturk.  He  was 
of  gigantic  stature,  and  being  left-handed,  received  the  soubriquet 
of  "  Kitto" ;  though,  according  to  one  author,  it  was  Alaster's 
father,  not  himself,  who  possessed  that  peculiarity.  He  is  referred 
to  in  one  of  Milton's  sonnets. 

Dr.  James  M'Donnell,  Dr.  John  M'Donnell's  father,  was  fourth 
in  descent  from  Sir  Alaster.  He  graduated  in  Medicine  in  Edin- 
burgh University  in  1784,  practised  for  many  years  in  Belfast, 
and  was  mainly  instrumental  in  establishing  the  Fever  and  General 
Hospitals  of  that  City.  He  published,  in  the  "Transactions  of  the 
British  Association  "  (Dublin  meeting)  for  1835,  an  excellent  paper 
on  "  The  Differential  Pulse,  or  the  Variation  of  the  Heart's  Rate 
by  Posture,"  which  had  formed  the  subject  of  his  inaugural  Thesis 
at  Edinburgh  University  50  years  previously  ! 

Dr.  Evory  Kennedy  gives  the  following  account  of  his  interview 
with  Dr.  James  M'Donnell : — 

"  Never  shall  I  forget  the  interview  which  I  lately  had  with  Dr. 
M'Donnell,  in  Belfast.  This  gentleman  is,  no  doubt,  well  known 
to  most  of  my  audience.  He  is  a  man  far  advanced  in  life,  and 
has  latterly  suffei'ed  much  from  ill-health,  but  exhibits  all  the 
spirit,  the  enthusiasm,  and  the  enei'getic  mind  of  youth.  His  case 
is  a  rare  exception  to  the  relations  observed  to  hold  between 
corporal  decay  and  the  loss  of  mental  powers.  The  inroads  of 
time,  under  which  his  bodily  strength  has  yielded,  so  as  to  leave 
his  frame  enfeebled  and  exhausted,  appear  to  have  acted  upon  his 
mental  qualities  in  rendering  them  more  vivid  and  acute." — Dublin 
Journal  of  Medical  Science,  1844. 

James  M'Donnell  married  Eliza  Clarke,  and  their  son,  John, 
the  original  of  this  sketch,  was  born  in  Belfast  on  the  11th 
February,  1796.  He  received  his  earlier  education  in  the  Belfast 
Academy,  and  in  due  time  entered  Trinity  College;  in  1818  he 
graduated  B.A.  On  the  23rd  November,  1813,  he  was  apprenticed 
to  Richard  Carmichael.  and  studied  in  the  University  and  College 
Schools  and  in  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals.    In  1821  he 


484     john  m'donnell,  professor  of  anatomy,  1847-51. 


obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College,  and  soon  after 
proceeded  to  Edinburgh,  where  he  spent  two  years.  He  next 
studied  in  London  for  one  year,  and  lastly  devoted  two  more  years 
to  professional  study  in  Paris.  In  1825  he  graduated  M.D.  in 
Edinburgh,  and  in  the  following  year  settled  in  Dublin.  On  the 
7th  May,  1827,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  College.  Thus  it 
will  be  seen  that  Dr.  M'Donnell  devoted  13  years  of  his  life  to 
professional  study  before  he  commenced  to  practice.  He  is  now 
the  Senior  Fellow  of  the  College  of  Surgeons,  and  in  his  ninety- 
first  year ;  but  he  looks  twenty  years  younger. 

Dr.  M'Donnell  commenced  in  1826  to  teach  anatomy  in  the 
Richmond  School,  which  had  been  founded  that  year.  Three  years 
later  he  became,  through  the  influence  of  his  master,  R.  Carmichael, 
a  lecturer  upon  anatomy  and  physiology,  and  a  proprietor  of  the 
school.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  E.  M'Dowell,  in  1835,  Carmichael 
endeavoured  to  get  Dr.  M'Donnell  appointed  to  the  vacant  sur- 
geoncy at  the  Richmond  Hospital,  but,  failing  in  the  attempt, 
resigned  his  own  position  as  surgeon  to  the  institution  in  favour 
of  Dr.  M'Donnell,  whom  there  is  reason  to  believe  was  his 
favourite  pupil.  By  his  will  he  constituted  him  one  of  his 
executors  and  trustees,  and  bequeathed  to  him  the  sum  of  £5,000. 
Dr.  M'Donnell  was  elected,  but  did  not  serve,  as  Professor  of 
Surgery  in  the  Belfast  Royal  Academical  Institution.  He  was 
elected  Professor  of  Anatomy  to  the  College  on  the  23rd  October, 
1847,  and  resigned  the  office  in  1851  on  becoming  the  Medica 
Member  of  the  Poor  Law  Commission.  When  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board  was  instituted  in  1872,  and  the  Poor  Law  Commission 
merged  into  it,  Dr.  M'Donnell  became  the  Medical  Member,  and 
held  the  office  until  1876,  when  he  resigned. 

Dr.  M'Donnell  married  Charity,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Robert 
Dobbs,  of  Belfast.  Their  son,  Robert,  is  referred  to  at  page  429 ; 
another  of  his  sons  (Randall)  is  an  eminent  engineer. 

Dr.  M'Donnell  contributed  the  article  on  Fractures  to  the 
"  Cyclopaedia  of  Practical  Surgery."  He  was  the  first  in  Ireland 
to  employ  ether  as  an  anaesthetic  agent.  In  the  held  of  general 
literature  he  has  worked  off  and  on  for  many  years.    He  published 


SIR  HENRY  MARSH,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,  1828-32.  485 

a  "  History  of  the  Irish  Rebellion  in  1641,"  including  an  account 
of  the  heroic  actions  of  the  Irish  Brigade  in  Montrose's  army. 
In  1855,  and  when  near  the  completion  of  his  eighty-ninth  year, 
he  published  a  brochure  to  vindicate  the  character  of  his  ancestor, 
Sir  Alaster  M'Donnell,  from  the  charge  of  cruelty  which  had  been 
made  against  him. 

Dr.  M'Donnell's  elder  brother,  Alexander,  was  a  very  distin- 
guished man.  He  was  for  half  a  century  in  the  public  service  in 
Ireland,  and  during  forty-seven  years  discharged  the  onerous  duties 
of  Resident  Commissioner  of  National  Education.  He  was  created 
a  Privy  Councillor  in  1846,  and  received  the  honour  of  a  baronetcy 
in  1872.  His  statue,  executed  by  Thomas  Farrell,  R.H.  A.,  is  placed 
in  the  grounds  opposite  the  Model  Schools,  Marlborough-street — 
the  scene  of  his  valuable  labours. 

SIR  HENRY  MARSH,  BART.,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,  1828-32. 

A  family  named  Marsh  were  long  located  in  Gloucestershire,  and 
one  of  them,  Francis,  married  a  sister  of  Sir  Thomas  Aylesbury, 
grandfather  of  Anne,  wife  of  James  II.  Francis  Marsh's  grand- 
son, the  Rev.  Francis  Marsh,  born  in  1627,  settled  in  Ireland,  and 
became  Archbishop  of  Dublin ;  his  palace  is  now  the  barrack 
of  the  mounted  police  in  Kevin-street.  Narcissus  Marsh,  his 
immediate  successor  (they  were  not  relatives),  founded  the  library 
adjoining  this  palace,  generally  termed  "  Marsh's  Library,"  but  the 
proper  name  of  which  is  the  "  Public  Library  of  the  City  of 
Dublin."  It  contains  a  large  number  of  books,  and  is  rich  in 
ecclesiastical  literature  ;  but  it  is  not  much  frequented,  as  modern 
books  are  not  added  to  its  collections. 

Archbishop  Marsh  married  Mary,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Jeremy 
Taylor,*  Chaplain  to  Charles  I.  ;  they  had  a  large  family,  one  of 
whom,  Jeremy,  became  Dean  of  Kilmore.  The  Dean's  son,  also 
J eremy,  was  Rector  of  Athenry,  and  married  Jane,  daughter  of 
Patrick  French,  of  Monivea ;  their  son,  Robert,  took  Holy  Orders, 
was  appointed  Rector  of  Killinane,  County  of  Galway,  and  married 

*  Taylor,  the  son  of  a  Cambridge  Barber-Surgeon,  became  Bishop  of  Down  and 
Connor.  He  was  one  of  the  greatest  divines  and  learned  men  which  England  has 
produced,  and  has  been  styled  the  Modern  Chrysoctom. 


486       SIR  HENRY  MARSH,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,  1828-32. 


Sophia,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  William  Wolseley,  Rector  of 
Tullycorbet,  County  of  Monaghan,  whose  mother  was  a  daughter 
of  Sir  Thomas  Molyneux,  the  first  Irish  medical  baronet.  Sir 
Henry  Marsh,  son  of  this  Rev.  Robert  Marsh,  was  born  at  Lough- 
rea  in  1790.  He  was  educated  at  home,  and  apparently  was 
intended  for  agricultural  pursuits ;  but,  owing  to  the  intervention 
of  a  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  he  entered  that  institution.  He 
graduated  B.A.,  in  1812,  after  a  distinguished  undergraduate 
career.  His  father  was  anxious  that  he  should  take  Holy  Orders  ; 
but  young  Marsh  had  become  affected  with  the  doctrines  of  the 
"  Walkerites" — who  at  that  time  had  a  great  following  amongst 
the  students  of  Trinity  College — and  could  not  conscientiously  join 
the  ministry  of  the  Established  Church. 

The  "  Walkerites"  wex*e  so  called  after  their  founder,  the  Rev. 
John  Walker,  B.D.,  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  an 
author  of  some  repute.  In  1804  this  gentleman  resolved  to  vacate 
his  Fellowship  on  the  ground  that  the  religious  opinions  and 
practices  of  those  with  whom  he  was  associated  in  the  College 
were  unscriptural.  Amongst  other  opinions  he  held  that  all 
Christians  should  practise  the  advice  given  by  St.  Paul,  to  "  salute 
one  another  with  an  holy  kiss,"  and  he  set  up  a  chapel  in  Stafford- 
street,  where  his  congregation"  became  rapidly  large.  They  soon, 
however,  divided  upon  the  subject  of  kissing,  some  contending 
that  kissing  in  public  assemblies  was  not  a  necessary  observance, 
and  ultimately  two  sub-sects  were  formed,  which  the  College  wags 
named  the  "  osculists  "  and  the  "  anti-osculists."  Walker  was  not 
permitted  to  resign  his  preferments,  but  was  expelled  from  bis 
College — an  illiberal  act  subsequently,  but  tardily,  atoned  for  by  a 
pension  of  £600  a  year,  granted  by  the  Board  of  Trinity  College. 

Marsh,  it  is  said,  in  after-years  abandoned  the  "  Walkerite  " 
doctrines;  but  they  certainly  prevented  him  from  taking  Holy 
Orders.  He  now  turned  his  attention  to  surgery,  with  the  view 
of  entering  the  army,  and  received  some  instruction  in  Kirby's 
School  in  Peter-street.  Having  given  up  this  military  notion,  he 
was,  on  the  9th  March,  1813,  indentured  to  his  relative,  Philip 
Crampton,  and  entered  as  a  pupil  in  the  College  School  and  in  the 


SIR  HENRY  MARSH,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,  1828-32.  487 

Meath  Hospital.  He  studied  in  those  places  until  1818  ;  in  that 
vear  lie  received,  whilst  dissecting  in  the  College  School,  a  wound 
in  the  forefinger  of  his  right  hand,  which  resulted  in  the  loss  of 
the  greater  part  of  that  member,  and  led  to  his  abandonment  of 
surgery.  He  shortly  afterwards  graduated  in  medicine  in  Dublin 
University,*  and  spent  the  greater  part  of  1819  and  1820  on  the 
Continent,  chiefly  in  the  Hospital  La  Chariti,  Paris. 

In  1820  Marsh  commenced  to  practise  in  Dublin,  and  in  a  short 
time  was  appointed  Assistant-Physician  to  Steevens'  Hospital.  In 
1 824  he  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Park-street  School,  and 
lectured  there  on  Medicine  until  1828,  when  he  was  elected  Pro- 
fessor of  Medicine  to  the  College.  His  practice  now  was  becoming 
large,  and  in  1832  the  pressure  upon  his  time  was  so  great  that  in 
order  to  relieve  it  he  resigned  his  Professorship. 

In  1837  Marsh  was  appointed  Physician-in-Ordinary  to  the 
Queen  in  Ireland,  and  in  1839  was  created  a  Baronet. 

In  1840  Marsh  was  appointed  Physician  to  Steevens'  Hospital, 
an  institution  to  which  his  valuable  courses  of  clinical  lectures 
attracted  large  numbers  of  students.  He  was  also  Consulting 
Physician  to  the  City  of  Dublin,  St.  Vincent's,  and  the  Rotunda 
Hospitals.  In  conjunction  with  Charles  Johnson  he  founded  the 
Pitt-street  Hospital  for  Diseases  of  Children,  and  for  several  years 
Marsh,  Johnson,  and  Dr.  Cuming  (who  is  still  in  practice  at  Armagh) 
gave  in  it  courses  of  lectures  on  the  diseases  peculiar  to  childhood. 

Marsh  often  referred  to  his  connection  with  the  College,  freely 
acknowledging  his  great  indebtedness  to  the  Professors  of  their 
School,  under  whom  he  studied  for  nearly  five  years.  He  was, 
however,  also  identified  with  the  sister  College  of  Physicians.  On 
the  31st  August,  1818,  they  granted  him  their  Licence  to  practise 
Medicine,  elected  him  a  Fellow — rather  tardily — on  the  29th 
October,  1839,  and  during  the  years  1841,  1842,  1845,  and  184(5, 
placed  him  in  their  Presidential  Chair.  After  Marsh's  death  a 
large  number  of  noblemen  and  gentlemen,  including  many  mem- 
bers of  his  profession,  commissioned  Mr.  J.  H.  Foley,  R.A.,  to 

*  In  Todd's  List  of  Graduates  of  Dublin  University  this  event  is  not  recorded  ;  it 
nevertheless  occurred. 


48S       SIR  HENRY  MARSH,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,  1828-32. 

execute  his  statue,  and  on  the  9th  November,  18(56,  it  was  unveiled 
at  the  College  of  Physicians.    The  cost  of  the  statue  was  £800. 

Marsh  died  suddenly  at  his  residence,  Merrion-square,  on  the  1st 
December,  1860,  and  was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery. 
He  was  married,  first,  to  a  widow,  Mrs.  Arthur,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Crowe,  of  the  County  of  Clare ;  and,  secondly,  to  the 
widow  of  Thomas  Kemmis,  of  Shane,  in  the  Queen's  County,  and 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Selby.  He  had  only  one  child  (by 
his  first  wife),  who  became  a  Colonel  in  the  British  Army,  and  is 
now  dead,  the  baronetcy  having  with  him  become  extinct. 

Dr.  R.  Townson  Evanson,  one  of  Marsh's  successors  in  the 
Chair  of  Medicine  at  the  College,  composed  a  long  poem  on  Sir 
Henry  Marsh,  shortly  after  his  death,  from  which  I  cull  a  single 
verse  : — 

"  Thy  noble  nature,  highly  gifted  mind, 
Thy  energetic  intellect  were  given 
In  search  of  Truth,  to  benefit  thy  kind, 
And  do  on  earth  as  much  the  will  of  Heaven 
As  may  by  man  be  done,  despite  the  leaven 
Of  mortal  mould  that  with  the  soul  doth  blend. 
So  ever  have  the  highest  natures  thriven 
In  faith  and  hope  to  work  out  some  good  end, 
Worthy  the  Christian  man,  philosopher,  and  friend." 

Sir  Henry  Marsh  was  a  most  amiable  and  kind-hearted  man,  and 
a  great  favourite  in  Dublin  society.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  he 
did  not  write  more  freely,  as  his  materials  must  have  been  ample. 
His  earliest  papers  were  sent  to  the  Dublin  Hospital  Reports,  and 
comprised  "  Cases  of  Jaundice,  with  Dissections,"  "  Diabetes,"  "  The 
Original  Latent  Period  of  Fever,"  and  "  Effects  of  Vapour  Baths 
upon  Spasm  of  the  Glottis."  In  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical 
Science  he  published  papers  on  "  Acute  Inflammation  confined  to 
the  Epiglottis,"  on  "  Strumous  Peritonitis,  with  Effusion,"  "  On 
Regurgitation  of  the  Contents  of  the  Stomach  without  Nausea,"  on 
"  Chlorosis,"  &c.  He  produced  an  essay  on  the  "  Emanation 
of  Light  from  the  Living  Subject,"  and  he  gave  an  original 
account  of  a  peculiar  inflammation  of  the  glottis  in  childhood- 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  had  nearly  completed  a  work  on 


H.  MAUNSELL,  PROFESSOR  OF  MIDWIFERY,  ETC.,  1835-46.  489 


"  Traumatic  Affections  of  the  Stomach,"  and  on  "  Disturbances  of 
the  Brain  which  give  rise  to  Somnambulism." 

HENRY  MAUNSELL,  PROFESSOR  OF  MIDWIFERY,  1835-41,  AND  OF 

HYGIENE,  1841-46. 

H.  Maunsell  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  3rd  February,  1806, 
and  was  the  eldest  of  the  eight  children  of  Thomas  Maunsell  and 
Anne  Murray,  his  wife.  His  father  for  many  years  was  General 
Manager  to  the  Grand  Canal  Company,  and  lived  at  what  is 
still  known  as  James's-street  Harbour.  Here  Maunsell  passed 
his  boyhood,  going  as  a  day  pupil  to  a  school  in  St.  Stephen's-green, 
at  that  time  kept  by  a  Dr.  Philips,  a  member  of  the  Walkerite 
sect,  to  which  his  father  belonged.  His  family  history,  so  far  as  it 
was  known  to  him,  is  given  in  an  entry  in  his  Diary,  under  date 
1831:— 

"  During  the  week  I  stayed  in  town  I  contrived  to  get  my  uncle, 
William  Maunsell,  upon  the  subject  of  our  former  family  posses- 
sions in  Limerick.  Talking  upon  this  matter  always  had  a  charm 
for  me,  although  the  conversation  is  necessarily  very  unprofitable, 
and  I  ever  felt  in  dread  of  ridicule  whenever  I  wished  to  enter 
upon  it;  but  his  account  is  very  circumstantial,  and  he  says  he 
received  it  from  his  uncle,  Edward  Maunsell,  who  at  one  time 
attempted  to  set  up  a  claim  to  the  property,  and  that  he  saw  some 
of  the  title  deeds  in  possession  of  his  aunt,  Jenny  Maunsell.  The 
claim,  he  asserts,  only  failed  from  its  falling  under  the  provisions 
of  the  Statute  of  Limitations.  His  story  is  that  during  the  war 
between  James  II.  and  William  III.  his  great  grandfather,  Thomas 
Maunsell,  being  a  Protestant,  was  obliged  to  fly  from  Limerick, 
and  for  security  deposited  some  important  papers  relative  to  his 
estate  in  the  hands  of  a  lady  who  was  supposed  to  be  neutral,  and 
was  permitted  by  both  parties  to  remain  in  the  country.  The 
name  of  the  lands,  or  of  the  baronies  in  which  they  were  situated, 
he  states  to  be  '  Upper  and  Lower  Ossory '  (probably  some  mis- 
take). Thomas's  sister  was  married  to  a  person  of  the  name  of 
Harold,  in  the  Co.  Cavan,  and  there  he  went  for  safety,  and 
ultimately  married  in  that  county.  After  the  Revolution  the 
estate  passed  into  other  hands,  and  the  papers  necessary  for 
reclaiming  them  were  fraudulently  withheld,  either  by  the  lady  to 


490     H.  MAUNSELL,  PROFESSOR  OF  MIDWIFERY,  ETC.,  1835-46. 

whom  he  entrusted  them,  or  by  some  other  person  into  whose 
hands  they  had  fallen,  and  my  ancestor,  Thomas,  not  being 
apparently  a  man  of  action,  the  possession  lapsed  quietly  from 
him.  He,  however,  begat  sons  and  daughters,  the  eldest  of  whom, 
Anthony,  played  his  part  in  the  same  way.  Anthony's  eldest  son 
was  Henry  Maunsell,  who  had  three  children — Judith,  Thomas, 
and  William.  Thomas,  the  eldest  son,  was  the  only  one  of  these 
who  married,  and  I  am  his  first-born,  and  consequently  the  eldest 
lineal  male  descendant  from  Thomas,  who  fled  from  the  County 
Limerick — Vanitas  vanitatum  vanitas." 

In  October,  1821,  Maunsell  was  apprenticed  to  Charles  Johnson. 
He  has  left  but  few  notes  of  his  student  life ;  but,  from  the 
numerous  references  made  at  a  later  period  to  the  companions  of 
his  boyhood,  it  would  appear  that  during  that  period  he  displayed 
the  same  facility  which  remained  with  him  to  his  last  years  of 
making  close  and  warm  friends.  Charles  Lever,  the  novelist,  was 
one  of  the  companions  of  his  early  youth,  as  he  was  the  friend  and 
fellow-worker  of  his  manhood.  Both  followed  medicine  to  desert 
it  in  after-life — the  one  for  the  profession  of  journalism,  at  which 
fame  is  slowly  won  and  quickly  lost;  the  other  for  the  more 
enduring  and  more  lucrative  pursuit  of  novel-writing. 

In  June,  1827,  Maunsell  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  College, 
and  was  elected  a  Member  thereof  on  the  7th  May,  1832.  In 
February  he  was  appointed  to  the  Dispensary  of  Letterkenny,  in 
the  County  of  Donegal,  which  position  he  held  until  the  summer  of 
1831,  having  in  the  meantime  (March,  1831)  graduated  M.D.  in 
the  University  of  Glasgow.  In  the  same  year  he  was  elected 
Lecturer  on  Midwifery  at  Park-street  School  (having  paid  Samuel 
Cusack  100  guineas  for  the  post),  and  Assistant  Accoucheur  to 
the  Wellesley  Lying-in  Institution.  In  1832  he  was  appointed 
Assistant-Physician  to  the  Magdalen  Asylum.     In  September, 

1834,  he  published  "  The  Dublin  Practice  of  Midwifery,"  which 
subsequently  passed  through  various  editions.    On  26th  February, 

1835,  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Midwifery.  In  1836,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Dr.  Evanson,  he  published  "  A  Practical  Treatise  on  the 
Diseases  of  Children,"  which  went  through  numerous  editions,  two 


HUMPHREY  MINCHIN,  PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY,  1867.  491 

in  America  and  one  in  Germany.  In  January,  1839,  he  started, 
in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Jacob,  the  Dublin  Medical  Press,  a  weekly 
journal  devoted  to  medical,  surgical,  and  sanitary  topics.  He 
delivered  an  address  on  "  Political  Medicine  "  in  1839,  and  was  sub- 
sequently elected  Professor  of  "  Hygiene,  or  Political  Medicine." 
In  1844  he  was  elected  Secretary  to  the  Council  of  the  College, 
and  was  the  first  in  that  office,  which  he  held  until  1860 ;  in  that 
year  he  purchased  the  Dublin  Evening  Mail  from  Mr.  Thomas 
Sheehan.  From  this  time,  until  his  death  in  1879,  he  devoted  him- 
self almost  exclusively  to  his  new  profession,  having  for  many  years 
prior  to  his  abandonment  of  his  medical  practice  regularly  contri- 
buted to  the  Dublin  and  London  press,  including  the  Times  and 
the  Spectator.  He  was  a  Member  of  the  Corporation  of  Dublin  in 
the  years  1843  and  1844,  and  in  the  latter  year  moved  that  an 
address  should  be  presented  to  the  Queen  to  hold  a  Parliament  in 
Dublin  every  three  years — a  proposal  which  created  no  small  stir, 
coming  from  one  who  was  a  staunch  Conservative.  In  1849  he 
edited  the  "  Personal  Recollections  of  the  Life  and  Times  of 
Valentine  Lord  Cloncurry." 

Maunsell  married  first,  on  the  3rd  January,  1832,  Mary, 
daughter  of  Charles  Colhoun  of  Letterkenny,  and  Anne  Ellison, 
his  wife,  who  died  in  1835,  having  left  one  daughter  who  survives ; 
and  secondly,  on  the  31st  August,  1837,  Caroline,  daughter  of 
Lieutenant  Stevenson,  of  the  Royal  Marines,  and  Caroline  Poole, 
of  Hennet  House,  Leominster,  Herefordshire,  who  survived  him. 
By  his  second  marriage  he  had  three  sons  and  six  daughters,  all  of 
whom,  save  one  son  and  three  daughters,  pre-deceased  him.  His 
surviving  son  is  devoted  to  literature,  and  is  the  editor  of  a  news- 
paper published  in  Derby. 

Maunsell  died  at  Greystones  on  the  27th  September,  1879, 
and  was  buried  in  Stillorgan  Churchyard. 

HUMPHREY  MINCHIN,  PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY  SINCE  1867. 

H.  Minchin  was  born  on  the  25th  February,  1816,  at  Longford. 
His  father  was  the  Rev.  Charles  Henry  Minchin,  Curate  of  Temple- 
michael,  and  Prebendary  of  Kilgobinet,  who  married  Prudentia, 


492      ARTnUR  MITCHELL,  PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY,  1850-67. 

daughter  of  the  late  Daniel  Kinahan,  member  of  the  well-known 
firm  at  Carlisle  Building,  D'Olier-street.  Dr.  Minchin  was 
educated,  first  at  the  school  of  the  eccentric  Lovell  Edgeworth, 
and  next  at  the  school  in  Great  Denmark-street,  Dublin,  kept 
by  the  Eev.  W.  Jones,  A.M.,  T.C.D.  Having  entered  T.C.D. 
in  1832,  he  graduated  in  Arts  in  1839,  and  in  Medicine  in  1840. 
He  studied  in  the  College  of  Surgeons  School  and  in  Trinity 
College,  and  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  on  the  17th  November, 
1838,  and  the  Fellowship  on  the  22nd  November,  1844.  He  lectured 
on  medical  jurisprudence  and  on  materia  medica  in  private  schools, 
and  for  some  time  was  Physician  to  the  Castlerea  Dispensary.  He 
is  now  surgeon  to  the  city  prisons  and  to  the  North  Dublin  Union 
Workhouse.  Perhaps  the  most  valuable  of  his  papers  is  that  on 
Craniology,  published  in  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science  for 
1856.  He  is  a  musician  of  considerable  merit,  and  has  published, 
under  the  signature  of  H.  M.,  50  double  chants,  arranged  in  short 
score  (William  M'Gee,  Nassau-street,  Dublin,  1875).  He  also 
composed  several  cathedral  services  and  anthems,  as  well  as  some 
quartets  and  songs.  Dr.  Minchin  married  Jane,  daughter  of  Owen 
Young,  J. P.,  Harristown,  County  of  Roscommon.  His  son,  Richard 
George,  is  a  medical  man. 

ARTHUR  MITCHELL,  PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY,  1850-67. 

I  regret  that  I  have  been  obliged  to  go  to  press  with  this  history 
without  being  able  to  collect  materials  for  a  sufficiently  detailed 
biographical  sketch  of  Arthur  Mitchell.  A.  Mitchell,  the  son  of 
an  officer  in  the  army,  was  born  "in  camp"  in  1804.  His  first 
qualification  was  obtained  from  the  Apothecaries'  Hall,  where 
he  passed  his  apprenticeship  examination  on  the  1st  March, 
1822,  and  as  a  Licentiate  on  the  2nd  June,  1829;  and  he 
began  his  professional  career  by  preparing  young  men  for  the 
examinations  at  the  Hall.  In  1838  he  was  appointed  lecturer 
on  botany  at  the  Richmond  Hospital  School,  and  in  1842  he  was 
elected  co-professor  of  botany  to  the  Apothecaries'  Hall,  becoming 
(after  Litton's  death),  sole  possessor  of  the  office.  In  1850  he 
was  elected  Professor  of  Botany  to  the  College.    In  1840  he 


JOHN  MORGAN,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  1861-76. 


493 


obtained  the  degree  of  M.D.  from  the  University  of  Erlangen, 
and  on  the  6th  November,  1844,  he  became  Licentiate  of  the 
College  of  Physicians.  In  1862  he  obtained  the  Fellowship  of  the 
College,  without  having  previously  been  a  licentiate. 

For  many  years  Mitchell  was  well  known  as  a  "grinder"  in 
chemistry,  materia  medica,  and  botany,  and  he  had  large  classes 
in  his  house,  No.  118  Stephen' s-green;  he  never  practised  as  a 
physician  nor  held  any  medical  appointment.  He  edited  O'Bryen 
Bellingham's  treatise  on  "  Materia  Medica."  Having  resigned  his 
professorship,  he  retired  to  Churchtown,  County  of  Dublin,  and 
died  there  on  the  19th  January,  1867,  from  congestion  of  the  brain, 
having  previously  shown  symptoms  of  softening  of  that  organ.  He 
married  a  Miss  Bambrick.  His  only  child,  Captain  and  honorary 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Arthur  Bambrick  Mitchell,  retired  from  the 
2nd  Regiment  of  Infantry  in  1879,  and  has  commuted  his  pension. 
I  could  not  learn  his  address  from  the  War  Office,  nor  were  the 
officers  of  his  regiment  able  to  inform  me  on  that  point.  Had  I 
been  able  to  communicate  with  him,  the  foregoing  sketch  of  his 
father  would  have  been  less  incomplete. 

JOHN  MORGAN,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  1861-76. 

J.  Morgan  was  born  on  the  21st  December,  1829,  in  Temple- 
street,  Dublin.  His  father  was  the  Rev.  Thomas  Morgan,  a  Baptist 
clergyman,  son  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Morgan,  of  Hamsterly,  Durham, 
and  of  his  wife,  Mary  Garner.  Thomas  Morgan,  after  his  marriage, 
turned  his  attention  to  secular  affairs,  and  obtained  an  appointment 
in  the  Bank  of  Ireland.  Having,  like  other  officials,  been  required 
to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance,  he  resigned  his  office  rather  than  do 
so,  not  because  he  was  in  any  sense  disloyal,  but  simply  because  he 
objected  "on  principle"  to  all  kinds  of  oaths.  Mrs.  Morgan  was 
the  sister  of  Arthur  Jacob,  M.D.,  and  inherited  no  mean  share 
of  the  ability  of  the  Jacob  family.  Her  husband  being  no  longer 
the  bread-winner  of  the  family,  she  at  once  took  his  place,  started 
a  ladies'  school,  which  proved  a  success,  educationally  and  finan- 
cially. She  had  three  sons  and  three  daughters,  all  of  whom  were 
carefully  educated.    John  Morgan,  her  second  son,  was  educated 


494      J.  H.  POWER,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  ETC.,  1851-63. 

partly  at  home,  partly  in  a  school  at  Mullingar.  At  the  early 
age  of  thirteen  he  entered  Trinity  College,  but  he  did  not  take  out 
any  degrees  until  1859,  in  which  year  he  became  B.A.  and  M.A., 
and  in  1871  he  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  Morgan  was  professionally 
educated  in  the  College  School  at  a  time  when  his  uncle,  Arthur 
Jacob,  was  supreme  in  that  department. 

On  the  1st  November,  1850,  Morgan  became  a  licentiate  of  the 
College,  and  at  once  became  a  demonstrator,  and  in  partnership 
with  Mr.  Malcomson,  a  "  grinder."  Subsequently,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  E.  D.  Mapother,  a  very  large  class  was  attracted,  and 
during  the  Crimean  War  no  inconsiderable  fraction  of  the  recruits 
to  the  army  and  navy  medical  departments  were  sent  out  of  the 
class  rooms  of  Morgan  and  Mapother.  On  the  2nd  August,  1861, 
he  was  elected  Professor  of  Anatomy  to  the  College,  of  which  he 
had  become  a  Fellow  on  the  8th  April,  1857.  He  subsequently 
served  in  the  Council,  and  became  Surgeon  to  Mercer's  and  the 
Lock  Hospitals.  A  very  fluent  speaker,  his  lectures  at  the  College 
School  and  at  the  College  of  Science — in  which  for  a  brief  period 
he  lectured  on  comparative  anatomy — were  very  popular.  Morgan 
was  the  author  of  a  work  on  the  "  Nature  and  Treatment  of  the 
Affections  Produced  by  Contagious  Diseases,"  and  of  several 
articles  in  the  medical  journals.  He  married  on  the  10th  January, 
1856,  Marianne,  third  daughter  of  Anthony  John  Dopping,  D.L., 
of  Colmolyn,  County  of  Meath,  and  niece  of  Sir  Edward  Grogan, 
Bart.,  formerly  M.P.  for  Dublin.  Mr.  Morgan  died  from  typhoid 
fever  on  the  4th  March,  1876,  at  his  residence,  23  Stephen's-green, 
North,  and  was  interred  at  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery.  His  widow 
and  one  son  survive. 

JOHN  HATCH  POWER,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY  AND  SURGERY, 

1851-63. 

The  name  of  the  first  Power  who  came  to  England  is  traceable 
on  the  roll  at  Battle  Abbey.  His  sons  fought  in  the  Crusades, 
and  were  decorated  with  the  Cross.  One  of  them  finally  settled  in 
Oxfordshire.  About  two  hundred  years  ago  one  of  the  Oxford 
Powers  was  presented  with  the  living  of  Kells,  in  the  County 


J.  H.  POWER,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  ETC.,  1851-63.  495 


of  Meath,  by  the  Marquis  of  Headford.  This  Rev.  John  Power 
was  a  literary  man.  His  grandson,  John  Power,  married  Eliza 
Anne  Hatch;  and  their  only  son,  John  Power,  removed  to  Dublin, 
where  he  married  Sarah  Maurice.  Their  second  son,  John  Hatch 
Power,  was  born  on  November  24th,  1806.  He  shared  with  his 
elder  brother  (now  Rev.  Francis  A.  Power,  M.A.,  T.C.D.,  Vicar 
of  Bevington.  Liverpool)  the  instructions  of  some  of  the  best 
masters.  When  very  young  he  showed  an  aptitude  for  surgery, 
and,  after  receiving  some  instruction  from  Jacob,  of  Maryborough, 
at  nineteen  years  of  age  was  apprenticed  to  Robert  Adams,  from 
whose  masterly  hand  he  readily  learned  the  art  of  his  profession, 
and  who  also  proved  a  safe  pioneer  and  faithful  friend. 

On  the  7th  of  May,  1831,  Power  received  the  Licence  of  the 
College,  and  soon  afterwards  became  Demonstrator  in  the  Rich- 
mond School.  About  this  time  he  was  married  . to  Rebecca  Eliza, 
only  surviving  daughter  of  Thomas  Groves.  In  1838,  he  graduated 
M.D.  in  Glasgow  University.  About  this  time,  when  passing 
through  a  street  in  Dublin,  he  saw  a  man  rush  out  of  a  house, 
apparently  suffocating ;  a  piece  of  unmasticated  meat  had  stuck  fast 
in  his  throat.  The  young  surgeon  said  : — "  I  saw  it  was  all  over  if 
I  did  not  act  instantly ;  so  1  looked  to  God  for  help,  snatched  out 
my  knife,  and  extracted  the  lump;  sewing  up  the  wound,  and 
moderating  the  bleeding  as  well  as  I  could."  The  man  recovered. 
This  was  a  repetition  of  Crampton's  and  Richards'  feat.  In  1835 
he  obtained  a  share  in  the  Richmond  Hospital  School,  and 
in  1847  was  appointed  Surgeon  to  Jervis-street  Hospital.  On 
December  20th,  1844,  he  became  Fellow  of  the  College ;  in  1847 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  Council,  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Anatomy  in  1851,  and  in  1861  succeeded  Porter  in  the  Chair  of 
Surgery.    He  was  Surgeon  to  the  City  of  Dublin  Hospital. 

Power  was  a  good  lecturer,  and  was  popular  with  his  pupils,  to 
many  of  whom  he  rendered  good  services  when  they  had  com- 
menced professional  life.  He  died  from  typhus  fever  on  the  14th 
May,  1863,  and  was  interred  in  the  tomb  of  the  Groves  family,  in 
the  graveyard  of  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral.  His  widow  died  in  1885, 
and  their  two  daughters  survive.    The  bust  of  Power,  in  the 


496      J.  E.  REYNOLDS,  PROFESSOR  OF  CHEMISTRY,  1873-75. 


College,  is  from  Mr.  T.  Farrell's  studio,  and  was  presented  by  a 
"  Committee  of  Subscribers."  Power's  work  on  the  "  Surgical 
Anatomy  of  the  Arteries"  received  an  excellent  reception  amongst 
surgeons  and  anatomists.  It  reached  three  editions,  and  was 
adopted  in  the  United  States  Army  Medical  Department  as  a 
guide  for  surgeons  in  the  field  and  hospital.  Power  contributed 
several  papers  of  merit  on  surgery  and  human  and  comparative 
anatomy  to  the  Dublin  Quarterly  Journal  of  Medical  Science  and 
the  Hospital  Gazette.  Perhaps  his  best  paper  was  "  On  the  Structure 
of  the  Optic  Nerve  in  Relation  to  Reversed  Retinal  Vision." 

JAMES  EMERSON  REYNOLDS,  PROFESSOR  OF  CHEMISTRY,  1873-75. 

James  Emerson  Reynolds  was  born  on  the  8th  of  January, 
1842,  at  Booterstown,  in  the  County  of  Dublin,  where  his  father 
was  for  many  years  a  medical  practitioner.  James  Reynolds,  senior, 
a  well-known  literary  man,  wrote  under  the  nom  de  plume  of 
"  E.  L.  A.  Berwick,"  and  was  the  author  of  several  novels,  two  of 
which — "  Eveleen  "  (3  vols.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  London),  and 
"  The  Queen's  Dwarf"  (Routledge,  London) — attained  much  popu- 
larity. He  wrote  a  number  of  plays — "A  Lesson  for  Wives," 
"The  Florentines,"  &c. — which  were  performed  with  success  in 
Dublin  and  London — and  he  was  also  much  engaged  in  reviewing 
for  magazines  and  in  editorial  work  for  various  Dublin  journals. 
He  married  Marian  Campbell,  eldest  daughter  of  George  Hudson, 
of  Birkenhead,  who  was  a  member  of  the  Lonsdale  family.  Mrs. 
Reynolds,  on  her  mother's  side,  was  senior  female  representative 
of  the  Campbells  of  Ottar,  and  was  named  after  her  grandaunt, 
Lady  Marian  Campbell.  They  had  two  sons,  both  educated  for 
the  medical  profession.  James  Emerson,  the  elder,  received  most 
of  his  professional  education  in  the  College  School,  and  was  for  a 
short  time  in  the  Ledwich  School.  He  early  developed  a  tuste  for 
chemistry  and  mineralogy,  and  pursued  his  studies  in  these  subjects 
under  many  difficulties,  but  with  steady  progress.  At  his  father's 
death  in  1865  he  continued  the  practice  of  medicine,  and  with  such 
success  that  he  soon  found  it  necessary  to  decide  between  a  career 
as  a  medical  man  or  a  scientific  chemist.    His  choice  was  determined 


J.  E.  REYNOLDS,  PROFESSOR  OF  CHEMISTRY,  1873-75.  497 

by  his  appointment,  in  1867,  to  the  office  of  Keeper  of  the  Minerals 
in  the  Royal  Dublin  Society,  in  succession  to  Mr.  R.  H.  Scott, 
F.R.S.,  who  had  just  succeeded  Admiral  Fitzroy,  in  the  Meteo- 
rological Office,  London.  In  1868  Dr.  Reynolds  was  appointed 
Analyst  to  the  Royal  Dublin  Society;  in  1871  Professor  of  Analy- 
tical Chemistry,  R.D.S. ;  and  in  1873  he  succeeded  W.  Barker  in 
the  Chair  of  Chemistry  in  the  College  of  Surgeons.  In  1875  he 
was  elected  to  the  Chair  of  Chemistry  in  Trinity  College,  in  succes- 
sion to  Dr.  Apjohn. 

Dr.  Reynolds  is  an  honorary  M.D.  of  Dublin  University,  a 
member  of  the  Dublin  and  Edinburgh  Colleges  of  Physicians,  and 
of  the  Edinburgh  College  of  Surgeons.  In  1880  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  was  a  Vice-President  of  the 
Chemical  Society  of  London  from  1881  to  1884,  and  of  the  Institute 
of  Chemistry  from  1881  to  1884,  and  was  elected  Examiner  in 
Chemistry  to  the  University  of  London  in  1883. 

Dr.  Reynolds's  original  scientific  work  is  considerable,  and  is  of 
a  high  order  of  merit.  Perhaps  his  most  important  discovery  is  that 
of  sulphurea,  made  in  1870,  and  which  has  produced  from  himself 
and  other  chemists  about  fifty  original  papers,  relating  to  the  pre- 
paration and  derivatives  of  this  compound.  Another  discovery — 
that  of  a  new  group  of  colloid  bodies,  resulting  from  the  union  of 
mercury  with  the  fatty  ketones — has  been  of  late  much  utilised  by 
German  chemists,  for  the  recognition  and  separation  of  acetone.  His 
text-book  of  "Experimental  Chemistry"  (Longmans,  London) — 
the  first  edition  of  which  was  published  in  1880 — has  not  only 
attained  to  a  large  circulation  in  the  British  Islands,  but  is  the 
standard  adopted  by  the  Canadian  Education  Department,  and  has 
been  translated  into  German  by  Dr.  Siebert,  and  published  by 
Winter,  of  Leipzig. 

Dr.  Reynolds  married  in  1875  Janet  Elizabeth,  only  child  of  the 
late  Rev.  John  Finlayson,  Canon  of  Christ  Church  Cathedral,  and 
Prebendary  of  St.  Michael's,  Dublin,  by  his  wife  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  John  Fraser,  of  Edinburgh.  Their  family  consist  of  one  son 
and  one  daughter. 

2  K 


498         WILLIAM  ROE,  PROFESSOR  OF  MIDWIFERY,  1877. 

WILLIAM  ROE,  PROFESSOR  OF  MIDWIFERY  SINCE  1877. 

Dr.  Roe  was  born  on  the  7th  March,  1841,  at  No.  35  (now  57) 
South  Richmond-street,  Dublin.  He  is  the  son  of  the  late  William 
Roe,  solicitor,  of  Dublin,  and  Carroll  ton,  County  of  Gal  way,  and 
his  wife,  Arabella,  daughter  of  the  late  Thomas  Mahon,  of  Ballinafad, 
County  of  Roscommon,  who  was  cousin  to  Maurice,  first  Lord 
Hartland.  Having  received  a  preliminary  education  at  Hollymount 
Academy,  Rathmines,  Dr.  Roe  was  entered  as  a  pupil  in  the  College 
School,  in  which,  and  in  Queen's  College,  Galway,  and  the  Meath 
Hospital,  Dublin,  his  medical  education  was  completed.  He  gra- 
duated M.D.  in  the  Queen's  University  in  1863,  and  in  the  same 
year  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College,  of  which  in 
1866  he  obtained  the  Fellowship.  In  1877  he  succeeded  the  late 
Mr.  Crony n  as  Professor  of  Midwifery  in  the  College  School.  He 
was  for  17  years  intimately  connected  with  the  Coombe  Lying-in 
Hospital,  and  during  Dr.  Kidd's  Mastership  acted  as  Deputy  Master. 
He  was  appointed  the  first  Master  to  the  Lying-in  Hospital  founded 
in  1885  in  Holies-street,  and  which  was  named  the  National  Lying- 
in  Hospital.  Dr.  Roe  has  contributed  numerous  papers  to  the 
medical  journals,  including  Memoirs  on  Endocervitis,  Pelvic  Cellu- 
litis, Trismus  Neonatorum,  and  Sterility,  its  Cause  and  Cure,  &c. 
Dr.  Roe  marrried,  21st  July,  1870,  Ellen,  daughter  of  the  late 
Francis  Boake  Carter,  of  Shanganagh  Castle,  County  of  Dublin, 
and  has  issue  two  sons  and  two  daughters. 

JAMES  HEWITT  SAWYER,  PROFESSOR  OF  MIDWIFERY,  1857-74. 

J.  H.  Sawyer  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  20th  January,  1812. 
His  father  was  a  cadet  of  an  ancient  Yorkshire  family  of  good 
position.  His  mother,  Hester  Hewitt,  re-married  after  the  early 
death  of  Mr.  Sawyer,  and,  it  is  alleged,  rather  neglected  the 
children  of  her  first  husband.  Sawyer  was  left  an  orphan  at  the 
age  of  three  months,  and  had  many  a  hard  struggle  in  the  battle 
for  existence,  and  his  success  in  after-life  seems  due  altogether  to 
his  own  intelligence  and  industry. 

Sawyer  was  educated  partly  at  a  school  kept  by  Mr.  Dunroche, 
in  Aungier-street,  partly  at  Mr.  White's  school  in  South  Frederick- 


J.  H.  SAWYER,  PROFESSOR  OF  MIDWIFERY,  1857-75.  499 

street.  In  1829  he  was  apprenticed  to  Surgeon  Willett,  of  South 
Frederick-street.  He  appears  to  have  chiefly  studied  in  the  Sick 
Poor  Institution,  in  which  he  spent  five  years,  and  in  which,  before 
he  had  obtained  a  diploma,  he  was  appointed  Assistant  to  the 
Physicians.  On  the  27th  August,  1837,  he  obtained  the  Letters 
Testimonial  of  the  College,  and  in  1847  the  M.D.  of  Aberdeen 
University.  He  was  for  several  years,  first  a  Demonstrator,  and 
next,  a  Lecturer  on  Anatomy,  in  the  Original  School,  Peter-street. 
Having  been  for  some  time  connected  with  the  Cecilia-street 
School,  he  was  elected  on  the  5th  October,  1857,  Professor  of 
Midwifery  to  the  College.  He  was  for  many  years,  and  up  to  his 
death,  joint  master,  along  with  the  late  Dr.  Ringland,  of  the 
Coombe  Hospital.  He  was  a  good  lecturer,  but  wrote  very  little. 
His  obstetrical  practice  was  considerable. 

Sawyer  was  twice  married — first,  to  an  English  lady,  and  secondly, 
to  the  younger  daughter  of  the  late  William  Hamilton  Roe,  of 
Dublin,  by  whom  he  had  issue.  His  health  failing,  he  resigned  his 
professorship  in  1874,  and  died  on  April  12th,  1875,  at  Albert 
Lodge,  Stillorgan-road.  The  immediate  cause  of  his  death  was 
erysipelas  of  the  head  and  face.  His  remains  were  interred  in 
Mount  Jerome  Cemeteiy. 

RICHD.  THEODORE  STACK,  PROFESSOR  OF  DENTISTRY  SINCE  1883. 

R.  T.  Stack  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  12th  day  of  February, 
1849.  He  is  the  son  of  George  Hall  Stack,  of  Mullaghmore, 
Omagh,  by  his  wife  Mary,  daughter  of  the  late  Sir  Richard  Orpen, 
of  North  Great  George's-street,  Dublin.  He  was  educated  at 
Raphoe  Royal  School,  and  having  entered  T.C.D.  graduated  B.A. 
in  1870,  M.B.  in  1873,  M.D.  in  1874,  and  M.Ch.  in  1875.  In 
1875  he  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College,  and 
became  a  Fellow  in  1878.  In  1873  he  passed  at  the  Edinburgh 
College  of  Surgeons,  and  in  1877  took  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine  in  the  department  of  dentistry,  at  Harvard  University, 
United  States.  Mr.  Stack  has  devoted  a  large  amount  of  time  to 
the  study  of  his  profession  both  generally,  and  especially  as  regards 
dental  surgery.    In  1873  he  won  the  University  travelling  medical 


500     RICHARD  T.  STACK,  PROFESSOR  OF  DENTISTRY,  1883. 

scholarship,  and  soon  after  went  to  Germany  and  the  United 
States,  in  which  latter  country  he  remained  from  1875  till  1877. 
He  then  settled  in  practice  as  a  dentist,  and  he  is  now  Professor  of 
Dental  Surgery  in  the  College,  Surgeon  to  the  Dental  Hospital  in 
York-street,  and  Dental  Surgeon  to  the  Adelaide  Hospital.  In 
1873  he  won  the  gold  medal  of  the  Pathological  Society  for  his 
essay  on  the  "  Pathology  and  Diagnosis  of  Abdominal  Tumours  in 
the  Male."    He  has  contributed  several  papers  to  the  journals. 

Mr.  Stack  is  married  to  Charlotte  Anne,  daughter  of  the  late 
Henry  Thompson,  F.R.C.S.I.,  of  Tyrone  Infirmary.  He  has  two 
sons  and  three  daughters. 

WILLIAM  THORNLEY  STOKER,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  1876. 

W.  T.  Stoker  was  born  in  Marino  Crescent,  Clontarf,  on  the  6th 
March,  1845.  He  is  the  son  of  the  late  Abraham  Stoker,  who 
occupied  for  more  than  half  a  century  a  position  in  the  Chief 
Secretary's  office,  Dublin  Castle.  His  mother  was  Charlotte  Matilda 
Blake,  daughter  of  Captain  Thornley.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Grammar  School,  Wymondham,  Norfolk,  and  his  professional  in- 
struction was  received  in  the  College,  the  Queen's  College,  Galway, 
and  St.  Vincent's  Hospital,  Dublin.  In  1867  he  obtained  the 
Licence  of  the  College,  and  became  a  Fellow  thereof  upon  the  11th 
November,  1873.  In  1866  he  graduated  M.D.  in  the  Queen's 
University,  and  in  1872  he  obtained  the  diploma  of  the  College  of 
Physicians. 

Mr.  Stoker  is  Surgeon  to  the  House  of  Industry  Hospital  and 
Visiting  Surgeon  to  St.  Patrick's  Hospital  for  the  Insane;  he  was 
formerly  Surgeon  to  the  City  of  Dublin  Hospital.  He  is  Honorary 
Professor  of  Anatomy  to  the  Royal  Hibernian  Academy,  and  is 
Inspector  for  Ireland  under  the  Act  relating  to  Vivisection.  He 
has  contributed  numerous  papers  on  surgical  subjects  to  the  Dublin 
Journal  of  Medical  Science,  the  Medical  Press  and  Circular,  and 
"Transactions  of  Academy  of  Medicine  in  Ireland."  His  eldest 
brother,  Mr.  Brain  Stoker,  a  man  of  literary  tastes,  is  secretary  to 
Mr.  Irving,  the  dramatist;  and  his  brother  Richard,  a  medical  man 
was  with  the  Turks  during  the  Siege  of  Plevna,  and  served  in  the 


"WILLIAM  T.  STOKER,  PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY,  1876.  501 

last  Afghan  and  Zulu  campaigns.  George,  now  Surgeon  to  the 
Throat  Hospital  in  Golden-square,  London,  served  with  the  Turks 
through  the  Bulgarian  and  Russian  campaigns,  and  in  the  Zulu 
War  as  Assistant-Commissioner  to  the  Stafford  House. 

THE  THREE  STOKES'S. 

Whitley  Stokes  was  for  many  years  Professor  of  Medicine  to  the 
College,  and  his  grandson,  William  Stokes,  is  now  Professor  of 
Surgery  in  its  School.  Whitley  Stokes  was,  in  1826,  desirous 
that  his  son  William  should  be  associated  with  him  in  the  professor- 
ship, in  order  that  his  pupils  might  have  the  entrde  to  the  Meath 
Hospital,  to  which  institution  William  Stokes  had  just  been 
appointed  physician  vice  his  father.  It  is  to  be  for  ever  regretted 
that  the  College  refused  to  allow  the  younger  Stokes  to  lecture  in 
conjunction  with  his  father ;  had  they  acted  otherwise,  yet  another 
great  name  would  be  associated  with  the  teaching  faculty  of  the 
College.  William  Stokes  soon  after  became  a  lecturer  in  the  Park- 
street  School.  It  will  be  convenient  to  notice  his  career  in  connec- 
tion with  the  biographies  of  his  father  and  son,  rather  than  in  the 
Chapter  on  the  Private  Schools,  to  which  it  properly  pertains. 

WHITLEY  STOKES,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,  1819-28. 

Whitley  Stokes  was  born  in  Waterford  in  1763.    His  father, 
the  Rev.  Gabriel  Stokes,  an  ex-F.T.C.D.,  was  Chancellor  of  the 
Cathedral  of  Waterford,  and  master  of  an  endowed  school;  and  his 
grandfather,  Gabriel,  was  Deputy-Surveyor  of  Ireland.  Having 
received  a  good  education  in  his  father's  school  at  Waterford, 
he  entered  Trinity  College,  and  obtaining,  in  1781,  a  scholar- 
ship, graduated  B.A.  in  1783.    His  thirst  for  knowledge  of  every 
kind  was  very  great,  and  he  devoted  so  much  of  his  time  to  close 
study  that  his  health  suffered  severely.    He  resolved  to  compete 
for  a  Fellowship,  but  when,  in  1788,  the  clay  of  trial  arrived,  he  was 
so  weak  and  emaciated  that  it  became  necessary  to  carry  him  into 
the  Examination  Hall.    His  courage,  however,  proved  equal  to 
the  occasion,  and  after  a  severe  competition  he  won  the  Fellowship. 
In  the  following  year  he  proceeded  to  the  degree  of  M.  A.  Having 


502     WHITLEY  STOKES,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,  1819-28. 

studied  medicine  in  both  Dublin  and  Edinburgh,  he  graduated  in 
Dublin  both  as  M.B.  and  M.D.  in  1793,  and  he  also  took  in  that 
year  a  medical  degree  in  Edinburgh. 

Stokes  became  a  member  of  the  Society  of  United  Irishmen  at 
a  time  when  their  proceedings  were  of  a  constitutional  character, 
but  he  retired  from  active  participation  in  their  operations  about 
1792,  at  which  period  they  began  to  assume  a  revolutionary  aspect. 
It  was,  however,  a  matter  of  notoriety  that  his  sympathies  were 
with  the  national  party,  and  accordingly  he  was  cited  to  appear 
before  Lord  Clare  and  the  other  "  Visitors  "  of  Trinity  College,  in 
April,  1798.  Although  there  was  not  the  slightest  proof  of  Stokes' 
complicity  with  the  doings  of  the  United  Irishmen  from  the  time 
that  they  had  become  a  secret  organisation,  he  was  suspended  from 
his  Fellowship  for  a  period  of  one  year.  His  suspension  was  not 
for  the  commission  of  seditious  acts,  but  for  his  sympathy  with  the 
principles  advocated  by  Grattan,  Curran,  and  other  Irish  patriots. 
Although  he  early  withdrew  from  the  Society  of  the  United  Irish- 
men, he  seems  to  have  retained  their  esteem,  for  even  one  of  the 
most  revolutionary  of  them — Wolfe  Tone — wrote  of  Stokes  that 
he  was  "the  very  best  man  I  have  ever  known." 

Stokes's  moral  nature  was  pure  and  exalted.  His  conscientious- 
ness was  extreme,  and  he  was  gentle,  kind,  unselfish,  and  generous. 
"  Erinensis,"  the  bitter  satirist  upon  medical  men,  wiped  the  venom 
from  his  pen  when  he  wrote  of  him ;  and  another  lampooner  of 
his  professional  brethren,  Dr.  Brennan,  though  he  reflects  upon 
Stokes's  costume,  extols  his  charity  in  the  following  lines  : — 

"  If  asked  for  his  coat,  he  gave  with  it  his  waistcoat, 
Tho'  no  Plunket-street*  man  would  give  much  for  his  vest-coat." 

He  was  a  most  agreeable  companion,  always  ready  to  communi- 
cate the  information  of  which  he  had  such  stores  at  hand,  and  it 
is  said  that  the  evenings  spent  in  his  society  were  most  enjoyable. 
He  was  a  fluent  and  earnest  lecturer.  He  was  a  pious  man,  and 
there  is  reason  to  believe  that  his  "  Reply  "  to  Paine's  "  Age  of 

*  Plunket-street  was,  for  the  better  part  of  a  century,  an  emporium  of  "second- 
hand" clothes.  Its  old  and  insanitary  houses  have  recently  been  pulled  down  by  the 
Corporation,  and  their  sites  let  to  the  Dublin  Artisans'  Dwellings  Company. 


WHITLEY  STOKES,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,  1819-28.  503 

Reason,"  largely  counteracted  the  effects  which  that  book  had 
produced  upon  the  minds  of  the  students  of  the  University,  as 
well  as  of  many  others. 

Stokes  was  admitted  a  licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians, 
20th  November,  1795,  and  was  elected  an  Honorary  Fellow,  15th 
January,  1816.  On  the  10th  June,  1805,  he  was  co-opted  a  Senior 
Fellow  of  Trinity  College  ;  but  having,  from  scruples  of  a  religious 
nature,* resigned  his  Fellowship,  he  was,  in  1816,  appointed  Lecturer 
on  Natural  History  to  the  College.  He  devoted  himself  enthu- 
siastically to  the  duties  of  his  lectureship,  teaching  mineralogy  and 
geology  as  well  as  botany  and  zoology,  and,  indeed,  accepting  the 
most  comprehensive  definition  of  the  province  of  natural  history. 
He  proved  the  igneous  origin  of  the  granites,  and  was  the  first  to 
suggest  the  planetary  nature  of  aerolites,  or  shooting  stars — a 
theory  now  universally  accepted.  Under  his  direction  the  minerals 
in  Trinity  College  Museum  were  arranged ;  and  a  plan,  which  he 
submitted  for  a  herbarium,  was  in  great  part  adopted  by  the  founders 
of  the  beautiful  gardens  at  Glasnevin — the  idea  of  establishing 
the  Dublin  Zoological  Gardens  originated  in  his  mind.  His  love 
of  nature  was  indeed  profound :  he  ardently  investigated  it,  but 
soon  realised  how  little  is  known  of  its  mysteries — he  must  have 
felt  how  truthful  are  the  words  of  Goethe,  that — 

"  Die  unbe  greiflich  hohen  Werke, 
Sind  herrlich  wie  am  ersten  Tag." 

On  the  15th  June,  1819,  Stokes  succeeded  Cheyne  as  Professor 
of  Medicine  to  the  College  of  Surgeons,  and  retained  that  office  up 
to  1828.  On  30th  November,  1830,  he  succeeded  Edward  Hill  as 
Regius  Professor  of  Physic  in  Trinity  College — Hill  having  held  that 
office  for  forty-nine  years.  On  the  14th  December,  1818,  he  was 
elected  Physician  to  the  Meath  Hospital — a  position  which  he 
vacated  in  favour  of  his  son  in  1826. 

Although  Stokes  devoted  so  large  a  portion  of  his  time  to  purely 
scientific  investigations,  yet  he  was  not  unmindful  of  his  functions 
as  a  physician.    He  appears  to  have  had  but  little  private  practice, 

*  He  had  become  a  "  Walkerite"  (see  page  486). 


504     WHITLEY  STOKES,  PROFESSOR  OF  MEDICINE,  1819-28. 


but  he  was  ever  ready  to  minister  to  the  wants  of  the  sick  poor. 
He  worked  hard  during  two  great  epidemics  of  typhus  fever ;  and, 
in  a  treatise  on  "  Contagion,"  he  strongly  advocated  the  isolation  of 
the  sick,  the  purification  of  their  dwellings  and  clothing,  and  the 
establishment  of  district  hospitals. 

Stokes's  treatise  on  Respiration  is  referred  to  at  page  48.  In 
1814  he  caused  to  be  printed  at  his  own  expense  an  Englisb-Irish 
Dictionary,  and  two  years  later  he  published  a  pamphlet  in  which 
he  combated  the  theories  of  Dr.  Malthus  on  population,  which  at 
that  time  excited  great  attention.  He  wooed  the  Muses,  and  not 
unsuccessfully.  Of  painting  and  music  he  was  an  excellent  judge, 
and  his  poetical  compositions,  though  few,  fairly  entitle  him  to  a 
high  place  amongst  the  group  of  minor  poets.  The  following  lines 
on  the  shamrock  were  written  on  the  occasion  of  the  entry  of 
George  IV.  into  Dublin  in  1821,  Stokes  being  then  in  his  fifty- 
eighth  year ;  they  are,  perhaps,  the  most  inferior  of  his  composi- 
tions, but  they  show  his  patriotic  spirit : — 

"  Fair  plant !  beloved  with  rooted  truth, 
And  watered  by  my  tears, 
The  bitter  trial  of  my  youth, 
The  solace  of  my  years. 

"  Lov'd,  honor'd,  plant,  too  long  oppressed, 
Beneath  the  foot  of  pride  ; 
At  length  unfold  thy  beaming  breast, 
And  cast  the  dust  aside. 

"  Belov'd  !  revive — your  king  appears, 
To  wipe  your  tears  away  ; 
The  sorrows  of  a  thousand  years 
Are  vanishing  to-day. 

"  His  aged  head  thy  grateful  breast 
Shall  soothe  to  safe  repose  ; 
Free  from  the  thorns  that  still  infest 
The  Thistle  and  the  Rose." 

Stokes  married  in  1797,  Mary  Anne,  daughter  of  John  Picknoll, 
J. P.,  of  Loughgall,  a  gentleman  of  landed  property  in  the  north  of 
Ireland.  She  died  in  1842,  and  her  husband  passed  away  on  the 
13th  April,  1845,  at  the  age  of  eighty-two,  and  was  interred  in  a 
family  tomb  which  he  had  caused  to  be  built  at  Taney  Church, 
Dundrum,  County  of  Dublin. 


WILLIAM  STOKES. 


505 


WILLIAM  STOKES. 

W.  Stokes,  son  of  Whitley  Stokes,  was  born  in  Dublin,  in  July, 
1804.  He  was  educated  at  home,  under  the  direction  of  John 
Walker,  an  ex-Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  and  an  excellent  scholar 
and  teacher.  It,  seems  odd  that  he  was  neither  sent  to  a  school 
nor  to  the  University  with  which  his  father  was  so  long  connected. 
He,  however,  enjoyed  to  a  greater  extent  than  most  sons  do  the 
society  of  an  accomplished  father,  in  whose  laboratory  many  of  his 
early  days  were  in  great  part  spent.  This  companionship  with  a 
man  such  as  Whitley  Stokes  exercised  an  abiding  influence  for 
good  upon  William  Stokes,  and  to  some  extent  compensated  for 
his  want  of  the  many  advantages  incidental  to  a  school  and 
university  training. 

In  the  year  1822  Stokes's  name  was  entered  for  the  anatomical 
course  in  the  School  of  the  College  of  Surgeons.  He  soon  after 
went  for  a  short  time  to  Glasgow  University,  and  in  1823  entered 
himself  as  a  pupil  of  William  Alison,  in  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh. Under  this  celebrated  man — of  whom  Stokes  always  spoke 
with  reverence  and  admiration — he  had  the  opportunity  of  seeing 
disease  in  its  protean  aspects.  In  1825  he  took  the  Degree  of 
M.D.  in  Edinburgh  University,  but  before  his  graduation  he  had 
written  a  little  work  on  the  stethoscope — then  a  new  instrument — 
for  which  he  received  £70 — a  large  sum,  when  the  youth  of  the 
author  and  the  size  of  the  work  are  considered. 

In  1825  he  settled  in  Dublin,  and  shortly  afterwards  his  father 
resigned  the  office  of  Physician  to  the  Meath  Hospital,  in  order 
that  his  son  might  be  attached  to  that  institution.  He  was  then 
only  twenty-two  years  of  age,  but  he  had  already  acquired  a 
reputation  as  a  skilful  physician — partly  on  account  of  the  work 
which  he  had  published,  partly  because  rumours  of  his  distin- 
guished student  career  had  reached  Dublin.  He  commenced  at 
once  to  give  clinical  lectures,  which  proved  very  attractive,  and 
soon  added  to  the  number  of  the  hospital  class.  In  the  following 
winter  a  severe  epidemic  of  typhus  fever  set  in,  and  lasted  until 
1828.    Stokes's  attention  to  the  fever-stricken  patients  was  unre- 


506 


WILLIAM  STOKES. 


mitting.  Not  only  was  the  hospital — which  at  one  time  had  300 
patients  in  it — the  scene  of  his  labours,  but  he  also  visited  the 
cases  in  the  poorest  parts  of  the  city,  and  frequently  superintended 
their  removal  to  hospital. 

In  1828  he  published  a  brochure  entitled  "  Two  Lectures  on  the 
Application  of  the  Stethoscope  ;"  and  in  the  same  year  he  was  mar- 
ried to  Mary,  daughter  of  James  Black,  an  eminent  merchant,  of 
Glasgow.  He  had  made  the  acquaintance  of  this  lady  during  his 
sojourn  in  Scotland,  and  his  union  with  her  contributed  much  to 
the  happiness  of  his  long  life. 

In  1837  Stokes  published  a  "Treatise  on  the  Diagnosis  and 
Treatment  of  the  Diseases  of  the  Chest " — a  work  which  imme- 
diately raised  him  to  the  highest  rank  as  an  original  observer. 
Gerhard  von  dem  Busche,  of  Bremen,  who  translated,  in  1838, 
this  work  into  German,  said  of  it  in  his  preface : — 

"  Since  the  publication  of  Laennec's  great  work,  which  formed 
an  epoch  in  medical  history,  many  valuable  treatises  have  appeared 
in  France  and  England  on  the  same  subject,  but  none  of  them  can 
bear  comparison  with  that  which  has  lately  emanated  from  the  pen 
of  Dr.  William  Stokes  of  Dublin." 

Before  the  appearance  of  this  work  Stokes  had  written  many 
valuable  articles  in  the  Dublin  Quarterly  Journal  of  Medical  Science, 
some  of  the  most  remarkable  of  which  were — Clinical  Observations 
on  the  Use  of  Opium  in  Large  Doses  (1832),  On  Pericarditis 
(1833),  and  On  the  Pathology  of  Aneurysmns  (1834). 

Stokes's  practice  now  became  very  large,  and  honours  began  to 
pour  in  upon  him.  On  the  28th  October,  1839,  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  in  1849  was  advanced  to 
the  Presidency  of  that  College.  In  the  same  year  he  was  made 
an  honorary  M.D.  of  Dublin  University,  and  the  honorary  mem- 
berships of  many  British  and  foreign  medical  societies  and  scientific 
institutions  were  tendered  to  him,  including  those  of  the  Royal 
Medical  Societies  of  Berlin,  Leipzig,  and  Ghent,  of  the  Imperial 
College  of  Vienna,  and  of  the  National  Institute  of  Philadelphia. 

In  1842  he  succeeded  his  father  as  Regius  Professor  of  Physic, 


WILLIAM  STOKES. 


507 


having  for  several  years  previously  been  Lecturer  on  Medicine  in 
the  Park-street  School.    He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.    In  1865  the  Honorary  Degree  of  D.C.L.  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  Oxford  University,  and  in  1874  he  received  that  of 
LL.D.  from  Cambridge  University — a  degree  which  had  also  been 
bestowed  on  him  in  1865  by  his  Alma  Mater,  at  Edinburgh.  In 
1875  the  German  Emperor  decorated  him  with  the  Prussian  Order 
of  Merit.    The  Royal  Irish  Academy  elected  him  their  President 
in  1874.    He  was  appointed  Physician  in  Ordinary  to  the  Queen, 
and  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the  Medical  Council.    It  is 
strange  that  a  man  who  was  so  highly  honoured  by  those  most 
competent  to  discern  his  merits,  and  who  for  so  many  years 
admittedly  occupied  a  place  amongst  the  greatest  physicians  of 
Europe,  was  never  offered  one  of  those  titles  of  honour  conferred 
by  the  Sovereign  upon  so  many  of  Stokes's  medical  contemporaries. 

In  1854  Stokes  produced  another  masterpiece — his  treatise  on 
Diseases  of  the  Heart  and  Aorta.  He  seems  to  have  believed  that 
this  work  was  of  more  value  than  his  treatise  on  Diseases  of  the 
Chest.  It  strongly  illuminated  the  subject  of  the  diseases  of  the 
muscular  structures  of  the  heart,  of  its  constitutional  defects,  and  of 
its  fatty  degeneration.  In  it  is  contained  his  celebrated  description 
of  the  case  of  Abraham  Colles,  his  "  venerated  friend  and  teacher," 
copied  from  the  pages  of  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science. 
Eighty-five  of  its  pages  are  devoted  to  an  account  of  the  condition 
of  the  heart  in  typhus  fever.  We  have  in  it  too,  a  minute  description 
of  the  "  Cheyne-Stokes'  respiration,"  which  Stokes  has  shown  is 
symptomatic  of  certain  conditions  of  the  heart. 

In  1854  he  published,  in  the  Medical  Times  and  Gazette,  Lectures 
on  Fever,  which,  with  some  additions,  were  in  1874  published  in  a 
volume  edited  by  Dr.  John  "William  Moore,  and  dedicated  to  his 
warm  friend,  Dr.  (now  Sir  Henry  W.),  Acland.  In  them  he 
adheres  to  his  old  opinion — that  typhus  and  typhoid  fevers  have  a 
common  origin,  though  for  clinical  purposes  they  are  to  be  regarded 
as  distinct. 

In  addition  to  these  works  Stokes  wrote  several  minor  ones.  In 
1832,  '33,  and  '34,  his  lectures  on  medicine — delivered  at  the  Meath 


508         WILLIAM  STOKES,  PROFESSOK  OF  SURGERY,  1872. 


Hospital  and  in  the  Park-street  School — attracted  much  attention. 
They  were  published  in  the  third,  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  volumes 
of  the  London  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  and  were  subse- 
quently published  in  one  volume,  edited  by  Dr.  Bell,  in  Philadelphia, 
and  for  many  years  formed  a  text-book  in  the  American  schools  of 
medicine.  In  1863  he  edited  Graves'  "  Studies  in  Physiology  and 
Medicine,"  and  he  wrote  many  of  the  articles  in  the  Cyclopaedia  of 
Practical  Medicine. 

Stokes  resembled  his  father  in  his  love  of  nature.  He  was  an 
admirer  of  the  higher  forms  of  dramatic  art ;  and  as  an  instance  of 
the  versatility  of  his  genius,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  he  wrote  an 
admirable  review  of  Kugler's  "Handbook  of  Painting."  He  was 
thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  history  of  his  country,  and  rivalled 
Wilde  in  the  extent  of  his  antiquarian  lore.  He  wrote  the  life  of 
his  life-long  friend,  George  Petrie,  the  eminent  Irish  archaeologist, 
painter,  and  musician. 

Stokes  had  a  high  opinion  of  the  value  of  hygiene,  and  his  last 
lecture  was  one  upon  that  subject.  It  was  mainly  on  his  represen- 
tation that  the  University  of  Dublin  instituted  their  diploma  in 
State  Medicine. 

In  1876,  owing  to  failing  health,  Stokes  was  obliged  to  relinquish 
all  the  professional  positions  which  he  held.  He  spent  the  rest  of 
his  life  chiefly  in  his  charming  residence,  Carigbreac,  on  the  Hill  of 
Howth.  Here  he  peacefully  passed  away  on  the  6th  January, 
1878,  and  his  remains  were  interred  in  the  old  churchyard  beside 
the  ruins  of  St.  Fintan's  Chapel,  where  six  years  before  the  loving 
and  beloved  partner  of  his  life  was  laid  at  rest. 

The  College  of  Physicians  contains  a  noble  statue  of  Stokes 
sculptured  by  one  of  Ireland's  most  gifted  sons,  John  Henry 
Foley,  R.A. 

WILLIAM  STOKES,  PROFESSOR  OF  SURGERY  SINCE  1872. 

W.  Stokes,  son  of  Dr.  William  Stokes  above  mentioned,  was  born 
at  50  York-street,  Dublin,  on  10th  March,  1839.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Royal  School,  Armagh,  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 


WILLIAM  STOKES,  PROFESSOR  OF  SURGERY,  1872.  509 


received  his  professional  training  in  the  School  of  Physic,  the 
Carmichael  School,  and  the  Meath  and  Richmond  Hospitals.  After 
he  had  received  his  medical  qualifications,  he  spent  two  years  in 
study  in  Paris,  Berlin,  Vienna,  and  Prague.  In  1861  he  was 
awarded  the  gold  medal  of  the  Pathological  Society.  His  degrees, 
&c,  are  as  follow :—JB.A.,  1859;  M.B.,  M.D.,  and  M.Chir.,  1863; 
L.R.C.S.I,  1862 ;  F.R.C.S.I.,  1874.  Having  settled  in  practice  in 
Clare-street,  he  was,  in  1864,  elected  Surgeon  to  the  Meath  Hospital 
in  succession  to  Josiah  Smyly  ;  but  in  1868  he  resigned  his  connec- 
tion with  that  institution  consequent  upon  being  appointed  Surgeon 
to  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals.  He  was  for  some  time  Lecturer 
on  Surgery  in  the  Carmichael  School,  and  in  1872  was  elected  to 
the  Professorship  of  Surgery  in  the  College,  of  which  he  has  for 
several  years  been  a  Councillor.  He  has  been  an  Examiner  in 
Surgery  in  the  Queen's  University,  and  has  filled  the  Presidential 
chair  of  the  Pathological  Society,  and  of  the  Irish  Graduates'  Associa- 
tion. Of  many  British  and  foreign  medical  societies  he  is  a 
member,  ordinary,  corresponding,  or  honorary,  and  he  has  filled 
various  offices  in  connection  with  several  of  them.  Mr.  Stokes  has 
contributed  70  papers  on  various  surgical  subjects  to  the  medical 
journals  and  the  transactions  of  societies,  and  the  subject  matter  of 
several  of  them  are  quoted  in  such  well-known  works  as  "  Erichsen's 
Treatise  on  Surgery,"  &c.  He  described,  in  the  "  Transactions  of  the 
Surgical  Society  for  1877,"  a  double-threaded  screw-extension  splint ; 
and  Modification  of  Gritti's  Method  of  Amputating  the  Thigh, 
devised  by  Mr.  Stokes,  is  described  in  the  recent  surgical  treatises 
of  Erichsen,  Gross,  &c.  It  is  as  follows : — The  bone  is  sawn  off 
above  the  condyles  from  a  half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  beyond 
the  superior  edges  of  the  cartilage  of  incrustation,  sufficiently  low  to 
prevent  exposure  of  the  medullary  canal.  The  anterior  flap  is  oval, 
and  two-thirds  longer  than  the  posterior  flap.  The  patella  denuded 
of  cartilage  is  placed  in  exact  apposition  to  the  extremity  of  the 
femur,  and  the  bones  are  sutured,  thus  preserving  the  attachment 
of  the  four-headed  extensor  muscle. 

Professor  Stokes  delivered  the  address  on  Surgery  at  the  British 
Medical  Association  (Jubilee)  meeting,  at  Worcester  in  1882,  and 


510      H.  R.  SWANZY,  PROFESSOR  OF  OPHTHALMOLOGY,  1877-81. 


achieved  a  remarkable  success.  The  Lancet  refers  to  it  in  the 
following  terms: — 

"  The  event  of  greatest  interest  to  the  surgeons  assembled  at 
Worcester  was,  undeniably,  Professor  Stokes's  address.  The  occa- 
sion— the  Jubilee  of  the  Association — the  honoured  name  inherited, 
and  the  high  reputation  borne  by  the  orator,  demanded  a  contribu- 
tion to  surgical  literature  of  more  than  passing  value.  In  substance, 
in  form,  and  in  delivery  the  address  was  fully  equal  to  all  expecta- 
tions and  hopes,  and  to  his  character  as  a  skilful  and  wise  surgeon 
Professor  Stokes  has  now  added  the  reputation  of  an  orator  worthy 
of  his  country." 

The  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  is  as  laudatory  as  the 
Lancet.    It  says: — 

"  There  was  an  unmixed  expression  of  admiration  and  delight  at 
the  address  on  Surgery,  in  the  delivery  of  which  Professor  Stokes 
proved  a  medical  orator  scarcely,  if  at  all,  second  to  Sir  James 
Paget." 

Other  medical  journals  referred  in  equally  eulogistic  terms  to 
this  address. 

Mr.  Stokes  was  elected  Vice-President  of  the  College  for  the 
year  1885-6.  He  is  married  to  Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter  of  the 
late  Rev.  John  Lewis  Moore,  D.D.,  Vice-Provost  of  Trinity  College. 
He  resides  in  No.  5  Merrion-square — the  house  which  his  father 
occupied  for  many  years,  and  his  family  consist  of  one  son  and 
one  daughter. 

HENRY  R.  SWANZY,  PROFESSOR  OF  OPHTHALMOLOGY,  1877-81. 

H.  R.  Swanzy  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  6th  November,  1844. 
He  is  the  son  of  the  late  John  Swanzy,  solicitor,  by  his  wife 
Frances  Margaret,  daughter  of  Francis  Mills,  of  Mountjoy-square, 
Dublin.  Mr.  Swanzy  was  educated  at  Dr.  Benson's  School,  Rath- 
mines,  and  in  T.C.D.,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1864,  and  M.B.  in 
1865.  In  1866  he  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial,  and  on  the 
21st  October,  1873,  the  Fellowship  of  the  College.    His  medical 


WALTER  WADE,  PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY,  1792-1825.  511 

education  was  conducted  in  T.C.D.,  and  in  Berlin  and  Vienna. 
In  the  former  city  he  acted  for  two  years  as  Assistant  to  Professor 
Von  Grraefe.  He  served  as  a  volunteer  surgeon  on  the  Prussian 
side  during  the  Austro-Prussian  War  in  1866.  Having  been  four 
years  abroad,  Mr.  Swanzy  settled  in  practice  in  Dublin  as  an  oculist 
and  aurist.  He  succeeded  Wilson  in  the  chair  of  Ophthalmic 
Surgery,  and  resigned  that  office  on  becoming  Examiner  in  that 
subject  to  the  College.  Having  served  for  two  years  at  the 
Council,  he  is  now  Examiner  in  Ophthalmic  Surgery  to  the  College, 
Surgeon  to  the  National  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  and  Ophthalmic 
Surgeon  to  the  Adelaide  Hospital.  In  addition  to  several  contribu- 
tions to  the  journals,  he  published,  in  1884,  "  A  Handbook  on 
Diseases  of  the  Eye,  and  their  Treatment."  London  :  H.  K. 
Lewis.  1885,  8vo,  pp.  437.  Mr.  Swanzy  is  married  to  Mary 
Knox,  daughter  of  John  Denham,  Past  President  of  the  College, 
and  has  issue  three  daughters. 

WALTER  WADE,  PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY,  1792-25. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  learn  anything  concerning  the  parentage 
or  boyhood  of  Walter  Wade.  He  began  to  practise  about  1776  as 
a  surgeon  and  man  midwife,  in  No.  13  Bolton-street.  He  soon 
after  abandoned  surgery,  and  turned  his  attention  to  medicine  and 
botany,  and  obtained  an  M.D.  from,  I  believe,  a  Scotch  university. 
In  1779  he  was  residing  in  19  Aungier-street.  On  the  23rd  April, 
1787,  he  was  admitted  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians, 
and  was  elected  an  Honorary  Fellow  on  the  21st  January,  1811. 
In  1792  he  was  permitted  to  deliver  lectures  on  botany  in  the 
School  of  the  College.  In  1787  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Botany 
and  Agriculture  to  the  Royal  Dublin  Society,  and  Superintendent 
of  the  Society's  Botanic  Gardens,  Glasnevin.  His  salary  was  fixed 
at  £300  per  annum.  The  Society  offered  the  following  liberal 
prizes  in  connection  with  his  first  course  of  lectures: — For  the 
best  answering  in  the  subject  of  botany,  £50  and  a  gold  medal 
(a  second  prize  consisted  of  £30  and  a  gold  medal,  and  a  third  prize 
of  £20).    Prizes  of  equal  value  to  the  foregoing  were  offered  for 


512     H.  WILSON,  PROFESSOR  OF  OPHTHALMOLOGY,  1872-77. 


the  best,  second-best,  and  third-best  answering  in  an  examination 
as  to  the  cultivation  of  the  most  suitable  vegetables  for  the  use  of 
animals.  A  special  prize  of  £20  was  also  offered  for  the  best 
answering  as  to  the  most  superior  kind  of  hay-grasses.  Wade's 
lectures  were  rather  dry,  and  he  was  far  inferior  as  a  lecturer  to 
his  contemporary  and  successor,  Litton.  He  was,  however,  a  good 
botanist,  and  he  received  the  distinction  of  Fellowship  of  the 
Royal  Society.  He  was  an  active  member  of  the  "  Experimental 
Society  of  Dublin  for  promoting  Natural  Knowledge,"  which  was 
instituted  in  1777,  and  lasted  for  a  few  years.  Their  house  was 
in  "  Spring  Gardens,"  Dame-street,  where  they  met  every  Wednes- 
day at  6  o'clock,  p.m — in  those  days  dinner-hours  were  early. 
Wade's  botanical  works  are  referred  to  at  page  49.  He  died  in 
1825  in  Dorset-street.  His  wife,  Mary  Wade,  survived  until  1831, 
when  she  died  in  consequence  of  a  burn,  and  was  interred,  by  per- 
mission of  the  Society,  in  the  Quaker's  burial-ground,  Cork-street. 
She  was  ninety-seven  years  old.    Wade  left  no  children. 

HENRY  WILSON,  PROFESSOR  OF  OPHTHALMOLOGY,  1872  TO  1877. 

H.  Wilson  was  born  in  Dublin,  in  1838.  He  studied  at  the 
College  School,  at  the  Baggot-street  and  St.  Mark's  Hospitals,  and 
at  Bonn,  Heidelberg,  Berlin,  Vienna,  and  Paris.  He  took  out  the 
licence  of  the  College  in  1858,  and  passed  for  the  Fellowship  on 
the  3rd  February,  1865.  He  acted  for  several  years  as  Assistant 
to  Sir  W.  Wilde,  and  succeeded  him  as  Surgeon  to  St.  Mark  s 
Hospital,  to  which  he  was  House  Surgeon  up  to  1868.  He  served 
on  the  College,  and  was  an  Examiner  in  Ophthalmic  Surgery  in  the 
University.  He  was  Ophthalmic  Surgeon  to  Steevens'  Hospital,  and 
Surgeon  to  the  City  of  Dublin  Militia  Artillery.  He  died  from 
pleuro-pneumonia,  at  his  residence,  Baggot-street,  on  the  16th 
June,  1877,  and  was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery.  In  his 
will  he  left  the  reversionary  interest  of  £5,000  to  St.  Mark's 
Hospital.  Wilson  contributed  several  papers  to  the  journals. 
In  many  a  Dublin  circle  he  was  highly  esteemed  for  his  social 
qualities. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


THE  UNCHARTERED,  OR  PRIVATE,  SCHOOLS  OF  MEDICINE. 

Before  the  foundation  of  the  College  School  there  were  no 
regular  schools  of  surgery,  with  large  staffs  of  lecturers,  such  as  we 
now  have  ;  there  were,  however,  professional  anatomists,  who  gave 
instruction  in  their  art  to  persons  other  than  their  apprentices. 
The  following  advertisement,  taken  from  the  Dublin  Weekly 
Journal  for  the  19th  of  October,  1728,  shows  that  there  were 
Cramptons  and  Kirbys  early  in  the  last  century  : — 

"  A  Course  of  Anatomy  in  all  its  branches  (viz.)  Osteology, 
Myology,  Angiology,  Neurology,  Adenology,  and  Enterology,  will 
be  given  by  James  Brenan,  M.D.,  At  his  House  on  Arren-key, 
the  18  November,  1728,  at  Twelve  of  the  Clock,  and  will  be  con- 
tinued every  Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday,  untill  the  Whole 
is  completed,  the  Operative  part  by  Peter  Brenan,  Surgeon. 

"  N.B. — The  Charge  of  this  Course  is  two  Pistoles.*  And  if 
any  Students  in  Physic  or  Chirurgyry  be  desirous  to  read  Anatomy 
and  Dissect  they  may  be  Instructed  and  Accommodated  at  the 
same  place,  on  reasonable  terms." 

From  this  advertisement  (one  of  many  inserted  for  Dr.  Brenan) 
we  leara  that,  158  years  ago,  there  was  exactly  such  a  school  as 
Kirby  established  in  1809 — namely,  a  dissecting-room,  lecture- 
room,  lecturer,  and  demonstrator.  Peter  Brenan  was  one  of  the 
medical  men  who  in  1728  founded  the  Charitable  Infirmary,  Cook- 
street,  from  which  the  present  Jervis-street  Hospital  is,  so  to  speak, 
directly  descended. 

CRAMPTON  S  SCHOOL,  1804-1813. 

The  first  private  school  of  anatomy  opened  in  the  present 
century  was  that  established  in  1804  by  Mr.,  afterwards  Sir 
Philip,  Crampton.  He  fitted  up  in  the  stable  and  coachhouse 
in  rere  of  his  dwelling,  No.  42  Dawson-street,  a  dissecting-room 
and  small  lecture  theatre,  in  which  he  commenced,  on  the  8th 

*  The  value  of  a  Pistole  in  1728  was  17s.  Id. 

2  L 


514 


ceampton's  school. 


October,  1804,  a  systematic  course  of  lectures  on  anatomy,  phy- 
siology, and  surgery.  At  this  time  he  was  Surgeon  to  the  Meath 
Hospital,  and  many  of  the  pupils  of  that  institution  attended  at 
his  school. 

Cramp  ton's  first  demonstrator  of  anatomy  was  James  Towell,  who 
obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College  on  the  6th  August, 
1805.  In  1816  he  went  to  India,  and  remained  there  for  several 
years.  He  returned  to  Dublin,  where  he  died  about  1836.  Towell's 
successor  was  Peter  Harkan,  who  "  passed"  at  the  College  on  the 
4th  February,  1806.  He  was  a  most  successful  "  resurrectionist," 
and  invariably  headed  the  parties  of  pupils  who  sought  in  the 
graveyards  subjects  for  Crampton's  demonstrations.  On  one  occa- 
sion, whilst  exploring  in  Bully's  Acre,  a  party  of  "watchers  of 
the  dead"  made  a  rush  at  him  and  his  companions.  Harkan  got 
all  his  assistants  over  the  cemetery  wall,  but  whilst  crossing  over 
himself  bis  legs  were  captured  by  the  watchers.  His  pupils  seizing 
him  by  the  opposite  extremity  of  his  body,  partially  pulled  him  from 
his  captors,  who  succeeded  in  drawing  him  back ;  these  operations 
were  repeated  several  times  before  Harkan's  escape  was  effected. 
The  see-saw  movement  to  which  he  was  subjected  on  the  crest  of 
the  wall  injured  him  so  severely  that  it  is  believed  he  never 
quite  recovered  from  its  effects,  and  he  died  a  young  man  in  1814. 
His  brother,  Patrick  Harkan,  Physician  to  Cork-street  Fever 
Hospital,  survived  until  1866,  and  died,  aged  82.  Peter  Harkan 
was  not,  it  would  appear,  a  universal  favourite  amongst  the 
members  of  the  College,  as  he  was  rejected  for  the  membership. 

Crampton  closed  his  school  at  the  termination  of  the  session 
1812-13,  having  then  become  Surgeon-General.  The  last  survivor 
of  his  class  was  the  late  Dr.  William  Madden,  several  times 
Governor  of  the  Apothecaries'  Hall,  and  who  died  in  October, 
1866,  aged  81. 

JERVIS-STREET  HOSPITAL  SCHOOL,  1808-1833. 

About  1808  an  attempt  was  made  to  utilise  the  charitable  infir- 
mary, Jervis-street,  as  a  teaching  institution.  Systematic  courses 
of  lectures  on  medicine  and  surgery  were  instituted,  and  a  medical 


THE  JERVIS-STREET  HOSPITAL  SCHOOL. 


515 


library  provided  for  the  use  of  the  students.  I  have  not  been  able 
to  ascertain  the  exact  date  at  which  dissections  were  commenced, 
out  in  1813  there  was  a  dissecting  room  in  a  lane  at  the  rere  of  the 
hospital ;  and  in  that  year  regular  courses  of  lectures  on  anatomy, 
physiology,  and  surgery  were  delivered  by  Samuel  Wilmot,  and 
on  clinical  surgery  by  S.  Wilmot  and  Richard  Dease,  whilst  Dr.  W. 
Brooke  lectured  on  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine.  The 
dissections  were  conducted  under  Wilmot's  superintendence.  In 
1817  and  1818  W.  Wallace  gave  anatomical  instruction  in  this 
school,  and  organised  an  "army  class."  Shortly  after  this  year 
the  anatomical  teaching  began  to  die  out,  but  clinical  lectures 
were  delivered  for  many  years  subsequently,  and  certificates  of 
attendance  upon  them  were  received  as  evidence  of  medical  educa- 
tion. In  1832  Drs.  D.  J.  Corrigan  and  P.  Hunt  advertised  their 
courses  of  medical  lectures  in  the  Jervis-street  "  Hospital  School." 
The  fee  for  them — two  guineas — also  entitled  the  pupil  to  attend 
the  practice  of  the  hospital. 

The  Jervis-street  school  lasted  from  1808  until  1833;  but 
during  the  greater  part  of  this  time  it  was  imperfect  in  some  of 
the  departments  of  a  medical  school,  even  for  those  days. 

kirby's  school,  1809-1832. 

In  1809  John  Timothy  Kirby  and  Alexander  Read  started  a 
private  medical  school  at  the  rere  of  a  house  in  Stephen-street, 
close  to  Mercer's  Hospital.  Part  of  the  front  house  was  occupied 
by  a  laundress  whose  signboard  bore  the  words  "  Mangling  done 
here,"  and  the  wags  of  the  day  said  that  the  signboard  did  duty 
for  Kirby  and  Read  as  well  as  for  the  laundress. 

The  first  course  of  lectures  in  this  school  commenced  on  the 
23rd  October,  1809,  and  terminated  on  the  23rd  March,  1810, 
and  it  was  followed  by  a  course  which  began  on  the  25th  April  and 
ended  on  the  25th  September,  1810.  It  would  seem  that  Kirby 
and  Read  found  such  an  amount  of  lecture-work  as  this  unneces- 
sary, for  they  soon  conformed  to  the  practice  at  the  College  and 
Trinity  College  Schools.  At  this  time  Kirby  resided  at  13  Cuffe- 
street,  and  Read  was  Resident  Surgeon  in  Mercer's  Hospital. 


516 


kikby's  school. 


Their  school,  which  was  named  the  "  Theatre  of  Anatomy,"  was 
removed  to  No.  28  Peter-street  in  1810  and  termed  the  "  Theatre 
of  Anatomy  and  School  of  Surgery."     Read  retired  from  it 
about  1812 ;  Surgeon  Madden  was  appointed  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy,  and  Kirby  became  sole  proprietor  of  the  school.  Michael 
Daniel  was  appointed  Demonstrator  in  1814.    He  was  born  at 
Millburn,  Drumcondra,  County  of  Dublin,   about  1792.  His 
mother's  name  was  a  remarkable  one — namely,  Susanna  Louise 
Soubremont ;  she  belonged  to  a  Huguenot  family..    Daniel  was 
bound  to  Surgeon  Daniel,  of  Armagh,  and  on  his  death  was 
transferred  to  G.  Macklin.    He  was  unfortunate  in  his  examina- 
tions, having  been  rejected  by  both  the  Court  of  Censors  and 
the  Court  of  Assistants ;  but  he  was  successful  on  the  11th 
October,  1812,  in  obtaining  the  Letters  Testimonial.    He  married 
Mary  Anne  Rose,  whose  sister  was  the  wife  of  J.  T.  Kirby.  Daniel 
died  at  Clifton,  Bristol,  in  1837.    During  the  latter  part  of  his 
connection  with  the  school — which  terminated  about  1826 — he 
lectured  upon  anatomy. 

When  the  army  medical  authorities  required  candidates  for 
surgeoncies  to  produce  evidence  of  hospital  attendance,  Kirby  set  up 
a  small  hospital,  which  he  dedicated  to  St.  Peter  and  St.  Bridget. 
The  fees  of  the  pupils  were  devoted  to  the  expenses  of  the  hospital. 
The  Peter-street  school  and  this  hospital  enabled  Kirby  to  give 
complete  sets  of  medical  certificates  (see  page  296),  winch  were 
received  by  the  navy  and  army  medical  departments,  and  by  the 
London  and  Edinburgh  Colleges  of  Surgeons. 

An  accomplished  and  skilful  physician  for  Kirby's  hospital  was 
secured  in  the  person  of  James  John  Leahy.  Tins  gentleman, 
who  was  born  about  the  year  1780,  was  educated  in  Trinity 
College,  where  he  won  a  scholarship.  In  1800  he  graduated  in 
arts,  and  in  1804  in  medicine;  and  he  was  also  an  M.D.  of 
Edinburgh  University.  In  1805  he  became  a  licentiate  of  the 
College  of  Physicians,  was  elected  a  Fellow  on  the  2nd  November, 
1807,  and  served  the  office  of  President  in  1826,  in  which  year  he 
was  appointed  Professor  of  the  Institutes  of  Medicine  in  the  School 
of  Physic.  He  died  from  Asiatic  cholera  at  Sligo  in  1832.  Leahy 


kirby's  school. 


517 


was  a  good  "  all  round"  man,  and  worked  hard  in  the  school.  At 
10  30  o'clock  a.m.  daily  he  discoursed  on  chemistry  and  pharmacy, 
and  at  3  o'clock  p.m.  he  lectured  on  medicine.  St.  Peter  and  St. 
Bridget's  Hospital  was  opened  for  the  reception  of  patients  on  the 
2nd  August,  1811 — Robert  Hamilton  (see  page  342)  consenting 
to  act  as  Consulting  Surgeon.  The  certificates  of  attendances  in 
it  were  not,  however,  received  by  the  College  until  1831. 

In  1823  Mr.  M'Creight  was  Demonstrator,  and  in  1825  he  was 
succeeded  by  John  Towell.  In  1827  Owen  Connolly  was  Demon- 
strator. 

In  1828  Andrew  Ellis  was  associated  with  Kirby  under  the  title 
of  "Professor,"  the  "Demonstrators"  being  John  Edward  Brenan 
and  Thomas  Bunbury  Young. 

In  1830  Surgeon  West  was  added  to  the  staff  of  demonstrators. 
He  max-ried  a  sister  of  Kirby. 

In  1832  Kirby  was  elected  Professor  of  Medicine  to  the  College, 
which  event  terminated  the  existence  of  his  school.  The  museum 
was  presented  to  the  College,  and  the  house  deprived  of  its  furni- 
ture and  fittings.  It  remained  untenanted  until  1836,  when  it  was 
re-opened  under  the  name  of  the  "  Original  School  of  Medicine," 
by  Gr.  T.  Hayden. 

The  classes  at  Kirby's  School  were  always  large,  and  he,  un- 
doubtedly, was  a  most  successful  teacher.  During  his  lectures  he 
was  fond  of  illustrating  the  nature  of  gunshot  wounds,  and  the 
methods  of  military  surgery,  by  firing  a  pistol  at  a  dead  body  placed 
upright  against  the  wall.  The  .body  was  so  arranged  that,  on 
receiving  the  bullet,  it  fell  to  the  ground,  and  was  then  examined 
in  the  same  way  that  a  live  subject  would  be  on  the  battle-field — 
the  wound  was  probed,  and  the  bullet  extracted,  &c,  &c.  This 
pistol-shooting  performance  was  always  carried  on  in  a  most  dramatic 
manner.  Kirby  was  also  accustomed  to  give  demonstrations  on 
animals  rapidly  killed  in  the  presence  of  the  class,  but  his  experi- 
ments were  never  cruel,  and  were  chiefly  exhibitions  of  the  gastric 
liquids,  &c.  He  was  fond  of  wearing  fine  clothes,  and  always 
lectured  attired  in  breeches  and  silk  stockings,  frequently  walking 
up  and  down  during  the  progress  of  his  lecture — the  style  of 


518      MEDICAL  SCHOOL,  HOUSE  OF  INDUSTRY  HOSPITALS. 

which  was  always  highly  ornate.  His  carriage  and  horses — which 
were  very  stylish — were  the  objects  of  great  admiration  to  his 
pupils. 

MEDICAL  SCHOOL,  HOUSE  OP  INDUSTRY  HOSPITALS,  1812-182(3. 

Cheyne  was  a  teacher  as  well  as  a  physician  in  the  House  of 
Industry  Hospitals,  and  he  laid  the  foundation  of  the  museum 
which  is  now  contained  in  the  Richmond  Surgical  Hospital.  About 
1812  a  regular  School  of  Medicine  was  set  up  in  a  building  in  the 
yard  of  the  Hard wi eke  Fever  Hospital,  adjoining  the  lunatics' 
wards.  The  house  consisted  of  two  stories — the  lower  one  was  a 
dissecting-room,  the  upper  a  theatre.  The  dissecting-room  afforded 
accommodation  for  twenty-five  students.  At  first  it  was  termed 
the  "School  of  Medicine,  Hardwicke  Hospital,"  but  about  181(3 
its  title  was  changed  to  that  of  "  The  Anatomical  Theatre  of  the 
Richmond  Hospital."  Hugh  Ferguson  and  Edward  Percival  gave 
clinical  lectures  here  in  1812  and  subsequent  years,  and  Charles 
H.  Todd  gave  lectures  upon  morbid  anatomy,  and  taught  practical 
anatomy  and  physiology  in  the  dissecting-room  up  to  1819.  Todd 
and  Richard  Carmichael  lectured  on  anatomy,  physiology,  and 
surgery,  and  Ephraim  MacDowel  was  the  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy 
and  Secretary  to  the  School. 

In  1819  Todd  was  elected  Professor  of  Anatomy,  Physiology, 
and  Surgery  to  the  College,  but  the  School  was  carried  on  by 
Carmichael,  Edward  Hutton,  and  Joseph  M.  O'Farrell  until 
1826.  During  a  great  epidemic  of  typhus  fever,  a  very  large 
number  of  the  bodies  of  persons  who  had  died  from  that  disease  in 
the  Hardwicke  Fever  Hospital,  were  dissected  in  this  School.  It 
was  remarked  at  the  time  that  none  of  the  students  who  dissects  1 
the  bodies  contracted  the  disease,  except  those  who  were  attending 
in  the  fever  wards.  This  was  considered  a  strong  proof  that  the 
contagion  of  typhus  fever  was  not  conveyed  through  the  media 
of  dead  bodies. 

Though  the  School  became  extinct  in  1826,  it  might  fairly  be 
claimed  that  the  present  Carmichael  College  of  Medicine  is  a  con- 
tinuation of  this  old  Richmond  Hospital  School. 


WALLACE  AND  WHITE'S  SCHOOLS. 


519 


THE  THEATRE  OF  ANATOMY  (SUBSEQUENTLY  THE  ANATOMICO- 
MEDICAL  SCHOOL),  MOORE-STREET,  1820-37. 

In  1820  William  Wallace  ceased  to  teach  anatomy  at  the  Jervis- 
street  Hospital  School,  and  set  up  one  on  his  own  account  at  the 
rere  of  his  Hospital  for  Skin  Diseases,  No.  20  Moore-street.  His 
Demonstrator  was  John  Hart,  who  subsequently  became  Professor 
of  Anatomy  to  the  College.  Twelve  pupils  from  the  School  of 
Art  of  the  Royal  Dublin  Society,  attended  Wallace's  lectures  on 
anatomy  in  Moore-street  during  two  or  three  sessions,  and  were 
admitted  free. 

In  1826  Dr.  John  O'Brien  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on 
medicine  in  this  School,  of  which  he  published  a  synopsis.  During 
the  latter  years  of  Wallace's  life — which  terminated  in  1837 — his 
School  was  merely  a  dissecting-room  for  his  own  apprentices. 
After  his  death  the  Moore-street  premises  passed  into  the  posses- 
sion of  a  butcher,  and  they  are  now  the  fish  emporium  of  Messrs. 
Hanlon,  Brothers. 

THE  SCHOOL  OF  ANATOMY  AND  SURGERY  (SUBSEQUENTLY  TERMED 
THE  THEATRE  OF  ANATOMY,  PHYSIOLOGY,  AND  SURGERY), 
LOWER  ORMOND-QUAY,  1821-27. 

On  the  14th  June,  1819,  St.  Mary's  Hospital  and  Dublin  Eye 
Infirmary  was  established  at  No.  36  Lower  Ormond-quay,  a  house 
situated  west  of  the  Wellington  ("Metal")  Bridge,  where  now 
some  newly-built  houses  stand.  Its  founder  was  Francis  White 
(see  page  389),  with  whom  was  associated  Oliver  Dease.  The 
latter  died  in  1821,  and  was  succeeded  by  Andrew  Ellis  (see  page 
400).  At  his  suggestion  an  anatomical  school  was  added  to  the 
Hospital,  and  a  building  suitable  for  the  purpose  was  obtained  at 
the  rere  of  the  Hospital.  In  it  White  and  Ellis  taught  anatomy, 
physiology,  and  surgery  in  the  winter,  whilst  in  the  spring  the 
former  lectured  on  the  anatomy,  physiology,  and  diseases  of  the 
eye.  In  1827  Hugh  R.  Carmichael  was  associated  with  White  as 
Lecturer  on  Diseases,  &c,  of  the  Eye.    In  this  year  this  Ellis 


520 


MACDOWEL  AND  ADAMS'  SCHOOLS. 


joined  Kirby  at  Peter-street,  and  this  event  terminated  the  exist- 
ence of  the  Ormond-quay  School.  White  subsequently  became 
President  of  the  College. 

THE  FIRST  "  SCHOOL  OF  ANATOMY  AND  SURGERY,"  ECCLES- 

STREET,  1822-26. 

Ephraim  MacDowel  taught  anatomy  to  his  pupils  in  a  dissecting- 
room  fitted  up  in  the  stable  of  his  house,  63  (now  66)  Eccles-street, 
and  at  the  same  time  Robert  Adams  instructed  his  apprentices  in 
a  back  house  in  Mecklenburgh-street.  Adams'  dissecting-house 
having  been  wrecked  and  burned  by  a  mob,  in  1822  he  joined  with 
MacDowel  in  founding  a  medical  school  at  the  rere  of  the  house 
of  the  latter.  Subsequently  the  stable  and  coach-house  belonging 
to  Surgeon  O'Bryen  Bellingham's  house  (which  was  next  door 
to  MacDowel's),  were  obtained,  which  enabled  a  commodious  dis- 
secting-room, a  lecture-theatre,  a  museum,  and  other  apartments  to 
be  formed.  Adams  and  MacDowel  were  assisted  in  the  dissecting- 
room  by  J.  W.  Martley,  L.R.C.S.,  and  the  medical  lectures  were 
delivered  by  Dr.  William  Isaac  Morgan,  of  31  Blessington-street. 

In  1826  Adams,  MacDowel,  and  others,  founded  the  second 
Richmond  Hospital  School,  and  the  School  at  Eccles-street  was 
for  a  while  discontinued. 

PARK-STREET  SCHOOL,  1824-1849. 

This  School  was  founded  by  James  W.  Cusack,  Samuel  Wilmot, 
Robert  J.  Graves,  Henry  Marsh,  J ames  Apjohn,  Samuel  Cusack, 
and  Arthur  Jacob.  It  is  said  that  J.  W.  Cusack  suggested  that 
the  buildings  for  it  should  be  erected  in  the  style  of  a  Methodist 
meeting-house,  because,  as  he  thought  the  School  would  not  last 
long,  the  buildings  might  be  the  more  easily  disposed  of  for 
religious  purposes.  About  1824  Park-street  was  the  abode  of 
persons  leading  un virtuous  lives,  and  when  in  later  years  it  was 
purified  from  its  moral  filth,  its  name  was  changed  to  Lincoln- 
place,  wi.ich  it  still  retains.  The  School  premises  consisted  of  a 
large  ler l.ne  theatre,  a  smaller  one  for  chemical  lectures,  a  dis- 


PARK-STREET  SCHOOL. 


521 


secting-room,  a  museum,  and  some  small  apartments.  The  prin- 
cipal proprietors  were  the  Cusacks,  Wilmot,  and  Jacob. 

In  December,  1824,  dissections  were  commenced  in  the  School, 
and  in  January,  1825,  the  teaching  staff  were  as  follows : — 

Anatomy  and  Physiology. — Arthur  J acob. 

Surgery. — J.  W.  Cusack  and  S.  Wilmot. 

Practice  of  Medicine. — Dr.  (afterwards  Sir  Henry)  Marsh. 

Institutes  of  Medicine  and  Toxicology. — Robert  James  Graves. 

Chemistry. — James  Apjohn. 

Midwifery. — Samuel  Cusack. 

Demonstrators  of  Anatomy. — Benjamin  Alcock  and  George 
Anderson  Greene. 

Curator. — Thomas  H.  Wilkins. 

Dr.  Apjohn  is  the  sole  survivor  of  those  teachers,  whilst  Mr. 
Wilkins  only  passed  away  in  1885. 

Park-street  School  was  opened  under  the  name  of  the  "Medico- 
Chirurgical  School,"  but  it  was  subsequently  styled  the  "  School 
of  Anatomy,  Medicine,  and  Surgery."  It  was  a  prosperous  insti- 
tution, and  many  of  the  greatest  names  in  Irish  medical  annals 
are  connected  with  it.  Although  a  rival  of  the  College  School 
an  excellent  feeling  prevailed  between  the  teachers  of  the  two 
Schools,  and  it  was  often  said  that  Park-street  was  a  kind  of 
"  chapel-of-ease  "  to  the  College  School.  The  great  majority  of 
the  College  Professors  appointed  during  the  years  1825-1847  had 
been  teachers  in  Park-street  School,  which  seems  to  have  been  a 
nursery  for  College  Professors. 

In  1849  the  principal  proprietor  of  the  School,  Hugh  Carlisle, 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Anatomy  to  the  newly-established 
Queen's  College,  Belfast,  which  event  caused  the  School  to  be 
closed.  Its  excellent  museum  (chiefly  the  handiwork  of  J.  Houston) 
was  sold  to  the  Queen's  College,  Belfast,  for  £250. 

The  following  were  the  Teachers  in  this  School : — 

Anatomy,  Physiology,  and  Surgery. — James  W.  Cusack,  Samuel 
Wilmot,  and  Arthur  Jacob,  1824 ;  William  H.  Porter  and  John 
Hart,  1826  ;  John  Houston,  1837. 


522 


PARK-STREET  SCHOOL. 


Anatomy  and  Physiology. — Hugh  Carlisle,  1838 ;  John  Denham, 
1841. 

Surgery. — Christopher  Fleming,  1841 ;  John  Hamilton,  1845. 

Medicine. — Dr.  (afterwards  Sir)  Henry  Marsh,  1825 ;  William 
Stokes,  1828;  James  Foulis  Duncan,  1842. 

Institutes  of  Medicine  and  Pathology. — Robert  James  Graves, 
1824. 

Chemistry. — James  Apjohn,  1824;  Francis  E.  Dwyer,  1829; 
Robert  Carlisle  Williams,  1832 ;  William  Gregory,  1836 ;  William 
Colles,  1838;  John  Aldridge,  1841;  Edward  Stephen  Clarke, 
1846 ;  Maxwell  Simpson,  1847. 

Midwifery. — Samuel  Cusack,  1824 ;  Henry  Maunsell,  1831  ; 
Thomas  Edward  Beatty,  1835  ;  James  Isdell,  1842  ;  Alfred  Henry 
M'Clintock,  1847. 

Materia  Medica. — Jonathan  Osborne,  1825  ;  Richard  Townson 
Evanson,  1830;  John  M'Dowall,  1837;  John  Thomas  Banks, 
1840;  Richard  Eades,  1842  ;  William  V.  Drury,  1844;  Alexander 
Fry,  1846 ;  William  Edward  Steele,  1848. 

Medical  Jurisprudence. — Robert  James  Graves,  1824 ;  John 
Adrien,  1828  ;  Thomas  Geoghegan,  1829  ;  Alexander  Read,  183(i ; 
Gabriel  Stokes,  1837 ;  Henry  Forde,  1841  ;  William  Frazer,  1848. 

Botany. — William  Corbet,  1831. 

Sir  William  Wilde  gave  some  lectures  on  diseases  of  the  eye 
and  ear  (1842-5),  and  John  Hill  (who  became  Poor  Law  Inspector) 
lectured  for  two  or  three  sessions  on  skin  diseases.  Those  courses 
of  lectures  were  not,  however,  required  by  any  of  the  licensing 
bodies.  In  1825  and  1826  Graves  gave  a  course  of  lectures  on 
Animal  Chemistry  and  Toxicology,  which  excited  considerable 
interest  at  the  time.  Those  attending  the  lectures  wei-e  permitted 
to  make  experiments  in  relation  to  them  in  the  School  laboratory, 
under  Graves's  directions. 

The  Anatomical  Demonstrators  in  the  School  included  Messrs. 
B.  Alcock,  G.  A.  Greene,  T.  H.  Wilkins,  Gabriel  Stokes,  John  Hill, 
Ebenezer  Goodall,  Robert  M'Donnell  (who  emigrated  to  America), 
James  H.  Sawyer,  G.  H.  Kidd,  J,  L.  Riggs,  E.  Gannon,  Robert 
Murney,  Francis  Battersby,  William  Brown,  and  J.  O'Leary. 


THE  CAEMICHAEL  SCHOOL. 


523 


the  school  of  anatomy,  medicine,  and  surgery,  richmond 
hospital  (noav  termed  the  carmichael  college  of 
medicine),  established  1826. 


THE  RICHMOND  HOSPITAL  SCHOOL,  CHANNEL-ROW. 


This  School  was  established  in  an  old,  large  house  in  Channel- 
row,  opposite  the  Richmond  Surgical  HospitaL  Dissections  were 
commenced  in  the  winter  of  1826-7.  On  the  8th  January,  1827, 
Richard  Carmichael  began  a  course  of  lectures  on  Surgery,  and 
on  the  8th  of  October  following  he  gave  the  first  of  a  course  of 
lectures  on  Anatomy  and  Physiology.  In  1827  the  institution  was 
styled  the  Richmond  Hospital  School  of  Anatomy,  Medicine,  and 
Surgery.  The  Lecturers  on  Anatomy,  Physiology,  and  Surgery 
were^R.  Carmichael,  Alexander  Read,  Ephraim  MacDowel,  and 
Robert  Adams ;  Dr.  William  Cuming  lectured  on  Medicine  and 
Michael  Donovan  gave  instructions  in  Chemistry,  Materia  Medica, 
and  Pharmacy.  The  Anatomical  Demonstrators  were  J ohn  M'Don- 
nell  and  Valentine  Flood.    Carmichael  retired  in  1829. 

In  1848  the  sum  of  £10,000  was  bequeathed  by  Richard  Car- 
michael for  the  improvement  of  this  School  and  the  endowment 
of  prizes,  but  the  money  was  not  available  until  1864.    In  the 


524 


THE  CARMICHAEL  SCHOOL. 


latter  year  a  new  building  was  erected  in  North  Brunswick-street, 
at  a  cost  of  £6,000.  The  foundation  stone  was  laid  by  the 
Lord  Lieutenant  on  the  30th  March,  1864.  The  buildings  were 
of  an  ornamental  character,  and  were  well  fitted  up  with  the 
appliances  necessary  for  the  teaching  of  anatomy,  chemistry, 
materia  medica,  &c. 

In  honour  of  its  generous  benefactor  the  School  was,  in  1849, 
named  "the  Carmichael."  In  1879  the  proprietors  abandoned 
this  building  for  another  which  they  have  built  in  Aungier-street, 
at  the  corner  of  Whitefriars-street,  at  a  cost  of  £8,800.  In 
1884  the  Brunswick-street  building  was  sold  to  the  Board  of 
Guardians  of  the  North  Dublin  Union  for  £2,500,  and  it  is  now 
converted  into  a  dispensary.  The  Aungier-street  building  is 
termed  the  "  Carmichael  College  of  Medicine,"  and  it  is  under 
the  presidency  of  Dr.  Samuel  Gordon.  Since  the  removal  of  the 
School  from  North  Brunswick-street  the  number  of  its  pupils  has 
largely  increased,  being  at  present  over  200. 

Lecturers  in  the  Carmichael  School. 

Anatomy,  Physiology,  and  Surgery.  —  Richard  Carmichael, 
Ephraim  MacDowel,  Alexander  Read,  Robert  Adams,  1826. 

Anatomy  and  Physiology. — John  M'Donnell,  1828 ;  Valentine 
Flood,  1831;  Robert  Smith,  1836;  John  Hatch  Power,  1837; 
Robert  C.  Mayne,  1837 ;  Benjamin  George  MacDowel,  1845 ; 
Anthony  Beaufort  Brabazon,  1849 ;  John  King  Maconcky,  1851 ; 
Robert  Cryan,  1853 ;  Robert  M'Donnell,  1853 ;  Henry  Curran, 
1857  ;  Francis  R.  Cruise,  1858-59  ;  Wensley  Bond  Jennings,  1860 ; 
Malcolm  H.Hilles,  1861 ;  Edward  Stamer  O' Grady,  1862;  Anthony 
H.  Corley,  1866;  John  Mallet  Purser,  1869;  Robert  C.  Mayne, 
1869;  Gerald  Yeo,  1872;  George  Foy,  1874;  Christoper  Gunn, 
1874 ;  John  Henry  Loftie  Stoney,  1878 ;  Francis  T.  Heuston,  1881. 

Physiology.— Reuben  J.  Harvey,  1872 ;  J.  Alfred  Scott,  1882. 

Surgery. — Edward  Hutton,  1831 ;  Robert  Adams,  1836 ;  Robert 
W.  Smith,  1838 ;  John  Hatch  Power,  1844  ;  John  Hamilton,  1849 ; 
Samuel  George  Wilmot,  1852;  Maurice  H.  Collis,  1859;  Robert 
M'Donnell,  1860;  Christopher  Fleming,  1860;  William  Stokes, 


THE  BISHOP-STREET  SCHOOL. 


525 


jun.,  1864;  William  Thomson,  1873;  Anthony  Hagarty  Corley, 
1874;  John  Kellock  Barton,  1878. 

Medicine. — Thomas  Cuming,  1826 ;  George  Greene,  1831 ;  John 
Thomas  Banks,  1842;  Dr.  (subsequently  Sir)  Dominic  John 
Corrigan,*  1846 ;  Robert  C.  Mayne,  1853 ;  Francis  R.  Cruise, 
1864;  Samuel  Gordon,  1866 ;  John  William  Moore,  1875. 

Materia  Medica. — Michael  Donovan,  1827 ;  George  A.  Cullen, 
1835  (his  lectures  were  not  recognised  by  R.C.SL);  O'Bryen 
Bellingham,  1839;  Richard  Eades,f  1842;  Rawdon  Macnamara, 
1848;  William  Frazer,  1859;  George  Duffey,  1876. 

Midwifery. — Evory  Kennedy,  1831 ;  Fleetwood  Churchill.  1834 ; 
John  Denham,  1850;  Wensley  Bond  Jennings,  1862;  Arthur 
Vernon  Macan,  1878  ;  William  C.  Neville,  1885. 

Chemistry. — Michael  Donovan,  1827;  William  Barker,  1837; 
Edmund  W.  Davy,  1850;  John  Campbell,  1870;  Charles  R.  C. 
Tichborne,  1873 ;  Ninian  Falkiner,  1884. 

Medical  Jurisprudence. — Thomas  Edward  Beatty,  1828;  Robert 
W.  Smith,  1835 ;  Richard  Lorenzo  Nunn,  1836 ;  Charles  O'Reilly, 
1848  ;  Hugh  Auchinleck,  1875. 

Botany  Arthur  Mitchell,  1838;  William  Edward  Steele,^  1842 ; 

William  Frazer,  1851 ;  John  Edward  Kinahan,  1859 ;  J.  G. 
Hildige,  1860;  John  Campbell,  1862;  Robert  C.  Blakely,  1870; 
William  R.  M'Nab,  1879 ;  E.  MacDowel  Cosgrave,  1885. 

Ophthalmology. — Charles  Fitzgerald,  1875. 

Pathology  and  Institutes  of  Medicine. — Stewart  Woodhouse, 
1878;  Wallace  Beatty,  1884. 

THE    SCHOOL   OF    ANATOMY,    PHYSIOLOGY,  AND  SURGERY, 
BISHOP-STREET,  1827-1836. 

In  1827  there  was  a  lying-in  hospital  (the  Anglesey)  in  No.  50 
Bishop-street,  in  connection  with  which  a  medical  school  was  estab- 
lished by  Charles  Davis  and  George  Thomas  Hayden.  They  gave 
courses  of  lectures  on  anatomy,  physiology,  surgery,  materia  medica, 


*  Drs.  Banks  and  Corrigan  were  co-lecturers  until  1850. 

t  Eades  lectured  for  a  while  in  both  Park-street  and  the  Richmond  Schools. 

\  Steele  resigned  in  1848,  and  his  successor  was  not  appointed  till  1851. 


526 


THE  MARLBOROUGH-STREET  SCHOOL. 


chemistry,  botany,  and  toxicology.  The  dissections  were  conducted 
under  Hayden's  directions.  The  students  preparing  for  medical 
degrees  were  subjected  to  preliminary  examinations  in  Latin. 
Simon  M'Coy  commenced  in  1828  to  lecture  on  anatomy  and 
physiology  in  this  school.  It  was  recognised  by  all  the  sui'gical 
Colleges,  by  the  Universities  of  Aberdeen  and  St.  Andrew's,  and 
by  the  Navy  and  Army  Medical  Departments. 

In  1836  it  ceased  to  exist,  in  consequence  of  Hayden  setting  up 
a  school  in  Kirby's  old  house  in  Peter-street.  It  seems  to  have 
been  more  of  a  big  grinding  class  establishment  than  of  an  ana- 
tomical school.    The  midwifery  classes  were,  however,  very  large. 

SCHOOL  OF  ANATOMY,  MARLBOROUGH-STREET,  1831-1840. 

In  1831  Hans  Inane  and  Malcolm  H.  Hillis  established  a  school 
in  No.  66  Marlborough-street.  In  1833  Mr.  Hillis  went  to 
London,  where  he  succeeded  his  eminent  countryman,  Dr. 
Todd,  in  the  Westminster  Hospital  School.  Many  years  after- 
wards he  taught  anatomy  for  a  time  at  the  Carmichael  School. 
He  has  retired  from  professional  pursuits,  and  now  chiefly  resides 
in  London.  He  was  succeeded  in  Marlborough-street  by  George 
Ribton,  who  lectured  on  both  surgery  and  anatomy. 

A  course  of  lectures  was  delivered  in  1837  to  three  pupils  by 
Edward  Murphy.  This  gentleman — a  member  of  the  College — 
was  possessed  of  considerable  ability.  He  went  to  London,  where 
he  became  Professor  of  Midwifery  in  the  University  College.  His 
"  Manual  of  Midwifery  "  had  a  large  circulation,  and  was  considered 
one  of  the  best  books  of  its  kind.  He  was  unfortunate  in  his  latter 
days,  and  died  in  poverty.  Thomas  R.  Mitchell  and  J.  Isdell 
subsequently  lectured  on  midwifery  in  this  school,  and  to  somewhat 
large  classes.  John  Denham  lectured  on  anatomy  and  Christopher 
Fleming  on  surgery  during  the  closing  years  of  the  school.  William 
P.  Cuming,  Robert  Little,  and  Hamilton  J.  Gibson  were  Demon- 
strators. 

In  1831-2  the  number  of  dissecting  pupils  was  24;  in  1832-3 
it  rose  to  46,  and  ultimately  attained  to  a  maximum  of  50  ;  in 
its  last  session— that  of  1839-40— the  number  sank  to  25. 


THE  DUBLIN  SCHOOL. 


527 


THE  DUBLIN  SCHOOL  OF  ANATOMY,  MEDICINE,  AND  SURGERY, 

1832-57. 

Mr.  William  Hargrave  commenced,  in  1825,  to  teach  anatomy 
and  surgery  in  the  back  premises  of  his  house,  No.  123  Stephen's- 
green,  and  in  1832  founded  a  regular  School  of  Medicine  at  No. 
15  Digges'-street.  A  lecture  theatre,  dissecting-room,  and  other 
offices  were  fitted  up,  and  a  staff  of  lecturers  provided.  The  College 
had  a  list  of  the  latter  submitted  to  them  in  October,  1832,  but 
considered  the  number  insufficient,  and  delayed  their  recognition 
of  the  School  until  a  full  staff  of  lecturers  was  secured.  The 
School  commenced  operations  under  favourable  auspices,  and  for 
many  years  its  classes  were  fairly  well-attended. 

In  the  Session  1833-4,  the  attendances  at  the  different  classes 
were  as  follows  : — Anatomy  and  physiology,  57  ;  dissections,  40 ; 
surgery,  57 ;  medicine,  37 ;  materia  medica,  6-;  midwifery,  10 ; 
medical  jurisprudence,  11.  The  anatomical  lectures  were  delivered 
by  Hargrave,  those  on  surgery  by  William  Auchinleck,  and  those 
on  medicine  by  George  B.  Watson,  whilst  P.  Hunt  lectured  on 
materia  medica,  Fleetwood  Churchill  on  midwifery,  and  Charles 
O'Reilly  on  medical  jurisprudence.  A  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  was 
appointed,  but  his  lectures  were  refused  recognition  because  he  had 
not  a  medical  or  surgical  qualification.  In  the  following  year  the 
materia  medica  class  increased,  but  the  other  classes  did  not  vary 
much,  nor  did  they  in  1834-5.  In  the  Session  1835-6  the  ana- 
tomical class  fell  to  30  (there  were  36  pupils  dissecting),  and  the 
surgery  to  24,  whilst  the  number  of  pupils  attending  the  medical 
lectures  rose  to  58.  The  lecturer  was  Dominic  J.  Corrigan,  then 
rising  into  high  professional  and  popular  repute.  Plis  lectures 
attracted  students  from  all  the  other  Schools  of  Dublin,  as  will  be 
seen  from  the  following  statement  of  the  attendances  at  the  classes 
in  the  Session  1836-7 : — Anatomy,  37;  surgery,  27  ;  materia  medica, 
12  ;  medical  jurisprudence,  10  ;  medicine,  62.  In  the  other  Schools 
the  anatomical  and  surgical  classes  were  attended  two  or  three 
times  more  numerously  than  the  medical. 

In  December,  1837,  Hargrave  was  elected  Professor  of  Anatomy 


528 


THE  DUBLIN '  SCHOOL. 


to  the  College;  and  immediately  on  this  event  the  number  of 
pupils  in  the  Dublin  School  declined  rapidly.  In  the  Session  1837-8, 
only  14  attended  the  anatomical  and  surgical  lectures ;  Corrigan's 
class  still  continued  large,  numbering  54.  P.  Bevan,  a  Demon- 
strator, succeeded  Hargrave,  and  the  School  went  on  until  after 
the  close  of  the  Session,  1840-41,  and  was  then  combined  with  the 
School,  27  Peter-street,  and  the  Digges-street  premises  were 
abandoned.  The  combined  Schools  were  continued  under  the  name 
of  the  Dublin  School  of  Medicine,  and  with  the  exception  of 
Christopher  John  Madden,  who  became  a  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy 
in  it,  was  worked  by  the  teachers  of  the  Digges-street  School. 

About  1847  the  dispensary  in  the  front  part  of  27  Peter-street 
was  abolished,  and  the  space  thereby  gained  added  to  the  School ; 
a  small  laboratory  was  at  the  same  time  formed,  and  a  lecturer  on 
chemistry  was  appointed  in  1848. 

In  1846  the  School  sustained  a  heavy  blow  by  the  resignation  of 
Corrigan,  who  went  over  to  the  Richmond  Hospital  School ;  and 
it  also  suffered  a  great  loss  when  P.  Bevan  left  it  in  1853  for  the 
College  School.  After  this  date  its  management  fell  into  the  hands 
of  Mr.  Edward  Hamilton,  who  became  its  sole  proprietor.  In  1857 
he  was  appointed  Resident  Surgeon  and  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  in 
Steevens'  Hospital  and  Medical  College,  whereupon  the  Dublin 
School  came  to  an  end  after  an  existence  of  exactly  a  quarter  of  a 
century. 

Lecturers  in  the  Dublin  School  of  Medicine,  1832-57. 

Anatomy  and  Physiology. — William  Hargrave,  1832;  Philip 
Bevan,  1837 ;  Edward  Alexander  Stoker,  1848 ;  James  Hewitt 
Sawyer,  1849;  Edward  Hamilton,  1851;  George  Hugh  Kidd, 
1856. 

Surgery. — William  Auchinleck,  1832 ;  John  Woodroffe,  1841 ; 
Philip  Bevan,  1849 ;  Maurice  H.  Colles,  1853. 

Medicine. — George  B.  Watson,  1832;  Dominic  J.  Corrigan,  1833; 
John  Moore  Neligan,  1846. 

Materia  Medica. — Percival  Hunt,  1832;  John  Gason,  1837; 
Benjamin  Roche,  1838;  John  Moore  Neligan,  1841;  Rawdon 


THE  THEATRE  OF  ANATOMY,  PETER-STREET.  529 

Macnamara,  1846;  William  Edward  Steele,  1849 ;  William  Moore, 
1856. 

Midwifery. — Fleetwood  Churchill,  1832;  Robert  Law  Nixon, 
1835  till  1844;  M.  J.  M'Cormick,  1841;  Thomas  R.  Mitchell, 
1842 ;  John  Ringland,  1851. 

Botany  and  Natural  History. — John  Aldridge,*  1834;  Thomas 
R.  Mitchell,!  1841 ;  Thomas  Antisell,  1844;  Christopher  Askin, 
1846. 

Chemistry. — William  Colles,^  1837  ;  Richard  Austin,  1848 ; 
William  Sullivan,  1849;  John  Barker,  1851;  Charles  Alexander 
Cameron,  1856. 

Medical  Jurisprudence. — Charles  O'Reilly,  1834;  Edward  Hamil- 
ton, 1846 ;  Humphrey  Minchin,  1851 ;  Robert  Persse  White,  1856. 

The  following  were  Anatomical  Demonstrators : — W.  Jameson, 
J.  J.  Scallan,  Christopher  J.  Madden,  Richard  G.  H.  Butcher, 
Robert  L'Estrange,  William  Henry  Tomlinson,  and  Humphrey 
Minchin. 

THE  THEATRE  OF  ANATOMY  AND  SCHOOL  OF  SURGERY, 
27  PETER-STREET,  1832-1841. 

As  already  stated,  Andrew  Ellis  was  Lecturer  on  Anatomy,  and 
J ohn  Edward  Brenan  a  Demonstrator,  in  the  Peter-street  School 
When,  in  1832,  Kirby  was  elected  a  College  Professor,  Ellis 
desired  to  carry  on  the  School,  but  Kirby  refused  to  give  him  his 
house,  probably  because  his  museum,  &c,  were  contained  in  it. 
He,  however,  disposed  of  his  interest  in  the  anatomical  class  for  a 
sum  of  money  paid  to  him  by  his  ex-colleague,  Ellis.  The  latter 
then  took  the  house  No.  27  Peter-street,  which  was  next  door  to 
Kirby 's  School,  and  fitted  it  up  as  a  School  of  Medicine,  under  the 
name  of  the  "  Theatre  of  Anatomy  and  School  of  Surgery,"  which 
was  the  title  of  Kirby's  School  from  the  year  1810. 

*  He  only  gave  one  course  of  lectures  to  eleven  pupils. 

t  He  lectured  for  one  season  only,  and  was  then  appointed  Lecturer  on  Midwifery. 
No  successor  was  appointed  until  1844. 

J  He  resigned  in  1838  ;  no  chemical  lectures  were  given  from  1337-8  till  1848-9. 

2  M 


530  THE  THEATRE  OF  ANATOMY,  PETER-STREET. 


In  November,  1832,  the  School  commenced  work  with  the  fol- 
lowing staff  of  teachers: — 

Anatomy,  Physiology,  and  Pathology. — John  Edward  Brenan. 

Surgery. — Andrew  Ellis. 

Medicine. — George  Alexander  Kennedy. 

Materia  Medica. — Francis  William  (subsequently  Sir  F.  W.) 
Smith. 
Botany. — Edward  Murta. 

Demonstrators. — Benjamin  Guinness  Darley  and  Christopher 
John  Madden. 

Curator  of  the  Museum. — George  Baker. 

The  attendances  at  the  classes  during  the  session  1833-4,  when 
the  school  was  in  full  working  order,  were  as  follows: — Anatomy, 
87;  dissections,  75;  surgery,  83;  medicine,  12;  materia  medica,  12. 
The  lectures  on  botany  failed.  In  1834-5  there  was  no  lecturer 
on  medicine,  Kennedy  having  resigned  (his  successor,  Dr.  Nolan, 
was  not  appointed  until  1835) — there  were  no  lectures,  in  fact,  upon 
any  subject  save  anatomy  and  surgery,  the  attendances  at  which 
were  72  and  71  respectively. 

In  1835-6  the  anatomical  pupils  numbered  95,  and  the  surgical 
95,  whilst  only  12  listened  to  the  medical  lectures — Corrigan's  dis- 
courses at  Digges-street  school  attracting  the  Peter-street  pupils 
from  their  own  school,  for  at  this  time  it  was  usual  for  students  to 
attend  the  instruction  given  at  more  than  one  school.  The  majority 
of  the  pupils  who  dissected  at  the  private  schools  attended  the 
chemical  and  materia  medica  lectures  delivered  at  the  College. 

In  1836  Mr.  Hayden  reopened  Kirby's  old  house  next  door, 
under  the  title  of  the  "  Original  School  of  Medicine,"  and  dated  its 
foundation  from  1810.  This  procedure  annoyed  the  proprietors  of 
the  school  in  No.  27,  who  believed  that  they  had  a  just  claim  to 
be  considered  Kirby's  successors ;  and  they  published  the  following 
advertisement  in  the  newspapers  (including  the  Dublin  Evening 
Post  for  the  9th  October,  1836)  :— 

"  The  proprietors  beg  to  state  that  they  have  no  connexion  with 
a  school  announced  as  the  '  Original  School  of  Anatomy,  Surgery, 


THE  THEATRE  OF  ANATOMY,  PETER-STREET.  531 

&c,  revived.'  It  is  true  that  Mr.  Ellis  and  Dr.  Brenan,  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  Kirby  (the  original  founder  of  the  institution), 
conducted  the  school  in  the  house  now  in  possession  of  Mr.  Hayden, 
from  1827  to  1832;  but,  on  Mr.  Kirby  retiring  from  Peter-street 
in  1832,  Mr.  Ellis  and  Dr.  Brenan,  assisted  by  other  recognised 
lecturers,  carried  on  the  school  since  that  period  in  the  present 
building,  whilst  the  old  house  has  remained  unoccupied  up  to  the 
present  time." 

In  1836-7  the  staff  was  increased.  Dr.  Michael  William  Hanlon 
was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica,  and  17  pupils  were 
enrolled  in  his  class.  George  Baker  began  to  lecture  on  Medical 
Jui'isprudence  to  12  students,  and  Richard  Hugh  Carmichael  and 
Robert  F.  Power,  Masters  of  the  Coombe  Hospital,  were  appointed 
Lecturers  on  Midwifery ;  their  class  numbered  49. 

In  1837-8  the  position  of  the  school  was  precarious.  There 
were  no  anatomical  classes  formed.  There  was  the  large  number 
of  42  pupils  in  the  midwifery  class,  whilst  22  pupils  attended  the 
materia  medica,  and  13  the  medical,  lectures.  The  extinction  of 
the  anatomical  class  was  due  to  the  following  cause: — In  1836 
Brenan  went  to  India,  and  his  place  was  taken  by  Benjamin  Alcock, 
an  able  anatomist.  In  1837  he  and  Ellis  left  Peter-street,  and 
became  Professors  in  the  newly-founded  School  of  the  Apothecaries' 
Hall. 

In  1838  Christopher  John  Madden  attempted  to  revive  the 
school.  He  obtained  the  co-operation  of  Simon  M'Coy,  a  man  of 
much  ability,  and  possessing  an  excellent  knowledge  of  anatomy. 
He  was  of  small  size,  and  received  the  soubriquet  of  the  "  Minute 
Anatomist."  Ellis'  place  was  supplied  by  Charles  Davis.  George 
Cullen,  a  Licentiate  of  the  London  College  of  Surgeons,  and  an 
apothecary,  succeeded  Mr.  Hanlon  as  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica ; 
but  as  he  kept  an  apothecary's  shop  in  Suffolk-street  his  lectures 
were  not  recognised  by  the  College.  William  Jameson,  who  sub- 
sequently became  President  of  the  College,  succeeded  Power  in 
1840,  and  in  1839  Christopher  Askin  was  appointed  Lecturer  on 
Botany.  The  school,  however,  did  not  get  on  well.  In  1839-40 
only  12  students  attended  the  anatomical  class,  and  no  lectures 


532      THE  SECOND  SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE,  ECCLES-STREET. 

on  other  subjects  were  delivered.  In  1840-41  the  school  was 
moribund,  and  in  1841  its  premises  were  disposed  of  to  the  pro- 
pi'ietors  of  the  Digges-street  school.  From  1840  this  combina- 
tion of  the  schools  had  been  contemplated,  and  in  that  year  Charles 
O'Reilly,  Lecturer  on  Medical  Jurisprudence  in  Digges-street, 
obtained  permission  from  the  College  to  lecture  in  the  Peter-street 
school  also ;  he  gave  three  lectures  weekly  in  each. 

It  is  now  forty-five  years  since  the  dissolution  of  the  Theatre  of 
Anatomy  and  School  of  Surgery,  yet  two  of  its  teachers  survive. 
Dr.  Benjamin  Guinness  Darley,  of  Kingstown,  was  a  demonstrator 
in  1832.  He  has  now  retired  from  practice,  but  he  often  presides  at 
the  meetings  of  the  Council  of  the  Medical  Benevolent  Association.* 
Dr.  M.  W.  Hanlon  is  still  in  practice  in  Portarlington. 

The  following  were  Demonstrators  of  Anatomy  in  the  "  Theatre 
of  Anatomy  and  School  of  Surgery  :" — Messrs.  Joseph  H.  Corbett, 
Darley,  Myles,  Keane,  Mahony,  Slevin,  Leeson,  and  Magee — the 
last  was  a  member  of  the  London  College  of  Surgeons. 

THE  SECOND  SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE,  ECCLES-STREET,  1833. 

In  1833  the  building  at  the  rere  of  M'Dowel's  House,  Eccles- 
street  was  re-opened  as  a  medical  school.  The  staff  consisted  of  the 
following  lecturers : — 

Anatomy  and  Physiology. — Simon  M'Coy. 

Surgery. — Charles  Davis. 

Medicine. — William  Stoker. 

Materia  Medica. — O'Bryen  Bellingham. 

Midwifery  — Bryan  Shanahan. 

Anatomical  Demonstrator. — Edward  Alexander  Stoker. 

The  attendances  at  the  various  courses  of  lectures  were  as  fol- 
lows:— Anatomy,  28;  surgery,  26  ;  medicine,  23;  materia  medica, 
22. 

The  College  refused  to  recognise  Mr.  Shanahan  as  a  lecturer. 
This  school  lasted  only  one  session,  but  the  Mark-street  School 
may  be  regarded  as  the  direct  successor  to  the  Eccles-street  School. 

*  Since  the  above  was  written,  Dr.  Darley  died  rather  suddenly  (on  the  16th 
March,  1886). 


SCHOOL  OF  ANATOMY,  ETC.,  MARK-STREET.  533 


SCHOOL  OF  ANATOMY,  MEDICINE,  AND  SURGERY,  MARK-STREET, 

1834. 

This  school  was  started  by  S.  M'Coy,  Charles  Davis,  O'B. 
Bellingham,  B.  Shanahan,  and  Richard  Kelly.  B.  Shanahan  was 
still  refused  recognition  by  the  College,  on  the  ground  that  they 
were  not  satisfied  as  to  the  sufficiency  of  his  obstetrical  education 
and  means  of  teaching  midwifery.  He  had  set  up  a  small  maternity 
in  Townsend-street,  and  subsequently  established  another  in  South 
Cumberland-street;  both  have  long  since  ceased  to  exist.  His 
qualifications  of  L.F.P.  &  S.  Glasgow,  and  L.A.H.,  were  probably 
the  real  reasons  for  his  non-recognition.  He  subsequently  set  up  as 
a  general  practitioner  in  147  Great  Brunswick-street,  under  the  title 
of  Bryan  R.  K.  Shanavan,  Count  de  Kavanagh,  and  died  in  that 
street  a  few  years  ago.  Mr.  Kelly  did  not  deliver  any  lectures, 
having  left  for  America  before  the  time  to  give  them  had  arrived. 
On  his  return  to  Ireland  he  settled  in  Drogheda.  His  son  is  Mr. 
John  Bellew  Kelly,  of  that  town,  and  a  Fellow  of  the  College. 

The  attendances  at  the  classes  in  this  school  were  as  follows : — 
Anatomy,  28;  surgery,  26;  materia  medica,  13.  The  school  was 
closed  in  1835. 

THE  LEDWTCH,  FORMERLY   THE   "ORIGINAL"  SCHOOL,  PETER- 
STREET,  ESTABLISHED  1836. 

In  1836  George  T.  Hayden  got  possession  of  J.  T.  Kirby's  house 
in  Peter-street,  which  had  been  untenanted  from  1832,  and  re-opened 
it  as  a  school  of  medicine.  There  was  already  a  school  of  medicine 
in  the  same  street  (see  page  529),  and  to  discriminate  his  school 
from  the  other  one  Hayden  named  it  the  "  Original."  The  claim 
which  he  made  to  be  Kirby's  successor  has  already  been  referred  to. 
Hayden  brought  a  small  class  with  him  to  his  new  premises,  and 
undoubtedly  increased  it  by  taking  Kirby's  house,  for  the  twenty- 
two  years'  teaching  of  the  latter  in  Peter-street  had  given  that 
place  a  great  and  abiding  reputation  as  a  centre  of  anatomical 
knowledge.  The  school  next  door  lost  in  that  year  an  able 
teacher,  J.  E.  Brenan,  and  in  the  following  one  Ellis,  its  chief 


534 


THE  LEDWICH  SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE. 


prop ;  and  the  structure,  if  I  may  use  a  metaphor,  became  a  totter- 
ing ruin,  which  was  not  repaired  until  1841. 

Hayden  started  with  a  good  staff  and  with  a  fair  attendance  at 
the  different  courses  of  lectures.  The  entries  for  dissections  were 
88 ;  for  anatomy  and  physiology,  83 ;  for  surgery,  75 ;  for  materia 
medica,  41 ;  for  botany,  45  ;  and  for  midwifery,  50.  In  the  session 
1837-8  the  dissecting  class  rose  to  102,  and  the  attendances  on  two 
new  courses  of  lectures  were  as  follows: — Chemistry,  37;  medical 
jurisprudence,  9.  It  was  not  until  the  session  1838-9  that  a 
lecturer  on  medicine  was  appointed.  From  1837-8  until  1846  no 
lectures  on  chemistry  were  given  in  the  school. 

Up  to  1856  the  school  buildings  were  very  inferior.  In  that 
year  a  combined  laboratory  and  lecture  theatre  was  built  at  the  rere 
of  the  buildings,  but  in  a  damp  and  sunken  situation.  About  1863 
the  laboratory  was  converted  into  a  museum,  and  a  small  combined 
lecture  room  and  laboratory,  with  a  chemical  apparatus-room  were 
provided  in  the  front  house,  which  previously  had  been  the 
Anglesey  Lying-in  Hospital ;  at  the  same  time  a  new  dissecting- 
room  and  lecture  theatre  were  constructed.  About  1872  the  small 
chemical  lecture  room  was  added  to  the  laboratory,  and  a  door  was 
made  in  the  wall  which  separated  the  latter  from  the  lecture  theatre, 
which  ever  since  has  been  used  for  the  chemical  as  well  as  all  the 
other  lectures.  Quite  recently  the  chemical  laboratory  has  been 
enlarged  and  improved,  and  a  histological  laboratory  has  just  been 
completed. 

In  1841  the  classes  at  the  school  fell  off  somewhat  in  numbers, 
owing,  no  doubt,  to  the  removal  of  the  "  Dublin  School "  from 
Digges-street  to  No.  27  Peter-street.  In  1849  Messrs.  Thomas 
Peter  Mason  and  Thomas  H.  Ledwich  became  Lecturers  on 
Anatomy,  and  infused  new  life  into  the  school,  which  since  that 
time  has  had  a  most  successful  career,  and  has  achieved  a  special 
reputation  for  its  anatomical  teaching. 

Many  well-known  medical  men  were  wholly  or  partially  educated 
in  this  .school.  Dr.  Arthur  Hill  Hassall,  the  eminent  English  food 
analyst,  and  author  of  various  works,  studied  here  in  1836. 

Unlike  the  College  professors  the  teachers  in  the  private  schools 


TIIE  LEDWICH  SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE. 


535 


often  combine  the  functions  of  the  lecturer  with  those  of  the  private 
teacher  or  "grinder." 

In  1868  the  name  of  the  school  was,  at  the  request  of  the  pupils, 
changed  to  its  present  designation,  in  memory  of  the  late  Thomas 
H.  Ledwich. 

In  1877  the  Board  of  Trinity  College  refused  to  recognise  any 
longer  the  certificates  issued  from  this  school.  The  refusal  was 
apparently  due  to  the  fact  that  one  of  the  chief  proprietors  of  the 
school  had  improperly  issued  to  a  pupil  a  certificate  of  attendance 
at  Mercer's  Hospital.  In  May  the  Council  of  the  College  unani- 
mously adopted  a  resolution  disapproving  of  the  punishment  of  one 
institution  for  the  fault  committed  by  another,  and  the  Trinity 
College  authorities  subsequently  resolved  to  recognise  the  Ledwich 
School. 

Lecturers  in  the  Ledwich,  formerly  the  Original,  School  of  Medicine. 

Anatomy  and  Physiology. — George  Thomas  Hayden,  1837 ; 
Joseph  H.  Corbett,  1846;  Thomas  Peter  Mason,  and  Thomas 
Hawkworth  Ledwich,*  1849 ;  Edward  Ledwich,  1850 ;  Kevin  Izod 
O'Doherty,  1856 ;  Alexander  Glanville,  1860;  William  H.  O'Leary, 
1868;  Montgomery  Albert  Ward,  1876;  Thomas  Mason,  1880; 
Edward  L'Estrange  Ledwich,  1881. 

Surgery. — Thomas  George  Hayden,t  and  William  Tagert,  1837; 
Samuel  George  Wilmot,  1850$;  James  H.  Wharton,  1859;  James 
Stannus  Hughes,  1861 ;  John  Kellock  Barton,  1869  ;  James  E. 
Kelly,  1878 ;  Frederick  Alcock  Nixon,  1881 ;  William  Stoker,  1881. 

Medicine. — Jonathan  Osborne,§  1838 ;  Richard  Strong  Sargent, 
1840;  Cathcart  Lees,  1847  ;  William  Moore,  1861 ;  James  Little 
and  Henry  Eames,  1868 ;  Arthur  Wynne  Foot,  1873 ;  Charles 
Frederick  Knight  and  Joseph  Michael  Redmond,  1883. 

Materia  Medica. — O'Bryen  Bellingham,  1836 ;  Richard  Eades, 
1838;  Ralph  Nash  M'Dermott,  1842;  William  Clarke,  1847;  James 

*  Died  in  1858. 

+  Lectured  on  Operative  Surgery. 

X  Resigned  in  1852  as  co-lecturer  with  Tagert. 

§  Andrew  Gogarty  was  appointed  early  in  1838,  but  did  not  give  any  lectures. 


536       SCHOOL  or  MEDICINE  of  apothecaries'  hall. 

Henry  Wharton,  1848;  Kawdon  Macnamara,  1859;  Humphrey 
Minchin,  1861 ;  Benjamin  Francis  M'Dowell,  1867 ;  Richard 
Dancer  Purefoy,  1879. 

Midwifery. — Richard  Stanley  Ireland,*  1836 ;  John  Ringland, 
1857  ;  Samuel  Robert  Mason,  1876. 

Botany.— Arthur  Mitchell,  1836  ;  Walter  Raleigh  Baxter,  1838 ; 
Thomas  Antisell,  1843 ;  Christopher  Asken,  1857 ;  Daniel  Toler 
Maunsell,  1866 ;  William  Ramsay  M'Nab,  1876 ;  Charles  Henry 
Robinson,  1880. 

Medical  Jurisprudence. — Thomas  Brady,  1837 ;  Thomas  R. 
Mitchell,  1838;  Robert  Travers,  1844. 

Chemistry. — William  Bevan,f  1837;  William  Antisell,  1846; 
Maxwell  Simpson,  1848 ;  Charles  Alexander  Cameron,  1857 ; 
William  Handsell  Griffiths,  1874;  Edwin  Lapper,  1877. 

Ophthalmology. — Richard  Rainsford,  1 879;  Arthur  Benson,  1880; 
John  B.  Storey,  1882. 

THE  SCHOOL  OE  MEDICINE  OF  THE  APOTHECAEIES'  HALL, 

1837-54. 

In  1791  the  Apothecaries,  one  year  incorporated,  established 
themselves  in  premises  in  Mary-street.  They  appointed  as  chemist 
William  Higgins,  a  native  of  Sligo  and  a  distinguished  graduate 
of  Oxford  University,  under  whose  directions  a  laboratory  was 
fitted  up.  His  salary  of  £200  a  year,  with  allowance  of  "  coal  and 
candles,"  were  not  sufficient  inducements  to  keep  him  in  the  Hall, 
as  after  less  than  three  years'  service  he  accepted  the  office  of 
Chemist  to  the  Royal  Dublin  Society,  on  a  smaller  salary.  His 

*  In  1838  Dr.  Jacob  Meade  Swift  was  associated  with  Dr.  Ireland,  but  gave  no 
lectures  in  the  School  ;  neither  did  Dr.  Alexander  Tyler  nor  Dr.  Ogle,  who  were  joined 
with  Ireland  in  1843  and  1849  respectively,  give  him  much  more  than  nominal  assist- 
ance to  the  regular  lectures.  They  were  associated  with  Ireland  simply  because  they 
were  obstetricians  to  the  Anglesey  Lying-in  Hospital.  The  latter  was  closed  about 
1 858,  and  the  buildings  added  to  the  School. 

+  William  Bevan,  M.D.,  Dub.  Univ.,  lectured  only  one  session.  He  was  not  a 
regularly  educated  chemist,  but  he  knew  pharmacy  well,  and  was  for  many  years  a 
member  of  the  Pharmacy  Court  of  the  College.  He  was  Surgeon  to  St.  Peter's  Dis- 
pensary, and  subsequently  Medical  Attendant  at  Ballygarvan  Dispensary,  County  of 
Cork. 


SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  OF  APOTHECARIES'  HALL.  537 

name  is  honourably  associated  with  the  discovery  of  the  atomic 
constitution  of  matter.  The  laboratory  soon  became  an  educational 
department  of  the  Hall.  In  1818  George  Kiernan  (Governor  in 
1819)  was  appointed  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Pharmacy,  and 
commenced  to  lecture  on  these  subjects  in  the  laboratory. 

In  1820  Michael  Donovan  was  appointed  Professor  of  Chemistry, 
Pharmacy,  and  Materia  Medica.  He  was  a  licentiate  apothecary, 
but  throughout  his  career  was  opposed  to  the  claim  made  by  his 
profession  to  be  medical  practitioners.  In  1829  he  published  a 
very  able  pamphlet  on  the  "  State  of  Pharmacy  in  Ireland  "  (35 
pages),  and  in  the  same  year  started  a  periodical  entitled  Annals  oj 
Pharmacy  and,  Materia  Medica,  which,  though  well  deserving  of 
support,  had  but  a  brief  existence,  only  one  volume  of  452  pages 
having  been  published.  Donovan  was  an  excellent  physicist  and 
chemist.  So  far  back  as  1816  he  wrote  a  work  on  Galvanism, 
which  attracted  much  attention  at  the  time.  It  was  published  in 
Dublin,  and  comprised  390  pages.  He  was  also  the  author  of  a 
work  on  Chemistry,  in  Dr.  Lardner's  celebrated  series  of  scientific 
works,  and  of  one,  in  two  volumes,  on  Domestic  Economy ;  the 
solution  which  bears  his  name  is  almost  as  well  known  as  "  Fowler's 
Solution."  Donovan  was  an  excellent  classical  scholar,  and  his 
articles  in  the  Dublin  Medical  Press  are  examples  of  the  best  style 
of  scientific  literature.  He  was  secretary  and  treasurer  to  the 
Kirwanian  Society,  instituted  in  1812  for  the  cultivation  of 
chemistry,  mineralogy,  and  other  branches  of  natural  history.  Its 
President  was  the  Honourable  George  Knox,  of  Eccles-street — 
the  first  chemist  who  claimed  to  have  isolated  the  mysterious 
element,  fluorine. 

In  1827  Dr.  Patrick  Clinton  was  appointed  Professor  of  Medical 
Botany.  He  had  for  a  short  time  previously  been  a  teacher  of 
chemistry,  materia  medica,  pharmacy,  and  botany,  in  the  Dublin 
General  Dispensary.  He  was  born  about  1798,  and  graduated 
B.A.  in  Dublin  University  in  1819,  and  M.B.  in  1822.  On  the 
'22nd  November,  1826,  he  became  a  Licentiate,  and  on  the  19th 
October,  1829,  a  Fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  He  devoted 
himself  altogether  to  teaching,  and  was  in  manner  grave  and 


538      school  or  medicine  or  apothecaries'  hall. 

reserved.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Duggan,  of  Harcourt- 
street,  a  musician  and  composer,  of  considerable  reputation.  Clinton 
translated  Richard's  Elemens  de  Botanique.    He  died  in  1851. 

In  1832  a  theatre,  capable  of  affording  accommodation  for  150 
pupils,  was  constructed  in  the  laboratory,  and  Dr.  J.  C.  Ferguson 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Medicine,  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  Robert) 
Kane,  Professor  of  Chemistry,  and  Dr.  Edward  Stratten,  a  well- 
known  teacher,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica.  After  this  proceeding 
the  College  refused  to  recognise  any  of  the  lectures  delivered 
in  the  School  of  Pharmacy,  on  the  ground  that  the  Apothecaries' 
Hall  were  incompetent  to  found  a  medical  professorship. 

In  1836  a  number  of  apothecaries — chiefly  members  of  the  Court 
of  Directors  of  the  Hall — formed  a  company  for  the  purpose  of 
establishing  a  complete  medical  school.  They  secured  the  site  of 
the  ruined  Theatre  Royal,  Crow-street,  facing  Cecilia-street,  and 
where  two  hundred  years  previously  Apothecary  Wetherel  had  his 
laboratory  and  "Physick  Garden."  The  school  buildings  were 
completed  in  1837,  and  comprised  a  large  lecture-theatre,  a  slightly 
smaller  one  for  chemical  lectures,  a  dissecting-room,  and  three 
rooms  for  laboratory  purposes — together  with  a  few  other  apart- 
ments. The  new  School  was  regarded  with  jaundiced  eyes  by  the 
College,  who  refused  to  recognise  it  on  the  grounds  already  stated. 
At  this  time  there  was  a  strong  antagonism  between  the  College 
and  Hall,  which  led  to  the  former  instituting  the  pharmacy  diploma 
referred  to  at  page  189,  and  to  the  resolution  not  to  recognise  the 
lectures  given  in  any  school  by  an  apothecary  keeping  open  shop. 
The  College  continued  to  receive  certificates  which  had  been  issued 
for  lectures  on  chemistry,  pharmacy,  and  botany,  before  November, 
1832,  by  Professors  to  the  Hall;  and  on  November,  1842,  all  the 
hostile  resolutions  against  the  School  of  the  Hall  and  the  apothe- 
caries delivering  lectures  ceased. 

The  School  had  for  many  years  a  fair  amount  of  success,  the 
number  of  pupils  enrolled  in  its  classes  sometimes  closely  approaching 
100.  It  suffered  by  Alcock's  departure  to  Cork,  tbough  he  was 
succeeded  by  an  able  teacher,  Corbett.  In  1849  its  anatomical 
class  numbered  only  40,  in  1850  it  rose  to  44,  in  the  following  year 


CATHOLIC  UNIVERSITY  SCHOOL. 


539 


it  sank  to  38,  and  in  the  last  Session  of  the  School  (1853-4),  it  was 
40.  Corbett  having  been  appointed  Professor  of  Anatomy  to  the 
Queen's  College,  Cork,  the  School  proprietors — who  were  then 
chiefly  the  Professors — closed  it,  and  sold  the  premises  to  the 
Catholic  University. 

Lecturers  in  the  School  of  Medicine  of  the  Apothecaries  Hall, 

Cecilia-street. 

Anatomy  and  Physiology. — Benjamin  Alcock,  1837  ;  '  Joseph 
Henry  Corbett,  1849. 

Surgery. — Andrew  Ellis,  1837. 

Medicine. — John  Creery  Ferguson,  1837;  Henry  Oliver  Curran, 
1846 ;  Samuel  Gordon,  1847  ;  Thomas  Aicken,  1850. 

Materia  Medica. — Percival  Hunt,  1837 ;  Charles  Henry  Leet, 
1848 ;  Kichard  Austin,  1853. 

Chemistry. — (Sir)  Robert  John  Kane,  1837;  John  Aldridge, 
1846. 

Botany.— Samuel  Litton,  1837;  Arthur  Mitchell*  1841. 

Midwifery.— William  O'Brien  Adams,  1837;  Robert  Duffield 
Speedy,  1842;  (Sir)  Edward  Burrowes  Sinclair,  1853. 

Medical  Jurisprudence. — Charles  Henry  Leet,  1837;  Theobald 
Andrew  Purcell,  Barrister,  1845 ;  Valentine  Duke,  1848. 

THE  SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE  OP  THE  CATHOLIC  UNIVERSITY, 

ESTABLISHED  1855. 

The  proprietors  of  the  Cecilia-street  Medical  School  having,  as 
stated  above,  disposed  of  their  buildings  to  the  Catholic  University 
in  1854,  they  were  repaired,  improved,  and  re-opened  for  their 
original  purpose — as  a  medical  school — in  1855.  It  commenced 
with  a  class  of  36  dissecting  pupils,  which  in  1858-9  rose  to  69, 
and  in  1861-2  to  104 — a  number  which  it  has  about  averaged  since 
that  date.  The  school-buildings,  especially  the  chemical  and 
physics'  departments,  are  commodious,  and  supplied  liberally  with 
apparatus,  and  the  museum  contains  many  interesting  objects. 


*  Litton  and  Mitchell  were  colleagues  until  the  death  of  the  former  in  1847. 


540  STEEVENS'  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  COLLEGE. 


Professors  in  the  School  of  Medicine  of  the  Catholic  University. 

Anatomy  and  Physiology. — Thomas  Hayden,  1855 ;  Robert 
Cryan,  1865 ;  Christopher  John  Nixon,  1881 ;  Charles  Philip 
Coppinger,  1883. 

Surgery. — Andrew  Ellis,  1855 ;  Henry  J.  Tyrrell,  1867;  Patrick 
Joseph  Hayes,  1879. 

Ophthalmology. — Charles  Philip  Coppinger,  1881 ;  Denis  Daniel 
Redmond,  1883. 

Medicine. — Robert  Dyer  Lyons,  1855. 

Institutes  of  Medicine. — Christopher  John  Nixon,  1878. 

Medical  Jurisprudence. — Stephen  Myles  MacSwiney,  1855. 

Materia  Medica. — Robert  M'Dermott,  1855;  Francis  Boxwell 
Quinlan,  1859. 

Chemistry. — "William  K.  Sullivan,  1855 ;  John  Campbell,  1873. 
Midwifery. — John  Augustus  Byrne,  1859. 
Botany. — George  Sigerson,  1865. 

DR.  STEEVENS'  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  COLLEGE,  1857-1880. 

This  School  was  established  in  1857,  owing  to  a  recommendation 
of  a  Commission  on  the  Grants  to  the  Dublin  Hospitals.  It  was 
believed  by  the  Commission  that  a  portion  of  the  annual  grant 
given  to  the  Hospital  might  be  usefully  expended  in  the  main- 
tenance of  a  school  of  medicine,  which  would  have  the  advantage 
of  being  attached  to  an  extensive  hospital.  £2,000  was  borrowed 
from  the  Board  of  Works,  and  used  in  building  the  School,  which 
consisted  of  a  lecture  theatre,  dissecting-room,  museum,  a  chemical 
laboratory,  so  arranged  as  to  be  also  used  as  a  lecture-room,  and 
a  few  smaller  rooms  for  offices,  &c.  This  School,  which  had  an 
average  class  of  80  pupils  attending  both  School  and  Hospital,  lasted 
until  1880.  The  cause  of  its  dissolution  was  as  follows: — The 
death  of  Dr.  Bookey,  Physician  to  the  Hospital  and  a  teacher  in 
the  anatomical  department  in  the  School,  caused  a  vacancy.  The 
medical  officers  considered  that  the  person  best  qualified  to  succeed 
him  in  both  capacities  was  the  late  Dr.  Warren,  and  they  accord- 
ingly recommended  him  to  the  Board  of  Governors.  The  Board 
did  not  appoint  him,  but  elected  to  close  the  School  instead. 


INCOMPLETE  MEDICAL  SCHOOLS. 


541 


Lecturers  in  Dr.  Steevens'  Hospital  Medical  College. 

Anatomy  and  Physiology. — Samuel  Athanasius  Cusack,  1857; 
Edward  Hamilton,  1861;  Robert  M'Donnell,  1867. 

Descriptive  Anatomy. — Edward  Hamilton,  1857 ;  Glascott  Richard 
Symes,  1861;  Robert  Lafayette  Swan,  1869;  Richard  Bookey, 
1875. 

Surgery. — William  Oolles,  1857;  Samuel  George  Wilmot,  1857. 

Medicine. — Henry  Freke,  1857;  William  Malachy  Burke,  1857; 
Thomas  Wrigley  Grimshaw,  1878 ;  Richard  Atkinson  Hayes,  1879. 

Materia  Medica. — Samuel  Gordon,  1858 ;  Thomas  Wrigley  Grim- 
shaw, 1862;  Robert  Johnston,  1878;  Matthew  Fox,  1880. 

Midwifery. — Samuel  Little  Hardy,  1857;  James  Isdell,  1867. 

Institutes  of  Medicine. — Richard  Bookey,  1874. 

Chemistry. — John  Aldridge,*  1857 ;  Charles  Alexander  Cameron, 
1858;  Chichester  A.  Bell,  1874;  Michael  M'Hugh,  1877. 

Ophthalmic  Surgery. — Edward  Perceval  Wright,  1868;  John 
Mallet  Purser,  1869;  Henry  Rosborough  Swanzy,  1876. 

Medical  Jurisprudence. — Edward  Cooper  Willes,|  1858 ;  Edward 
Haughton,  1859;  James  Ferrier  Pollock,  1860;  Henry  Colpoys 
Tweedy,  1875. 

Botany. — Percival  Wright,  1858;  Thomas  Wrigley  Grimshaw, 
1864;  Chichester  A.  Bell,  1869;  Frederick  William  Warren, 
1875;  Matthew  Fox,  1877;  Henry  Pentland,  1880. 

INCOMPLETE  MEDICAL  SCHOOLS. 

In  1794  some  benevolent  non-medical  persons  combined  with 
several  equally  benevolent  medical  men  to  establish  the  Sick  Poor 
Institution,  25  Meath-stree.t  Not  only  were  the  poor  of  that 
densely-populated  place  provided  with  medical  advice  and  with 
medicine  gratuitously,  but  the  "  necessaries  of  life  "  were  generously 

*  Mr.  Warren,  a  distinguished  University  (but  not  medical)  man,  first  appointed, 
broke  down  on  his  first  essay  at  lecturing,  and  at  once  resigned. 

+  This  gentleman,  a  graduate  of  Cambridge,  was  induced  to  come  over  to  Dublin  by 
Mr.  Samuel  Cusack,  but  he  returned  to  England  after  giving  a  single  course  of 
lectures. 


542 


INCOMPLETE  MEDICAL  SCHOOLS. 


supplied  to  those  who  were  destitute.  Many  eminent  physicians 
and  surgeons  gave  their  services  gratuitously  in  connection  with 
this  institution,  which  lasted  as  a  dispensary  until  the  modern 
dispensaries  were  founded  under  the  provisions  of  the  Poor  Law, 
and  is  still  in  existence  as  an  institution  for  providing  the  sick 
poor  with  nourishment.  In  connection  with  this  dispensary  there 
was  formed,  in  1832,  "The  School  of  Practical  Medicine  and 
Surgery,"  in  which  the  following  courses  of  lectures  were  given : — 
On  Fever,  by  Dr.  George  A.  Kennedy ;  on  Diseases  of  the  Brain 
and  Spinal  Column,  by  Dr.  David  Aston;  on  Diseases  of  the 
Abdominal  Viscera,  by  Dr.  Gordon  Jackson;  on  Diseases  of  the 
Lungs  and  Heart,  by  Dr.  Samuel  Hanna;  on  Diseases  of  the  Skin, 
Bones,  and  Muscles,  by  Dr.  Christopher  Asken ;  and  on  Surgery, 
by  Mr.  James  Willett.  There  were  no  systematic  dissections 
carried  on,  but  frequent  post  mortem  examinations  for  pathological 
instruction  were  performed.  This  medical  school  did  not  long 
survive,  but  some  of  its  lecturers  subsequently  became  attached  to 
the  ordinary  medical  schools. 

In  1815  A.  Calonne,  M.D.,  82  South  Great  George's-street,  began 
to  teach  to  classes  medicine,  surgery,  pharmaceutical  chemistry, 
materia  medica,  pharmacy,  botany,  and  toxicology.  He  had 
graduated  in  medicine  in  both  Paris  and  Edinburgh.  He  was  the 
prototype  of  the  Dublin  grinders,  and  appears  to  have  been  a  man 
of  wonderfully  varied  attainments.  In  1823  his  class-rooms  were 
in  133  Capel-street ;  subsequently  he  resided  for  many  years  in 
81  Middle  Abbey-street,  and  died  there  in  1833. 

In  1832  the  surgeons  of  Mercer's  Hospital  advertised  that  they 
had  arranged  to  give  instruction  to  pupils  in  anatomy  and  surgical 
pathology. 

Surgeon  Leonard  Trant  took  out  a  licence  under  the  Anatomy 
Act  to  conduct  dissections  in  an  outhouse  near  Cork-street  Fever 
Hospital. 

The  Dublin  General  Dispensary  was  instituted  in  1782,  and  for 
many  years  was  located  in  Temple-court,  Temple-bar.  Many  of 
our  best-known  physicians  and  surgeons  attended  in  it — for  example, 
Brereton,  Percival,  Dickson,  Boyton,  Brooke,  Leahy,  Barlow, 


INCOMPLETE  MEDICAL  SCHOOLS. 


543 


Hartigan,  Archer,  Halahan,  Bell,  Richards,  and  many  others.  In 
this  institution  Dr.  Patrick  Clinton  commenced  in  1826  to  lecture 
on  Chemistry,  Materia  Medica,  and  Pharmacy,  and  his  certificates 
were  recognised  by  the  College.  Lectures  on  Medicine  and 
Surgery  were  delivered  in  it;  and  about  1841  William  Moss, 
L.R.C.S.I.,  began  to  give  demonstrations  on  Anatomy  and  Physi- 
ology in  this  institution.  Mr.  Moss's  son,  Mr.  Richard  Jackson 
Moss,  is  the  talented  analyst  and  Registrar  of  the  Royal  Dublin 
Society. 

Half  a  century  ago  Edward  Stratten's  class-rooms  in  William- 
street  were  largely  attended  by  pupils  studying  materia  medica, 
pharmacy,  and  botany,  and  his  certificates  were  for  several  years 
accepted  by  the  College,  as  were  also  those  issued  in  similar  subjects 
by  Patrick  Clinton  and  Arthur  Mitchell. 

For  several  years  C.  Loughlin,  the  apothecary  at  the  Lock 
Hospital,  gave  lectures  on  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics,  which 
were  recognised  by  the  College  and  the  Apothecaries'  Hall. 


CHAPTER  XX. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES  OF  THE  LECTURERS  IN  THE 
PRIVATE  SCHOOLS  OF  MEDICINE. 

WILLIAM  O'BRIEN  ADAMS. 

Dr.  Adams  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  24th  December,  1801. 
His  father,  Allen  Adams,  was  Examiner  to  Stuart  Bang,  Master 
in  the  Court  of  Chancery;  his  mother  was  Jane  King.  He  was 
educated  in  Trinity  College,  and  graduated  in  arts  in  1826,  and  in 
medicine  in  1828.  In  1858  he  proceeded  to  the  M.A.  degree.  On 
the  lltb  October,  1828,  he  "passed"  at  the  College  of  Physicians, 
of  which,  on  the  16th  April,  1832,  he  was  elected  a  Fellow.  His 
large  practice  was  chiefly  obstetrical.  During  the  greater  part  of 
his  professional  career  he  resided  at  22  Adelaide-street,  Kingstown. 
He  was  for  several  years  Professor  of  Midwifery  to  the  Apothe- 
caries' Hall  School  of  Medicine.  He  married  first,  in  1835,  Jane, 
daughter  of  Capt.  Richard  Adams ;  and  secondly,  in  1845,  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  John  Berry,  of  Cloneen,  King's  County,  and  cousin 
to  the  Earl  of  Charleville.  Dr.  Adams  died  from  congestion  of  the 
lungs,  on  1st  December,  1879,  and  was  interred  in  Dean's  Grange 
cemetery.  By  his  first  wife  he  had  one  child — now  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  Benjamin  William  Adams,  D.D.,  Rector  of  Santry,  and 
the  author  of  an  interesting  antiquarian  work  on  that  parish ;  by  his 
second  wife  he  had  four  sons. 

THOMAS  AICKEN. 

T.  Aicken  was  born  in  the  County  of  Meath.  His  father  was  a 
landowner,  and  his  mother  was  Mary  Patten.  He  studied  at  the 
College  School  and  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals,  and  sub- 
sequently at  Paris,  Vienna,  and  Berlin,  and  took  in  1842  the 
degree  of  M.D.  in  the  University  of  the  latter  city.  In  1839  he 
became  a  Licentiate,  and  in  1844  a  Fellow  of  the  College.  He 
contributed  papers  on  Gout,  the  Use  of  Nitrate  of  Silver  in 
Diarrhoea,  and  on  Calomel  in  Constipation,  in  the  Dublin  Medical 


BENJAMIN  ALCOCK. — JOHN  ALDRIDGE. 


545 


Press.  He  lectured  on  Medicine  in  the  Dublin  School  and  the 
School  of  the  Apothecaries'  Hall.  He  married  Agnes  Casement. 
Dr.  Aicken  is  Superintendent  of  the  Provincial  Lunatic  Asylum, 
Auckland,  New  Zealand. 

BENJAMIN  ALCOCK. 

B.  Alcock  was  born  in  May,  1801,  at  Kilkenny.  His  father,  a 
physician,  married  Deborah  Prim.  Having  received  his  primary 
education  in  Kilkenny  College,  he  entered  T.C.D.,  where  he  took  a 
Scholarship  in  1819,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1821.  In  1827  he 
proceeded  to  the  degree  of  M.B.  On  the  3rd  July,  1819,  he  was 
indentured  to  Abraham  Colles,and  under  that  great  master  he  became 
an  accomplished  anatomist.  On  the  28th  June,  1825,  he  became  a 
Licentiate  of  the  College,  and  was  elected  a  Member  on  the  3rd 
November,  1837.  He  lectured  on  Anatomy  in  the  Dublin  School, 
Peter-street. 

Alcock  was  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  School  of  the  Apothe 
caries'  Hall,  and  on  the  foundation  of  the  Queen's  Colleges  was 
appointed  to  the  Chair  of  Anatomy  in  Cork.  In  1855  he  was 
obliged  to  resign  his  Fellowship,  in  consequence  of  having  become 
involved  in  a  dispute  in  reference  to  the  supply  of  subjects  for 
dissection.  He  considered  that  he  was  badly  treated  by  the 
authorities,  and  published  a  pamphlet  upon  the  subject  of  his 
grievances.  In  1859,  being  then  unmarried,  he  went  to  America, 
and  has  not  since  been  heard  of.  Alcock  wrote  the  articles  on  the 
Iliac  and  Femoral  Arteries,  and  on  the  Fourth  and  Fifth  Pairs  of 
Nerves,  in  Todd's  "  Cyclopaedia."  His  Observations  on  the  Non- 
Ganglionic  Portion  of  the  Fifth  Pair  of  Nerves  were  original; 
they  were  confirmed  and  extended  by  Guyot  and  Casales,  and 
reported  to  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  Paris,  in  1839. 

JOHN  ALDRIDGE,  1842. 

J.  Aldridge  was  born  in  Duke-street,  Dublin  (where  his  father, 
John  Aldridge,  an  Englishman,  had  a  piano  manufactory),  on  the 
10th  Oct.,  1810.  His  mother  was  Anne,  daughter  of  James  Clarke, 
a  gentleman-farmer  in  the  County  of  Meath    In  1832  he  took  out 

2  N 


546 


THOMAS  ANTISELL. 


the  licence  of  the  Apothecaries'  Hall,  and  in  1842  the  M.D.  of 
Glasgow  University.  He  was  Demonstrator  in  Chemistry  to  Sir  R. 
Kane  for  two  years.  He  lectured  on  Natural  History  in  Digges- 
etreet,  and  afterwards  on  Chemistry  in  Park-street,  Cecilia-street, 
and  Steevens'  Hospital  Schools.  In  1848  he  became  head  of  the 
chemical  department  of  Messrs.  Bewley  &  Evans'  (now  Hamilton, 
Long,  &  Co.'s)  establishment,  in  Sackville- street,  and  retained  that 
position  till  1867,  from  which  time  he  remained  in  bad  health 
until  his  death,  from  heart  disease,  in  Simpson's  Hospital,  on  the 
26th  December,  1872. 

Aldridge  possessed  considerable  ability,  but  was  wanting  in  energy 
and  system.  His  lectures  on  the  Urine,  delivered  in  Park-street 
School  in  1846,  attracted  considerable  attention;  they  were  sub- 
sequently published.  He  contributed  a  paper  of  some  merit  on 
the  "  Functions  of  the  Pollen,"  to  Hookers  Journal  of  Botany, 
1841-2.  He  discovered  grape  sugar  to  be  a  constant  constituent 
of  eggs.  The  earlier  numbers  of  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical 
Science  contain  several  of  his  papers  on  chemistry  and  pharmacy, 
and  for  several  years  he  edited  the  Dublin  Hospital  Gazette.  In 
company  with  the  late  Dr.  O'Ferrall  he  visited  the  German  Spas, 
and  published  in  a  small  book  an  account  of  his  excursion.  It  does 
not  contain  much  useful  information,  but  it  is  a  readable  production. 

Dr.  Aldridge  married  Georgina,  daughter  of  Andrew  Sexton, 
solicitor,  of  Limerick.    His  widow  and  two  daughters  survive. 

THOMAS  ANTISELL. 

T.  Antisell  was  born  in  Dublin  on  January  16,  1817.  His  father, 
Christopher  Antisell,  was  a  barrister,  and  married  Margaret  Daly, 
of  Ferbane,  in  the  King's  County.  T.  Antisell  was  educated  at 
Mr.  Joseph  White's  School,  Dublin,  and  studied  professionally  at  the 
School  of  the  Apothecaries'  Hall.  He  "  passed  "  at  the  London 
College  of  Surgeons  November  22,  1839,  and  at  the  Apothecaries' 
Hall,  Dublin,  in  1841.  He  lectured  on  Botany  in  the  Dublin 
School  of  Medicine,  Peter-street,  and  subsequently  on  Chemistry 
in  the  Original  School.  In  1848,  having  become  a  "  Young 
Irelander,"  he  was  obliged  to  leave  Dublin.    He  proceeded  to 


CHRISTOPHER  ASKEN. 


New  York,  where,  for  some  time,  he  practised  as  a  physician. 
From  1854  to  1856  he  acted  as  United  States  Geologist  in  Cali- 
fornia and  Arizona.  He  then  became  Chemical  Examiner  to  the 
Patents  Office.  During  the  Civil  War  he  served  in  several  medical 
capacities.  From  1866  to  1871  he  acted  as  Chief  Chemist  to  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  In  1871  he  was  sent 
by  his  Government  to  Japan  as  one  of  a  Commission  to  develop 
the  resources  of  that  empire,  in  which  he  spent  nearly  five  years. 
He  is  at  present  a  Professor  in  the  Georgetown  Medical  College, 
Washington.  Dr.  Antisell  was  married,  first,  in  1841,  to  Eliza  A. 
Nowlan,  of  Dublin,  and  secondly,  in  1854,  to  Marian  S.  Forsyth, 
of  Detroit. 

Dr.  Antisell  published  in  Dublin,  in  1846,  "  The  Outlines 
of  Irish  Geology,"  and  in  1847  "A  Manual  of  Agricultural 
Chemistry,"  and  in  the  latter  year  a  "  Report  on  the  Sanitary 
Improvement  of  Dublin."  He  is  the  author  of  "  The  Home  Cyclo- 
pasdea  of  Arts  and  Manufactures  "  (New  York,  1852),  and  of  several 
other  works,  including  an  important  report  on  the  "  Cultivation  of 
Cinchona  in  America." 

CHRISTOPHER  ASKEN. 

C.  Asken  was  born  in  1804,  at  Pimlico,  in  the  "  Liberties  "  of 
Dublin,  where  his  father  owned  a  cloth  manufactory.  His  mother 
was  Ann  Moran.  He  was  educated  at  Clongowes  Wood  College 
and  Trinity  College,  and  graduated  in  arts  and  medicine  in  the 
latter  institution  in  1831.  In  the  following  year  he  was  appointed 
Physician  to  the  Cholera  Hospital,  in  Great  Brunswick-street,  and 
subsequently  became  one  of  the  Physicians  to  the  Sick  Poor  Dis- 
pensary, Meath-street.  For  many  years  he  was  Medical  Officer  of 
No.  1  South  City  Dispensary  District.  He  lectured  on  Botany  in 
the  "Dublin"  and  "Original"  Schools  of  Medicine,  and  was 
Treasurer  to  the  Association  of  Graduates  in  Medicine  of  Dublin 
University.  He  was  an  amiable  man,  of  retiring  disposition.  Pos- 
sessing a  good  knowledge  of  the  French,  Spanish,  and  Italian 
languages,  he  contributed  several  literary  articles  to  the  Dublin 
University  and  other  magazines.    He  married  Matilda,  daughter  of 


548  RICHARD  AUSTIN. — HUGH  ALEX.  AUCHINLECK. 


John  Segrave,  J.P.,  County  Dublin.  Asken,  a  childless  widower, 
died  from  heart  disease  on  the  17th  November,  1867,  and  was 
interred  in  Glasnevin  Cemetery. 

RICHARD  AUSTIN. 

R.  Austin  was  born  on  the  9th  July,  1814,  in  Molesworth-street, 
Dublin.  His  father,  a  merchant,  married  Jane  Salt.  Dr.  Austin 
was  educated  in  Maryborough  School,  and  studied  professionally 
in  the  Peter-street  School,  and  School  of  Medicine,  Cecilia-street. 
He  passed  the  Apothecaries'  Hall  in  1837,  and  the  London  College 
of  Surgeons  in  1841.  Shortly  afterwards  he  passed  the  M.D. 
examination  at  Glasgow,  but  did  not  apply  for  his  degree  until 
1858.  He  lectured  on  Chemistry  in  the  Dublin  School,  and  in 
the  Cecilia-street  School  on  Materia  Medica.  He  did  not  practise 
medicine,  but  was  engaged  in  the  sale  of  drugs,  and  in  making 
analyses  for  medical  purposes  in  his  premises  in  Wexford-street. 
He  has  now  retired  from  business  in  broken  health. 

Dr.  Austin  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  the  late  Dr.  Owen, 
of  the  22nd  Regiment,  and  has  issue  two  daughters. 

HUGH  ALEXANDER  AUCHINLECK. 

Mr.  Auchinleck  was  born  at  Laser eevaghan,  Strabane,  on  the 
10th  of  June,  1849.  His  father,  a  solicitor — a  brother  of  Surgeon 
Auchinleck,  President  of  the  College  in  1829 — was  married  to 
Margaret  Burgoyne.  Mr.  Auchinleck  was  educated  at  Mr.  F.  A. 
Potterton's  school,  Newry ;  and  studied  professionally  in  the  Car- 
michael  School  of  Medicine,  and  in  the  Jervis-street  and  Coombe 
Hospitals.  In  1873  he  "  passed  "  at  the  Apothecaries'  Hall,  and  in 
the  following  year  obtained  the  licences  of  the  Edinburgh  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  In  1879  he  became  a  Licentiate  of 
the  College,  and  a  Fellow  in  1881.  Since  1875  he  has  filled  the 
post  of  Lecturer  on  Forensic  Medicine  in  the  Carmichael  School. 

Mr.  Auchinleck  is  married  to  Rhoda  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Robert  James  Johnston,  of  Liscreevaghan,  near  Strabane,  County 
of  Tyrone,  and  has  issue  two  daughters. 


GEORGE  BAKER. — JOHN  THOMAS  BANKS. 


549 


GEORGE  BAKER. 

G.  Baker,  the  son  of  a  builder,  was  born  in  Dublin  about  1808 
He  was  indentured  to  Michael  Daniel  in  October,  1825,  and  on 
his  death  was  transferred  to  John  T.  Kirby,  in  1827.  He  studied 
in  Peter-street  School  and  also  in  Edinburgh,  where  he  graduated 
M.D.  In  1836  he  obtained  the  licence  of  the  College,  and  soon 
after  was  appointed  a  lecturer  on  Medical  Jurisprudence  in  the 
school,  27  Peter-street.  He  had  but  a  small  practice.  He  married, 
in  1849,  Charlotte,  youngest  daughter  of  George  Fawcett.  Baker 
died  in  1854,  from  softening  of  the  brain.  He  had  no  children ; 
and  his  widow  married  the  late  Rev.  John  C.  Walker,  Rector  of 
Ballinasloe. 

JOHN  THOMAS  BANKS. 

A  branch  of  the  family  of  Banks  migrated  from  England  some 
time  in  the  seventeenth  century,  and  settled  at  Ardee,  in  the 
county  of  Louth.  Lieutenant  Henry  Banks,  who  resided  near 
Ennis,  in  the  county  of  Clare,  had  a  son,  Percival,  who  embraced 
the  pi'ofession  of  medicine.  His  son  Percival — the  youngest  of 
twenty-four  children  —  following  in  the  footsteps  of  his  father, 
adopted  medicine.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  in  Ireland,  and,  having  studied  in  France,  graduated  in 
medicine  in  the  University  of  Paris.  Dr.  Percival  Banks  served 
for  some  time  in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Army,  and  was 
afterwards  surgeon  to  the  Clare  Infirmary.  His  eldest  son,  Percival, 
was  called  to  the  English  Bar.  His  second  son,  J ohn,  who  selected 
the  profession  of  his  father  and  grandfather,  was  born  in  London 
on  the  14th  of  October,  1816.  Dr.  John  Thomas  Banks  is  the  son 
of  Percival  Banks ;  his  mother,  Mary  Ramsay,  belonged  to  a  family 
of  Scotch  origin.  Having  received  his  early  training  at  the  Erasmus 
Smith  School  of  Ennis,  he  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
graduated  B.A.  and  M.B.  in  1837,  and  M.D.  in  1843.  On  the 
15th  September,  1841,  he  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  and  a  Fellow  on  the  28th  October,  1844.  He  served 
the  office  of  President  in  1869-70.    On  the  2nd  December,  1843, 


550 


JOHN  THOMAS  BANKS. 


he  was  appointed  Physician  to  the  Government,  or  House  of 
Industry,  Hospitals ;  and  on  the  retirement  of  the  late  Sir  Dominic 
Corrigan  he  became  sole  Lecturer  on  Medicine  in  the  Richmond 
Hospital  School,  having  previously  been  Oorrigan's  colleague.  In 
1849  he  succeeded  J.  C.  Ferguson  as  King's  Professor  of  Practice 
of  Medicine  in  the  School  of  Physic,  Trinity  College,  and  Physician 
to  Sir  Patrick  Dun's  Hospital. 

Dr.  Banks  has  been  President  of  the  Pathological  Society, 
Member  of  the  Senate  of  the  Queen's  University,  and  its  Represen- 
tative on  the  General  Medical  Council.  The  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Science,  honoris  causa,  was  conferred  on  him  by  the  Queen's  Univer- 
sity. He  is  a  Senator  of  the  Royal  University  of  Ireland,  and 
represents  the  Senate  on  the  General  Medical  Council.  He  is 
Physician-in-Ordinary  to  the  Queen  in  Ireland;  Regius  Professor 
of  Physic  in  the  University  of  Dublin ;  Consulting  Physician  to 
Sir  Patrick  Dun's,  the  City  of  Dublin,  and  the  Coombe  Hospitals, 
the  Richmond  Asylum,  and  the  National  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary ; 
and  a  member  of  the  principal  medical  societies  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  He  was  the  first  President  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine 
in  Ireland.  When  retiring  from  office  his  successor,  Dr.  Robert 
M'Donnell,  said  of  him  that  there  "was  not  one  who  had  done 
more  to  maintain  the  high  social  position  of  the  profession  in 
Dublin." 

Dr.  Banks  is  author  of  numerous  contributions  to  practical  medi- 
cine, clinical  reports,  and  observations  on  medical  cases,  published 
in  the  Dublin  Quarterly  Journal  of  Medical  Science  and  Medici 
Gazette,  and  in  the  "  Proceedings  of  the  Pathological  Society." 

Dr.  Banks  is  married  to  Alice,  youngest  daughter  of  Captain 
Wood- Wright,  18th  Royal  Irish,  of  Golagh,  county  of  Monaghan, 
and  has  an  only  child,  married  to  the  Honourable  Willoughby 
Burrell,  only  son  of  Lord  Gwydyr. 

In  1883  Dr.  Banks  was  offered  knighthood  by  Her  Majesty  in 
"recognition  of  the  high  position  which  he  occupied  in  his  pro- 
fession," but  he  did  not  accept  of  the  honour. 


WILLIAM  RALEIGH  BAXTER. — WALLACE  BEATTY.  551 


WILLIAM  RALEIGH  BAXTER. 

Dr.  Baxter  lectured  on  botany  in  the  original  school.  In  1834 
he  took  out  the  licence  of  the  Apothecaries'  Hall.  In  1840  he 
"passed"  at  the  Edinburgh  College  of  Surgeons,  and  graduated 
M.D.  in  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  in  1843.  In  1861  he  became  a 
Licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  Most  of  his  professional 
career  was  spent  in  England.  During  the  Crimean  War  he  served 
partly  in  the  Osmanli  Horse  Artillery,  and  partly  as  a  volunteer 
surgeon  in  the  French  army.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  Abnormal 
Sounds  of  the  Heart  and  a  small  Handbook  of  Chemistry.  For 
some  years  he  edited  the  Medical  Recorder.  Baxter  died  at  Ems- 
worth,  Hampshire,  on  the  16th  October,  1875. 

WALLACE  BEATTY. 

W.  Beatty  was  born  on  the  13th  November,  1853,  at  Halifax, 
Nova  Scotia.  His  father,  James  Beatty,  was  an  engineer,  and  for 
twenty  years  was  employed  by  Messrs.  Peto,  Brassey,  and  Betts, 
*n  connection  with  their  great  undertakings,  and  he  was  the 
Engineer  to  the  Balaklava  Railway  during  the  Crimean  War.  He 
married  Sarah  Jane,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Henry  Anthony  Burke, 
Kilmarron  Rectory,  county  of  Monaghan,  a  member  of  an  ancient 
Galway  family.  Mr.  Beatty  died  in  1856  from  the  results  of  an 
accident  received  in  the  Crimea.  His  son  Wallace  received  his 
earlier  education  in  Dungannon  Royal  School,  and  in  1872  entered 
Trinity  College,  securing  second  place.  His  undergraduate  career 
was  remarkable  for  the  number  and  value  of  the  prizes  which  lie 
won,  including,  amongst  others,  a  Royal  Scholarship  in  1872,  a 
Classical  Scholarship  in  1875,  and  a  Medical  Scholarship  in  1877. 
His  professional  education  was  conducted  in  the  School  of  Physic, 
and  the  Adelaide,  Rotunda,  and  St.  Mark's  Ophthalmic  Hospital. 
In  1876  he  graduated  B.A.,  in  1879  M.B.,  and  B.  Chir.  In  1885 
he  obtained  the  licence  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  the 
membership  in  1886.  He  was  House  Surgeon  to  St.  Mark's 
Hospital,  Medical  Officer  to  the  Dublin  Throat  and  Ear  Hospital, 
and  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the  Cannichael  College,  in 


552 


CHICHESTEK  ALEXANDER  BELL. 


which  he  is  at  present  Lecturer  on  Pathology  and  Extra-Lecturer 
on  Medicine.  He  is  also  Senior  Assistant-Physician  to  the  Adelaide 
Hospital.  He  has  read  several  papers  before  the  Academy  of 
Medicine,  including  one  giving  an  account  of  a  Rare  Form  of 
Skin  Disease  resembling  Urticaria,  and  another  on  the  Pathology 
of  Lead  Poisoning.    Dr.  Beatty  is  unmarried. 

CHICHESTER  ALEXANDER  BELL. 

Dr.  Bell,  a  son  of  David  Bell,  formerly  of  Dublin,  now  in  Canada, 
was  born  in  Dublin  March  16,  1848.  His  primary  education  was 
conducted  in  Mr.  D.  C.  Bell's  Academy,  Kildare-place.'  He  entered 
Trinity  College,  where  he  graduated  in  arts  in  1867,  and  in  medicine 
two  years  later.  The  greater  part  of  his  medical  education  was 
received  in  Steevens'  Hospital  and  the  Medical  School  attached 
thereto,  the  rest  was  imparted  to  him  in  the.  School  of  T.C.D.  In 
1868  he  obtained  the  diploma  of  the  College  of  Surgeons.  He 
early  showed  a  predilection  for  science,  and  worked  for  some  time 
as  a  pupil  of  Professor  Apjohn  in  T.C  D,  and  in  the  Museum  of 
Irish  Industry,  now  the  Royal  College  of  Science,  and  in  Berlin 
University  under  Hoffmann.  In  1867  he  attained  to  the  position 
of  Senior  Moderator  in  Experimental  and  Natural  Sciences,  the 
other  Moderator  of  the  year  being  the  present  distinguished  Pro- 
fessor of  Materia  Medica  in  the  University,  Dr.  Walter  G.  Smith. 
In  "  passing  "  his  examination  Dr.  Bell  was  "  First  of  the  Firsts  " 
in  Experimental  Physics.  He  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Botany 
and,  subsequently,  on  Chemistry,  in  Steevens'  Hospital  School. 
Dr.  Bell  has  devoted  himself  to  scientific  pursuits.  In  1876  he 
became  First  Principal  Assistant  in  the  Laboratory  of  University 
College,  London,  a  position  which  ill  health  led  him  to  resign. 
He  has  been  for  several  years  in  Canada  and  the  United  States, 
and  resides  at  present  at  Washington,  where  he  is  engaged  in 
original  investigations  in  Electricity,  in  conjunction  with  his  dis- 
tinguished relative,  Mr.  Bell,  so  well  known  in  connection  with  the 
telephone  and  other  inventions.  He  has  produced  several  new 
derivatives  from  pyrrol  (pyrroline),  and  has  described  a  method 
of  forming  normal  ferric  iodate.    In  conjunction  with  Dr.  Lapper 


ARTHUR  HENRY  BENSON. — RICHARD  BOOKEY. 


553 


he  contributed  a  paper  on  Saccharic  Acid  to  the  "  Proceedings  of 
the  Royal  Irish  Academy,"  and  has  done  other  ox-iginal  chemical 
work. 

ARTHUR  HENRY  BENSON. 

A.  Benson  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  26th  November,  1852 
(for  lineage  see  page  406).  He  was  educated  at  the  Rev.  Charles 
Benson's  School,  Rathmines,  and  received  his  medical  instruction 
in  the  Schools  of  the  College  and  of  Trinity  College,  and  in  the 
City  of  Dublin  Hospital.  He  studied  for  some  time  in  London  and 
Vienna.  He  was  the  recipient  of  many  prizes  and  honours  during 
his  studentship,  including  the  Purser  Resident  Studentship  in  the 
City  of  Dublin  Hospital.  The  following  are  the  dates  of  his  degrees 
and  diplomas :— L.R.CS.L,  1874 ;  Fellow,  1881 ;  M.B.,  1876.  He 
has  served  as  Lecturer  on  Ophthalmic  Surgery  in  the  Ledwich 
School,  as  Resident  and  Assistant-Surgeon  in  St.  Mark's  Hospital, 
Surgeon  to  the  Dublin  Throat  and  Ear  Hospital,  and  is  now 
Examiner  in  his  department  to  the  College.  He  has  published 
numerous  papers  in  the  Ophthalmic  Review,  the  Dublin  Journal  of 
Medical  Science,  and  British  Medical  Journal.  His  papers  on 
Jequirity,  Inflammation,  and  Diphtherial  Paralysis  of  the  Ocular 
Muscles  are  very  interesting.  Dr.  Benson  is  one  of  the  "  most 
travelled"  Members  of  the  Dublin  Faculty,  having  visited  most 
parts  of  the  world.    He  is  unmarried. 

RICHARD  BOOKEY. 

R.  Bookey  was  born  near  Shillelagh,  County  of  Wicklow,  in 
1846.  His  father  is  Dr.  John  Whelan  Bookey,  who  belongs  to  a 
family  long  established  in  the  County  of  Wicklow.  R.  Bookey 
was  educated  in  Steevens'  Hospital  and  its  Medical  School.  He 
graduated  M.B.  in  Dublin  University  in  1868.  In  1867  he 
obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial,  and  the  Fellowship  on  the  21st 
October,  1873.  He  was  a  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  and,  sub- 
sequently, Lecturer  on  the  Institutes  of  Medicine  in  Steevens' 
Hospital  School,  and  became  Physician  to  the  Hospital.  He  died 
from  phthisis  on  the  7th  January,  1880,  at  28  York-street.  Dr. 


554       ANTHONY  BEAUFORT  BRABAZON. — THOMAS  BRADY. 

JBookey  was  well  known  in  medical  circles  as  an  excellent  micro- 
scopist.  He  spent  a  large  sum  of  money  in  the  purchase  of 
microscopical  apparatus. 

ANTHONY  BEAUFORT  BRABAZON. 

A.  B.  Brabazon  was  born  on  1st  August,  1821,  at  Clonard, 
County  of  Meath.  His  father  was  the  Rector  of  Painstown,  in 
that  County,  and  his  mother  was  a  daughter  of  the  Rev.  R. 
Heyland,  Rector  of  Coleraine.  He  married  Eleanor,  daughter  of 
Walter  Bourne,  Clerk  of  the  Crown  for  the  County  of  Antrim, 
and  niece  of  Richard  Carmichael,  the  eminent  surgeon.  Having 
been  educated  at  Holywell  School,  Delgany,  and  at  Oakhill,  Isle  of 
Man,  Mr.  Brabazon  matriculated  in  Dublin  University,  but  did  not 
proceed  to  a  degree.  He  was  apprenticed  to  Philip  Brabazon  in 
1839,  and  transferred  to  Robert  Smith  in  1841,  and  studied  in 
Trinity  College  School  and  in  the  Medical  School  and  Hospitals  in 
North  Brunswick-street,  and  obtained  the  licence  of  the  College 
on  the  13th  October,  1846,  and  the  M.D.  degree  of  Aberdeen 
University  in  1856.  From  1847  to  1851  he  lectured  on  Anatomy 
and  Physiology  in  the  Richmond  Hospital  School.  He  was 
Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  Trinity  College  School  in  1851-55. 
He  served  as  a  Civil  Surgeon  in  the  Hospitals  in  the  East  during 
the  Crimean  War,  and  as  Assistant-Surgeon  to  the  Lancashire 
Militia  1858-61.  In  1876  he  was  elected  Medical  Officer  of  Health 
for  Bath,  and  has  resided  in  that  city  since  that  year.  Dr. 
Brabazon  was  a  successful  teacher,  and  it  is  said  that  he  "  passed  " 
130  of  his  pupils  at  Dublin  and  London  Colleges,  and  had  no 
rejections.    He  has  contributed  several  papers  to  the  journals. 

THOMAS  BRADY. 

Dr.  Brady  was  born  at  Carrickmacross,  in  the  year  1801.  He 
was  educated  in  T.C.D.  He  took  the  Degree  of  M.B.  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Dublin  in  1828,  and  the  Licence  of  the  King  and  Queen's 
College  of  Physicians,  17th  November,  1829.  He  was  elected  a 
Fellow  on  the  21st  May,  1832.  He  lectured  on  Medical  Juris- 
prudence in  the  Original  School  of  Medicine,  and  when  the  College 


WILLIAM  BROOKE. 


555 


of  Physicians  instituted,  in  1839,  a  Chair  of  Medical  Jurisprudence, 
Dr.  Brady  was  elected  the  first  Professor.  In  1838  he  was  elected 
one  of  the  Censors  of  the  College,  and  held  that  office  until 
1844.  He  was  again  elected  Censor  in  1849,  1852,  1853,  and 
1854.  In  1853,  during  the  presidency  of  Dr.  Evory  Kennedy, 
he  was  appointed  Vice-President  of  the  College.  Dr.  Brady 
held  the  appointment  of  Medical  Attendant  to  the  Newgate  and 
Smithfield  Convict  Prisons,  and  to  the  Lusk  Prison ;  he  was  also 
for  many  years  Physician  to  Cork-street  Fever  Hospital.  He 
published  a  translation  of  Fournet's  "  Recherches  cliniques  sur 
L'Auscultation,"  and  contributed  numerous  papers  to  the  medical 
journals.  He  was  a  member  of  a  talented  family,  and  a  man  of 
various  accomplishments.  During  his  undergraduate  course  he 
distinguished  himself  as  a  classical  scholar.  He  was  brother  of  the 
late  James  Charles  Brady,  Barrister-at-Law — who  had  attained  a 
very  high  position  at  the  Bar  at  the  time  of  his  premature  decease — 
and  also  of  the  late  Sir  Francis  Brady,  Chief  Justice  of  Newfound- 
land. In  religion  a  Roman  Catholic  and  in  politics  a  Liberal,  he 
was  steadfast  in  his  principles,  but  moderate  in  their  expression. 
Indisposed  to  all  excess  himself,  he  disliked  it  in  others.  He 
married,  in  1839,  Anna  Maria,  daughter  of  Major  Brian  Molloy,  of 
Millicent,  County  of  Kildare.  Mr.  Brady,  Assistant  Commissioner 
of  Intermediate  Education,  is  his  son. 

Dr.  Brady  died  from  bronchitis,  on  the  16th  March,  1864,  aged 
sixty-four  years,  and  was  interred  in  Glasnevin  Cemet  ery. 

WILLIAM  BROOKE. 

W.  Brooke  was  born  in  1769  at  Granard,  where  his  father,  the 
Rev.  William  Brooke,  was  Rector.  His  mother  was  Elizabeth 
Young.  In  1791  he  graduated  in  Arts  in  Dublin  University,  and 
proceeded  to  Edinburgh,  as  was  then  the  fashion,  to  complete  his 
medical  education.  Having  procured  the  degree  of  M.D.,  he 
returned  to  Dublin,  and  on  the  27th  May,  1793,  he  received  the 
Licence  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  of  which  he  became  a  Fellow 
on  the  24th  October,  1824,  and  President  on  the  20th  February, 
1826.    In  1824  he  received,  honoris  causa,  the  degree  of  M.D. 


556 


HENET  ST.  JOHN  BROOKS. 


from  Dublin  University.  He  married  Angel,  daughter  of  Captain 
Edward  Perry,  and  niece  and  co-heiress  of  Colonel  Richard  Graham, 
County  of  Monaghan.  He  resided  for  many  years  in  North 
Cumberland-street,  which,  until  about  fifty  years  ago,  was  a 
favourite  locality  with  the  higher  grades  of  professional  men.  In 
this  street  he  died  in  1829,  and  was  interred  in  the  graveyard  of 
St.  Thomas'  Church.  Brooke  enjoyed  a  very  large  practice,  and 
was  held  in  much  esteem  by  both  his  profession  and  the  public,  on 
account  of  his  agreeable  manners,  his  kindness  of  heart,  and  gene- 
rosity. His  portrait  is  to  be  seen  in  the  College  of  Physicians. 
Brooke  lectured  in  connection  with  the  Jervis-street  Hospital 
School.  The  late  Master  Brooke  was  one  of  his  sons,  and  Mr.  W. 
Graham  Brooke,  barrister,  is  a  grandson. 


HENRY  ST.  JOHN  BROOKS. 

H.  St.  J.  Brooks  was  born  on  26th  February,  1855,  at  Windsor. 
He  is  the  son  of  Henry  Brooks,  gentleman-farmer,  by  his  Avife  Ellen, 
daughter  of  Charles  Frederick  Green.  Mr.  H.  Brooks  resided 
for  twenty  years  in  Natal,  and  is  the  author  of  a  history  and 
description  of  that  colony,  published  by  W.  Reeve  &  Co.,  London, 
1876.  He  is  now  resident  in  Madeira.  Dr.  Brooks  having  been 
educated  privately,  entered  T.C.D.,  and  became  a  pupil  in  the 
School  of  Physic  and  the  City  of  Dublin  Hospital.  Having  passed 
through  a  distinguished  undergraduate  career,  he  graduated  B.A. 
in  1881;  M.B.  and  M.  Chir.  in  1882.  He  is  a  First  Senior 
Moderator  and  Gold  Medallist  in  Natural  Science,  and  won,  in 
1879,  a  Medical  Scholarship.  He  formerly  lectured  on  Zoology 
and  Botany  in  the  Carmichael  School,  but  is  now  a  Demonstrator 
of  Anatomy  in  the  School  of  Physic,  and  has  made  anatomy  his 
profession.  He  has  published  in  the  "  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Dublin  Society  "  a  monograph  on  the  Osteology  and  Anthrology 
of  the  Haddock,  and  in  the  "  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of 
Medicine"  has  described  Some  Abnornalitics  of  Blood- Vessels. 

Dr.  Brooks  married,  in  1879,  Marion,  daughter  of  Aubrey 
Ohren,  of  Dublin. 


WILLIAM  MALACHI  BURKE. — JOHN  AUGUSTUS  BYRNE.  557 


WILLIAM  MALACHI  BURKE. 

W.  M.  Burke  was  the  son  of  a  barrister,  who,  together  with  his 
wife,  Anna  Maria,  only  daughter  of  John  Blake,  of  Neirfield, 
belonged  to  old  Gal  way  families.  He  was  born  at  Ballydugan,  in 
that  county,  on  the  4th  August,  1819.  He  received  his  medical 
education  in  St.  George's  Hospital,  London,  and  its  School,  and  in 
1842  "passed"  at  the  London  College  of  Surgeons.  On  the  19th 
June,  1847,  he  became  a  Licentiate,  and  on  the  19th  October,  1863, 
a  Fellow,  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  He  was  subsequently 
elected  a  physician  to  Steevens'  Hospital,  and  for  many  years  was 
one  of  the  Physicians  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant.  Having  acted  for 
some  time  as  medical  superintendent  at  the  General  Registration 
Office,  he  succeeded  Mr.  Donnelly  as  Registrar-General.  He 
married  Harriet,  only  daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  Hugh  Hamilton,  of 
Benmore,  County  of  Fermanagh.  He  died  childless  on  the  13th 
of  August,  1879,  from  pleuro-pneumonia,  at  his  residence  in  St. 
Stephen's-green,  and  was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery. 
Mr.  Burke  was  a  very  amiable  man,  and  was  much  liked  in  the 
large  social  circle  in  which  he  moved. 

JOHN  AUGUSTUS  BYRNE. 

Dr.  John  A.  Byrne  was  born  in  22  Wellington-quay,  Dublin,  on 
the  9th  April,  1827.    His  father  was  a  wholesale  hat  manufacturer, 
in  the  days  when  hat-making,  ribbon-weaving,  and  other  industries 
were  thriving  in  Dublin.    He  employed  a  large  number  of  workmen. 
His  mother  was  Anne,  daughter  of  W.  Griffith,  leather  merchant, 
of  Back-lane,  High-street,  and  Nicholas-street.    Having  received 
his  preliminary  education  at  Mr.  Walsh's  school  in  Bolton-street, 
Mr.  O'Grady's  in  D'Olier-street,  and  from  private  tutors,  Dr.  Byrne 
entered  Trinity  College,  and  graduated  B.A.  and  M.B.  in  1848. 
His  professional  education  was  conducted  in  the  School  of  Physic, 
Dublin  University,  in  Park-street  School  of  Medicine,  and  Sir  P. 
D  un's,  Steevens',  the  House  of  Industry,  and  several  "special" 
hospitals.   In  1847  he  "  passed"  at  the  College ;  in  1858  he  became 
Assistant  Master  to  the  Rotunda  Lying-in  Hospital,  under  the 
Mastership  of  Dr.  M'Clintock ;  taking,  in  1864,  the  diploma  of  the 


558         JOHN  CAMPBELL. — HUGH  RICHARD  CARMICHAEL. 

College  of  Physicians.  Dr.  Byrne  is  Professor  of  Midwifery  in  the 
Catholic  University  Medical  School,  and  Gynaecological  Surgeon 
to  St.  Vincent's  Hospital.  He  is  a  past  President  of  the  Dublin 
Obstetrical  Society,  Physician  to  the  Grand  Canal-street  Dispensary, 
and  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  San  Francisco  Obstetrical  Society. 
He  has  contributed  a  very  large  number  of  papers  to  the  Dublin 
Journal  of  Medical  Science  and  to  the  Medical  Press. 

Dr.  Byrne  is  married  to  Kate,  daughter  of  the  late  John  Quin, 
of  Aubrey  House,  Shangannagh.  His  family  consists  of  one  son 
and  three  daughters. 

JOHN  CAMPBELL. 

Dr.  Campbell  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  19th  July,  1834.  His 
father,  a  clerk  in  Dublin  Castle,  married  Maria  Campbell.  Dr. 
Campbell  was  educated  at  the  Academic  Institute,  Harcourt-street, 
and  in  Trinity  College,  in  which  he  graduated  in  Arts  and  Medicine 
in  1859,  having  in  1853  taken  a  Sizarship,  and  in  1855  a  non- 
foundation  Scholarship.  In  1868  he  became  a  Licentiate  of  the 
College  of  Physicians,  and  in  1882  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  University, 
which  conferred  on  him  the  honorary  degree  of  M.D.  in  1885. 
Dr.  Campbell  wrote  the  Prize  Essay  of  the  Pathological  Society 
in  1857 — subject,  "  Pathology  and  Diagnosis  of  Diseases  of  the 
Rectum " — and  in  1885  published  his  "  Elements  of  Hygiene." 
He  lectured  for  several  years  on  Botany  and  Chemistry  in  the 
Carmichael  School,  and  succeeded  Dr.  W.  K.  Sullivan  as  Professor 
of  Chemistry  in  the  Catholic  University. 

Dr.  Campbell  married  Maria,  daughter  of  Jerome  Morrissy,  of 
Navan,  and  has  no  issue. 

HUGH  RICHARD  CARMICHAEL. 

H.  R.  Carmichael  was  born  in  Dublin,  probably  about  February, 
1790,  as  he  was  baptised  on  the  7th  March  of  that  year  in  St. 
Bridget's  Church.  He  was  the  son  of  Andrew  Carmichael,  Clerk 
of  the  Crown  for  Leinster,  and  Jane  Moore,  his  wife.  Hugh 
was  indentured  to  Richard  Carmichael  (who  was  his  cousin  and 
godfather,  and  was  married  to  his  niece)  on  the  25th  October, 


HUGH  CARL1LE. 


559 


1805,  and  studied  in  the  College  School.  In  1811  he  graduated 
in  Arts  in  Dublin  University.  The  Letters  Testimonial  of  the 
College  were  obtained  on  the  23rd  July,  1812,  and  on  the  7th 
February,  1820,  the  College  elected  him  a  Member.  In  1832  he 
took  the  degree  of  M.A.  He  was  first  Master  of,  and  subsequently 
Consultant  to,  the  Coombe  Hospital,  and  for  some  time  lectured 
upon  Midwifery  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children  in  the 
Theatre  of  Anatomy  and  School  of  Surgery,  27  Peter-street. 

Carmichael  commenced  his  professional  career  as  an  army  surgeon. 
After  several  years'  service  he  retired,  and  resided  for  some  time  in 
France,  and  married  a  native  of  that  country.  Their  eldest 
daughter  married  an  eminent  man  of  letters — Sydney  Lemon 
Blanchard ;  another  daughter  married  Charles  Aspinall,  a  barrister, 
and  son  of  the  late  Recorder  of  Liverpool.  Having  settled  in 
Dublin  he  attained  to  a  fair  practice,  and  gave  much  of  his  time 
gratuitously  in  ministering  to  the  sick  poor,  and  his  practical  bene- 
volence caused  him  to  be  highly  esteemed  amongst  the  humbler 
classes.  In  1829  he  wrote  a  little  book  of  71  pages  on  the 
"  Remedial  Uses  of  Turpentine,  especially  in  Diseases  of  the 
Eye " — upon  which  latter  subject  he  gave  some  lectures  in  the 
Ormond-quay  Medical  School.  In  the  Dublin  Quarterly  Journal 
of  Medical  Science  for  1840  he  published  a  paper  on  the  Position  of 
the  Placenta.  Carmichael  was  tall  and  of  commanding  presence ; 
his  face  was  handsome  and  grave.  He  died  on  the  6th  August, 
1872,  at  his  residence,  22  Lower  Pembroke-street,  and  was  interred 
in  the  burial-ground  of  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral. 

HUGH  CARLILE. 

Dr.  Carlile  was  born  in  1796,  at  Newry.  His  family,  originally 
Scotch,  settled  in  Ireland  early  in  the  seventeenth  century.  When 
very  young  he  was  sent  to  Dr.  Andrew  O'Beirne's  school  at 
Carrickfergus,  and  from  thence  in  1812  passed  into  the  University. 
He  took  the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1817,  M  B.  in  1837,  and  M.A.  and 
M.D.  in  1849.  In  1818  he  was  apprenticed  to  Macartney,  and 
attended  the  courses  of  instruction  in  the  School  of  Physic.  He 
seems,  however,  to  have  altered  his  intentions  to  embrace  the 


560 


FLEETWOOD  CHURCHILL. 


profession  of  medicine,  for  in  1819  his  indentures  were  by  mutual 
consent  cancelled.    He  now  commenced  to  read  for  a  Fellowship, 
but,  his  health  failing,  he  was  obliged  to  abandon  his  studies.  In 
1830  he  resumed  his  medical  studies,  and  in  1832,  although  having 
no  medical  degree  or  diploma,  he  showed  such  an  extensive  know- 
ledge of  anatomy  that  Macartney  appointed  him  a  demonstrator 
In  1837  he  became  a  proprietor  of,  and  lecturer  on  anatomy  in, 
the  Park-street  School  of  Medicine;  and  in  1849  he  and  the 
museum  of  the  school  were  transferred  to  the  Queen's  College, 
Belfast.    He  continued  in  his  Professorship  of  Anatomy  and 
Physiology  in  the  College  until  his  death,  which  took  place  in 
1860.    In  his  latter  years  he  spelled  his  name  Carlisle.    His  con- 
tributions to  medical  science  were  as  follows : — 1.  On  the  Motions 
and  Sounds  of  the  Heart  in  Man  and  other  Animals.    2.  The 
Report  of  the  Dublin  Committee  appointed  by  the  British  Associa- 
tion to  Investigate  the  Physiology  of  the  Movements  of  the  Heart. 
3.  The  Second  Report  of  the  same  Committee.    The  experiments 
upon  which  these  reports  were  founded  were  made  principally  by 
him  in  presence  of  the  Committee.    4.  An  Essay  upon  the  Physi- 
ology of  Certain  Parts  of  the  Nervous  System  in  Man.    The  first 
three  papers  are  published  in  the  "  Transactions  of  the  British 
Association,"  and  the  fourth  in  the  "  British  and  Quarterly  Medical 
Review."    5.  On  the  Structure  and  Homologies  of  the  Sacrum  in 
Man  and  other  Animals.     6.  Observations  on  the  Forms  and 
Mechanism  of  the  External  Ear  in  Man  and  some  of  the  lower 
animals.    Papers  5  and  6  are  published  in  the  "  Transactions  of 
the  British  Association." 


FLEETWOOD  CHURCHILL. 

F.  Churchill  was  born  in  Nottingham,  on  February  21,  1808. 
His  father  was  engaged  in  business  pursuits.  His  mother  was 
Hannah  Page.  Pie  had  four  brothers — all  of  whom  engaged  in 
commerce — and  five  sisters.  Having  received  a  good  education 
in  his  native  town,  he  was  indentured  to  Surgeon  William  Forbes, 
of  Camberwell,  London.  He  studied  professionally  in  London, 
Edinburgh,  Dublin,  and  Paris,  and  in  1831  took  the  Edinburgh 


WILLIAM  COLLES. 


561 


M.D.  degree.  Ou  the  15th  February,  1832,  he  became  a  Licentiate 
of  the  College  of  Physicians,  a  Fellow  on  the  27th  October,  1851, 
and  President  in  1867  and  1868.  He  was  Professor  of  Midwifery 
in  the  School  of  Physic  from  1856  to  1864,  having  previously 
lectured  in  the  private  schools.  Dr.  Churchill  was  in  extensive 
obstetric  practice.  His  works  on  "  Diseases  of  Women  and 
Children"  are  held  in  high  repute;  that  published  in  1838  has 
passed  through  several  editions,  and  has  been  translated  into 
French.  In  1840  he  produced  an  excellent  treatise  on  "  Diseases 
of  Pregnancy  and  Childbirth,"  which  in  1841  was  followed  by 
his  "Researches  in  Operative  Midwifery,"  and  in  1842  by  his 
treatise  "  On  Midwifery,"  which  attained  to  a  large  circulation.  In 
1849  one  of  his  best-known  works  was  published — namely,  "  The 
Diseases  of  Children."  It  was  translated  into  several  foreign 
languages,  including,  it  is  said,  Chinese.  Dr.  Churchill  contributed 
several  articles  to  the  Edinburgh  and  Dublin  journals  of  medicine. 
He  was  President  of  the  Pathological  Society  and  a  honorary 
member  of  many  British  and  foreign  societies.  Having  retired 
from  practice,  he  died  on  the  31st  January,  1879,  at  the  Rectory, 
Ardtree  (the  residence  of  his  son-in-law),  County  of  Tyrone,  and 
was  buried  in  Ardtree  churchyard.  Dr.  Churchill  was  married  in 
1832  to  Janet  Rebecca  Ferrier.  His  son,  Fleetwood  Churchill,  a 
midwifery  practitioner,  died  suddenly  in  Dublin,  in  1884.  His 
second  son  is  an  army  surgeon. 

WILLIAM  COLLES. 

W.  Colles  was  born  on  the  27th  October,  1811,  at  Riversview, 
near  Kilkenny,  where  his  father — a  brother  of  Abraham  Colles — 
had  marble  works.  His  mother  was  Anne  Harper.  Having  spent 
several  years  at  Kilkenny  College  he  came  to  Dublin,  and  on  the 
11th  April,  1826,  was  indentured  to  his  uncle,  A.  Colles,  under 
whose  directions  he  pursued  his  studies  in  the  College  School.  He 
subsequently  paid  a  visit  of  some  months'  duration  to  the  Paris 
hospitals.  On  the  10th  December,  1834,  he  obtained  the  licence 
of  the  College,  having  taken  in  1829  the  degree  of  B.A.  of  Dublin 
University.    He  lectured  on  Chemistry  during  one  session  in  the 

2  o 


562 


MAUKICE  HENRY  COLLIS. 


Digges-street  School,  and  during  the  years  1839-1842  in  the 
Park-street  School.  After  this  he  entered  the  Bengal  Medical 
Service,  and  was  stationed  for  some  years  at  Pubna.  On  his 
return  to  Europe  he  resided  for  some  time  at  Bath,  and  lastly  in 
Dublin,  and  died  at  Ontario-terrace  on  the  23rd  January,  1872, 
from  obstruction  of  the  bowels.  Beside  papers  of  minor  importance, 
he  contributed  to  the  Lancet  for  1864  one  on  the  use  of  nitrate  of 
silver  in  leprosy,  and  another  to  the  Medical  Press  for  1864, 
describing  a  new  artery  forceps. 

Colles  married,  first,  Mary  Francoise  Gal  Miche,  and,  secondly, 
Anna  Maria  Dowling.    A  daughter  by  his  first  marriage  survives. 

MAURICE  HENRY  COLLIS. 

M.  H.  Collis  was  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Fitzgerald  Collis, 
and  of  his  wife,  Maria,  nee'  Bourke.  He  claimed  descent  from 
Edward  I.  (see  page  394).  Having  received  a  sound  preliminary 
education  at  Dungannon  School  he  entered  the  University,  in  which 
he  took  the  following  degrees : — B.A.  in  1847,  M.B.  in  1848,  and 
M.D.  in  1867.  He  was  apprenticed  to  his  uncle,  Surgeon  Collis, 
and  attended  at  the  College  and  Trinity  College  Schools  and  the 
Meath  Hospital.  On  the  14th  May,  1847,  he  obtained  the  Letters 
Testimonial  of  the  College,  and  "  passed "  for  the  Fellowship  on 
the  7th  May,  1850.  After  obtaining  his  licence  at  the  College  he 
proceeded  to  Paris  to  complete  his  studies,  and  was  in  that  city 
during  the  Revolution  of  1848.  He  returned  to  Dublin,  and 
became  an  Anatomical  Demonstrator  in  the  College  School.  In 
1851  he  was  elected  a  Surgeon  to  the  Meath  Hospital,  and  in  1853 
he  became  Lecturer  on  Surgery  in  the  Dublin  School  of  Medicine, 
Peter-street;  he  also  lectured  upon  that  subject  in  the  Carmichael 
School.  He  served  on  the  Council  and  on  the  Court  of  Examiners 
of  the  College.  He  contributed  numerous  papers — especially  on 
Cancer,  Cleft  Palate,  and  Treatment  of  Anthrax  by  Pressure — to 
the  journals.  In  1867  he  successfully  removed  an  enormous  ossified 
enchondroma  from  the  left  side  of  the  face  of  the  late  well-known 
Mr.  Battersby.    The  patient  was  at  that  time  fifty  years  old,  and 


ANTHONY  HAGARTY  CORLEY. 


563 


the  tumour  was  the  product  of  twenty  years'  growth.  Collis,  whilst 
excising  an  upper  jaw  for  malignant  disease,  received  a  slight  wound 
iu  his  hand  from  a  spicula  of  the  diseased  bone.  The  injury 
developed  pyaemic  poisoning,  of  which  he  died  seven  days  after- 
wards, on  the  28th  March,  1869,  at  his  residence,  25  Lower  Baggot- 
street.  His  premature  death  caused  general  regret  amongst  his 
professional  brethren,  by  whom  he  was  much  esteemed,  and  by  a 
large  section  of  the  public.  His  remains  were  accompanied  to  their 
last  resting-place,  at  Mount  Jerome,  by  an  immense  concourse  of 
citizens.  Collis  married,  in  1852,  Sarah  Marcella  Lyster,  daughter 
of  William  Jameson  (see  page  411),  and  left  three  sons  and  four 
daughters. 

ANTHONY  HAGARTY  CORLEY. 

A.  H.  Corley  is  the  son  of  the  late  Hugh  Corley,  of  the  Court  of 
Probate,  and  of  his  wife,  Frances,  daughter  of  the  late  Matthew 
Hagarty,  of  Dublin.    He  was  born  on  the  16th  of  March,  1840,  in 
Dublin.    Having  received  a  tutorial  and  private  school  education, 
Dr.  Corley's  professional  training  was  conducted  in  the  Ledwich 
School  of  Medicine,  the  Queen's  College,  Galway,  and  Mercer's 
and  the  Adelaide  Hospitals.    During  his  student  career  he  obtained 
numerous  prizes — all  first-class.    He  became  a  Licentiate  of  the 
College  in  1861,  and  graduated  M.D.  in  the  Queen's  University 
in  1863,  with  First  Honours  and  Gold  Medal.    On  the  31st  March, 
1865,  he  obtained  the  Fellowship  of  the  College.    He  lectured  for 
some  years  on  Anatomy  in  the  Carmichael  College  of  Medicine,  and 
in  1872  he  was  appointed  to  the  Lecturership  on  Surgery,  which  he 
now  holds.    In  1867  he  was  elected  one  of  the  Surgeons  to  Jervis- 
street-Hospital,  and  resigned  that  position  on  becoming  Surgeon, 
in  1865,  to  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals.    From  1874  to  1877 
he  held  the  office  of  Examiner  in  Surgery  to  the  Queen's  Univer- 
sity, and  in  1882  that  University  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Science,  honoris  causa.    When  the  Royal  University  was 
founded  he  was  appointed  Examiner  in  Surgery,  and  subsequently 
was  made  a  Fellow,  and  in  1885  received  from  the  Universitv 
the  honorary  degree  of  Master  in  Surgery.    Having  served  on  the 


564 


SIR  DOMINIC  JOHN  CORRIGAN,  BART. 


Council  of  the  College  of  Surgeons  for  several  years,  Dr.  Corley 
was  elected,  in  1884,  Vice-President.  He  has  contributed  several 
articles  to  medical  literature.  In  1870  Dr.  Corley  married  Eleanor, 
daughter  of  Edward  Purdon,  then  Lord  Mayor  of  Dublin,  and  has 
three  sons  and  four  daughters. 

SIR  DOMINIC  JOHN  CORRIGAN. 

Sir  Dominic  J.  Corrigan  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  1st  Decem- 
ber, 1802.    He  was  the  son  of  John  Corrigan,  a  trader,  who  for 
many  years  carried  on  business  in  Thomas-street.    His  mother, 
Celia  O'Connor,  was  a  native  of  Dublin.    Young  Corrigan  received 
his  earlier  education  in  St.  Patrick's  College,  Maynooth,  which  at 
that  time  admitted  lay  students.    Here  he  acquired  an  excellent 
knowlege  of  the  classics  as  well  as  a  sound  general  education..  The 
medical  attendant  of  the  College,  Dr.  O'Kelly,  perceived  young 
Corrigan's  natural  abilities,  and  conceived  a  liking  for  him,  and  at 
his  suggestion  Corrigan  determined  to  embrace  medicine  as  his  pro- 
fession, O'Kelly  giving  him  some  instruction  in  clinical  medicine 
and  surgery.    Having  returned  to  Dublin  he  continued  for  a  while 
his  medical  studies,  and  attended  the  practice  at  Sir  Patrick  Dun's 
Hospital  and  the  Sick  Poor  Dispensary,  Meath-street.  He  next  pro- 
ceeded to  Edinburgh  and  completed  his  studies  in  the  University  of 
that  city,  in  which  he  graduated  M.D.  in  1825.    On  his  return  to 
Dublin  he  set  up  in  medical  practice,  and  became  attached  to  the 
Meath-street  Dispensary,  which  position  he  did  not  long  retain,  as 
he  soon  was  appointed  Physician  to  Cork-street  Fever  Hospital  and 
to  the  Charitable  Infirmary,  Jervis-street.    In  the  latter  Institution 
his  clinical  lectures  attracted  a  large  class.    In  1834  he  joined 
Hargrave's  School,  Digges-street,  as  Lecturer  on  the  Practice  of 
Medicine,  and  continued  to  hold  that  post  until  1845.    His  success 
as  a  lecturer  was  unequivocal,  and  he  attracted  many  students  from 
the  other  medical  schools.    George  A.  Kennedy,  in  the  Peter-street 
School,  lectured,  in  1833-4,  to  a  class  of  12,  whilst  Corrigan's 
class  numbered  37;  in  the  Peter-street  School  in  that  session  the 
pupils  attending  the  surgical  lectures  numbered  87,  or  4  in  excess 
of  the  number  at  the  Digges-street  School.    In  1835-6  Corrigan's 


SIR  DOMINIC  JOHN  CORRIGAN,  BART. 


565 


class  rose  to  58,  whilst  the  surgical  class  numbered  only  24,  and 
the  anatomical  36.  On  the  other  hand,  in  the  adjacent  school  in 
Peter-street  the  number  of  pupils  attending  the  anatomical  lectures 
were  95,  the  medical  class  counting  only  12.  On  the  death  of  Dr. 
John  Crampton  in  1840  he  was  appointed  Physician  to  the  House 
of  Industry  Hospitals,  and  here  he  carried  out  a  most  successful 
course  of  clinical  instruction  for  many  years. 

In  1843  Corrigan  obtained  the  diploma  of  the  London  College 
of  Surgeons,  and  in  1849  the  University  of  Dublin  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  M.D.  honoris  causa. 

In  1845  Corrigan  joined  the  Richmond  Hospital  School,  and — 
part  of  the  time  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Banks — lectured  there 
until  1850,  when  he  retired  from  the  school,  resigning  ten  years 
later  his  connection  with  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals.  He  had 
now  been  for  many  years  in  the  front  rank  of  his  profession,  and  his 
practice  was  very  large.  In  1836  he  had  purchased  the  house  No. 
4  Merrion-square,  West,  where  Surgeon  Ormsby  now  resides,  and 
for  a  quarter  of  a  century  few  houses  were  better  known  in  Dublin. 
Later  on  he  purchased  Inniscorrig,  a  residence  at  Dalkey,  the 
grounds  of  which  were  bounded  by  a  rocky  sea  coast.  Here  he  had 
an  aquarium,  from  which  liberal  contributions  to  the  Dublin  Zoolo- 
gical Gardens  were  regularly  sent.  In  this  charming  residence  he 
entertained  his  friends,  and  many  distinguished  medical  men  visiting 
Dublin  were  hospitably  received  in  it. 

Corrigan  became,  somewhat  late  in  his  career,  connected  with  the 
College  of  Physicians.  Having  been  black-balled  when  first  pro- 
posed for  the  Honorary  Fellowship  of  the  College  (in  consequence 
of  the  "  Board  of  Health,"  of  which  he  was  an  active  member, 
offering  what  was  considered  inadequate  remuneration  to  physicians 
sent  to  the  country  to  attend  "  Famine  Fever"  cases),  he  was  elected 
to  that  position  in  1854.  On  the  27th  July,  1855,  he  obtained  the 
Licence  of  the  College,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  on  the  27th 
October,  1857.  The  College  soon  atoned  for  the  "black-balling," 
for  Corrigan  had  the  unprecedented  honour  of  being  elected  Presi- 
dent five  years  in  succession — namely,  1859  to  1863.  His  statue, 
sculptured  by  Foley,  was  erected  in  the  College  of  Physicians 


566 


SIR  DOMINIC  JOHN  CORRIGAN,  BART. 


during  his  lifetime,  and  an  excellent  portrait  of  him,  painted  by 
Catterson  Smith,  P.R.H.A.,  embellishes  the  College  hall. 

A  great  many  other  honours  were  conferred  upon  Corrigan. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  Senators,  and  subsequently  became  Vice- 
Chancellor,  of  the  Queen's  University ;  and  he  was  a  member  of  the 
General  Medical  Council  from  the  time  of  its  foundation  in  1857 
until  his  death.  He  was  President  of  the  Pathological  and  Zoological 
Societies ;  a  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine, 
Paris;  and  Physician-in-Ordinary  to  the  Queen  in  Ireland.  In 
1866  he  was  created  a  baronet,  not  only  in  consideration  of  his  high 
position  in  the  medical  profession  and  his  unwearying  services  on 
the  Board  of  Health  during  the  year  of  the  Famine  Fever,  but 
also  for  those  rendered  to  national  education  in  his  capacity  as  a 
Commissioner  of  Education.  In  1868  Sir  Dominic  unsuccessfully 
contested  Dublin  in  the  Liberal  interest,  but  was  returned  subse- 
quently and  sat  in  Parliament  until  1874. 

Sir  Dominic  Corrigan  suffered  for  several  years  from  gout,  and 
for  some  time  before  his  death  he  found  walking  difficult  and  painful. 
He  died  on  February  1st,  1880,  after  an  attack  of  paralysis,  and 
was  interred  in  the  vaults  of  Westland-row  Church.  He  was  a  man 
of  good  stature,  and  in  his  prime  had  a  powerf  ul  physique.  His  face, 
though  not  handsome,  was  expressive  of  great  intelligence  and  force 
of  character.  He  was  a  fluent  speaker,  and  in  debate  was  not 
given  to  soft  words  in  replying  to  his  opponents.  He  had  many 
friends  and  admirers,  and  his  sympathies  were  widespread.  He  took 
a  great  interest  in  the  Zoological  Gardens  and  their  live  contents. 
He  constantly,  during  his  Parliamentary  career,  left  London  on 
Friday  night,  and,  reaching  Westland-row  about  eight  o'clock  on 
Saturday  morning,  would  go  direct  to  the  Gardens,  and  join  in  the 
pleasant  breakfast  which  the  Council  and  their  guests  have  on  the 
last  morning  in  the  week. 

Sir  Dominic  was  married  to  Joanna  Mary,  daughter  of  the  late 
J ohn  Woodlock,  of  Dublin.  He  had  two  sons  and  three  daughters. 
His  widow  and  one  daughter  (Mary,  wife  of  Sir  Richard  Martin, 
Bart.,  D.L.)  survive.  His  sons  and  a  grandson  are  dead,  and  the 
baronetcy  has  become  extinct. 


SIR  DOMINIC  JOHN  CORRIGAN,  BART. 


567 


Five  only  of  the  medical  men  practising  in  Ireland  have  been 
created  baronets — namely,  Sir  Thomas  Molyneux,  Sir  Edward 
Barry,  Sir  Philip  Crampton,  Sir  Henry  Marsh,  and  Sir  Dominic 
Corrigan.  With  the  exception  of  Molyneux  and  Crampton  all  the 
male  descendants  of  those  baronets  have  died  out.  The  Rev.  Sir 
J.  C.  Molyneux  resides  permanently  in  England ;  and  on  the  death 
of  the  present  Sir  John  Crampton,  Sir  Philip  Crampton's  title  will 
become  extinct.  A  feeling  exists  amongst  the  Irish  medical  pro- 
fession that  two  or  three  of  their  representative  members  ought  to 
be  offered  baronetcies,  several  English  medical  practitioners  having 
recently  been  promoted  to  those  dignities.  In  J uly,  1883,  a  large 
deputation  of  medical  men  waited  upon  the  Lord  Lieutenant 
(Earl  Spencer)  to  express  those  views,  but  they  received  an  unsatis- 
factory answer.  In  reference  to  Dr.  Banks'  refusal  of  knighthood 
offered  to  him  at  this  time,  Punch,  of  July  28,  1883,  contains  the 
following  telegrams  ! : — 

"nolo  kquescopari. 

"  To  Doctor  Banks— 
'  Wilt  join  the  ranks 
Of  Knights  V 

"  From  Banks — 
'Declined  with  thanks.' 

"  Translation. — '  I  will  not  be  made  a  knight.'  This  is  canine-lcal,  and  not 
canonical,  Latin." 

Sir  Dominic  Corrigan's  original  contributions  to  medical  science 
are  numerous  and  important  In  April,  1832,  he  published  in  the 
Edinburgh  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  a  paper  which  alone  would 
give  his  name  an  enduring  place  in  the  annals  of  medicine.  It  was 
entitled,  On  the  Permanent  Patency  of  the  Mouth  of  the  Aorta ; 
or,  Inadequacy  of  the  Aortic  Valves.  The  facts  set  forth  in  this 
classical  paper  were  discovered  as  the  result  of  numerous  patho- 
logical observations — for  Corrigan,  like  Cheyne,  regarded  morbid 
anatomy  as  of  more  importance  than  symptomology,  though  the 
latter  had  its  value  noted  too.  The  more  important  features  of  the 
disease  consist,  as  first  shown  by  Corrigan,  in  the  insufficiency  of 
the  valves  at  the  mouth  of  the  aorta,  in  consequence  of  which  the 


568 


CHARLES  COPPINGER. 


blood,  propelled  into  the  mouth,  regurgitates  into  the  ventricle. 
The  extraordinary  nature  of  the  pulse  in  this  disease  was  fully 
described.  It  is  visible  in  the  arteries  of  the  head,  neck,  and  arms, 
altering,  with  each  beat  of  the  heart,  its  position.  The  full  pulse, 
when  followed  by  almost  complete  collapse,  has  received  the  desig- 
nation of  the  "  water-hammer  pulse."  These  and  other  peculiarities 
of  pulsation  were  noticed  by  Corrigan,  and  he  had  previously,  in 
the  Lancet  for  1829,  corrected  Laennec's  erroneous  theory  of  the 
cause  of  the  bruit  de  souffle,  which  accompanies  the  sounds  of 
the  heart.  The  pulse  in  Permanent  Patency  of  the  Valves  of 
the  Aorta  is  often  called  "  Corrigan's  pulse."  The  papers  on 
Fever,  which  have  issued  from  his  pen,  are  rich  in  original 
observations. 

CHARLES  COPPINGER. 

C.  Coppinger,  son  of  Joseph  William  Coppinger,  M.A.,  Dublin 
Univ.,  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  11th  of  August,  1846.  His 
mother  was  Agnes  M.,  daughter  of  J.  W.  Cooke,  J. P.,  Borrisoleigh. 
His  family,  ancient  and  numerous,  are  chiefly  located  in  the  City 
and  County  of  Cork.  A  history  of  the  Coppingers  has  recently 
been  published  by  Walter  A.  Coppinger,  a  copy  of  which  is  in  the 
National  Library,  Leinster  House.  Dr.  Coppinger's  brother  was 
Surgeon  in  the  "Alert,"  the  Arctic  exploring  vessel,  and  in  1884 
published  an  interesting  volume,  "  The  Cruise  of  the  Alert."  Dr. 
Coppinger  was  educated  at  Clongowes  Wood,  Trinity  College,  and 
the  Catholic  University.  He  was  awarded  a  Gold  Medal  and  other 
prizes,  but  took  no  degree  in  Arts.  In  1869  he  "  passed  "  at  the 
College  of  Surgeons,  and  became  a  Fellow  in  1881.  In  1871  he 
obtained  the  Licence  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  in  1881  the 
Membership  of  the  same  College.  In  1885  he  received  the  degrees 
of  M.D.  and  Master  in  Surgery,  honoris  causa,  from  the  Royal 
University.  He  is  one  of  the  Surgeons  to  the  Mater  Misericordiai 
Hospital,  and  is  Professor  of  Physiology  in  the  Catholic  University 
School,  and  a  Fellow  and  Examiner  in  the  Royal  University.  He 
has  published  several  papers,  including  one  in  the  Lancet  on  a  New 


WILLIAM  CORBET. — JOSEPH  HENRY  CORBETT.  569 

Method  of  Freezing  Microscopical  Sections,  and  several  in  the 
"  Transactions  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine." 

WILLIAM  CORBET. 

W.  Corbet  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  14th  September,  1793. 
His  father  was  a  literary  man,  and  the  owner  of  the  Dublin  news- 
paper termed  the  Patriot,  now  long  extinct.  Corbet  graduated  in 
Arts  in  the  University  in  1815,  and  in  Medicine  in  1832.  In 
September,  1811,  he  was  apprenticed  to  John  Adrien.  In  1822 
he  was  elected  a  Member  of  the  College.  He  lectured  on  Botany 
in  the  Park-street  School,  and  for  many  years  was  the  Medical 
Superintendent  of  the  Central  Lunatic  Asylum,  Dundrum,  County 
of  Dublin.    He  was  married  to  Anne  Costigan. 

Dr.  Corbet  died  childless  on  the  22nd  June,  1872,  aged  seventy- 
eight  years. 

JOSEPH  HENRY  CORBETT. 

J.  H.  Corbett  was  born  in  Cork,  in  November,  1813.  His  father, 
William  Corbett,  of  "  The  Hill,"  Kinsale,  married  a  Miss  Flemyng. 
Corbett  was  indentured  to  John  Woodroffe,  of  Cork,  on  the  7th 
November,  1829,  and  studied  under  that  able  teacher  for  some  years. 
In  ]  833  he  came  to  Dublin,  and  entered  the  College  School.  In 
the  following  year  he  went  to  Edinburgh,  and  graduated  M.D.  in 
1835.  On  the  20th  September,  1836,  he  obtained  the  Letters 
Testimonial.  He  was  appointed  Demonstrator  in  that  year  in  the 
School,  27  Peter-street,  and  in  the  same  year  left  with  Alcock  for 
the  School  in  Cecilia-street.  After  some  time  he  became  Co- 
Professor  of  Anatomy  with  Alcock,  and  he  succeeded  the  latter 
in  1854  as  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  Queen's  College,  Cork — 
an  event  which  led  to  the  extinction  of  the  School  of  the  Apothe- 
caries' Hall.  He  was  an  ad  eunclem  M.D.  of,  and  an  Examiner  in 
Anatomy  and  Physiology  in,  the  Queen's  University.  In  1875 
paralytic  symptoms  presenting  themselves,  Corbett  resigned  his 
professorship  and  removed  to  Dublin.  His  health  did  not  improve, 
but  he  lingered  on  until  the  6th  March,  1878,  when  he  died  at 
No.  8  Lansdovvne-road,  and  was  buried  in  Glasnevin  Cemetery. 


570 


EPHRAIM  MACDOWEL  COSGRAVE. 


His  wife,  Catherine  Frances,  daughter  of  the  late  Joseph  Doyle,  of 
Blessington-street,  survives. 

Corbett  was  a  thorough  anatomist,  and  a  very  good  lecturer. 
He  was  the  first  to  give  a  minute  account  of  the  deep  fascia  cover- 
ing the  brachial  artery.  A  work  of  real  merit  is  his  "  Descriptive 
and  Surgical  Anatomy  of  the  Veins  and  Nerves."  Dublin :  Fannin 
&  Co.  1852.  Pp.  352.  Many  of  his  observations  recorded  in  this 
volume  are  original.   He  contributed  several  papers  to  the  journals. 

EPHRAIM  MACDOWEL  COSGRAVE. 

Dr.  Cosgrave  was  born  17th  July,  1853,  at  No.  20  Belvedere- 
place,  Dublin.  He  is  the  son  of  William  Alexander  Cosgrave, 
Clerk  of  the  Peace  for  the  County  of  Longford,  and  his  wife  Anna 
Maria,  daughter  of  Surgeon  Ephraim  MacDowel.  Having  received 
a  preliminary  education  in  Kingstown  School,  he  entered  Trinity 
College,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1875.  His  professional  education 
was  conducted  in  Trinity  College,  and  the  House  of  Industry  and 
Rotunda  Hospitals.  He  is  a  M.D.  of  Dublin  University,  and  a 
Licentiate  of  the  Dublin  College  of  Surgeons  and  Member  K.Q.C.P.I. 
He  is  Physician  to  Simpson's  and  the  Whitworth  (Drumcondra) 
Hospitals.  He  had  a  distinguished  undergraduate  career,  and 
received  the  degrees  of  B.Chir.  and  M.Chir.  stipendiis  condonatis. 
He  has  published  in  Dublin,  in  1885,  "  The  Student's  Botany,"  and 
several  papers  chiefly  relating  to  hygiene  in  the  journals.  He  is 
Lecturer  on  Zoology  and  Botany  in  the  Carmichael  School. 

Dr.  Cosgrave  married  Anna,  daughter  of  Rev.  William  Crofts 
Bullen,  of  Ballythomas,  Mallow,  County  of  Cork. 

t 

FRANCIS  RICHARD  CRUISE. 

Dr.  Cruise  was  born  on  3rd  December,  1834,  in  Dublin.  His 
father,  Francis  Cruise,  was  a  solicitor,  and  belonged  to  a  family  of 
Danish  extraction,  settled  in  the  county  of  Meath  from  the  time  of 
Strongbow,  with  whom  the  first  of  them  came  to  Ireland.  During 
the  "penal  days"  the  extensive  lands  which  they  had  acquired 
passed  away  from  them,  with  the  exception  of  a  small  portion,  and 
now  form  part  of  the  estates  of  Lord  Darnley  and  Mr.  Bligh. 


FRANCIS  RICHARD  CRUISE. 


571 


Dr.  Cruise's  mother,  Eleanor  Mary  Brittain,  was  a  member  of 
a  Cheshire  family.  Having  received  his  earlier  education,  partly 
at  Clongowes  Wood  College,  partly  at  Belvedere  House,  Great 
Denmark-street,  Dublin,  he  entered  Trinity  College,  and  in  1857 
graduated  in  Arts  and  in  the  following  year  in  Medicine,  taking, 
in  1861,  the  degree  of  M.D.  His  medical  education  was  con- 
ducted in  Trinity  College  and  the  Carmichael  Schools  and  in  the 
House  of  Industry  Hospitals.  In  1860  he  became  a  Member  of 
the  London  College  of  Surgeons.  In  1859  he  received  the  Licence 
of  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  on  the  7th  October,  1864,  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  College,  of  which  he  is  now  the  President. 
He  lectured  on  Anatomy  in  the  Carmichael  School.  In  early  life 
he  worked  industriously  at  surgery,  but  subsequently  relinquished 
it  for  pure  medicine,  and  is  now  Consulting  Physician  to  the  Mater 
Misericordia?  Hospital.  Dr.  Cruise  has  written  various  papers  on 
medical  subjects,  including  one  on  the  Endoscope,  and  a  joint 
Report,  with  the  late  Dr.  Hayden,  on  the  Cholera  Epidemic  of  1866. 

Dr.  Cruise  has  by  no  means  forgotten  his  classics,  and  has 
brought  out  translations  of  some  of  the  little- known  works  of 
Thomas  a  Kempis.  He  is  also  a  distinguished  musical  amateur, 
and  has  mastered  one  of  the  most  difficult  but  most  perfect  of 
instruments,  the  violoncello,  for  which  he  has  written  some  pieces. 
He  is  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Instrumental  Musical  Club,  which 
has  done  much  to  popularise  classical  chamber  music  in  Dublin. 

Dr.  Cruise  learned  rifle  shooting  in  the  back  woods  of  America, 
and  at  the  reunions  of  the  Medical  Club  at  Bohernabreena  his 
performances  are  the  admiration  of  the  beholder.  The  distance 
from  which  he  can  shatter  the  neck  of  a  champagne  bottle  without 
breaking  its  body  is  surprising,  especially  when  it  is  considered  ihat 
the  shooting  at  Bohernabreena  commences  after  the  champagne 
bottles  have  been  emptied !  I  know  of  no  pleasanter  or  more 
healthful  of  the  few  recreations  which  the  Dublin  medical  men 
permit  themselves  to  enjoy  than  the  social  and  unceremonious 
gatherings  at  the  Dublin  Mountains. 

Dr.  Cruise  married  Mary  F.,  daughter  of  James  Power,  Esq.,  of 
Hazelbrook,  and  has  issue  eight  sons  and  three  daughters. 


572 


ROBERT  CRTAN. — THOMAS  CUMING. 


ROBERT  CRYAN. 

R.  Cryan  was  born  at  Boyle,  in  the  county  of  Roscommon,  in 
1826.  He  studied  his  profession  in  the  Carmichael  School  and  the 
adjacent  hospitals,  and  in  the  University  of  Glasgow.  On  the  26th 
July,  1847,  he  "  passed  "  at  the  College,  and  on  the  12th  March, 
1849,  at  the  College  of  Physicians.  In  1873  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  latter  College.  He  was  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  and 
Physiology  at  the  Carmichael  School,  and  became  Professor  of  the 
same  subjects  in  the  School  of  the  Catholic  University  and  a  Physi- 
cian in  St.  Vincent's  Hospital.  He  married  Miss  Eleanor  Whitty, 
of  Wexford.  On  the  17th  February,  1881,  he  died  from  bronchitis 
at  his  house  in  Rutland-square,  and  his  remains  were  entered  in 
Glasnevin  Cemetery.  He  contributed  a  few  papers  to  the  Dublin 
Journal  of  Medical  Science  and  the  Medical  Press. 


THOMAS  CUMING. 

Dr.  Cuming  was  born  in  Armagh  on  the  19th  March,  1798. 
His  father  was  a  Presbyterian  clergyman,  and  his  mother  was  Eliza 
Black.  Having  spent  seven  years  in  the  Royal  School,  Armagh — 
which  at  that  time  was  under  the  mastership  of  an  excellent 
classical  scholar,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Caperdale — he  studied  medicine 
at  Glasgow,  Edinburgh,  Dublin,  London,  and  Paris.  Having,  in 
1819,  obtained  an  M.D.  degree  in  Edinburgh,  he  came  to  Dublin, 
where  he  studied  for  three  years  as  Clinical  Clerk  to  Cheyne  at 
the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals.  At  that  lime  the  instruction 
at  these  hospitals  was  of  the  very  highest  class — it  came  from 
such  men  as  Carmichael,  Cheyne,  John  Crampton,  Ferguson, 
Litton,  Peile,  and  Todd.  On  the  21st  June,  1820,  he  became 
a  Licentiate,  and  on  the  10th  January,  1854,  a  Fellow,  of  the 
College  of  Physicians.  In  the  latter  year  he  received,  honoris 
causa,  the  degree  of  M.D.  from  Dublin  University.  When  the 
Richmond  Hospital  Medical  School  was  established  in  1826  he  was 
the  first  Lecturer  on  the  Practice  of  Physic  in  that  institution. 
In  1826  he  was  appointed  Physician  to  the  Wellesley  Fever 
Hospital,  long  since  extinct;  and  for  some  years  he  was  Assistant 


HENRY  CURRAN. — JOHN  OLIVER  CURRAN.  573 

Physician  and  Lecturer  to  the  Pitt-street  Institution  for  the  Dis- 
eases of  Children.  In  1829  he  removed  to  Armagh,  where  he 
became  Physician  to  the  District  Lunatic  Asylum,  and  continues 
to  discharge  the  duties  of  that  office.  He  contributed  papers  on 
Diseased  Heart  and  Cancrum  Oris  to  Vols.  III.  and  IV.  of  the 
Dublin  Hospital  Reports,  and  on  Pneumonia  in  Children  in  Vol.  V. 
of  the  "  Transactions  of  the  College  of  Physicians,"  and  has  pub- 
lished other  papers  and  reports. 

Dr.  Cuming  married,  in  1826,  Miss  Mary  Black  (now  deceased), 
and  has  issue  two  sons  and  two  daughters ;  the  latter  are  deceased. 

With  the  exception  of  Dr.  Grattan,  Dr.  Cuming  is  now  the 
senior  of  the  Licentiates  of  the  College  of  Physicians. 

HENRY  CURRAN. 

H.  Curran  was  born  in  Bridge-street,  Downpatrick,  on  the  6th 
March,  1829.  He  was  second  son  of  Waring  Curran,  of  Down- 
patrick, and  his  wife  Ann  Adair  Curran,  neS  Pilson,  a  cousin  of 
Lord  Waveney.  Having  received  a  sound  primary  education  at 
the  district  diocesan  school,  under  the  Rev.  Joseph  Cooper,  he 
studied  professionally  in  the  Carmichael  School  and  the  adjacent 
hospitals.  On  the  27th  June,  1855,  he  "passed"  at  the  College, 
and  in  1869  he  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians. 

Curran  was  a  man  of  gentle,  kindly,  but  retiring  disposition.  He 
was  a  thorough  anatomist  and  accomplished  physician.  He  was 
much  beloved  by  his  large  class  at  the  Carmichael  School,  one  of 
whom  is  Dr.  Cruise,  the  President  of  the  College  of  Physicians. 
Curran  was  for  some  years  medical  officer  of  the  Queen-street 
Dispensary,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  Physician  to  the 
Mater  Misericordia?  Hospital,  Eccles-street,  Dublin.  He  died  from 
heart  disease,  in  Blessington-street,  Dublin,  on  the  25th  July,  1872. 

JOHN  OLIVER  CURRAN. 

J.  0.  Curran  was  born  at  Trooperfield,  near  Lisburn,  on  30th 
April,  1819.  He  studied  in  Trinity  College,  the  Meath  Hospital, 
Glasgow  University,  and  Paris.    In  1843  he  graduated  in  medicine 


574 


SAMUEL  CUSACK. 


in  Dublin  University,  and  in  August,  1846,  became  a  Licentiate 
of  the  College  of  Physicians.  Shortly  after  he  became  qualified  he 
taught  anatomy  privately,  but  subsequently  turned  his  attention  to 
medical  practice,  and  succeeded  Ferguson  as  Professor  of  Medicine 
to  the  Apothecaries'  Hall  School.  He  was  a  very  amiable  man, 
and  was  greatly  liked  by  all  who  knew  him.  He  had  a  great 
repugnance  to  animal  food,  of  which,  from  childhood,  he  had  ceased 
to  partake.  He  died  on  28th  September,  1847,  at  Willbrook,  from 
typhus  fever,  contracted  whilst  nursing  M.  Henri  G.  De  Musny, 
French  Medical  Commissioner,  who,  whilst  investigating  the  etiology 
of  typhus  fever,  was  struck  down  with  that  terrible  disease. 

Curran  was  a  good  writer,  and  contributed  (chiefly  as  a  reviewer) 
to  both  the  medical  and  purely  literary  journals. 

SAMUEL  CUSACK. 

S.  Cusack  was  the  fifth  and  youngest  son  of  Athanasius  Cusack 
(see  page  385),  and  was  born  in  his  father's  house  on  the  22nd 
November,  1800.  He  was  indentured  to  his  brother,  J.  W.  Cusack, 
on  the  29th  June,  1818,  and  studied  professionally  in  the  College 
and  Trinity  College  Schools.  In  1821  he  took  the  B.A.,  and  in 
1825  the  M.B.  degree  of  the  University.  He  had  the  advantage  of 
his  brother's  assistance  whilst  studying  disease  in  Steevens'  Hospital, 
to  which  institution  he  subsequently  became  obstetric  surgeon. 
On  the  2nd  October  he  "  passed  "  at  the  College,  and  was  elected  a 
member  on  the  23rd  December,  1826.  He  lectured  for  many  years 
on  Midwifery  in  the  Park-street  School,  and  his  practice  was 
chiefly  obstetrical. 

Cusack  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Johnston  Stoney,  of  Oakley 
Park,  King's  County.  She  was  aunt  to  the  eminent  physicist  and 
mathematician,  Dr.  George  J.  Stoney,  F.R.S. 

Cusack,  soon  after  he  became  qualified,  was  appointed  medical 
officer  of  Coolock  Dispensary,  and  after  four  years'  service  he 
resigned  and  came  to  Dublin.  The  latter  part  of  his  life  was 
spent  at  Ashgrove,  County  of  Tipperary,  where  he  died  on  the 
26th  March,  1853,  after  an  illness  of  eight  years'  duration. 


SAMUEL  ATHANASITJS  CUSACK. — CHARLES  DAVIS.  575 


SAMUEL  ATHANASIUS  CUSACK. 

S.  A.  Cusack,  only  son  of  the  preceding  S.  Cusack,  was  born  in 
Dublin  in  1830.  He  was  educated  in  the  College  School  and 
Steevens'  Hospital.  He  was  appointed  assistant-surgeon  to  the 
47th  Regiment  in  1854,  and  was  present  at  the  battles  of  Alma  and 
Balaklava  and  the  siege  of  Sebastopol.  His  bravery  was  referred 
to  in  despatches.  After  the  Crimean  war  he  retired  from  the 
service,  and  was  appointed  a  surgeon  to  Steevens'  Hospital  and  one 
of  the  lecturers  in  the  school  which,  in  1857,  had  been  attached 
to  the  hospital.  In  1852  he  "  passed "  at  the  London  College  of 
Surgeons,  and  in  1856  obtained  the  Fellowship  of  the  Irish  College. 

Cusack  married  Georgina,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  James  T. 
Holmes,  of  Exeter.  He  and  his  family  emigrated  to  New  Zealand, 
where  he  was  soon  appointed  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Nelson 
Hospital.    He  died  in  1865. 

CHARLES  DAVIS. 

C.  Davis,  born  in  Dublin  about  1799,  was  the  son  of  Robert 
Davis,  solicitor,  by  his  wife  Elizabeth,  nee  White,  of  Dublin.  C. 
Davis  was  fourth  in  descent  from  John  Davis,  of  Castlegarden, 
County  of  Kilkenny,  a  cousin  of  the  first  Lord  Mulgrave.  Davis 
was  indentured  to  R.  Moore  Peile  on  the  3rd  December,  1816,  and 
studied  professionally  in  the  College  School,  and  subsequently  in 
Edinburgh,  where  he  graduated  M.D.  in  1825.  He  became  a 
Licentiate  of  the  College  in  1822,  and  on  the  1st  November,  1824, 
was  elected  a  Member.  He  lectured  on  Surgery  in  the  School,  27 
Peter-street,  in  the  second  Eccles-street  School,  and  in  Mark-street 
School.  In  the  Dublin  Hospital  Reports  for  1827  he  published  the 
particulars  of  a  case  of  Pulsation  in  the  Veins.  Being  an  enthu- 
siastic votary  of  Terpsichore  he  received  the  soubriquet  of  "Dancing 
Davis."  He  married  Mary  Eastwood  {ixee'  Forster),  widow  of  a 
clergyman;  they  had  no  children.  Davis  died  on  the  17th  Sept., 
1866,  at  33  York-street. 


576       WILLIAM  VALLANCY  DRUKY. — GEORGE  F.  DUFFEY. 


WILLIAM  VALLANCY  DRURY. 

W.  V.  Drury  was  born  at  Sandymount,  Dublin,  in  1821.  His 
father  was  a  captain  in  the  army.  His  mother  was  Elizabeth  Hart. 
He  studied  in  Dublin,  and  graduated  in  Edinburgh  in  1842,  and  in 
the  year  1844  became  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica  in  the  Park- 
street  School.  In  1847  he  went  to  Darlington,  where  he  practised  for 
some  time,  but  his  health  failing,  he  proceeded  to  London  in  1849, 
and  for  many  years  lived  in  Harley-street.  For  some  years  past  he 
has  resided  at  Bournemouth.  Dr.  Drury  was  attached  to  the 
London  Homoeopathic  Hospital,  and  was  President  of  the  British 
Homoeopathic  Congress  held  at  Edinburgh  in  1882,  and  of  the 
British  Homoeopathic  Society  for  1882-84.  He  published  lectures 
on  eruptive  fevers  in  1877.  Dr.  Drury  was  married,  first,  to 
Isabella  Maria,  daughter  of  Anthony  Toomey ;  secondly  to  Mary 
Eliza,  daughter  of  Thomas  Williams;  and  thirdly  to  Evelyn, 
daughter  of  Edward  Young. 


GEORGE  FREDERICK  DUFFEY. 

Dr.  Duffey  was  born  at  5  Upper  Fitzwilliam-street,  Dublin,  on 
the  20th  June,  1843.  His  father  was  a  barrister,  and  his  mother's 
maiden  name  was  Mary  Christie.  He  was  educated  in  Kingstown 
School  and  Trinity  College,  and  graduated  in  Arts  in  1863  and  in 
Medicine  and  Surgery  in  1864.  He  took  a  Medical  Scholarship 
and  Senior  Medical  Exhibition.  In  1871  he  became  a  Licentiate, 
in  1873  a  Fellow,  and  in  1884  Vice-President  of  the  College  of 
Physicians.  Having  entered  the  army  in  1864,  Dr.  Duffey  served 
as  Assistant-Surgeon  in  the  1st  Battalion  of  the  24th  Regiment  at 
home  and  on  the  Mediterranean  stations  until  1871,  when  he 
resigned  his  commission  and  settled  in  Dublin.  In  1876  he  became 
a  Physician  to  Mercer's  Hospital  and  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica 
in  the  Carmichael  School.  In  1882  he  resigned  his  position  at 
Mercer's  Hospital  on  being  elected  Physician  to  the  City  of  Dublin 
Hospital.  He  has  served  as  Examiner  in  Materia  Medica  in  the 
late  Queen's  University  and  in  the  Institutes  of  Medicine  in  Dublin 
University.    He  is  the  editor,  and  in  great  part  author,  of  H. 


VALENTINE  DUKE. — JAMES  FOULIS  DUNCAN.  577 

Griffith's  Materia  Medica  (1879),  and  is  the  author  of  "  Suggestions 
for  a  Plan  of  taking  Notes  of  Medical  Cases."  In  1873  he  originated 
and  edited  the  Irish  Hospital  Gazette,  which  lasted  only  until  1875. 

Dr.  Duffey  is  married  to  Agnes,  daughter  of  the  late  John 
Cameron,  of  Dublin,  proprietor  of  the  General  Advertiser,  and 
sister  of  Charles  Cameron,  M.D.,  M.P.  for  Glasgow,  and  has  issue 
two  sons  and  three  daughters. 

VALENTINE  DUKE. 

V.  Duke  was  born  on  the  15th  January,  1812,  at  Balbriggan, 
County  of  Dublin.  His  father  was  for  many  years  Surgeon  to  the 
County  of  Dublin  Militia.  His  mother  was  Anne  Pace.  Having 
received  his  early  education  at  Glanmire  School,  Cork,  he  was 
apprenticed  to  Houston  on  the  11th  November,  1828,  and  studied 
at  the  College  and  Park-street  Schools,  Mercer's  and  JBaggot-street 
Hospitals,  and  in  Edinburgh.  On  September  6th,  1834,  he  became 
a  Licentiate,  and  on  January  3rd,  1845,  a  Fellow,  of  the  College. 
He  was  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians  (1860)  and  of  the 
Rotunda  Hospital  (1837).  He  was  the  author  of  a  Prize  Essay  on 
the  "  Cerebral  Affections  occurring  most  commonly  in  Infancy " 
(Fannin,  Dublin,  1849),  and  on  "  Physiological  Remarks  upon  the 
Causes  of  Consumption." 

Duke  married  Maria,  daughter  of  Robert  Rawson,  of  Glassealy, 
Ballitore,  County  of  Kildare.  He  died  from  paralysis  on  January 
22nd,  1873,  at  Idrone-terrace,  Blackrock,  County  of  Dublin,  and 
was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery. 

JAMES  FOULIS  DUNCAN. 

Exactly  eighty  years  ago,  James  Duncan,  a  young  Scotch 
medical  man,  came  from  his  native  city  of  Edinburgh,  on  a  visit 
to  his  countryman,  Sir  James  Foulis,  Bart.,  who  had  settled  at 
Boyne  Hill,  in  the  County  of  Meath.  Duncan  was  anxious  to 
enter  the  Royal  Navy,  but  Sir  James  recommended  him  to  settle 
in  Dublin,  and  he  introduced  him  to  the  "  fashionable  and  influen- 
tial" circles  in  which  he  moved.  Under  strong  pressure  Duncan 
abandoned  his  maritime  intentions,  and  took  up  his  abode  in  Dublin, 

2  p 


578 


RICHAKD  EADES. 


where  in  1810  he  married  the  second  daughter  of  Nugent  Booker, 
of  St.  Doulough's,  County  of  Dublin,  and  had  the  misfortune  to  lose 
her  in  1815.  In  the  same  year  he  became  a  proprietor  of  Farnham 
House,  Finglas,  the  well-known  private  asylum  for  the  insane, 
which  about  two  years  before  had  been  established  by  Alexander 
Jackson,  State  Physician,  and  the  Rev.  James  Horner.  In  1816 
he  became  Resident  Physician  in  the  asylum,  and  about  1823  the 
sole  proprietor  thereof.  Dr.  Duncan  was  one  of  the  best  known 
medical  men  in  Ireland  for  more  than  half  a  century.  He  was  a 
good  hunting  man,  excelled  in  athletic  exercises,  and  was  a  great  tra- 
veller, having  visited  even  such  remote  places  as  Syria  and  Algiers. 
He  died  in  March,  1868,  aged  82.  His  son,  James  Foulis,  was  born, 
in  1812,  in  Dublin,  and  was  educated  at  home  and  at  a  school 
kept  by  Rev.  T.  P.  Huddart.  He  entered  T.C.D.,  and  having 
obtained  several  honours,  graduated  in  1833  in  Arts,  and  in  1837  in 
Medicine.  In  the  latter  year  he  entered  the  College  of  Physicians 
as  Licentiate,  the  Fellowship  following  in  1841,  and  Presidency  in 
1873-75.  He  was  Physician  to  the  North  Dublin  Union  Work- 
house, 1840-46 ;  to  Sir  P.  Dun's  Hospital,  1846-58 ;  to  Simpson's 
Hospital,  1847-82 ;  and  to  the  Adelaide  Hospital  from  its  founda- 
tion until  about  1866.  He  founded  the  Maison  de  Sante  in  Char- 
lemont-street,  and  from  1868  until  1875  owned  Farnham  House. 
He  was  President  of  the  Medico-Psychological  Association  of  Great 
Britain  in  1875.  He  lectured  on  Medicine  in  the  Park-street 
School,  and  has  published  several  works,  lectures,  &c,  chiefly 
relating  to  insanity.  Dr.  Duncan  is  married  to  Emily,  fourth 
daughter  of  the  late  William  Hayes,  County  of  Down,  and  sister 
of  the  late  Judge  Hayes. 

RICHARD  EADES. 

R.  Eades,  the  son  of  a  wine  merchant,  was  born  in  Dublin  in 
1809.  He  was  educated  in  Trinity  College,  and  was  for  some 
time  a  pupil  of  Orfila  at  Paris.  He  was  not  a  Licentiate  of  the 
College,  but  under  the  provisions  of  the  Supplemental  Charter 
he  was  co-opted  a  Fellow  on  the  4th  October,  1844.  In  1832  lie 
took  the  degree  of  A.B.,  and  in  1836  of  M.B.,  in  the  University.  He 


HENRY  EAMES. 


579 


lectured  on  Materia  Medica  in  the  Richmond  Hospital  and  Park- 
street  Schools,  and  was  one  of  the  most  popular  teachers  of  his 
day.  His  life  was  an  eventful  one.  Having  made  several  long 
voyages,  and  undergone  the  hardships  and  perils  of  a  shipwreck, 
he  settled  finally  in  Melbourne,  where  he  became  a  lecturer  in  the 
University  of  that  city,  and  an  employee  in  the  Government 
Analytical  Laboratory.  In  1859-60  he  was,  with  the  general  appro- 
bation of  the  citizens,  Mayor  of  Melbourne,  for  which  city  he  acted 
for  many  years  as  Medical  Officer  of  Health.    He  died  in  1867. 

HENRY  EAMES. 

H.  Eames  was  the  youngest  son  of  the  Rev.  William  Eames, 
Rector  of  Tyrrellspass,  County  of  Westmeath,  and  was  born  in  that 
place  in  1841.    His  mother  was  Charlotte,  daughter  of  C.  Leslie, 
of  Woodley,  Dundrum,  County  of  Dublin.    He  was  educated  by 
his  father,  a  man  of  great  learning  and  piety,  and  was  also  for  a 
short  time  in  Dungannon  School.    He  spent  nearly  two  years  in 
Rouen,  where  he  acquired  a  good  knowledge  of  French.  He 
now  prepared  to  compete  for  the  Indian  Civil  Service;  but, 
though  he  secured  a  high  place,  he  failed  to  "  pass,"  being  unable 
to  "make  up"  some  subjects,  his  health  having  for  a  while  unfitted 
him  for  study.   Soon  after  he  entered  Trinity  College,  where  he  took 
prizes  in  Arabic,  in  classics,  and  in  modern  languages,  winning  a 
medical  scholarship  in  the  second  year  of  his  undergraduate  course. 
He  graduated  B.A.  in  1864,  xMB.  in  1867,  and  M.D.  in  1870. 
In  1867  he  "passed"  at  the  Colleges  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
Soon  after  becoming  qualified,  he  was  appointed  Physician  to 
Mercer's  Hospital,  and  co-Lecturer  on  Medicine  in  the  Ledwich 
School.    He  was  the  principal  promoter  of  the  movement  which 
resulted  in  the  "Hospital  Sunday"  institution.    He  was  getting 
into  a  good  medical  practice  when  he  contracted  typhus  fever,  from 
which  he  died  on  the  24th  March,  1873,  at  his  residence,  Upper 
Fitzwilliam-street,  and  was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery. 

Dr.  Eames  contributed  several  papers  on  Leucocythema  and  other 
subjects  to  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science  and  other  journals. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  Secretary  to  the  Medical  Society  of 


580 


JOHN  CHEERY  FERGUSON. 


the  College  of  Physicians.  He  was  most  popular  with  the  members, 
as,  indeed,  he  was  with  all  who  knew  him,  on  account  of  his  kind 
and  genial  manner.  He  married  Jane  Catherine,  youngest  daughter 
of  the  late  Daniel  Carr,  of  Sunbury,  Middlesex,  and  had  issue. 

JOHN  CREERY  FERGUSON. 

Dr.  Ferguson  was  born  at  Tandragee  on  the  22nd  August,  1802. 
He  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Thomas  Ferguson,  a  native  of  the  County 
of  Armagh,  by  his  wife  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  John 
Creery,  Rector  of  Tandragee.  Dr.  Thomas  Ferguson  practised  at 
first  at  Tandragee,  and  subsequently  in  Dublin,  where  he  died  from 
cholera  during  the  epidemic  of  that  disease  in  1832.  His  son, 
John  C,  was  educated  at  the  Feinaiglian  Institution,  from  which  he 
obtained  a  gold  medal  for  taking  first  place  on  entering  Trinity 
College  in  1818.  His  medical  studies  were  conducted  in  the  School 
of  Physic,  in  Edinburgh,  and  in  Paris.  He  graduated  in  Arts  in 
Dublin  University  in  1823,  and  in  Medicine  in  1827;  in  1833  he 
became  a  Master  of  Arts.  On  the  9th  June,  1827,  he  obtained 
the  Licence,  and  on  the  12th  November,  1829,  the  Fellowship  of 
the  College  of  Physicians. 

Dr.  Ferguson  practised  for  many  years  in  Dublin,  and  was  Phy- 
sician to  Simpson's  Hospital,  and  Physician  Extraordinary,  and 
afterwards  in  Ordinary,  to  Sir  Patrick  Dun's  Hospital.  He  was 
Professor  of  Medicine  to  the  Apothecaries'  Hall  from  1837  to  1846. 
In  1832  he  was  sent  by  the  Government  to  Ennis  to  take  charge  of 
a  cholera  hospital,  and  in  the  typhus  epidemic  which  followed  the 
famine  of  1847  he  had  charge  of  a  temporary  fever  hospital.  In  1846 
he  was  elected  King's  Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Medicine  in  the 
School  of  Physic,  and  four  years  later  was  appointed  by  the  Lord 
Lieutenant  Professor  of  Medicine  to  Queen's  College,  Belfast,  and 
he  retained  that  post  until  his  death.  He  was  an  Examiner  in  the 
Queen's  University,  and  President  of  the  Ulster  Medical  Society. 
He  died  on  the  24th  June,  1865,  and  was  interred  at  Balmolist, 
where  a  handsome  monument  to  his  memory  was  erected  by  his 
professional  brethren. 

Ferguson  was  a  very  popular  man,  owing  to  his  genial  disposition 


CHARLES  EDWARD  FITZGERALD. — HENRY  FORDE.  581 

and  social  qualities.  He  married,  first,  Jane  Clarke,  a  Dublin  lady, 
and,  secondly,  his  cousin,  Miss  Tate,  an  English  lady,  whose  father 
had  married  a  Miss  Creery.  His  family  consisted  of  11  children, 
of  whom  10  survived  him. 

CHARLES  EDWARD  FITZGERALD. 

C.  E.  Fitzgerald  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  9th  of  February, 
1843.  He  is  the  second  and  only  surviving  son  of  Francis  Alexander 
Fitzgerald,  for  several  years  a  Baron  of  the  Court  of  Exchequer, 
by  his  wife,  Janet,  daughter  of  Major  Burton.  The  branch  of  the 
Fitzgeralds  to  which  Dr.  Fitzgerald  belongs  is  that  of  which  the 
Knight  of  Glynn  is  the  head.  Dr.  Fitzgerald  was  educated  in 
Trinity  College  and  the  School  of  Physic.  He  graduated  in  Arts 
in  1864,  and  in  Medicine  and  Surgery  in  1868,  proceeding  in  1878 
to  the  degree  of  M.D.  In  1868  he  went  to  Paris,  and  studied 
ophthalmology  for  a  short  time  under  Dr.  Xavier  Galezowski.  He 
then  returned  to  Dublin,  and  commenced  practice  as  an  ophthalmic 
and  aural  surgeon.  For  a  considerable  time  he  had  charge  of  the 
ophthalmic  cases  in  the  South  Dublin  Union  Workhouse,  and  he 
acted  in  the  capacity  of  Assistant-Surgeon  to  the  National  Eye  and 
Ear  Infirmary,  and  was  subsequently  appointed  Surgeon  to  that 
institution.  Since  1875  he  has  been  connected  with  the  Carmichaei 
College  of  Medicine  as  Lecturer  on  Ophthalmic  Surgery.  In  1873 
he  was  appointed  Ophthalmic  and  Aural  Surgeon  to  the  House 
of  Industry  Hospitals — which  position  he  resigned  in  1883 — and 
received  the  appointment  of  Surgeon  Oculist-in-Ordinary  to  the 
Queen  in  Ireland  in  1876.  He  has  held  the  post  of  Examiner  in 
Ophthalmology  in  the  University  of  Dublin.  He  has  contributed 
several  papers  in  his  department  to  the  journals. 

Dr.  Fitzgerald  married,  in  1869,  Isabel,  daughter  of  Peter  Roe 
Clarke,  of  Dublin.  She  died  in  1877,  leaving  four  children,  all 
boys. 

HENRY  FORDE. 

H.  Forde,  the  son  of  a  landed  proprietor,  was  born  about  1815, 
in  Dublin.    His  mother  was  Marion  Hayes.    He  was  educated  in 


582 


MATTHEW  FOX. — GEORGE  MAHOOD  FOY. 


Trinity  College  and  received  his  professional  instruction  in  the 
School  of  Physic  and  Edinburgh  University.  In  1834  he  graduated 
B.A.  and  in  1839  M.B.,  "passing"  at  the  College  of  Physicians  on 
the  15th  July,  1841.  He  was  Physician  to  the  South  Eastern 
Dispensary  and  Lecturer  on  Medical  Jurisprudence  in  Park- 
street  School.  For  many  years  he  enjoyed  a  good  practice,  but, 
his  health  failing,  he  retired  from  professional  pursuits  to  Shan- 
ganagh,  County  of  Dublin.  His  death,  caused  by  chronic  bronchitis 
and  abdominal  tumour,  occurred  at  56  Harcourt-street  on  the  19th 
August,  1869,  and  he  was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery. 

Dr.  Forde  contributed  several  articles  to  the  medical  journals. 
He  married  Janet  Frazer,  a  lady  of  Scottish  extraction. 

MATTHEW  FOX. 

M.  Fox,  born  in  Dublin  on  the  26th  October,  1857,  was  the  son 
of  James  Fox,  a  trader  residing  in  Dublin,  by  his  wife  Margaret, 
neS  Lecken.  He  received  his  education  in  the  Carlow  Lay  College 
and  his  professional  instruction  in  Trinity  College  and  Steevens' 
Hospital  Schools  and  Steevens'  Hospital.  In  the  hospital  he  was 
Clinical  Registrar  and  Midwifery  Assistant  from  1873  to  1875. 
In  1875  he  obtained  the  diploma  of  the  College,  and  in  the 
following  year  that  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  He  was  a 
Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  and  afterwards  Lecturer  on  Botany  and 
on  Materia  Medica  in  Steevens'  Hospital  School.  He  died  at 
No.  11  Blackhall-street  on  Christmas  Day,  1881,  and  was  interred 
in  Glasnevin  Cemetery. 

GEORGE  MAHOOD  FOY. 

Mr.  Foy  was  born  on  December  22nd,  1847,  at  Cootehill,  County 
of  Cavan.  His  father,  John  Foy,  a  merchant,  married  Jane, 
daughter  of  Michael  Murphy,  J.P.,  agent  to  the  third  Earl  of 
Bellamont,  noted  for  his  violent  opposition  to  the  Union,  and  his 
marriage  with  Lord  Edward  Fizgerald's  sister — whom,  however,  he 
deserted  by  eloping  with  Miss  Thompson,  a  celebrated  London 
beauty.  Mr.  Foy  was  educated  in  Belfast,  and  received  his  pro- 
fessional training  in  various  Dublin  Medical  Schools  and  Hospitals 


VALENTINE  FLOOD. 


583 


In  1873  he  obtained  the  licence  of  the  Apothecaries'  Hall,  and  in 
the  following  year  became  a  Licentiate  and  a  Fellow  .of  the  College. 
He  is  Examiner  in  Anatomy  to  the  Apothecaries'  Hall.  For  some 
time  he  lectured  on  Medical  Jurisprudence  at  the  Carmichael 
School,  and  subsequently  became  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  in  the  same 
institution.  Mr.  Foy  published  an  interesting  brochure  on  Phar- 
macy, chiefly  from  a  historical  point  of  view,  and  he  has  contributed 
several  articles  to  the  journals. 

VALENTINE  FLOOD. 

V.  Flood  was  born  in  Dublin  about  1800.  His  father,  Henry 
Flood,  barrister,  resided  for  many  years  at  23  Arran-quay.  Flood 
entered  Trinity  College  and  had  in  that  institution  a  distinguished 
career.  In  1819  he  won  a  scholarship,  and  in  1820  graduated 
B.A.,  taking  the  degrees  of  M.A.  and  M.B.  in  1823,  and  that  of 
M.D.  in  1830.  He  was  indentured  to  R.  Dease  on  the  17  th 
November,  1818,  and  entered  upon  his  studies  in  the  College 
School.  On  Dease's  death,  in  1819,  he  was  transferred  to  R. 
Carmichael.  In  1825  he  "passed"  at  the  College,  and  was  elected 
a  Member  on  the  7th  May,  1827.  In  1828  he  was  demonstrating 
anatomy  in  the  Richmond  Hospital  School,  in  which  later  on  he 
became  a  lecturer.  For  some  time  he  was  a  most  successful 
teacher,  but  unfortunately  for  himself  he  got  into  a  medical  prac- 
tice amongst  the  poor,  which  led  him  to  neglect  his  classes.  He 
was  a  kind-hearted  man,  and  his  duties  as  a  dispensary  physician 
brought  him  into  contact  with  scenes  of  misery  which  seem  to 
have  greatly  affected  his  mind.  He  left  Dublin,  and  for  some 
years  lectured  on  Anatomy  in  the  Hunterian  School  of  Medicine, 
London.  His  health  and  spirits  becoming  even  more  depressed 
than  they  were  in  Dublin,  he  resigned  his  position  and  returned  to 
Dublin  in  1846.  In  1847  he  was  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Trade 
to  take  charge  of  the  Fever  Hospital  at  Tubrid,  in  the  County  of 
Tipperary,  where,  showing  his  usual  devotion  to  his  medical  duties, 
he  soon  contracted  typhus  fever,  from  which  he  died  on  the  18  th 
October,  1847.  The  clergy  of  both  the  leading  denominations  and 
other  persons  in  the  district  erected  a  tomb  to  his  memory. 


584 


WILLIAM  FRAZER. 


Flood  was  one  of  the  most  accomplished  anatomists  which  Ireland 
has  produced.  The  anatomy  of  man  has  been  studied  so  carefully 
and  so  extensively  that  the  discovery  of  a  structure  hitherto 
undescribed  is  now  a  rare  occurrence.  To  Flood  belongs  the 
honour  of  having  discovered  an  internal  ligament  in  the  shoulder, 
analogous  to  the  ligamentum  teres  in  the  hip.  This  superior  of  the 
intracapsular  gleno-humeral  ligaments  was  described  in  the  Lancet 
for  1829. 

Flood's  published  works  are  as  follow: — The  Anatomy  and 
Physiology  of  the  Nervous  System.  Dublin:  Hodges  and  Smith. 
1828.  8vo,  pp.  314.  The  Anatomy  and  Surgery  of  Femoral  and 
Inguinal  Hernia,  with  8  Plates,  drawn  by  William  Lover.* 
London :  Sherwood  &  Co.  Folio,  pp.  13.  The  Surgical  Anatomy 
of  the  Arteries  and  Descriptive  Anatomy  of  the  Heart,  &c.  12mo. 
London :  Highley.    Dublin :  Fannin  &  Co.  1839. 

WILLIAM  FRAZER. 

W.  Frazer  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  28th  August,  1824.  His 
father,  William,  a  Dublin  merchant,  was  descended  from  a  Scottish 
family  who  had,  in  the  last  century,  settled  in  Ireland.  His 
mother  was  Mary,  daughter  of  John  Findlay,  a  native  of  Scotland. 
Mr.  Frazer  received  his  professional  education  in  the  House  of 
Industry  Hospitals  and  in  the  College  and  Richmond  Hospital 
Schools.  In  1847  he  "passed"  at  the  College,  and  was  equally 
successful  at  the  College  of  Physicians  on  the  14th  August,  1848. 
On  the  1st  of  June,  1872,  he  became  a  Fellow  of  the  College,  of 
which  he  is  now  an  Examiner.  For  several  years  he  lectured  on 
Materia  Medica  in  the  Carmichael  School,  previously  to  which  he 
had  lectured  on  Forensic  Medicine  in  Park-street  School. 

Mr.  Frazer  has  devoted  much  time  to  the  study  of  archaeology, 
and  his  writings  have  enriched  the  volumes  issued  by  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy  and  Royal  Dublin  Society.  His  collection  of 
autographs  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  in  the  United  Kingdom, 

*  The  well-known  popular  lecturer  on  chemistry,  &c,  in  the  Dublin  Schools,  and 
step-brother  to  the  poet  and  novelist,  Samuel  Lover. 


ALEXANDER  FRY. — SAMUEL  GORDON. 


585 


and  his  "  curios  "  are  always  at  the  disposal  of  the  College  when- 
ever they  have  a  conversazione.  Nor  has  he  neglected  purely 
professional  literature,  having  contributed  largely  to  the  medical 
journals,  besides  writing  a  work  on  Skin  Diseases  and  a  treatise  on 
Materia  Medica,  which  reached  a  second  edition. 

Mr.  Frazer  married  Mary  Anne,  daughter  of  Richard  Watson,  of 
Edwardstown,  County  of  Dublin.  There  are  surviving  of  their 
children,  William  and  Kenneth,  medical  men ;  Robert  Watson,  of 
the  Indian  Civil  Service ;  and  three  daughters. 

ALEXANDER  FRY. 

A.  Fry  was  born  on  the  26th  January,  1808,  at  Ballinamore, 
County  of  Longford.  He  was  educated  at  various  schools,  including 
that  at  Edgeworthstown,  founded  and  presided  over  by  Lovel 
Edgeworth,  and  which  was  then  a  celebrated  academy.  He  was 
apprenticed  to  Henry  Gardiner,  M.D.,  Ed.,  and  L.A.H.  In  1831 
Mr.  Fry  entered  both  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  and  Trinity 
College  Schools,  and  attended  during  four  sessions  those  insti- 
tutions, as  well  as  Mercer's,  the  Meath,  and  Sir  Patrick  Dun's 
Hospitals.  In  1834  he  obtained  the  diploma  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons,  England,  and  on  the  9th  August,  1845,  the  diploma 
of  the  King  and  Queen's  College  of  Physicians  in  Ireland.  He 
subsequently  became  a  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica  and  Thera- 
peutics in  the  School  of  Medicine,  Park-street,  Dublin.  He  was 
also  attached  to  the  Kilmainham  Fever  Hospital  and  the  Church- 
street  Dispensary.  In  1849  Mr.  Fry  gave  an  account  of  the  recent 
typhus  fever  epidemic  in  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science.  He 
returned  to  Dublin  after  a  prolonged  residence  at  Moate,  County 
of  Westmeath,  and  established  a  private  lunatic  asylum  at  Mount 
Alton,  Templeogue,  County  of  Dublin. 

SAMUEL  GORDON. 

Dr.  Gordon  is  the  fourth  son  of  the  late  Samuel  Gordon,  of 
Spring  Gardens,  Clonmel,  County  of  Waterford,  by  his  wife  Jane, 
daughter  of  Mr.  Keily,  of  Strancally  Castle,  County  of  Waterford. 
Mr.  Gordon  was  descended  from  a  Scotch  family,  but  his  immediate 


586 


SAMUEL  GORDON. 


ancestors  were  born  in  Ireland.  Dr.  Gordon  was  born  in  his  father's 
house  on  the  19th  January,  1816,  and  at  an  unusually  early  age  was 
sent  to  the  Endowed  School  of  his  native  town,  which  at  that  time 
was  under  the  mastership  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Bell,  a  teacher  and  school 
administrator  of  remarkable  ability,  and  who  was  specially  noted  for 
the  judgment  and  success  which  he  displayed  in  the  selection  of  the 
assistant-masters.  They  included  such  men  as  W.  C.  Taylor,  the 
editor  of  several  historical  works;  Prendeville,  the  translator  of 
Livy ;  Edwards,  the  author  of  "  Junius'  Logic,"  and  many  others 
equally  distinguished.  Amongst  Dr.  Gordon's  schoolfellows  there 
were  the  present  Protestant  Bishop  of  Cashel,  the  Rev.  Hewitt  Poole, 
F.T.C.D.,  Archdeacon  Lee,  Mr.  Tankerville  Chamberlain,  and  others 
who  subsequently  became  prominent  members  of  society. 

Dr.  Gordon  entered  Trinity  College  at  an  unusually  early  age. 
On  the  29th  October,  1835,  he  was  apprenticed  to  Mr.  Belton,  a 
Fellow  of  the  College,  and  took  up  his  abode  in  that  gentleman's 
house,  North  Frederick-street.  The  apprenticeship  was,  however, 
little  more  than  nominal,  as  Mr.  Richard  Carmichael  treated  him  as 
if  he  were  his  own  apprentice,  and  the  greater  part  of  Dr.  Gordon's 
five  years'  apprenticeship  was  spent  in  the  Richmond  and  Whitworth 
Hospitals.  Appointed  nominally  as  Clinical  Clerk  to  the  late  Dr. 
Crampton,  he  had  in  reality  the  charge  of  nearly  all  the  patients  in 
the  Whitworth  and  Hardwicke  Hospitals. 

Dr.  Corrigan  succeeded  Dr.  John  Crampton  in  1840.  Up  to 
this  time  Dr.  Greene  did  any  real  clinical  work  which  was  accom- 
plished in  the  medical  department  of  the  House  of  Industry 
Hospitals.  Corrigan  soon  infused  new  life  into  the  Institution,  and 
his  cliniques  were  largely  attended.  They  induced  Dr.  Gordon  to 
prolong  his  residence  in  the  Hospital,  and  for  a  year  longer  he  acted 
as  Corrigan's  Clinical  Clerk,  noting  his  cases,  and  assisting  him  in 
his  numerous  pathological  examinations,  thereby  gaining  a  large 
amount  of  valuable  practical  knowledge  and  the  friendship  of  a  truly 
great  physician. 

In  1843  Dr.  Gordon  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the 
College,  and  was  co-opted  a  Fellow  on  the  7th  January,  1845.  He 
graduated  BA.  in  1837,  M.A.  in  1840,  M.B.  in  1844,  and  M.D. 


SAMUEL  GORDON. 


587 


stipendiis  condonatis  in  1877.  On  the  retirement  of  Litton  in  1847, 
Dr.  Gordon  was  appointed  to  succeed  him  as  Physician  to  the 
House  of  Industry  Hospitals. 

Dr.  Gordon,  a  favourite  pupil  of  Richard  Carmichael,  noted  all  his 
cases  for  his  Clinical  Lectures  on  Syphilis,  and  while  still  a  pupil 
edited  the  last  edition  of  Carmichael's  work  on  Syphilis.  He  could 
thus  hardly  avoid  becoming  a  surgeon,  and  in  former  days  he 
practised  the  surgical  art  as  skilfully  as  he  now  exercises  that  of  the 
pure  physician.  On  one  occasion  he  saved  a  man's  life  by  promptly 
performing  the  operation  of  tracheotomy,  and  successfully  treated  a 
case  of  paralysis  consequent  on  fracture  of  the  spine,  by  the  eleva- 
tion and  partial  removal  of  the  displaced  vertebra.  Having,  how- 
ever, resolved  to  devote  himself  exclusively  to  medicine,  he  obtained 
the  Licence  of  the  College  of  Physicians  on  the  1st  May,  1860, 
was  elected  a  Fellow  on  the  6th  October,  and  in  1880,  1881,  and 
1882,  filled  the  Presidential  Chair  of  the  College  ;  with  the  excep- 
tions of  Hugh  Ferguson,  G.  A.  Kennedy,  and  Sir  D.  J.  Corrigan, 
no  one  previously  had  been  thrice  in  succession  elected  President. 

Dr.  Gordon,  as  already  shown,  was  connected  as  Lecturer  with 
the  Cecilia-street,  Steevens'  Hospital,  and  Carmichael  Schools,  and 
is  now  President  of  the  Carmichael  College  of  Medicine.  He  was 
locum  tenens  for  Dr.  William  Stokes,  Regius  Professor  of  Medicine, 
during  the  last  illness  of  that  eminent  man.  He  was  President  of 
the  Pathological  Society,  and  is  now  Physician  to  the  King's 
Hospital,  Consulting  Physician  to  the  Coombe  Hospital,  &c. 

Dr.  Gordon  was  for  many  years  editor  of  the  Dublin  Hospital 
Gazette,  and  contributed  numerous  valuable  articles  to  that  journal, 
which  became  extinct  in  1860.  He  also  is  the  author  of  several  papers 
published  in  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science,  of  which,  per- 
haps, his  most  important  are  those  on  the  Treatment  of  Certain 
Forms  of  Pneumonia  by  Large  and  Repeated  Doses  of  Quinine, 
and  on  Fevers  and  their  Complications. 

Dr.  Gordon  married  Sophia  Louisa,  daughter  of  the  late  Thomas 
Montgomery,  Captain  in  the  Royal  Navy,  and  has  issue  one  son 
(Dr.  Samuel  Thomas  Gordon,  Surgeon  to  the  Constabulary  Depot, 
Phoenix  Park),  and  nine  daughters. 


588 


ROBERT  JAMES  GRAVES. 


ROBERT  JAMES  GRAVES. 

R.  J.  Graves  was  descended  from  Colonel  Graves,  who  com- 
manded a  regiment  of  cavalry  in  Cromwell's  army,  and,  having 
settled  in  Ireland,  acquired  considerable  landed  property  in  the 
County  of  Limerick.  Dr.  Graves'  father,  Richard,  son  of  the 
Vicar  of  Kilflnane,  County  of  Limerick,  was  a  man  of  conspicuous 
ability.  He  had  a  distinguished  undergraduate  career  in  Trinity 
College,  taking  a  scholarship  in  1782,  and  winning  numerous  prizes. 
He  took  Holy  Orders  and  became  a  Fellow  of  T.C.D.  in  1796, 
and  subsequently  was  appointed  Dean  of  Ardagh.  His  literary 
works  (of  which  27  have  been  collected  and  published  in  four 
volumes)  are  of  a  high  order  of  merit,  and  he  acquired  great  celebrity 
for  his  lectures  on  the  "  Pentateuch."  He  married  Eliza,  daughter 
of  James  Drought,  D.D.,  Professor  of  Divinity,  T.C.D.,  and  a 
member  of  an  ancient  family  in  the  King's  County.  Their  son, 
Robert  James,  was  born  on  the  27th  March,  1797,  in  Dublin.  He 
was  educated,  first,  by  the  Rev.  Ralph  Wilde  (who  in  1782  had 
won  a  scholarship  in  Trinity  College)  ;  and,  secondly,  by  Mr  Levey, 
a  well-known  teacher.  Having  entered  Trinity  College,  he  passed 
through  an  undergraduate  course,  in  which  he  almost  rivalled  his 
father.  At  his  entrance  he  took  first  place,  and  in  all  his  subsequent 
examinations  save  two  he  won  the  first  premium.  On  taking  his 
Fellow  Commoner's  degree  he  received  the  gold  medal  for  having 
entered  for  every  examination  open  to  him,  and  obtaining  a  valde 
in  omnibus.  In  1815  he  graduated  in  Arts,  becoming  an  M.B.  in 
1818,  and  a  M.D.  in  1841.  Having  decided  upon  medicine  as  his 
profession,  he  studied  in  every  department  of  it  with  the  utmost 
ardour,  not  confining  himself  to  the  School  of  Physic,  but  working 
also  in  the  College  School.  He  early  recognised  the  importance 
of  morbid  anatomy  to  the  pathologist,  and  never  neglected  the 
opportunities  for  extending  his  knowledge  of  disease  which  post 
mortem  examination  offered.  The  years  1818, 1819,  and  1820,  were 
spent  by  Graves  studying  in  foreign  universities.  During  two 
years  he  was  a  pupil  of  Professors  Stromeyer  and  Blumenbach,  of 
Gottingen,  and  of  Hufeland  and  Behrend,  of  Berlin.    In  Copen- 


ROBERT  JAMES  GRAVES. 


589 


hagen  he  studied  under  the  eminent  Professor  Cohlston.  During 
his  sojourn  on  the  Continent  he  met  with  many  adventures*  On 
one  occasion  he  was  confined  for  ten  days  in  a  dungeon  in  an 
Austrian  prison,  on  a  charge  of  being  a  spy.  His  assertion  that  he 
was  an  Englishman  was  disregarded  on  the  ground  that  only  a 
German  could  speak  such  excellent  English  as  he  did!  Whilst 
travelling  in  Italy  he  formed  a  friendship  with  the  great  artist 
Turner;  Graves  himself  possessed  considerable  artistic  skill,  and 
many  admirable  sketches  from  nature  which  he  made  are  extant. 
Having  spent  a  few  months  in  Edinburgh,  Graves  settled  in  Dublin 
in  1821,  and  was  in  the  same  year  appointed  a  physician  to  the 
Meath  Hospital,  and  at  once  commenced  that  system  of  clinical — 
i.e ,  bedside — teaching  which  was  destined  ere  long  to  render  him- 
self and  his  hospital  famous  throughout  medical  circles,  even  far 
beyond  the  boundaries  of  the  British  Isles. 

In  1824  Graves  joined,  with  others,  in  establishing  the  Park- 
street  School,  and  was  its  first  lecturer  on  medical  jurisprudence. 

*  The  late  Dr.  Stokes  recounts  the  following  one  : — "  He  had  embarked  at  Genoa, 
in  a  brig  bound  for  Sicily.  The  captain  and  crew  were  Sicilians,  and  there  were  no 
passengers  on  board  but  himself  and  a  poor  Spaniard,  who  became  his  companion  and 
messmate.  Soon  after  quitting  the  land,  they  encountered  a  terrific  gale  from  the 
north-east,  with  which  the  ill-found,  ill-manned,  and  badly-commanded  vessel,  soon 
showed  herself  unable  to  contend.  The  sails  were  blown  away  or  torn,  the  vessel  was 
leaking,  the  pumps  choked,  and  the  crew  in  despair  gave  up  the  attempt  to  work  the 
ship.  At  this  juncture  Graves  was  lying  on  a  couch  in  the  cabin,  suffering  under  a 
painful  malady,  when  his  fellow-passenger  entered,  and  in  terror  announced  to  him 
that  the  crew  were  about  to  forsake  the  vessel  ;  that  they  were  then  in  the  very  act 
of  getting  out  the  boat,  and  that  he  had  heard  them  say  that  the  two  passengers  were 
to  be  left  to  their  fate.  Springing  from  his  couch,  Graves  flung  on  his  cloak,  and, 
looking  through  the  cabin,  found  a  heavy  axe  lying  on  the  floor.  This  he  seized,  and 
concealing  it  under  his  cloak  he  gained  the  deck,  and  found  that  the  captain  and 
crew  had  nearly  succeeded  in  getting  the  boat  free  from  its  lashings.  He  addressed 
the  captain,  declaring  his  opinion  that  the  boat  could  not  five  in  such  a  sea,  and  that 
the  attempt  to  launch  it  was  madness.  He  was  answered  by  an  execration,  and  told 
that  it  was  a  matter  with  which  he  had  nothing  to  do,  for  that  he  and  his  companion 
should  remain  behind.  'Then,'  exclaimed  he,  'if  that  be  the  case,  let  us  all  be 
drowned  together — it  is  a  pity  to  part  good  company.'  As  he  spoke,  he  struck  the 
sides  of  the  boat  with  his  axe,  and  destroyed  it  irreparably.  The  captain  drew  his 
dagger,  and  would  have  rushed  upon  him,  but  quailed  before  the  cook  erect,  and  armed 
man.  Graves  then  virtually  took  command  of  the  ship.  He  had  the  suckers  of  the 
pumps  withdrawn,  and  furnished  by  cutting  from  his  own  boots  the  leather  necessary 
to  repair  the  valves,  the  crew  returned  to  their  duties,  the  leak  was  gained,  and  the 
vessel  saved." 


590 


ROBERT  JAMES  GRAVES. 


He  also  lectured  in  it  upon  "Animal  Chemistry,"  a  department  of 
the  science  at  that  time  in  its  infancy.  He  was  so  thoroughly 
practical  as  a  teacher,  that  not  content  with  merely  lecturing  upon 
toxicology  and  animal  chemistry,  he  made  the  following  announce- 
ment in  his  syllabus : — "  In  order  to  give  the  students  an  opportunity 
of  becoming  practically  acquainted  with  this  part  of  the  subject,  they 
will  be  allowed  to  perform  all  the  experiments  themselves,  under  the 
direction  of  Doctor  Graves." 

Graves  now  began  to  acquire  a  good  practice,  which,  however, 
never  was  as  large  as  Cheyne's ;  and  it  is  remarkable  that  it  decreased 
somewhat  during  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  not  because  he  was 
becoming  too  old  (for  he  died  in  the  prime  of  life),  but  for  some 
reasons  difficult  to  understand.  One  of  the  greatest  physicians, 
not  alone  of  Ireland,  but  of  Europe — many  practitioners  who  never 
put  forth  an  original  idea  have  had  larger  clienteles — still  Graves 
had  many  patients,  and  for  some  time  his  practice  was  undoubtedly 
very  large. 

On  the  27th  November,  1820,  Graves  obtained  the  Licence  of 
the  College  of  Physicians,  was  elected  a  Fellow  on  the  7th  April, 
1823,  and  in  1843  and  1844  filled  the  Presidential  Chair  of  the 
College. 

In  1827  Graves  was  appointed  Professor  of  the  Institutes  of 
Medicine  in  the  School  of  Physic — an  office  which  he  held  until 
1848.  In  that  year  he  withdrew  from  professional  work,  and 
two  years  later  resigned  his  position  in  the  Meath  Hospital,  but 
remained  until  his  death  Consulting  Physician  to  the  Adelaide  and 
the  Coombe  Hospitals,  and  Peter's  Parish  Dispensary.  He  was 
one  of  the  principal  founders  of  the  Pathological  Society,  and  their 
first  President,  retaining  the  Presidency  for  many  years.  This 
Society  was  the  first  of  the  kind  in  the  United  Kingdom.  In  1849 
Graves  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  His  bust  in 
marble,  executed  by  his  countryman,  John  Hogan,  was  presented 
to  the  College  of  Physicians  by  his  wife ;  and  his  statue,  sculptured 
by  Bruce  Joy,  adorns  one  of  the  College  halls.  Bruce  J oy  is  the 
son  of  Dr.  William  Hunt  Joy,  an  Irishman  and  a  Fellow  of  the 
College  of  Physician?,  but  long  retired  from  practice. 


ROBERT  JAMES  GRAVES. 


591 


Dr.  Graves  married  Anna,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  "William  Grogan, 
of  Slaney  Park,  Rector  of  Baltinglass.  They  had  two  sons  and 
four  daughters;  one  of  the  former,  the  Rev.  Richard  Drought 
Graves,  is  dead;  the  other,  late  Lieutenant-Colonel  in  the  82nd 
Regiment,  is  a  Deputy-Lieutenant  of  the  King's  County. 

After  a  protracted  illness,  endured  with  remarkable  patience, 
Graves  died  from  disease  of  the  liver,  on  the  28th  March,  1853, 
aged  56,  and  was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery. 

Graves  was  tall  and  somewhat  thin;  his  complexion  was  dark, 
his  nose  aquiline,  and  he  had  large  and  lustrous  eyes.  His  face 
indicated  great  intellectual  power.  As  a  lecturer  there  were  few 
his  equal — in  clearness  of  style,  copiousness  of  illustration,  or  interest 
of  subject  matter.  He  was  warm  in  his  friendships,  and  he  was  not 
given  to  "cutting"  those  of  his  friends  or  acquaintances  who  had 
dropped  out  of  his  own  social  circles,  because  of  their  slender 
pecuniary  resources — he  always  gave  a  cordial  welcome  to  an  old 
college  or  school  chum. 

In  the  limited  space  which,  in  such  a  work  as  this,  can  only  be 
given  to  even  a  great  man,  it  is  impossible  to  give  more  than  a  brief 
and  imperfect  notice  of  Graves  labours.  His  first  paper,  recording 
his  experience  of  an  epidemic  of  typhus  fever  in  Galway,  appears 
in  the  "Transactions"  of  the  Association  of  the  King  and  Queen's 
College  of  Physicians,  Vol.  IV.,  1824.  Shortly  afterwards  he 
began  a  series  of  articles  for  the  Edinburgh  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal,  in  which  he  epitomised  the  papers  in  relation  to  medicine 
and  its  allied  sciences,  published  in  the  German  journals.  In  these 
Transactions  he  subsequently  published  several  papers  on  liver 
disease,  yellow  fever,  influence  of  posture  on  the  pulse,  &c.  In 
1832  he  became  a  founder  and  co-editor  of  the  Dublin  Journal  of 
Medical  and  Chemical  Science,  a  quarterly  periodical  from  which  is 
descended  the  present  monthly  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science. 
In  this  journal  the  greater  number  of  Graves'  papers  appeared. 
Several  of  his  most  interesting  lectures  delivered  in  the  School  of 
Physic  were  reported  in  the  London  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal, 
1832-1834.  In  1837-8  he  contributed  to  the  Medical  Gazelle 
a  remarkable  series  of  articles  on  inflammation  and  the  motive 


592 


ROBERT  JAMES  GRAVES. 


powers  which  cause  and  regulate  the  circulation,  in  which  he 
refuted  Marshall  Hall's  theory  of  inflammation.  According  to  this 
physiologist  the  stagnation  of  blood  in  the  capillaries,  arising  from 
the  adhesion  of  its  corpuscles  to  the  internal  surface  of  these  vessels, 
and  consequent  narrowing  of  their  channels,  is  the  immediate  cause 
of  inflammation. 

In  a  lecture  delivered  in  December,  1827,  and  published  shortly 
afterwards,  and  again,  with  additions,  in  1834,  Graves  advanced 
a  new  theory  of  the  functions  of  the  lymphatics,  maintaining  that 
they  were  the  veins  of  the  white  tissue,  and  not,  as  hitherto  believed, 
mere  absorbent  vessels  for  eliminating  effete  matter  from  the  system. 
Professor  Carus  of  Dresden,  and  Dr.  Treviranus  of  Bremen,  subse- 
quently published  facts  confirmatory  of  this  theory. 

Graves  was  the  first  to  perceive  that  anomalous  peripheric  im- 
pressions may  react  upon  any  section  of  the  medulla,  and  cause  at 
a  distance  aberration  of  movement  or  of  sensibility.  The  aetiology 
of  what  he  has  named  reflex  paralysis  he  investigated  with  a  remark- 
able degree  of  success.  In  the  third  and  fourth  volumes  of  the 
Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science  he  gave  an  elaborate  account  of 
Asiatic  Cholera  from  the  time  it  became  epidemic  in  India  in  17b0 
up  to  its  advent  in  these  countries  in  1831-2.  His  faith  in  the 
efficacy  of  acetate  of  lead  in  the  treatment  of  this  disease  has  been 
referred  to  at  page  389. 

Graves'  original  physiological  work  entitles  him  to  a  high 
position  amongst  scientific  discoverers ;  but  independently  of  it  he 
ranks  as  one  of  the  greatest  physicians  of  this  century,  or  indeed 
of  any  century.  With  the  treatment  of  fever  his  name  will  always 
be  associated.  He  supplied  his  patients  liberally  with  food  and 
stimulants,  and  pressed  them  to  take  nourishment  when  they  had 
no  desire  for  it.  "  You  are  not,"  he  said,  "  to  permit  your  patient 
to  encounter  the  terrible  consequences  of  starvation  because  he 
does  not  ask  for  nutriment."  It  is  said  of  Graves  that  one  da  , 
whilst  visiting  the  convalescent  ward,  he  remarked  the  healthy  and 
plump  appearance  of  some  of  them  who  had  recovered  from  typhus 
fever.  Turning  to  his  class  he  said,  "  This  is  all  the  effect  of  our 
good  feeding;"  adding,  "  When  I  am  gone  you  may  be  at  a  loss  for 


ROBERT  JAMES  GRAVES. 


593 


an  epitaph,  for  let  me  give  you  one  in  three  words — He  fed 
fever." 

In  1843  Graves' "  Clinical  Lectures  on  the  Practice  of  Medicine" 
appeared,  and  were  received  with  general  acclamation  in  the 
most  widely-spread  medical  circles.  In  1848  a  second  edition  of 
them  was  published  under  the  editorship  of  the  late  Dr.  J.  Moore 
Neligan,  and  was  reprinted  in  1864;  a  still  more  recent  edition 
forms  two  of  the  volumes  issued  in  1885  by  the  New  Sydenham 
Society.  This  great  work  was,  in  1862,  translated  into  French  by 
Dr.  Jaccoud,  and  in  the  preface  Professor  Trousseau,  one  of  France's 
greatest  physicians,  makes  the  following  amongst  other  laudatory 
observations : — 

"  For  many  years  I  have  spoken  of  Graves  in  my  Clinical  Lec- 
tures ;  I  recommend  the  perusal  of  his  work ;  I  entreat  those  of  my 
pupils  who  understand  English  to  consider  it  as  their  breviary ;  I 
say  and  repeat  that,  of  all  the  practical  works  published  in  our 
time,  I  am  acquainted  with  none  more  useful,  more  intellectual; 
and  I  have  always  regretted  that  the  Clinical  Lectures  of  the  great 
Dublin  practitioner  had  not  been  translated  into  our  language. 

"  As  Clinical  Professor  in  the  Faculty  of  Medicine  of  Paris,  I 
have  incessantly  read  and  re-read  the  work  of  Graves;  I  have 
become  inspired  with  it  in  my  teaching;  I  have  endeavoured  to 
imitate  it  in  the  book  I  have  myself  published  on  the  C Unique  of 
the  Hotel-Dieu ;  and  even  now,  although  I  know  almost  by  heart 
all  that  the  Dublin  Professor  has  written,  I  cannot  refrain  from 
perusing  a  book  which  never  leaves  my  study. 

"  Graves  is  an  erudite  physician ;  while  so  rich  in  himself,  he 
borrows  perpetually  from  the  works  of  his  contemporaries,  and  at 
every  page  brings  under  tribute  the  labours  of  German  and  French 
physicians.  Although  a  clinical  observer,  he  loves  the  accessory 
sciences ;  we  see  him  frequently  having  recourse  to  physiology,  in 
the  domain  of  which  he  loves  to  wander ;  to  chemistry,  with  which 
he  is  acquainted,  which  he  estimates  at  its  true  value,  and  to  which 
he  accords  a  legitimate  place.  He  often  reminds  me  of  the  greatest 
clinical  teacher  of  our  day,  Pierre  Breton neau,  an  able  physiologist, 
a  distinguished  chemist,  a  learned  botanist,  an  eminent  naturalist, 
who  incessantly,  in  his  lectures  and  conversation  at  the  Hospital  of 
Tours,  found  in  all  those  accessory  sciences,  with  which  he  was  so 
conversant,  those  useful  ideas  and  ingenious  views  which  he  subse- 
quently applied  with  unusual  felicity  to  the  study  of  our  art." 

2  Q 


594 


GEORGE  ANDERSON  GREENE. 


Graves'  lectures  have  been  also  translated  into  German  and 
Italian,  and  they  form  one  of  the  volumes  of  the  American  Medical 
Library.  A  late  reviewer  of  the  "  Clinical  Lectures "  says  truly 
that  "  we  do  not  quote  him  so  much  now  as  formerly,  because  his 
work  forms  part  of  the  foundations  of  a  great  superstructure,  and 
is,  as  it  were,  hidden  under  ground." 

GEORGE  ANDERSON*  GREENE. 

G.  A.  Greene  was  born  in  1780  in  13  York-street,  Dublin.  He 
was  the  fourth  son  of  Sir  Jonah  Greene,  Recorder  of  Dublin. 
His  mother,  Marianne  Hitchcock,  was  an  English  lady.  In  1817 
he  was  apprenticed  to  Thomas  Hewson,  and  entered  as  a  pupil  in 
the  College  School  and  the  Meath  Hospital.  In  1823  he  became 
a  Licentiate  of  the  College  and  a  B.A.  of  the  University.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  appointed  Demonstrators  of  Anatomy  in 
the  Park-street  School,  and  was  much  liked  as  a  teacher.  In 

1828  he  lost  his  right  hand  by  an  accidental  gunshot  wound, 
and  was  consequently  obliged  to  relinquish  his  anatomical  and 
surgical  pursuits,  and  to  turn  his  attention  to  medicine.  In 

1829  he  became  an  M.B.,  and  in  1841  an  M.D.  On  the  13th 
March,  1830,  he  took  out  the  Licence  of  the  College  of  Physicians, 
of  which,  on  the  14th  October,  1832,  he  was  elected  a  Fellow,  and 
in  the  same  year  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Medicine  in  the  Rich- 
mond Hospital  School  and  a  Physician  to  the  Talbot  Dispensary. 
In  1841  he  succeeded  Lendrick  as  King's  Professor  of  Practice  of 
Medicine  in  the  School  of  Physic,  and  on  the  10th  March,  1842, 
was  appointed  a  Physician  to  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals. 
He  died  from  typhus  fever  on  the  2nd  April,  1846,  at  Fitzwilliam- 
square  west,  and  was  interred  at  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery.  Greene's 
contributions  to  medical  science  are  all  to  be  found  in  the  Dublin 
Journal  of  Medical  Science,  first  series.  The  more  important  are  his 
papers  on  the  Diagnosis  of  Aneurysmal  and  Intra-thoracic  Tumours 
(edited  by  S.  Gordon  after  his  death),  and  his  paper  on  Empyema, 
which  contains  original  matter.  Dr.  Greene  married,  in  1833,  Alice, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Wilson,  of  York. 

*  He  did  not  use  his  second  Christian  name. 


WILLIAM  GREGORY. — THOMAS  WRIGLEY  GRIMSHAW.  595 


WILLIAM  GREGORY. 

Dr.  Gregory,  born  on  the  26th  December,  1803,  at  Edinburgh, 
was  a  son  of  the  celebrated  James  Gregory,  Professor  of  Medicine  in 
Edinburgh  University.  Dr.  Gregory,  having  graduated  M.D.  in  the 
University  of  his  city,  proceeded  to  Germany  to  study  chemistry, 
and  soon  became  a  favourite  pupil  of  Liebig,  several  of  whose 
works  he  translated  into  English,  and  was  himself  the  author  of 
several  works  on  Chemistry.  He  lectured  at  the  Park-street  School 
and  subsequently  at  Anderson's  University,  Glasgow,  and  King's 
College,  Aberdeen.  He  finally  became  (in  1843)  Professor  of 
Chemistry  in  Edinburgh  University.  He  died  on  the  24th  April, 
1853,  after  a  long  illness. 

THOMAS  WRIGLEY  GRIMSHAW.  ' 

Dr.  T.  W.  Grimshaw  was  born  at  Whitehouse,  in  the  County 
of  Antrim,  near  Belfast,  on  the  16th  November,  1839.  His 
great-grandfather*  migrated  from  Lancashire  to  the  County  of 
Antrim,  settled  at  Greencastle,  and  founded  the  calico-printing 
industry  in  Ireland.  He  was  one  of  the  (if  not  the)  first  cotton 
spinners  by  machinery  in  Ireland.  His  grandson,  Wrigley 
Grimshaw,  married  his  cousin,  Alicia  Grimshaw,  and  their  son 
is  Thomas  W.  Grimshaw.  Mr.  Grimshaw,  his  father,  was  an 
eminent  dentist,  and  was  Dental  Surgeon  to  Steevens'  and  St. 
Mark's  Hospitals  and  the  Pitt-street  Institution  for  Diseases  of 
Children.  He  was  a  Fellow  of  the  College,  and  for  many  years 
resided  at  13  Molesworth-street.  Dr.  Grimshaw  received  his  early 
training  at  Bryce's  Academy,  Newry,  in  Carrickfergus  School, 
the  Academic  Institute,  Harcourt-street,  and  the  School  of  Dr. 
M.  Hare  in  Stephen's-green.  He  graduated  in  Arts  in  Dublin 
in  1860,  proceeding  to  the  M.B.  and  M.Chir.  degrees  in  the 
following  year,  and  to  that  of  M.D.  in  1867.  He  is  a  diplomate 
in  State  Medicine  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  a  Fellow  of  the 

*  An  account  of  the  Grimshaws  from  the  13th  century  is  given  in  Whittaker's 
"  History  of  Whaley  "  and  in  "  Lancashire  "Worthies." 


596 


CHRISTOPHER  GUNN. 


College  of  Physicians  (1869),  of  which,  in  1867,  he  became  a  Licen- 
tiate. In  1862  he  obtained  the  diploma  of  the  College  of  Surgeons. 
His  technical  education  was  conducted  in  the  School  of  Physic  and 
in  Steevens'  and  Sir  Patrick  Dun's  Hospitals.  He  was  the  last 
apprentice  taken  by  the  late  Professor  Harrison.  He  won  a 
moderatorship  in  Experimental  and  Natural  Science,  and  various 
honours  in  Chemistry,  Botany,  &c,  in  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 
Dr.  Grimshaw  was  a  Physician  to  Cork-street  Fever  Hospital, 
Visiting  Physician  to  the  Coombe  Lying-in  Hospital  and  the  Dublin 
Orthopaedic  Hospital.  He  was  for  several  years  a  Physician  to 
Steevens'  Hospital,  and  held  in  succession  the  Lectureships  on 
Botany,  Materia  Medica,  and  Medicine  in  the  school  formerly 
attached  to  that  hospital.  On  retirement  from  practice  he  became 
Honorary  Consulting  Physician  to  both  Steevens'  and  Cork-street 
Hospitals.  He  has  published  numerous  papers  and  pamphlets  on 
Fevers,  Zymotic  Diseases,  and  various  other  medical  and  sanitary 
subjects,  official  Reports  on  Births,  Marriages,  and  Deaths,  Agri- 
cultural, Emigration,  Banking,  Criminal  and  Judicial  Statistics,  and 
on  the  Irish  Census,  1881,  and  is  one  of  the  four  authors  of  the 
"  Manual  of  Public  Health  for  Ireland."  In  conjunction  with  Dr. 
J.  W.  Moore,  he  published  a  remarkable  paper  on  a  zymotic  form 
of  pneumonia,  which  they  termed  "  pythogenic  pneumonia."  Dr. 
Grimshaw  succeeded  Dr.  Burke  as  Registrar-General  for  Ireland, 
and  has  effected  considerable  improvements  in  the  Reports  issued 
from  his  department.  He  married,  in  1865,  Sarah  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  T.  F.  Thomas,  of  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight, 
and  has  issue  nine  sons  and  three  daughters. 

CHRISTOPHER  GUNN. 

Dr.  Gunn  was  born  at  13  Westland-row,  Dublin,  on  4th  April, 
1850.  He  is  the  sixth  son  of  the  late  Michael  Gunn  (a  descendant 
of  one  of  those  Scotch  planters  who  became  "  more  Irish  than  the 
Irish  themselves),"  by  his  wife  Ellen,  daughter  of  the  late  Patrick 
Edwards,  of  Wexford.  Having  received  a  preliminary  education  in 
the  French  College,  Blackrock,  and  St.  Laurence  O'Toole's  Seminary, 
Usher' s-quay,  Dublin,  he  studied  professionally  for  three  years  in 


JOHN  HAMILTON. 


597 


the  Queen's  College  and  at  the  North  and  South  Infirmaries,  Cork. 
On  his  return  to  Dublin,  Dr.  Gunn  was  elected  resident  pupil  in 
Jervis-street  Hospital,  and  at  the  end  of  the  session  obtained  the 
Mayne  Scholarship,  the  Senior  Carraichael  Prize,  and  the  Oph- 
thalmic Surgery  Prize  at  the  Carmichael  School  of  Medicine. 

Graduating  M.D.  and  M.Ch.,  Q.U.I.,  in  1874,  he  was  appointed 
a  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the  Catholic  University  Medical 
School,  Cecilia-street,  and  in  the  year  following  became  Lecturer  on 
Anatomy  in  the  Carmichael  School.  This  position  he  held  until 
1878,  when  he  was  forced  to  resign  it  through  ill-health,  caused  by 
a  post  mortem  wound  received  in  the  dead-house  of  the  Rotunda 
Hospital.  Proceeding  to  the  Cape  Colony,  he  served  as  civil 
surgeon  in  the  Zulu  campaign  (for  which  he  received  a  medal  with 
clasp),  and  subsequently  as  Surgeon  to  the  Northern  Border  Police. 
He  returned  to  Dublin  in  1881,  and  was  appointed  Surgeon  to 
Jervis-street  Hospital  in  1883.  He  obtained  the  Licence  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  in  1877,  and  the  Membership  in  1882,  as  well 
as  the  M.A.O.  of  the  Koyal  University  in  1885.  Dr.  Gunn 
married,  in  1882,  the  only  surviving  daughter  of  John  Burke — a 
member  of  the  Dublin  Corporation — and  has  one  child — a  daughter. 
His  brother,  Michael  Gunn,  is  well  known  in  dramatic  and  musical 
circles  as  the  owner  of  the  Gaiety  Theatre,  Dublin,  and  of  a  large 
concert  hall,  which  is  now  (1886)  in  course  of  erection  on  the  site 
of  the  Theatre  Royal,  burned  down  some  years  ago. 

JOHN  HAMILTON. 

J.  Hamilton,  the  son  of  an  Irish  country  gentleman,  was  born  in 
London  in  1812.  He  was  indentured  to  Philip  Crampton  on  the 
1st  July,  and  studied  in  the  College  School,  the  Meath  Hospital, 
and  Edinburgh  University.  In  1843  he  obtained  the  Letters 
Testimonial  of  the  College,  and  was  co-opted  a  Fellow  on  the  16th 
February,  1844.  Two  years  later  he  was  appointed  Lecturer  on 
Surgery  in  the  Park-street  School,  and  he  subsequently  lectured 
upon  the  same  subject  in  the  Carmichael  School.  In  January, 
1844,  he  was  appointed  Surgeon  to  the  House  of  Industry  Hos- 
pitals.   Having  served  the  office  of  President  of  the  Pathological 


598 


MICHAEL  WILLIAM  HANLON. 


Society,  he  was  elected  Vice-President  of  the  College  in  1875,  and, 
had  his  life  heen  extended  for  a  few  months,  he  would,  as  a  matter 
of  course,  have  been  elected  President.  He  had  a  large  surgical 
practice,  and  was  a  member  of  several  British  and  foreign 
Medical  Societies.  He  was  held  in  high  estimation  as  a  skilful 
surgeon,  and  in  social  life  was  distinguished  for  his  hospitalities 
and  the  elegance  of  his  entertainments.  He  married,  first,  Georgina, 
daughter  of  Henry  Roe,  and,  secondly,  Rebecca,  daughter  of  F. 
Perry.  He  had  no  children.  He  died  from  cancer  of  the  rectum 
on  the  2nd  November,  1875,  at  14  Merrion-square,  Dublin,  and 
was  interred  in  Enniskerry  churchyard.  Hamilton  was  the  author 
of  a  valuable  essay  on  Syphilitic  Sarcocele,  and  of  many  excellent 
papers  in  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science^  the  Irish  Hospital 
Gazette,  and  the  Medical  Press. 

MICHAEL  WILLIAM  HANLON. 

Dr.  Hanlon  was  born  at  Mountmellick  on  the  3rd  of  November, 
1810.  He  is  the  son  of  Captain  William  Hanlon,  by  his  wife 
Mary,  daughter  of  John  Grange,  of  Portarlington.  Having 
received  a  preliminary  education  at  "  Galway  College  "  school,  he 
entered  Trinity  College  in  1826,  graduated  in  Arts  in  1831,  in 
Medicine  in  1835,  and  in  the  University  in  1845.  On  the  13th 
April,  1835,  he  was  indentured  to  Surgeon  John  Dunlevie.  He 
studied  anatomy  in  the  Park-street  School,  and  attended  lectures 
on  materia  medica  and  medicine  at  that  institution ;  but  his  tastes 
seem  to  have  had  a  chemical  bias,  as  he  was  present  at  three  courses 
of  lectures  in  the  College  School,  besides  being  a  private  pupil  of 
Dr.  Apjohn.  He  also  studied  in  the  School  of  Physic.  In  1835 
he  took  the  degree  of  M.B.  in  T.C.D.,  in  1845  obtained  the  Letters 
Testimonial  of  the  College,  and  lectured  in  the  Medical  School,  27 
Peter-street,  from  1826  to  1838.  He  has  for  many  years  practised  at 
Portarlington,  where  he  now  resides.  He  married  Letitia,  daughter 
of  Major  Le  Grand,  of  Canterbury  (she  died  in  1885),  and  has 
issue  the  Rev.  William  Hanlon,  A.M.  Dr.  Hanlon  contributed  to 
"  Graves'  Clinical  Medicine"  an  account  of  a  case  of  convulsions 
causing  jaundice. 


SAMUEL  HANNA. — SAMUEL  LITTLE  HARDY.  599 


SAMUEL  HANNA. 

Dr.  Hanna  was  born  in  Newry  in  1799.  He  was  educated  in 
Trinity  College — winning  a  Scholarship  in  1819 — and  graduated 
B.A.  in  1821,  and  M  B.  in  1825.  On  the  31st  February,  1833,  he 
was  admitted  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  was 
elected  a  Fellow  thereof  on  the  25th  May,  1835.  He  was  Physician 
to  Cork-street  Fever  Hospital  and  to  St.  James's-gate  (Guinness's) 
Brewery.  He  married  a  daughter  of  the  late  William  Henry 
Fortescue,  of  Dublin  ;  they  had  no  children.  Dr.  Hanna  died  from 
gastritis  on  the  22nd  October,  1867,  and  was  buried  in  Llanfaes 
churchyard,  Wales. 

SAMUEL  LITTLE  HARDY. 

Dr.  Hardy  was  the  son  of  Charles  Hardy,  of  Coalisland,  County 
of  Tyrone,  a  major  in  the  militia  of  that  county.  His  mother  was 
Mary,  daughter  of  Samuel  Little,  of  Stewartstown  House,  in  the 
same  county,  a  landed  proprietor.  He  was  born  at  Stewartstown 
on  the  3rd  October,  1815.  Having  been  educated  by  a  private 
tutor  he  was  apprenticed  to  E.  G.  MacDowel  on  the  12th  June, 
1833,  and  studied  at  the  Richmond  Hospital,  the  College,  Trinity 
College,  and  Marlborough-street  Schools.  On  the  death  of 
MacDowel  he  was  transferred  to  Hutton.  In  1839  he  "  passed  " 
at  the  College,  and  on  the  26th  April,  1844,  was  admitted  to  the 
Fellowship.  In  1840  he  graduated  M.D.  at  Glasgow,  and  in  1852 
took  out  the  Licence  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  He  was  for 
many  years  a  student  and  Assistant-Physician  in  the  Rotunda 
Hospital.  He  lectured  on  Midwifery  in  the  Cecilia-street  and 
Steevens'  Hospital  Schools,  and  was  Physician-Accoucheur  to  that 
Hospital,  and  Physician  to  Pitt-street  Hospital.  For  some  years  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Midwifery  Court  of  the  College,  and  filled 
the  office  of  President  of  the  Obstetrical  Society.  He  was,  with 
M'Clintock,  joint-author  of  "  Practical  Observations  on  Midwifery," 
and  he  contributed  several  papers  to  the  journals. 

In  1846  Dr.  Hardy  married  Jemima  Mary,  only  daughter  of 
William  Fetherston  H.  Montgomery,  of  Merrion  (who  survived  hiui), 


600 


REUBEN  JOSHUA  HARVEY. 


and  had  issue  one  son  and  one  daughter.  He  lived  in  Molesworth- 
street  until  1861,  when  he  purchased  the  house  formerly  occupied 
by  Sir  Henry  Marsh.  He  died  from  aneurysm  on  29th  October, 
1868,  just  after  he  had  been  elected,  but  not  formally  received,  as  a 
Fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians. 

REUBEN  JOSHUA  HARVEY. 

R.  J.  Harvey,  only  child  of  Dr.  Joshua  Harvey,  of  Cork,  by  his 
wife.  Elizabeth  Todd,  was  born  in  Cork  on  the  17th  of  April,  1845. 
He  was  educated  at  York  School  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
studied  professionally  in  the  School  of  Physic,  as  well  as  at 
Wiirzburg  and  Vienna.  His  undergraduate  career  was  highly 
distinguished.  In  1865  he  won  a  non-foundation  Scholarship  in 
Trinity  College,  and  at  his  Degree  Examination  in  1866  a  Senior 
Moderatorship  (in  Mathematics).  In  the  same  year  he  graduated 
B.A.,  and  four  years  later  he  took  the  degrees  of  M.B.  and  M.Ch., 
proceeding  to  that  of  M.D.  in  1873.  He  won  by  competition  a 
Medical  Scholarship.  Harvey  held  several  appointments.  He 
was  Lecturer  on  Physiology  in  the  Carmicbael  College  of  Medicine, 
Assistant  Physician  to  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals,  Physician 
to  Cork-street  Fever  Hospital  and  to  the  Hospital  for  Diseases  of 
the  Throat. 

Harvey  was  an  excellent  anatomist  and  physiologist.  He  was 
for  some  time  a  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the  School  of  Physic, 
and  he  subsequently  became  an  Examiner  upon  that  subject  in  the 
University.  His  admirable  method  of  teaching  physiology  and 
histology  attracted  many  pupils  to  the  Carmichael  College,  and 
served  to  raise  the  reputation  of  that  institution.  He  did  not  live 
long  enough  to  have  written  much,  but  his  few  contributions  to 
the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science  gave  promise  of  a  brilliant 
future.  He  died  from  typhus  fever  at  7  Upper  Merrion-street, 
Dublin,  on  the  28th  December,  1881,  and  was  interred  in  Mount 
Jerome  Cemetery.  Harvey  married  Mary,  daughter  of  the  late 
William  Hogg,  an  eminent  merchant  of  Dublin.  He  left  three 
children — two  sons  and  one  daughter,  and  a  fourth  and  posthumous 
child,  a  daughter,  was  born  shortly  after  his  death. 


GEORGE  THOMAS  HAYDEN. 


601 


In  1882  a  number  of  Harvey's  friends  and  others  subscribed  a 
sum  of  nearly  £300,  the  interest  derived  from  which  amount  is 
triermially  awarded  to  the  author  of  the  best  essay  upon  a  subject 
selected  by  the  candidates  themselves,  evidencing  original  research 
in  animal  physiology.  The  competition  for  this  "  Reuben  Harvey 
Memorial  Prize"  is  open  to  students  of  the  Dublin  Schools  of 
Medicine,  and  to  graduates  and  licentiates  under  three  years' 
standing  of  the  Irish  Licensing  Bodies.  The  Presidents  of  the 
Colleges  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  appoint  the  judges  of  the 
essays  and  announce  the  result.  The  first  award  of  the  Prize  was 
made  in  July,  1885.  The  subject  of  the  essay  was,"  The  Changes 
occurring  in  the  Skin  in  some  forms  of  Disease,"  and  its  author 
was  Mr.  Henry  T.  Bewley,  M.B.,  a  distinguished  student  of  the 
University  of  Dublin  and  of  the  School  of  Physic.  The  next  award 
will  take  place  in  July,  1888. 


GEORGE  THOMAS  HAYDEN. 

G.  T.  Hayden  was  born  about  the  year  1798  at  Ballingarry, 
County  of  Tipperary,  where  his  father,  Thomas  Hayden,  possessed 
a  small  property.  His  mother,  a  Miss  Langley,  belonged  to  an 
old  family  of  the  County  of  Tipperary.  His  brother  became 
Archdeacon  of  Derry.  He  was  indentured  to  Duggan  in  February, 
1819,  and  became  a  registered  pupil  of  the  College,  and  attended  five 
Courses  of  Anatomy  in  the  School.  He  obtained  the  licence  of  the 
College  in  1826.  At  a  rather  late  age  he  entered  T.C.D.,  and 
graduated  B.A.  in  1834,  and  M.B.  in  1840.  The  circumstances 
under  which  he  resigned  the  Fellowship  of  the  College,  and  his 
connection  with  the  Bishop-street  and  Original  Schools  of  Medicine 
are  detailed  at  pages  216  and  533. 

In  1830  Hayden,  in  conjunction  with  C.  F.  Staunton,  translated 
the  first  part  of  Velpeau's  "  Regional  Anatomy."  He  wrote  "  The 
Wear  and  Tear  of  Human  Life,"  "A  Guide  to  the  Medical 
Profession,"  and  several  papers  in  the  journals.  He  died  at  82 
Harcourt-street,  from  disease  of  the  lungs,  on  the  29th  July,  1857, 
aged  59  years,  and  was  interred  in  St.  Michan's  graveyard,  Dublin. 


602 


THOMAS  HAYDEN. 


THOMAS  HAYDEN. 

T.  Hayden  was  born  at  Parsonshill,  County  of  Tipperary,  in 
August,  1823.  His  father — who  owned  this  place,  as  well  as  some 
fee-simple  property  in  Kilkenny — married  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Crean,  of  Bushy  Park,  Tipperary.  Hayden  and  all  his 
family  were  Protestants;  but  his  wife  was  a  Eoman  Catholic,  and 
she  brought  up  all  their  children  in  her  own  faith.  The  Haydens 
were  a  family  possessed  of  much  ability.  A  first  cousin  of  Dr. 
Hayden's  father  was  appointed  Admiral-in-Chief,  and  another  a 
Captain,  in  the  Brazilian  navy ;  a  daughter  of  the  latter  married 
Colonel  Wellesley,  a  near  relative  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington.  Dr. 
Hayden's  first  cousin  was  the  George  T.  Hayden  described  in  the 
preceding  paragraph. 

Hayden  received  a  sound  education  at  Tramore  College,  and 
his  professional  studies  were  carried  out  at  the  Original  School, 
Peter-street,  and  the  Meath  Hospital.  On  the  10th  September, 
1850,  he  received  his  surgical  Licence  from  the  College,  and 
"passed"  for  the  Fellowship  on  the  27th  October,  1852.  On  the 
4th  January,  1860,  he  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  of  which  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  (resigning,  of  course, 
his  Fellowship  of  the  College)  in  1867,  and  appointed  Vice- 
President  in  1875.  So  soon  as  he  had  become  a  surgeon,  Hayden 
began  to  teach  Anatomy  in  the  Original  School,  and  before  long  was 
appointed  Surgeon  to  the  Anglesea  Lying-in  Hospital,  Peter-street 
(now  extinct).  He  subsequently  became  Professor  of  Anatomy  to  the 
Catholic  University.  On  the  foundation  of  the  Mater  Misericordiae 
Hospital  he  was  appointed  one  of  its  Physicians,  and  remained  so 
until  his  death.  He  was  a  Senator  of  the  Royal  University,  a  Vice- 
President  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  and  a  member  of  many  medical 
societies.  He  contributed  to  the  Atlantis — a  high-class  magazine 
established  by  Dr.  Newman  whilst  Rector  of  the  Catholic  Univer- 
sity in  Dublin— a  paper  on  the  Yellow  Spot  of  Sommering.  His 
papers  to  the  medical  journals  chiefly  related  to  Anatomy,  Physi- 
ology, and  Pathology.  He  published  a  very  large  volume  on 
"  Diseases  of  the  Heart  and  the  Aorta." 


PATRICK  J.  HATES. — RICHARD  A.  HATES. 


603 


Hayden  was  so  remarkably  courteous,  and  his  demeanour  was 
always  so  calm,  that  he  received  the  soubriquet  of  the  "  Gentle 
Thomas."  He  married  Marianne,  daughter  of  Patrick  Ryan,  of 
Rathfanna,  Thurles,  a  landed  proprietor.  He  had  one  son  and  one 
daughter ;  the  latter  recently  won  a  Modern  Literature  Scholarship 
of  the  Royal  University — it  is  worth  £50  a  year,  tenable  for  three 
years. 

Hayden  died  on  the  30th  October,  1881,  from  pneumonia,  at 
18  Merrion-square,  and  was  interred  in  Glasnevin  Cemetery. 

PATRICK  JOSEPH  HATES. 

Mr.  Hayes  was  born  on  October  2nd,  1838,  at  Waterford,  where 
his  father,  Thomas  Hayes,  was  a  ship-owner  and  merchant.  His 
mother  was  Maria,  daughter  of  Ignatius  Fleming.  He  received  his 
earlier  education  at  Dr.  Quinn's  School,  and  studied  professionally 
in  the  Carmichael  School  and  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals.  In 
1859  he  took  out  the  diploma  of  the  College,  in  the  following  year 
became  a  Licentiate  of  the  Edinburgh  College  of  Physicians,  and 
was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  College  of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh,  in 
1879.  In  1884  he  was  nominated  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  University, 
and  during  the  ensuing  year  received  the  degrees  M.D.  and  M.Ch., 
honoris  causa.  He  is  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  Catholic  University 
School,  Surgeon  to  the  Mater  Misericordiae  Hospital,  and  Consulting 
Surgeon  to  St.  Michael's  Hospital,  Kingstown.  He  has  contributed 
several  articles  to  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science,  and  other 
medical  serials,  and  to  his  advocacy  may  be  attributed  the  successful 
revival  of  excision  of  the  knee-joint  in  this  city. 

Mr.  Hayes  is  married  to  Eliza,  daughter  of  Thomas  P.  Hayes, 
by  his  wife  Emily,  neS  Hyland,  and  has  issue  four  sons  and  four 
daughters. 

RICHARD  ATKINSON  HATES. 

Dr.  Hayes  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  9th  of  April,  1850,  and  is 
the  son  of  Henry  Hayes,  by  his  wife  Caroline,  daughter  of  Richard 
Atkinson.  Having  received  his  earlier  education  in  the  Academic 
Institute,  Harcourt-street,  and  privately,  he  entered  T.C.D.  in  1867, 


604 


FRANCIS  THOMAS  HEUSTON. 


and  graduated  in  Arts  in  1870.  He  at  first  studied  mechanical 
engineering  both  in  the  workshop  and  in  the  School  of  Engineering, 
T.C.D.,  but  subsequently  adopted  medicine  as  his  profession.  His 
medical  education  was  conducted  in  the  School  of  Physic,  T.C.D., 
and  Steevens'  Hospital ;  he  also  spent  some  time  in  attending  cliniques 
in  the  London  hospitals.  He  graduated  M.B.  and  M.D.  in  1878,  and 
obtained  the  Fellowship  of  the  College  in  1879.  In  the  following 
year  he  was  appointed  Physician  to  Dr.  Steevens'  Hospital,  and 
lectured  on  the  Practice  of  Medicine  in  the  School  then  attached  to 
that  Hospital.  Dr.  Hayes  also  holds  the  position  of  Physician  for 
Diseases  of  the  Throat  to  the  National  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  and 
is  an  Examiner  in  Medicine  to  the  College.  He  has  been  a  Member 
of  Council  of  the  Medical  Section  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  in 
Ireland  since  its  formation,  and  is  Honorary  Secretary  to  the  Dublin 
Hospitals  Committee. 

Dr.  Hayes  has  published  papers  on  Laryngological  subjects  in  the 
Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science,  and  has  made  some  interesting 
observations  on  Antiseptics  in  the  Treatment  of  Empyema,  which 
were  published  in  the  "  Transactions  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine," 
Vol.  I.  He  has  also  given  much  attention  to  the  application  of 
photography  to  the  microscope.  For  many  years  past  he  has  been 
a  member  of  the  principal  musical  societies  of  Dublin,  taking  a 
special  interest  and  an  active  part  in  the  work  of  the  "  Strollers'  " 
Club — so  widely  and  favourably  known  for  its  success  in  promoting 
the  highest  class  of  male  voice  Part  Singing. 

Dr.  Hayes  is  married  to  Isabel,  daughter  of  Charles  Earith. 

FRANCIS  THOMAS  HEUSTON. 

Dr.  Heuston  is  the  son  of  Robert  Heuston,  of  County  Tipperary, 
gentleman,  and  of  his  wife  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Ezekiel  Tydd. 
He  was  born  at  Tipperary  on  the  22nd  January,  1857,  and  was 
educated  privately  by  the  Rev.  John  Holmes,  of  the  Manse, 
Tipperary,  and  subsequently  at  Tipperary  Grammar  School  and 
Rathmines  School.  He  became  an  apprentice  of  the  late  Dr. 
Stoney  in  November,  1874,  and  studied  in  the  College  School. 
From  J uly  to  November  of  that  year  he  acted  as  my  pupil-assistant 


PERCIVAL  HUNT. 


605 


in  the  College  laboratory,  and  in  1875  became  resident  pupil  in  the 
City  of  Dublin  Hospital.  During  his  student  career  he  gained 
numerous  prizes  and  other  honours.  He  passed  a  session  in  the 
Queen's  College,  Galway.  He  "passed"  the  College  in  1877,  and 
obtained  the  degrees  of  M.D.  and  M.  Ch.  in  the  Queen's  University 
in  the  following  year.  In  1883,  being  under  twenty-seven  years, 
he  passed  for  the  Fellowship. 

Since  1878  Dr.  Heuston  has  been  connected  with  the  Carmichael 
College  of  Medicine,  is  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  and  Registrar  in  that 
Institution,  and  is  also  Surgeon  to  the  Adelaide  Hospital.  He 
devotes  himself  chiefly  to  the  educational  branch  of  his  profession, 
and  has  successfully  prepared  a  large  number  of  candidates  for  the 
Army  and  Navy  Medical  Departments.    He  is  unmarried. 

PERCIVAL  HUNT. 

P.  Hunt  was  born  on  the  29th  May,  1802,  at  Clermont,  County 
of  Wicklow.  He  was  the  son  of  John  Hunt,  a  country  gentleman. 
He  entered  T.C.D.  in  1810,  obtaining  second  place,  and  graduated 
B.A.  in  1823,  and  M.B.  and  M.A.  in  1831.  His  technical  educa- 
tion was  conducted  in  Trinity  College  and  Parke-street  School ;  in 
the  latter  he  became  a  private  pupil  of  Apjohn's.  He  also  spent 
some  time  with  the  well-known  apothecary,  John  Moore.  He  pro- 
ceeded to  London,  where  he  attended  the  lectures  of  Sir  C.  Bell, 
Guthrie,  and  Forbes,  and  became  a  dresser  in  the  Middlesex  Hos- 
pital. Having  visited  the  hospitals  in  Paris,  Berlin,  and  Vienna, 
he  returned  to  Dublin.  On  the  29th  August,  1826,  he  obtained  the 
Licence  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  on 
the  8th  June,  1829.  He  was  Physician  to  Jervis-street  Hospital, 
and  lectured  on  Materia  Medica  in  the  Dublin  School  of  Medicine, 
and  subsequently  in  the  School  of  the  Apothecaries'  Hall.  In 
1841  he  was  appointed  Physician  to  Sir  Patrick  Dun's  Hospital. 
He  was  highly  esteemed  as  a  lucid  and  painstaking  lecturer,  and 
possessed  a  most  extensive  knowledge  of  the  Pharmacopoeia,  but  he 
wrote  little.    He  died  on  the  4th  March,  1848. 


606  EICHARD  STANLEY  IRELAND.— JAMES  ISDELL. 


RICHARD  STANLEY  IRELAND. 

R.  S.  Ireland  was  born  at  Lowpark,  County  of  Roscommon,  about 
1790.  His  father  was  a  solicitor,  and  his  mother  was  Susannah 
Stanley.  He  was  indentured  to  Surgeon  Charles  Simpson,  of  the 
Roscommon  Infirmary.  His  first  diploma  was  that  of  the  London 
College  of  Surgeons,  of  which  he  subsequently  became  a  Fellow. 
In  1844  he  was  co-opted  by  the  Irish  College.  In  1814  he  graduated 
M.D.  at  St.  Andrew's  University,  and  on  the  10th  October,  1818, 
he  took  out  the  Licence  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  of  which,  in 
1860,  he  was  elected  an  Honorary  Fellow.  He  lectured  on  Mid- 
wifery in  the"  Original  School,"  and  had  a  large  obstetrical  practice. 
Of  the  few  papers  which  he  wrote,  the  most  important  appeared  in 
the  "  Transactions  of  the  College  of  Physicians."  He  married  Fanny, 
daughter  of  Lady  Phayre.  Dr.  Ireland  died  on  the  13th  March, 
1876,  at  his  residence,  12  Stephen' s-green.  His  widow,  two  sons, 
and  one  daughter  survive. 

JAMES  ISDELL. 

Dr.  Isdell,  son  of  a  gentleman  farmer  owning  property  in  the 
Queen's  County,  was  born  at  Mountmellick  on  10th  October,  1800. 
His  mother  was  Anne,  eldest  daughter  of  James  Creaghe,  of 
Cahirbane,  in  the  County  of  Clare.  He  was  educated  in  Portar- 
lington  School,  and  passed  some  years  in  Canada.  On  the  10th 
November,  1832,  he  was,  though  of  mature  age,  indentured  to 
J.  W.  Cusack,  and  received  his  medical  education  in  the  College 
and  Parke-street  School,  and  Glasgow  University.  On  the  23rd 
J une,  1838,  he  became  a  Licentiate,  and  on  3rd  January,  1845,  a 
Fellow  of  the  College.  In  1839  he  took  the  M.D.  of  Glasgow 
University.  From  1839  to  1842  he  was  Assistant  in  the  Rotunda 
Hospital.  He  was  many  years  an  Examiner  in  Midwifery  in  the 
College,  lectured  on  Midwifery  in  the  Park-street  and  Steevens' 
Hospital  Schools,  and  was  Physician-Accoucheur  to  Steevens' 
Hospital.  He  acted  for  several  years  as  Medical  Attendant  of  Gorey 
Workhouse  Fever  Hospital.  He  contributed,  in  1874,  an  Account 
of  some  Cases  in  Midwifery  Practice  to  the  Irish  Hospital  Gazette. 

Dr.  Isdell  married  Louisa  Caroline,  fourth  daughter  of  Admiral 


WENSLEY  B.  JENNINGS. — SIR  ROBERT  J.  KANE.  607 


Sir  Lawrence  William  Halsted,  G.O.B.  He  died  on  the  30th 
November,  1882,  in  Dublin,  from  acute  peritonitis,  contracted  by 
exposure  to  cold  and  fatigue,  and  was  buried  in  Mount  Jerome 
Cemetery.    His  widow,  four  sons,  and  three  daughters  survive. 

WENSLEY  BOND  JENNINGS. 

W.  B.  Jennings  was  born  on  the  12th  July,  1822,  at  Roscarberry, 
County  of  Cork.  He  is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  William  Jennings, 
Rector  of  Ballymacelligot,  County  of  Kerry,  by  his  wife  Rebecca, 
daughter  of  the  Very  Rev.  Wensley  Bond,  Dean  of  Ross,  and 
Rector  of  Sligo,  and  of  the  Union  of  Clough,  in  the  County  of 
Wexford.  Dr.  Jennings  was  educated  in  Trinity  College,  and 
graduated  B.A.  in  1845.  He  studied  at  the  Carmichael  School,  and 
"  passed  "  at  the  College  on  the  24th  February,  1848,  and  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  on  the  18th  March,  1851 ;  the  latter  Corpora- 
tion electing  him  a  Fellow  on  the  6th  February,  1861.  He  was 
for  some  years  Medical  Officer  of  the  Clones  Dispensary.  He  has 
contributed  papers  on  obstetrical  subjects  to  the  Dublin  Journal 
of  Medical  Science  for  1846.  Dr.  Jennings  married  Catherine  Mary, 
daughter  of  J oseph  Walker,  of  Preston  and  Oakhill,  Lancashire, 
and  has  issue  three  sons  and  three  daughters. 

SIR  ROBERT  JOHN  KANE. 

Sir  R.  J.  Kane  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  24th  September, 
1810.  His  father,  John  Kane,  was  the  owner  of  the  well-known 
chemical  works  on  the  banks  of  the  Liffey.  His  mother  was  Ellen 
Troy,  of  whose  family  the  eminent  Dr.  Troy,  Roman  Catholic 
Archbishop  of  Dublin,  was  a  member.  Sir  Robert  studied  in  the 
College  and  Trinity  College  Schools,  and  in  the  Meath  Hospital, 
where,  in  1828  and  1829,  he  acted  as  clinical  clerk  to  Dr.  William 
Stokes.  His  tastes  lay  in  the  domains  of  chemistry  and  pharmacy, 
and  about  1828  he  took  out  the  licence  of  the  Apothecaries'  Hall, 
of  which,  however,  he  never  made  any  use.  He  spent  the  summer 
half  of  1830  in  attending  lectures  and  visiting  hospitals  in  Paris. 
In  1831  he  became  Professor  of  Chemistry  to  the  Apothecaries' 
Hall,  and  in  1834  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy  to  the  Royal 


608 


SIR  ROBERT  JOHN  KANE. 


Dublin  Society.  The  summer  half  of  1836  was  spent  in  Germany, 
working  with  Liebig  and  Mitscherlich,  and  the  same  portion  of 
1840  was  passed  in  Dumas'  laboratory  at  Paris.  During  these 
years  Sir  Robert  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  original  investigations 
in  chemistry,  and  acquired  a  very  great  reputation,  which  he  still 
enjoys.  In  1842  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  three  years  later  was  chosen  as  the  head  of  the  newly-established 
Museum  of  Irish  Industry — now  the  Royal  College  of  Science, 
Stephen's-green.  In  1846  he  was  appointed  President  of  the 
Queen's  College,  Cork,  whereupon  he  resigned  his  professorships. 

Sir  Robert  graduated  B.A.  in  the  University  in  1835,  and  in 
1868  received  the  degrees  of  LL.B.  and  LL.D.  On  the  6th  May, 
1835  he  became  a  licentiate,  and  on  the  30th  October,  1843  a 
Fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  He  is  a  past  President  of  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy,  and  is  a  member  of  many  learned  bodies  at 
home  and  abroad.  He  has  received  from  some  of  them  the  highest 
distinctions  which  it  is  in  their  power  to  grant — as  for  example  the 
medal  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1840,  for  his  paper  on  the  "  Colouring 
Matters  of  Lichens,"  and  the  Cunningham  medal  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy  for  researches  on  "  Ammonia  Compounds."  Whilst  a 
student  in  the  Meath  Hospital  ha  won  (in  1829)  a  gold  medal  for 
his  prize  essay  "  On  the  State  of  the  Fluids  in  Typhus  Fever." 
This  essay  created  a  sensation,  as  it  was  a  defence  and  revival  of 
the  humoral  pathology. 

For  many  years  "  Kane's  Elements  of  Chemistry  "  was  a  favourite 
text-book.  It  was  reproduced  in  the  United  States  under  the 
editorship  of  the  celebrated  Professor  Draper.  Sir  Robert  Kane 
also  wrote  the  "  Elements  of  Pharmacy,"  Dublin  :  1831,  8vo,  pp. 
349.  His  "Industrial  Resources  of  Ireland"  is  now  a  classical 
work.  In  recognition  of  his  scientific  and  industrial  writings  he 
received  knighthood  in  1846  from  the  Lord  Lieutenant  (Lord 
Heytesbury).  Sir  Robert  is  a  Commissioner  of  National  Education, 
and  a  Justice  of  the  Peace.  He  married  Catherine,  daughter 
of  the  late  Henry  Baily,  of  Newbury,  Berkshire,  whose  brother, 
Francis,  was  a  Vice-President  of  the  Royal  Society  (she  died  in 
March,  1886).    Sir  Robert  has  issue  two  sons. 


EVORY  KENNEDY. 


609 


EVORY  KENNEDY. 

Dr.  Kennedy  was  born  on  the  28th  November,  1806,  at  Carn- 
donagh,  County  of  Donegal.  His  father — the  late  Rev.  John  Pitt 
Kennedy,  Rector  of  Donagh,  in  the  Barony  of  Innishowen,  County 
of  Londonderry — married  Mary  Carey,  of  White  Castle.  He  was 
a  direct  descendant  from  Horace  Kennedy,  High  Sheriff  of  London- 
derry during  the  siege  of  that  city  by  the  army  of  James  II. 

Dr.  Kennedy  received  a  classical  education  at  the  Diocesan 
School,  Londonderry,  and  spent  three  years  in  studying  disease  in 
the  County  Infirmary.  He  next  came  to  Dublin,  and  attended  the 
instruction  given  in  the  College  and  Trinity  College  Schools,  and  Sir 
Patrick  Dun's  Hospital.  He  spent  the  session  of  1826-7  in  Edin- 
burgh, and  graduated  M.D.  there  in  1827.  Having  visited  various 
medical  institutions  in  London  and  Paris,  he  settled  in  Dublin  in 
1828,  and  soon  attained  to  a  large  practice,  chiefly  as  an  obstetrician. 
He  made  a  special  study  of  the  use  of  the  stethoscope  in  his  special 
department,  and  published,  in  1834,  a  valuable  monograph  on 
"  Obstetric  Auscultation ;  or,  Means  of  Detecting  Life  or  Death  of 
the  Foetus  before  Birth."  In  1828  he  was  appointed  Lecturer  on 
Midwifery  in  the  recently-established  Richmond  Hospital  School 
in  Channel-row ;  and,  in  1833,  at  a  comparatively  early  age,  he  was 
elected  Master  of  the  Rotunda  Hospital. 

Dr.  Kennedy  was  anxious  to  obtain  the  Licence  of  the  College 
of  Surgeons,  and  had  prepared  himself  for  the  examination  for  that 
diploma ;  but  Dr.  Evory,  his  guardian,  prevented  him,  on  the  ground 
that  he  should  be  either  a  surgeon  or  physician,  but  not  both.  The 
modern  idea  is  that  every  practitioner  should  have  a  medical,  a 
surgical,  and  an  obstetrical  diploma. 

Dr.  Kennedy's  valuable  contributions  to  medical  literature  are 
chiefly  to  be  seen  in  the  Dublin  Hospital  Reports  and  Dublin 
Journal  of  Medical  Science.  His  paper  on  Puerperal  Fever  in 
Hospitals,  read  at  a  meeting  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  (and  subsequently  published  in  pamphlet  form),  was 
followed  by  a  very  prolonged  debate.  He  considered  that  there 
would  be  less  fever  if  the  lying-in  hospitals  were  of  very  small  size. 

2  R 


610 


GEOKGE  ALEXANDER  KENNEDY. 


In  1839  the  University  of  Dublin  conferred  upon  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  M.D.,  and  in  that  year  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
College  of  Physicians,  of  which  he  had  been  a  Licentiate  since  18th 
September,  1828.  In  1853  and  1854  he  was  President  of  this 
College,  and  served  also  in  the  office  of  President  of  the  Obstetrical 
Society.    He  was  a  D.L.  for  the  County  of  Dublin. 

Dr.  Kennedy  married,  in  1835,  Alicia,  daughter  of  the  Eev. 
Richard  Hamilton,  of  Culdaff,  County  of  Donegal.  She  died  in 
1867.  Four  of  his  daughters  are  married — one  to  Sir  George 
Young,  Bart. ;  one  to  the  Very  Rev.  H.  H.  Dickinson,  Dean  of 
the  Chapel  Royal,  Vicar  of  St.  Ann's,  Dublin ;  one  to  James  H. 
Tuke,  Bancroft,  Hitchen ;  and  the  fourth  to  George  White,  Por- 
chester  Gate,  London. 

Dr.  Kennedy  died  from  gout,  at  No.  20  Queensberry-place, 
London,  S.W.,  on  23rd  April,  1886,  and  was  interred  in  Mount 
Jerome  Cemetery.    He  had  ceased  to  practice  for  many  years. 

GEORGE  ALEXANDER  KENNEDY. 

G.  A.  Kennedy  was  born  in  the  East  Indies  in  1794.  He  was 
the  eldest  son  of  James  Thomas  Kennedy,  a  retired  merchant,  who 
settled  in  Dublin  in  1800.  Having  "  passed "  through  Trinity 
College,  and  obtained,  in  1812,  the  degree  of  B.A.,  he  studied 
medicine  in  Dublin  and  Edinburgh,  and  on  the  24th  November, 
1824,  obtained  the  licence  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  In  1832 
he  took  the  degrees  of  M.  A.  and  M.D.  The  College  of  Physicians 
elected  him  a  Fellow  on  the  15th  January,  1827,  and  he  served  as 
President  during  the  years  1838,  1839,  and  1840— a  presidential 
period  only  equalled  in  Drs.  Ferguson  and  Gordon's  cases  and 
exceeded  in  Corrigan's.  On  the  13th  April,  1846,  he  became  an 
Honorary  Fellow,  having,  ipso  facto,  ceased  to  be  a  Fellow  on 
becoming  College  Professor  in  the  School  of  Physic.  He  was 
for  many  years  their  Registrar,  and  whilst  in  that  office  he  made 
a  complete  index  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  College  from  their 
foundation.  This  laborious  work  was  highly  appreciated,  and  led 
to  his  being  made  the  recipient  of  a  handsome  testimonial. 

Kennedy  was  Physician  to  the  Sick  Poor  Dispensary,  Meath- 


JOHN  ROBERT  KINAHAN. 


611 


street,  and  to  the  Fever  Hospital,  and  he  lectured  on  Medicine  in 
the  former  institution  and  also  in  the  school,  27  Peter-street.  He 
wrote  some  Medical  Reports  on  the  Fever  Hospital,  which  contain 
valuable  information.  He  died,  unmarried,  on  the  4th  March, 
1865,  and  was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery. 

JOHN  ROBERT  KINAHAN. 

J.  R.  Kinahan  was  born  at  Roebuck,  in  the  County  of  Dublin, 
on  the  15th  March,  1828.  He  was  the  second  son  of  Daniel 
Kinahan,  Barrister-at-Law,  M.A.,  a  Moderator  and  a  Classical 
Gold  Medallist,  T.C.D.,  and  a  member  of  the  old  and  well- 
known  Kinahan  family  of  Dublin.  Dr.  Kinahan's  mother  was 
Louisa  Anne  Stuart,  daughter  of  John  Robert  Millar,  B.L. 
Having  received  a  preliminary  education  in  the  Academic  Institute, 
Harcourt-street,  he  entered  Trinity  College  and  graduated  in  Arts 
and  Medicine.  His  medical  studies  were  conducted  in  the  School 
of  Physic,  Sir  P.  Dun's,  the  House  of  Industry,  and  other  Hospitals. 
He  won  in  his  student's  career  numerous  prizes.  In  1858  he  took 
the  degree  of  M.D.  He  had  at  an  early  age  devoted  himself  to 
natural  history  pursuits.  His  first  paper  on  Gasterosteus  Leiurns, 
the  smooth-tailed  stickleback,  and  the  fishes  of  the  river  Dodder, 
was  read  before  the  Dublin  Natural  History  Society. 

Kinahan's  views  of  the  habits  of  the  gasterosteus,  and  of  its  mode 
of  nidification,  have  been  generally  accepted,  and  his  paper  on 
the  subject  has  been  reproduced  in  the  third  edition  of  Yarrell's 
"  British  Fishes."  In  1854  he  visited  Australia,  Peru,  and  other 
countries  in  order  to  extend  his  knowledge  of  natural  history.  He 
suffered  so  much  from  fevers  and  agues  during  his  travels  as  to 
permanently  injure  his  constitution.  In  1856  he  resumed  work  in 
Dublin.  He  was  Professor  of  Zoology  in  the  Museum  of  Irish 
Industry,  now  the  Royal  College  of  Science,  and  lectured  in 
the  Steevens'  Hospital  Medical  College.  He  was  a  member  of 
several  important  societies,  including  the  Royal  Irish  Academy 
and  the  Linnaean  Society.  A  hard  worker  and  a  most  acute 
observer,  his  discoveries  of  new  species  of  marine  Crustacea,  espe- 
cially those  of  Australia  and  Ireland,  were  very  numerous,  and 


612 


CHARLES  FREDERICK  KNIGHT. — EDWIN  LAPPER. 


placed  him  in  the  first  rank  of  naturalists.  His  paper  on  the 
British  Species  of  Crangonidse  and  Galathea,  published  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  is  interesting,  as  are 
also  his  other  papers  on  the  same  kind  of  animals,  including 
that  on  the  Causes  of  the  Present  Decay  of  the  Dublin  Lobster 
Fisheries.  Palaeontologists  are  indebted  to  him  for  his  investiga- 
tions amongst  the  lower  Cambrian  rocks  of  Dublin  and  Wicklow,  in 
which  he  especially  discovered  a  new  genus  of  fossils — Histioderma. 
Kinahan  died  on  the  2nd  February,  1863,  unmarried,  and  at  the 
early  age  of  thirty-four.  He  will  long  be  remembered  as  a  truthful, 
genial,  and  instructive  companion  by  those  with  whom  he  was 
familiar,  and  by  scientists  in  his  department  as  a  highly-cultured 
naturalist,  who  had  enlarged  the  boundaries  of  the  domain  of  science. 

CHARLES  FREDERICK  KNIGHT. 

C.  F.  Knight  was  born  on  the  15th  August,  1853,  at  Camber- 
well,  London.  He  is  the  son  of  William  John  Knight,  LL.D.,  of 
Camberwell,  and  the  Laurels,  Bath,  by  his  wife,  Bithia,  daughter  of 
J ohn  Benjamin  Gulliford,  of  Salisbury-street,  Strand,  London.  He 
was  educated  at  Beaumont  College,  County  of  Cork,  and  studied 
his  profession  in  the  Queen's  College,  Cork,  in  the  Ledwich  School, 
and  at  several  of  the  Dublin  Hospitals.  He  graduated  M.D.  in  the 
Queen's  University  in  1877,  and  in  1880  took  the  degree  of  M.Ch. 
He  is  a  Lecturer  in  the  Ledwich  School,  and  has  contributed  papers 
to  the  medical  journals.  Dr.  Knight  takes  an  active  part  in  the 
politics  of  his  University. 

EDWIN  LAPPER. 

E.  Lapper  was  born  in  London  on  the  3rd  February.  1844.  He 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Richard  Lapper,  of  Overton,  Hampshire,  and 
of  his  wife,  Charlotte  Lee,  of  Gloucester.  He  received  his  general 
education  in  the  City  of  London  School,  and  studied  Chemistry 
and  the  collateral  branches  of  that  science  in  the  Royal  College  of 
Chemistry,  and  the  School  of  Mines,  London.  On  completing  his 
scientific  studies  he  was  appointed  Chief  Assistant  to  Mr.  Tuson, 
Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Royal  Veterinary  College,  London, 


THOMAS  HAWKESWORTH  LEDWICH. 


613 


where  he  remained  until  1870.  In  that  year  he  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  the  Chemical  Society,  and  came  to  Dublin  as  my 
principal  assistant,  and  was  associated  with  me  for  seven  years, 
during  part  of  which  period  he  was  Chief  Demonstrator  of 
Chemistry  in  the  College  School.  In  1877  he  was  appointed 
Lecturer  on  Chemistry  in  the  Ledwich  School  of  Medicine.  Having 
studied  Medicine  in  the  Ledwich  School  and  Mercer's  and  the 
Coombe  Hospitals,  he  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  in  1876.  Dr.  Lapper's  private  classes  in  Chemistry, 
Materia  Medica,  and  Botany,  are  largely  attended,  as  he  is  a 
most  successful  teacher  in  these  departments  of  medical  science. 
Since  my  resignation  of  the  office  of  analyst  in  criminal  cases, 
Dr.  Lapper  has  constantly  been  employed  as  an  expert  by  the 
Government.  He  has  contributed  a  paper  on  Antiseptics,  Thera- 
peutically Considered,  to  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science, 
1876,  and,  conjointly  with  C.  A.  Bell,  M.B.,  on  Distillation 
Products  of  Ammonium  and  Ethyl- Ammonium  Saccharates,  to  the 
"Proceedings  of  the  Eoyal  Irish  Academy,"  1878.  Dr.  Lapper 
is  married  to  Caroline,  youngest  daughter  of  the  late  James  Fitz- 
gerald, solicitor,  and  has  issue  a  son  and  daughter. 


THE  BROTHERS  LEDWICH. 
THOMAS  HAWKESWORTH  LEDWICH. 

The  Rev.  Edward  Ledwich,  son  of  John  Ledwich,  a  merchant 
of  Dublin,  was  born  in  that  city  in  1738,  and  graduated  in  the 
University  of  Dublin  in  1760.  He  took  Holy  Orders,  and  was 
instituted  into  the  Vicarage  of  Aghaboe  in  1772.  In  1797  he 
resigned  his  living,  and  took  up  his  residence  in  Dublin,  and  died 
in  York-street,  8th  August,  1823.  He  occupies  a  distinguished 
position  amongst  the  writers  of  Ireland,  especially  in  the  depart- 
ments of  Archaeology.  His  "  Antiquities  of  Ireland  " — a  standard 
work  for  many  years — is  now  not  so  highly  estimated;  but  the 
value  of  his  archaeological  researches  is  acknowledged.  His  son,  who 
practised  as  a  solicitor  at  Waterford,  married  Catherine  Eleanor 
Hawkesworth.  Ledwich's  business  appears  to  have  been  occasionally 


614 


EDWAKD  LEDWICH. 


transacted  in  South  Wales.  His  son,  Thomas  Hawkesworth,  was 
born  in  Pembroke,  in  that  district,  in  1823.  He  was  apprenticed 
to  Mr.  Mackesey  of  Waterford,  and  studied  at  the  Original  School 
of  Medicine.  In  1844  he  was  admitted  a  Licentiate  of  the  College, 
of  which,  on  the  3rd  January  in  the  following  year,  he  became  a 
Fellow.  As  soon  as  he  was  "  qualified,"  he  began  to  demonstrate 
on  Anatomy  in  the  Original  School,  and  in  1847  became  a  Lecturer 
in  it,  and,  after  a  time,  he  and  his  brother  and  Dr.  Mason  were  its 
principal  proprietors. 

In  1858  Ledwich  succeeded  Crampton  as  a  surgeon  to  the  Meath 
Hospital.  He  was  an  exceedingly  clear  and  fluent  lecturer,  and 
possessed  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  subjects  which  he  pro- 
fessed to  teach.  He  was  of  studious  habits,  and  although  he  rose 
early  he  sat  up  very  late.  He  suffered  much  from  asthma  and 
cardiac  affections,  and  during  the  latter  portion  of  his  short  life 
frequently  spent  the  whole  night  in  his  chair,  alternately  dosing 
and  reading — his  large  microscope  always  being  placed  in  a  con- 
venient position,  and  ready  for  use.  In  conjunction  with  his 
brother  he  brought  out,  in  1853,  the  well-known  "Ledwich's 
Anatomy,"  a  work  which  is  still  a  favourite  in  the  Dublin  Schools, 
and  has  run  through  several  editions.  He  contributed  several  papers 
to  the  medical  journals.  Ledwich  married  Isabella,  daughter  of 
the  late  Robert  Murray,  whose  management  of  the  Provincial  Bank 
helped  to  raise  that  institution  to  its  present  prosperous  condition. 
Ledwich  died  on  the  29th  September,  1858,  at  his  residence  in 
York-street,  and  was  buried  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery.  At  a 
meeting  of  the  students  of  the  "  Original  School,"  held  shortly  after 
this  sad  event,  they  unanimously  requested  the  proprietors  to 
change  the  name  of  the  school  to  the  "Ledwich,"  a  request 
which  was  complied  with. 

EDWAKD  LEDWICH. 

E.  Ledwich,  elder  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Pem- 
broke in  1817.  He  was  educated  in  the  diocesan  school  of  that 
town,  and  was  intended  for  the  church.  He,  however,  did  not 
proceed  to  the  completion  of  his  theological  studies,  but  commenced 


EDWARD  L'ESTRANGE  LEDWICH. 


615 


by  farming  operations.  In  1845  lie  entered  himself  as  a  student 
in  the  Original  School,  and  on  the  28th  April,  1848,  passed  for 
the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College,  becoming  a  Fellow  on  the 
13th  October,  1852.  In  conjunction  -with  his  brother  Thomas 
and  Dr.  Mason  he  energetically  worked  the  Original  School,  and 
greatly  augmented  the  number  of  its  pupils.  Few  persons  connected 
with  medical  teaching  in  Dublin  have  been  more  successful  as  a 
"grinder"  than  the  late  Edward  Ledwich.  He  soon  became 
connected  with  Mercer's  Hospital,  but  he  did  not  acquire  much 
reputation  as  a  clinical  teacher,  and  appears  to  have  had  an  aversion 
to  performing  the  major  operations  in  surgery.  He  was  for  many 
years  a  member  of  the  College  Council.  For  a  year  or  so  Ledwich 's 
health  was  failing,  his  liver  became  seriously  diseased,  and  he  was 
losing  flesh,  notwithstanding  which  he  applied  himself  closely  to  his 
work,  and  almost  "  died  in  harness"  on  the  18th  February,  1879, 
at  his  town  residence,  No.  7  Harcourt-street,  and  was  buried  at 
Mount  Jerome.  In  appearance  he  was  a  contrast  to  his  brother, 
the  former  being  burly,  robust,  and  florid,  with  a  "  gentleman- 
farmer's  "  style  of  face,  ruddy  and  healthy  for  many  a  year,  whilst 
Thomas  Ledwich  was  slight  and  pale,  and  his  face  was  "  sicklied 
o'er  by  the  pale  cast  of  thought."  Their  names  will  long  be 
remembered  as  worthies  of  the  Dublin  School  of  Anatomy. 


EDWARD  L'ESTRANGE  LEDWICH. 

E.  L.  Ledwich  was  born  in  the  County  of  Dublin  on  the  21st 
June,  1855.  He  is  the  son  of  William,  grandson  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Ledwich  (see  page  613),  and  of  Elizabeth,  granddaughter  of  Francis 
L'Estrange,  President  of  the  College  in  1796.  He  was  educated 
in  Hume-street  School,  and  studied  professionally  in  the  Ledwich 
School  and  Mercer's  Hospital,  and  also  for  sometime  in  the  London 
hospitals.  In  December,  1878,  he  became  a  Licentiate  of  the 
College,  and  in  November,  1881,  he  passed  at  the  College  of 
Physicians.  In  1879  he  was  appointed  a  Demonstrator  of  Anatomv 
in  the  Ledwich  School,  and  in  the  year  following  rose  to  the  rank 
of  Lecturer  upon  that  subject.    He  is  the  author  of  the  "  Surgical 


616 


CATHCART  LEES. 


and  Descriptive  Anatomy  of  the  Inguinal  and  Femoral  Regions 
considered  in  Relation  to  Hernia." 

CATHCART  LEES. 

A  Scotchman,  John  Lees,  settled  in  Ireland  towards  the  end 
of  the  last  century,  and  became  Secretary-at-War  during  the 
time  of  the  Irish  Parliament.  He  was  possessed  of  considerable 
abilities,  and  for  his  services  in  Ireland  and  elsewhere  was  created 
a  Baronet  in  1804.  He  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Robert  Cathcart, 
of  Ayrshire.  His  second  son,  John  Cathcart,  was  born  in  1777,  and 
■was  called  to  the  Bar.  In  Debrett's  "  Baronetage  "  he  is  erroneously 
described  as  a  physician.  For  many  years  he  was  the  Receiver 
to  the  Public  Offices,  Dublin  Police  Establishment.  He  married 
in  1800,  Mary,  daughter  of  Mr.,  afterwards  Sir  Robert  Shaw,  Bart., 
of  Bushy  Park,  County  of  Dublin.  Mr.  J.  C.  Lees  died  in  1858, 
leaving  several  children.  His  son,  Cathcart,  was  born  in  1811. 
On  the  1st  November,  1830,  he  was  indentured  to  the  late  Surgeon 
Rawdon  Macnamara,  and  prosecuted  his  technical  studies  in  the 
College,  and  Trinity  College  Schools,  and  the  Meath  Hospital. 
He  became  also  a  student  in  Trinity  College,  and  graduated  B.A. 
in  1832,  and  M.B.  in  1837.  On  the  23rd  December  of  that  year 
he  "  passed  "  at  the  College.  Having  abandoned  his  intention  of 
practising  surgery,  he  obtained,  on  the  22nd  January,  1842,  the 
Licence  of  the  College  of  Physicians — and  the  Fellowship  on  the 
22nd  October,  1845;  and  in  1843  he  was  elected  Physician  to  the 
Meath  Hospital.  In  1847  he  Avas  appointed  Lecturer  on  Medicine 
in  the  Original  School.  He  was  Physician  to  the  Hospital  for 
Children  in  Pitt-street.  He  contributed  several  articles  to  the 
Dublin  Quarterly  Journal  of  Medical  Science,  and  a  report  of  his 
interesting  course  of  lectures  on  Diseases  of  the  Stomach  appeared 
in  the  Dublin  Hospital  Gazette. 

Lees  married  Elinor,  daughter  of  Isaac  Matthew  D'Olier,  of 
Booterstown,  County  of  Dublin.  He  died  from  heart  disease  on 
the  16th  December,  1861,  and  was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome 
Cemetery.  His  wife  died  on  the  28th  April,  1883.  Three  of  their 
sons  and  two  of  their  daughters  survive. 


CHARLES  HENRY  LEET. 


617 


CHARLES  HENRY  LEET. 

The  Leets  of  Dublin  trace  their  origin  from  the  "  Leets,"  alias 
the  "  Leetes,"  of  Eversden,  in  Cambridgeshire.  The  Irish  branch 
came  to  Ireland  with  Oliver  Cromwell  about  the  year  1648; 
among  his  retainers  there  were  many  from  Cambridge,  for  which 
county  he  was  the  representative  in  the  English  Parliament,  and 
with  numerous  other  followers  came  the  Leets,  who,  after  the  wars 
were  over,  settled  down,  some  in  Dublin  and  others  in  Ulster. 
According  to  elaborate  Records  supplied  by  Joseph  Leete,  ex-Knight 
of  the  French  Legion  of  Honour,  Norwood  Park,  Sydenham,  the 
English  and  Irish  branches  of  the  Leets  have  the  same  origin. 

Charles  Henry  Leet  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  2nd  February, 
1802,  and  is  the  third  son  of  Ambrose  Leet,  of  St.  Stephen's-green, 
President  of  the  Inland  Department  of  the  General  Post  Office, 
and  author  of  the  work,  "  The  Noted  Places  of  the  Nobility  and 
Gentry  in  Ireland."  His  son  Charles  received  his  general  education 
under  tutors  in  Trinity  College.  One  of  them  was  the  eminent 
Samuel  O'Sullivan,  and  the  other,  his  own  brother,  Edward,  a 
Scholar,  T.C.D.,  and  Incumbent  of  St.  Patrick's  Church,  Dalkey. 

Dr.  Leet  commenced  his  medical  career  in  1818  by  being  inden- 
tured for  a  five  years'  apprenticeship  to  Mr.  William  MacAuley, 
Resident  Apothecary  at  the  Royal  Hospital,  and  soon  became  an 
Assistant  in  the  Infirmary  of  the  Institution,  under  the  superin- 
tendence and  instructions  of  its  medical  officers.  Having  attended 
at  the  necessary  lectures  and  hospital,  he  obtained  the  Licence  of  the 
Apothecaries'  Hall  in  1825.  He  commenced  as  a  general  practitioner 
in  Dublin  in  1827,  and  shortly  afterwards  married  Jane,  daughter  of 
John  Ussher,  M.D.,  Fitzwilliam-street.  Of  this  marriage  three  sons 
survive — Ambrose  Wellesley,  D.D.,  and  Charles  Henry  and  Edward 
Wilberforce,  medical  men.  In  1834  he  graduated  M.D.  and  M.Ch. 
in  Glasgow  University.  Dr.  Leet  became  a  Member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Hall  in  1827,  was  made  a  Member  of  the  Court  of  Directors 
and  Examiners  in  1835,  and  Governor  in  1840  and  1857.  In  1837 
lie  was  elected  to  the  Chair  of  Medical  Jurisprudence  in  the  Apothe- 
caries' Hall  School  of  Medicine.    On  the  1st  of  August,  1840,  the 


618 


SAMUEL  LITTON. 


Apothecaries'  Hall  presented  him  with  a  testimonial  in  the  form  of 
silver  plate.  On  the  passing  of  the  Medical  Act,  1858,  Dr.  Leet 
was  chosen  as  the  representative  of  the  Apothecaries'  Hall  in  the 
General  Medical  Council,  on  which  occasion  he  was  presented  with 
a  congratulatory  address  from  the  Association  of  General  Medical 
Practitioners  in  Ireland,  accompanied  with  a  time-piece  and  an 
embossed  casket  containing  sovereigns.  On  resigning  this  appoint- 
ment in  1881,  after  holding  it  for  twenty-three  years,  his  colleagues 
(the  Governor  and  Court  of  Directors  and  Examiners  of  the 
Apothecaries'  Hall)  presented  him  with  an  address  expressive  of 
their  regret  at  his  resignation  of  the  office.  His  portrait  is  placed 
in  the  Board-room  of  the  Hall,  "  in  commemoration  of  his  long  and 
faithful  services  in  behalf  of  the  Corporation  and  of  the  Profession  in 
Ireland."    Dr.  Leet  is  medical  officer  to  the  Asylum,  Leeson  Park. 

SAMUEL  LITTON. 

S.  Litton  was  born  in  Lancashire  in  1781.  His  father,  an 
ardent  lover  of  literature,  and  distinguished  for  his  religious,  moral, 
and  intellectual  attributes,  wrote  a  pamphlet  against  the  Socinian 
doctrines,  which  at  the  time  excited  great  interest;  and  he  also 
composed  a  "  Grammatical  Instructor,"  which  long  continued  to  be 
a  popular  school  book.  He  married  Ehoda  Makom,  daughter  of  an 
eminent  barrister,  by  whom  he  acquired  a  large  fortune.  Having 
embarked  in  extensive  mercantile  transactions,  he  suffered  heavy 
losses,  which  reduced  him  to  comparative  poverty. 

Samuel  Litton  lost  his  mother  when  he  was  three  years  old. 
He  was  educated  at  a  school  in  Liverpool,  and  whilst  a  lad  attracted 
the  attention  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Magee,  F.T.C.D.  (afterwards  Arch- 
bishop of  Dublin),  who  recommended  his  father  to  send  him  to 
Trinity  College.  This  advice  was  accepted,  and  in  1795,  being 
then  14  years  old,  he  matriculated  in  Trinity  College.  After  one 
of  his  vacations,  spent  as  usual  with  his  family,  he  had  to  return  to 
College  before  a  certain  day  in  order  to  compete  for  a  prize  and 
gold  medal.  He  first  sent  his  luggage  on  board  the  packet  (the 
Viceroy),  but  when  he  arrived  at  the  pier,  he  saw  the  vessel  sailing 
down  the  Mersey— he  had  made  a  mistake  as  to  the  time  fixed  for 


ROBERT  SPENCER  DYER  LYONS. 


619 


its  departure.  The  Viceroy  never  reached  its  destination — no  trace 
of  it  was  ever  after  seen  !  Litton  crossed  the  Channel  in  another 
vessel,  reached  the  College  Examination  Hall  just  as  the  porter 
was  closing  the  door,  and  won  the  prize  and  gold  medal.  His 
undergraduate  career  was  highly  distinguished,  and  amongst  other 
honours  he  obtained  a  scholarship  in  1798.  He  graduated  B.A.  in 
1800  and  M.A.  in  1804.  He  intended  reading  for  a  Fellowship, 
and  was  anxious  to  take  Holy  Orders;  but  he  abandoned  both 
notions  in  consequence  of  becoming  for  a  while  a  "  Walkerite" 
(see  page  486).  Litton  now  resolved  to  study  medicine,  and  for 
that  purpose  proceeded  to  Edinburgh,  where  he  graduated  M.D.  in 
1806.  On  his  return  to  Dublin  he  studied  various  sciences,  more 
especially  botany.  About  1810  a  number  of  gentlemen  having 
raised  by  debentures  £15,000,  established  the  "Royal  Institution" 
in  Sackville-street,  upon  the  model  of  the  London  Royal  Institution. 
Litton  was  appointed  its  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Natural 
Philosophy,  and  delivered  several  courses  of  lectures  before  large 
audiences.  In  1815  Litton  was  elected  Librarian  of  the  Royal 
Dublin  Society,  in  1825  he  succeeded  Walter  Wade  as  their  Pro- 
fessor of  Botany,  and  on  the  foundation  of  the  School  of  Medicine 
of  the  Apothecaries'  Hall,  in  1837,  became  its  Professor  of  Botany. 
On  the  19th  March,  1826,  he  was  appointed  Physician  to  the  House 
of  Industry  Hospitals.  On  the  8th  April,  1811,  he  obtained 
the  licence  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  by  whom,  on  the  28th 
October,  1833,  he  was  elected  an  Honorary  Fellow. 

Dr.  Litton's  lectures  at  Glasnevin  are  still  remembered  by  many 
of  his  hearers.  They  did  much  to  render  the  Botanic  Gardens  a 
place  of  popular  resort.  Litton  never  married.  He  died  from 
angina  pectoris  on  the  4th  June,  1847,  and  was  interred  in  St. 
Thomas's  Churchyard,  Dublin. 

ROBERT  SPENCER  DYER  LYONS. 

Dr.  Lyons  was  born  in  Cork  on  the  13th  August,  1826.  His 
father,  Sir  William  Lyons,  was  a  merchant  of  that  city,  of  which 
he  was  twice  Mayor  and  High  Sheriff.  His  mother  was  Harriet, 
daughter  of  Spencer  Dyer,  of  Garus,  Kinsale.    Having  received  his 


620 


ROBERT  SPENCER  DYER  LYONS. 


earlier  education  at  Hamblin  and  Porter's  Grammar  School,  Cork, 
he  entered  Trinity  College  and  graduated  B.A.  and  M.B.  in  1848. 
His  medical  education  was  conducted  in  the  School  of  Physic,  and 
in  the  Meath  and  Sir  Patrick  Dun's  Hospitals.  On  the  7th  June, 
1849,  he  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College,  and  on 
the  23rd  November,  1859,  he  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  of  which  latter  body  he  was  elected,  on  the  6th  March, 
1861,  a  Fellow. 

Dr.  Lyons,  early  in  his  professional  career,  recognised  the  value 
of  the  microscope  as  an  aid  to  pathology;  he  was  the  first  in 
Dublin  to  give  lectures  on  histology  and  the  use  of  the  micro- 
scope in  the  study  of  normal  and  pathological  histology.  Before 
he  had  attained  the  age  of  30  years  he  was  appointed  Pathologist- 
in-Chief  to  the  army  serving  in  the  Crimea.  For  his  reports, 
and  for  the  valuable  services  which  he  rendered  to  the  sick 
and  wounded  in  the  trenches  before  Sebastopol,  he  received  the 
thanks  of  the  authorities,  both  at  the  seat  of  war  and  at  home. 
He  rendered  assistance — fully  acknowledged — to  the  French  who 
were  wounded  at  the  Battle  of  the  Tchernaya.  Dr.  Lyons  was 
awarded  the  Crimean  and  Turkish  medals  and  the  clasp  for 
Sebastopol.  In  1859  Dr.  Lyons  investigated  the  causes  of  the 
insanitary  state  of  Lisbon  (in  which  at  the  time  yellow  fever 
raged),  and  submitted  to  King  Pedro  V.  suggestions  for  their 
removal,  which  were  approved  of.  That  they  were  considered 
to  be  of  more  than  local  value,  is  evident  from  the  fact  that  they 
were  printed  in  the  form  of  a  British  Parliamentary  Blue  Book. 
Upon  this  occasion  Dr.  Lyons  received  the  cross  and  insignia  of 
the  Ancient  Portuguese  Order  of  Christ.  He  served  on  the 
Commission  appointed,  in  1870,  to  inquire  into  the  treatment  of 
the  Irish  political  prisoners  in  English  gaols.  Dr.  Lyons  served 
in  Parliament  as  member  for  Dublin  from  1880  until  1883;  but 
he  does  not  sit  in  the  present  Parliament— that  elected  in  December, 
1885.  His  efforts  whilst  in  Parliament  to  induce  the  Government 
and  the  public  to  "  reafforest"  Ireland  are  well  known.  In  addition 
to  the  official  reports  already  mentioned,  and  several  contributions 
to  the  journals,  Dr.  Lyons  wrote  a  «  Handbook  of  Hospital  Practice" 


EOBERT  M'DERMOTT. — RALPH  NASH  MACDERMOTT.  621 


(1869),  and  in  1870  a  "  Treatise  on  Fever."  Dr.  Lyons  was  con- 
nected with  the  Ledwich  School,  and  is  now  Professor  of  the 
Practice  of  Medicine  in  the  Medical  School  of  the  Catholic  Uni- 
versity, and  a  Physician  to  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals,  North 
Brunswick-street. 

Dr.  Lyons  married,  in  1856,  Marie,  daughter  of  the  late  High t 
Hon.  David  Richard  Pigot,  Lord  Chief  Baron  of  the  Exchequer  in 
Ireland. 

ROBERT  M'DERMOTT. 

R.  M'Dermott  was  born  in  Dublin  in  1829,  and  was  the  son  of 
a  barrister.  Having  studied  for  some  years  at  Clongowes  Wood 
College,  he  entered  the  University,  graduating  as  B.A.  and  B.M. 
in  1854,  and  as  M.D.  in  1858.  An  excellent  scholar,  he  won  a 
classical  moderatorship  and  the  Berkeley  Gold  Medal  in  Greek 
during  his  undergraduate  course.  He  was  Professor  of  Materia 
Medica  in  the  Catholic  University  School  from  its  foundation  until 
his  death,  which  took  place  in  November,  1859,  in  Rutland-square. 
He  was  married  to  Eleanor  Cruise,  sister  of  Dr.  Cruise,  P.C.P. 

RALPH  NASH  MACDERMOTT. 

R.  N.  MacDermott,  son  of  William  MacDermott,  of  Bunratty, 
County  of  Clare,  and  of  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Ralph  Nash,  of 
Cahirconlish,  was  born  at  Bunratty  in  1812.  He  studied  in  Dublin ; 
in  1832  he  obtained  the  Licence  of  the  Apothecaries'  Hall,  Dublin ; 
that  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Eng.,  in  1838;  and  the 
diploma  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  Dublin,  in  1869.  He  was 
Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica,  1842-6,  in  the  Original  School,  and 
for  some  years  was  Inspector  of  the  Chemical  Laboratory  of  the 
Apothecaries'  Hall.  He  was  for  many  years  in  practice  at  Athboy 
and  Kells,  in  the  County  of  Meath.  He  published  in  the  Dublin 
Medical  Press  papers  on  Salts  of  Mercury,  Quinine,  and  Arsenic. 
He  married,  first,  Frances,  daughter  of  Thomas  Headen,  of  Dublin, 
and,  secondly,  Janetta  G.,  daughter  of  Frederick  Stork,  of  Ballina. 
His  children  living  are — W.  R.  MacDermott,  M.B.,  Poyntzpass; 
Ralph  Jean  MacDermott,  M.B.,  Petworth,  Sussex;  and  Ada,  wife 


622 


JOHN  M'DOWALL. — EPHRAIM  MAC  DOWEL. 


of  James  Atkin,  M.D.,  Oldcastle.  Dr.  MacDermott  now  resides 
at  Eastbourne. 

JOHN  M'DOWALL. 

J.  M'Dowall  was  born  at  Lisburn  about  1800.  His  father,  John 
M'Dowall,  was  a  merchant  of  that  town,  and  his  mother  was  Mary, 
daughter  of  Cornelius  Carleton,  also  a  native  of  Lisburn.  He  was 
educated  partly  in  a  school  in  his  native  town,  and  partly  at  Dr. 
O'Byrne's  School,  Enniskillen.  He  entered  Trinity  College,  and 
studied  professionally  in  the  College  and  Trinity  College  Schools. 
In  June,  1823,  he  was  apprenticed  to  James  W.  Cusack.  In  1824  he 
graduated  B.A.,  in  1827  M.B.,  and  in  1837  M.D.  In  1828  he  became 
a  Licentiate,  and  in  1834  a  Member  of  the  College.  He  was  a 
Lecturer  of  Materia  Medica  in  the  Park-street  School.  His  hernia 
truss  was  at  one  time  much  in  use,  and  he  introduced  an  improved 
form  of  the  stethoscope — at  that  time  a  novel  instrument.  He 
married  Eleanor,  daughter  of  J.  Hayes,  of  Alcester,  and  widow  of 
John  Whitla,  14th  Dragoons.  After  practising  for  sixteen  years  in 
Dublin,  M'Dowall  died  from  heart  disease  on  the  30th  April,  1841, 
at  Kingstown,  aged  forty-one  years.  His  widow,  now  in  her 
ninetieth  year,  resides  at  Lisburn. 

EPHRAIM  MAC  DOWEL.* 

E.  MacDowel  was  born  on  the  24th  June,  1798,  at  No.  63  (now 
66)  Eccles-street,  Dublin.  His  father,  the  Rev.  Dr.  MacDowel, 
was  a  Presbyterian  clergyman,  and  his  mother  was  Frances  Carroll. 
He  was  bound  to  C.  H.  Todd  on  the  23rd  November,  1812,  and 
studied  in  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals,  the  College  School, 
and  a  small  medical  school  situated  close  to  the  Hardwicke  Fever 
Hospital.  He  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College  on 
the  29th  April,  1817,  and  the  Membership  in  1822.  MacDowel 
early  began  to  teach  anatomy  and  surgery,  and  set  up  a  small 
anatomical  school  at  the  rere  of  his  house  in  Eccles  street,  which 
continued  to  exist  until  the  establishment  of  the  Richmond  Hospital 
School,  of  which  MacDowel  was  a  founder.    On  the  4th  April, 

*  The  name  was  frequently  written  M'Dowel. 


BENJAMIN  GEORGE  MAC  DOWEL. 


623 


1826,  he  was  appointed  a  Surgeon  to  the  House  of  Industry- 
Hospitals. 

MacDowel  had  a  great  reputation  as  an  anatomist  and  teacher ; 
he  was  also  a  skilful  surgeon.  His  cousin,  another  Ephraim 
MacDowel,  an  American  of  Irish  extraction,  first  proposed,  or  at 
least  performed,  the  operation  of  ovariotomy. 

The  following  anecdotes  testify  to  Mac  Dowel's  generosity: — A 
pupil  named  Mullen  was  apprenticed  to  him,  a  fee  of  200  guineas 
being  agreed  upon;  50  guineas  were  "paid  down,"  and  a  bill  for 
the  balance  was  accepted.  Within  a  few  months  the  pupil  died, 
and  MacDowel  brought  the  bill  to  the  lad's  father  and  cast  it  into 
the  fire.  He  was  sent  for  to  see  a  gentleman  in  the  county  of 
Meath.  He  put  up  his  horses  at  Ashbourne,  visited  the  patient, 
and  received  his  fee  of  £105.  On  returning  to  Ashbourne  he 
learned  that  the  patient  was  far  from  being  a  rich  man,  whereupon 
he  wrote  a  cheque  for  £52  10s.,  sealed  it  up,  and  having  driven 
back  to  the  patient's  house,  left  it  there. 

MacDowel  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  J.  Horner, 
D.D.,  a  Governor  of  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals,  and  Minister 
of  Mary's  Abbey  Presbyterian  Church. 

MacDowel  died  from  typhus  fever  on  the  7th  December,  1835, 
at  the  early  age  of  thirty-seven.  His  remains  were  interred  in  one 
of  the  vaults  of  the  ancient  church  of  St.  Michan,  and  a  marble 
tablet  was  erected  to  his  memory  in  St.  George's  Church  by  his 
apprentices  and  pupils.    He  left  one  son  and  three  daughters. 

Several  interesting  papers  were  contributed  by  MacDowel  to  the 
Dublin  Hospital  Reports. 

BENJAMIN  GEORGE  MAC  DOWEL. 

B.  G.  MacDowel,  son  of  the  above-described  Ephraim  MacDowel, 
was  born  on  the  27th  June,  1821,  at  No.  23  Lower  Dorset-street, 
the  residence  of  his  grandfather,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Horner.  He  was 
educated  in  Trinity  College,  the  Richmond  School,  and  the  House 
of  Industry  Hospitals.  In  1841  he  graduated  B.A.,  and  on  the 
13th  July  in  the  same  year  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  College. 
On  the  3rd  January,  1845,  he  obtained  the  Fellowship,  under  the 


624  BENJAMIN  GEORGE  MAC  DOWEL. 

provisions  of  the  Supplemental  Charter.  In  1858  he  graduated 
M.B.  and  M.D.,  and  in  1859  M.Chir.  In  1845  he  became  a 
Licentiate  of  the  London  College  of  Physicians,  and  of  the  Dublin 
College  in  1880— becoming  a  Member  in  1881. 

Ephraim  MacDowel's  first  cousin,  Mr.  Carroll,  was  a  rich  man, 
and,  intending  to  leave  his  property  to  MacDowel — who  was  con- 
siderably his  junior — had  prepared  a  will  to  that  effect,  but  was 
prevented  from  signing  it  by  a  fatal  attack  of  paralysis,  and  his 
property  passed  into  possession  of  Chief  J ustice  Doherty,  who  had 
married  Carroll's  sister.  When  Benjamin  G.  MacDowel  had 
become  a  professional  man,  the  Chief  Justice  was  anxious  to  render 
him  a  service,  and  through  his  influence  the  Lord  Lieutenant 
decided  to  give  him  an  appointment.  MacDowel  was  accordingly 
in  due  course  informed  that  he  was  nominated  to  a  lucrative 
ecclesiastical  position !  On  discovering  the  mistake,  the  Lord 
Lieutenant,  on  the  13th  April,  1846,  appointed  him  Physician  to 
the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals,  the  situation  having  just  become 
vacant.  JEn  passant  it  may  be  stated  that  the  physicians  to  these 
hospitals  have  salaries,  whilst  the  surgeons  are  unpaid. 

MacDowel  soon  rose  into  the  first  rank  of  his  profession.  He 
practised  both  surgery  and  physic,  but  gradually  became  almost  a 
pure  physician.  It  is  amongst  the  members  of  a  man's  profession 
that  the  truest  estimate  of  his  abilities  is  formed.  Of  MacDowel's 
diagnostic  skill  and  success  in  treatment  his  professional  brethren 
entertained  the  most  favourable  opinion.  His  manners  were  pecu- 
liarly agreeable,  and  he  was  a  general  favourite  amongst  all  classes. 
The  only  thing  that  ever  was  said  to  his  disparagement  was  that  he 
was  not  very  punctual  in  keeping  his  appointments. 

MacDowel  held  several  important  positions.  For  many  years 
he  was  a  teacher  in  the  Richmond  School.  In  1858  he  succeeded 
Harrison  as  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Chirurgery  in  Trinity 
College,  and  held  that  office  during  three  septennial  periods  (for 
the  office  becomes  vacant  every  seventh  year).  In  1870  he  resigned, 
and  was  succeeded  by  A.  Macalister.  During  these  twenty-one 
years  he  was  ex-officio  Surgeon  to  Sir  Patrick  Dun's  Hospital.  In 
1881  he  succeeded  Hudson  as  Physician-in-Ordinary  to  the  Queen 


BENJAMIN  GEORGE  MAC  DOWEL. 


625 


in  Ireland.  He  was  a  Medical  Fellow  and  Examiner  of  the  Royal 
University,  and  a  Member  of  the  Academic  Council  of  Dublin  Uni- 
versity. For  many  years  he  served  on  the  Council  of  the  College,  and 
at  the  time  of  his  decease  was  a  Member  of  the  Court  of  Examiners. 

MacDowel  contributed  numerous  valuable  papers  to  the  Dublin 
Journal  of  Medical  Science  and  the  Irish  Hospital  Gazette.  His 
researches  on  Cardiac  Diseases  are  acknowledged  to  be  original 
and  important,  and  several  of  the  articles  in  "  Todd's  Cyclopaedia  " 
are  from  his  pen. 

MacDowel  married  Maria  Hartwell,  by  whom  he  had  issue 
two  sons  and  four  daughters.  He  died  from  bronchitis,  on  the 
15th  September,  1885,  at  No.  5  Haddington-terrace,  Kingstown, 
county  Dublin  (his  usual  residence  was  No.  83  Merrion-square, 
South),  and  was  interred  in  the  family  vault  beneath  St.  Michan's 
Church,  Dublin.  Dr.  E.  C.  MacDowel,  of  Sligo,  is  the  late 
Dr.  MacDowel's  only  surviving  son  (a  younger  son,  a  Lieutenant 
in  the  Royal  Engineers,  was  slain  on  the  fatal  field  of  Isandlawnha, 
during  the  Zulu  war).    His  widow  and  four  daughters  survive. 

The  following  anecdote  was  related  by  Dr.  Croslee,  relative  to 
MacDowel,  whilst  suffering  from  fever: — "Day  and  night  the  course 
of  the  malady  was  anxiously  watched  by  his  friend.    As  the  period 
approached  at  which  a  crisis  might  be  expected,  the  wildest  delirium 
and  symptoms  of  the  most  alarming  nature  occurred.    Reason  was 
completely  unseated,  and  even  the  face  of  the  anxious  attendant 
was  unrecognised.    At  last,  in  the  dead  of  night,  a  ray  of  light 
seemed  to  brighten  the  darkness.    The  weary  and  restless  patient, 
whose  eye  had  not  closed  and  whose  form  had  not  rested  for  hours, 
addressed  his  friend  Gordon  by  name,  and  asked  him  what  he  was 
doing  there  at  that  hour  of  the  night — bade  him  put  out  the  light 
and  come  to  bed.  Delighted  at  even  a  momentary  return  of  reason, 
and  anxious  in  every  way  to  tranquilise  the  excitement  of  the 
delirium,  Gordon  extinguished  the  light,  and  leant  over  the  bed  of 
the  sufferer.    This,  however,  did  not  satisfy  the  wary  patient. 
Into  bed,  alongside  of  him,  his  friend  must  get — and,  consequently, 
Gordon  *  lay  down  beside  him.    Next  morning  the  crisis  was  past, 

*  Dr.  Samuel  Gordon,  one  of  MacDowel's  most  intimate  friends. 

2  s 


626  BENJAMIN  F.  M'DOWELL. — JOHN  K.  MACONCHY. 


the  fever  had  gone,  and  what  turned  out  to  be  a  favourable  conva- 
lescence was  established.  Thus  was  spared  to  the  anxious  attendant 
an  ever-warm  and  grateful  friend,  to  Irish  Medicine  one  of  its 
brightest  ornaments,  and  to  society  one  of  its  most  esteemed  and 
highly-gifted  members." 

BENJAMIN  FRANCIS  M'DOWELL. 

B.  F.  M'Dowell,  son  of  Robert  M'Dowell,  of  Carlo w,  and  his 
wife  Jane,  daughter  of  Benjamin  Hodges,  of  the  Castle,  Wexford, 
was  born  in  Carlow,  on  July  7th,  1840.  The  greater  portion  of 
M'Dowell's  medical  education  was  acquired  in  the  Ledwich  School 
and  City  of  Dublin  Hospital  In  1861  he  became  a  Licentiate  of 
the  Apothecaries'  Hall,  and  shortly  afterwards  was  appointed 
Resident-Apothecary  at  the  Lock  Hospital.  He  entered  himself 
as  a  student  of  arts  and  medicine  in  Trinity  College,  and  although 
his  time  was  much  occupied  in  discharging  the  duties  of  his  office, 
he  passed  his  M.B.  examination  in  1867,  talcing  a  first  place.  In 
the  same  year  he  took  out  the  Licences  of  the  Colleges  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  and  in  1874  became  an  M.D.  On  the  21st  May, 
1872,  he  passed  for  the  Fellowship  of  the  College.  He  lectured 
for  many  years  on  Materia  Medica  at  the  Ledwich  School,  and  was 
most  successful  in  "  grinding  "  his  pupils  in  that  and  allied  subjects. 
He  was  Surgeon  to  Mercer's  and  the  Lock  Hospitals.  He  published 
several  papers  in  the  Medical  Press. 

Dr.  M'Dowell  was  married  in  1870  to  Emma  Fielding,  second 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  John  Grant,  formerly  Rector  of  Stillorgan. 
He  died  from  disease  of  the  liver  at  his  residence  in  York-street, 
on  the  8th  February,  1879,  and  was  buried  at  Dunleckny,  County 
of  Carlow.    His  widow,  three  sons,  and  one  daughter  still  survive. 

JOHN  KING  MACONCHY. 

J .  K.  Maconchy  was  born  at  Donaghmede,  Raheny,  County  of 
Dublin,  on  the  14th  day  of  December,  1824.  He  is  the  son  of  the 
Rev.  William  Maconchy,  Rector  of  Coolock,  by  his  wife  Annalette, 
daughter  of  Stewart  King,  Master  of  Chancery,  Donaghmede, 


MICHAEL  M'HTJGH. 


627 


Raheny.  Having  received  a  sound  education  at  the  Royal  School, 
Duno-annon,  and  Rev.  Mr.  Homan's  school,  he  entered  the  Uni- 
versity,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1846,  and  M.B.  in  1849.  His 
professional  education  was  conducted  in  T.C.D.  and  the  Richmond 
Hospital  Schools,  and  in  the  House  of  Industry,  J ervis-street,  and 
Sir  Patrick  Dun's  Hospitals.  In  the  latter  he  was  for  nine  months 
sole  clinical  clerk,  and  served  six  months  in  that  capacity  to  Rohert 
Adams  at  the  Richmond  Hospital — altogether  he  was  in  office 
twenty-eight  months  during  his  hospital  career.  In  1849  he 
"passed"  at  the  London  College  of  Surgeons,  and  obtained  the 
Fellowship  of  the  Irish  College  on  the  12th  January,  1852.  He 
was  first  a  Demonstrator,  and  subsequently  a  Lecturer  on  Anatomy, 
in  the  Richmond  Hospital  School.  In  1858  he  was  elected  Surgeon 
to  the  County  Down  Infirmary.  In  1869  he  became  a  Visiting 
Physician  to  the  District  Lunatic  Asylum,  Downpatrick,  and  is  now 
in  medical  charge  of  the  County  of  Down  Prison.  He  has  contri- 
buted several  Reports  on  Surgery  to  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical 
Science. 

Dr.  Maconchy  is  married  to  a  daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  D.  W. 
Preston,  Rector  of  Killinkere. 

MICHAEL  M'HTJGH. 

Dr.  M'Hugh,  born  in  Dublin  on  the  22nd  October,  1855,  is  the 
son  of  Arthur  M'Hugh,  Auditor,  Local  Government  Board,  by  his 
wife  Anna  Frances.  He  receive!  his  earlier  education  in  the  School 
of  the  Catholic  University,  and,  having  entered  Trinity  College, 
graduated  in  Arts  in  1880,  and  in  medicine  in  1882.  Dr.  M'Hugh  at 
first  devoted  himself  to  the  physical  sciences,  and  studied  chemistry 
under  Professor  Hof  mann  in  Berlin  University,  and  various  sciences 
in  the  Royal  College  of  Science  of  Ireland.  Later  on  he  turned  his 
attention  to  medicine,  which  he  studied  in  the  Medical  Schools  of 
Trinity  College  and  Steevens'  Hospital,  and  in  Sir  Patrick  Dun's  and 
St.  Vincent's  Hospitals.  In  1880  he  won  a  Senior  Moderatorship  in 
modern  literature ;  in  1882  he  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the 
College,  and  in  1884  became  an  M.A.  He  lectured  on  Chemistry 
in  Steevens'  Hospital  School,  and  at  present  holds  the  following 


628         STEPHEN  M.  MACSWINEY. — ROBERT  B.  M'VITTIE. 

positions — Examiner  in  Medical  Jurisprudence  in  the  Royal  Uni- 
versity, Assistant-Physician  to  St.  Vincent's  Hospital,  and  Demon- 
strator of  Anatomy  in  the  Carmichael  College. 

STEPHEN  MTLES  MAC  SWINEY. 

Dr.  MacSwiney  was  born  at  Killarney  on  the  27th  June,  1821. 
He  is  the  son  of  the  late  Myles  D.  MacSwiney,  a  small  landed 
proprietor,  by  his  wife  Norah,  daughter  of  the  late  Thomas  John 
O'Reardon.  Both  parents  belonged  to  old  Kerry  families.  Dr. 
MacSwiney  was  educated  in  the  "  College,"  Killarney,  and,  having 
spent  two  years  apprenticed  to  a  local  medical  practitioner,  he 
came  to  Dublin,  and  prosecuted  his  medical  studies  in  the  school 
of  the  Apothecaries'  Hall,  Cecilia-street,  and  St.  Vincent's  Hospital. 
His  first  appointment  was  as  Resident  Medical  Officer  in  that 
hospital,  where  he  soon  won  the  friendship  of  M.  J.  O'Ferrall, 
which  subsequently  proved  serviceable  to  him.  He  next  became 
Physician,  Medical  Secretary,  and  Treasurer  to  the  General  Dis- 
pensary, which  position  he  resigned  on  being  appointed  Physician 
to  Jervis-street  Hospital.  Since  1843  his  degrees  and  diplomas 
bear  the  following  dates:— M.R.C.S.,  Eng.,  1844;  M.D.,  St. 
Andrew's,  1847;  Licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  11th 
August,  1854  ;  Fellow,  1877.  He  has  contributed  many  papers 
to  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science,  the  Irish  Hospital 
Gazette,  the  Medical  Press,  &c,  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  which 
is  an  account  of  syphilitic  phthisis,  which  appeared  in  the  first- 
named  journal.  Dr.  MacSwiney  is  married  to  Lucie,  daughter  of 
the  late  Henry  J.  Lyons,  Solicitor,  M.A.,  Univ.  Dubl.,  of  Dublin, 
and  has  issue  four  sons  and  seven  daughters. 

ROBERT  BLAKE  M'VITTIE. 

R.  B.  M'Vittie  was  born  at  Waterloo-road,  Dublin,  on  the  28th 
of  June,  1853.  He  is  the  son  of  Robert  B.  M'Vittie,  Secretary  of 
Steevens'  Hospital,  by  his  wife  Isabella,  daughter  of  Archibald 
Brown,  of  Charlestown,  County  Dublin.  Having  been  educated  at 
the  Wesleyan  College,  Stephen's-green,  he  prosecuted  his  studies  in 
Steevens'  Hospital  and  Medical  College  and  in  the  Queen's  College, 


SAMUEL  ROBERTS  MASON. — THOMAS  PETER  MASON.  629 

Galway  ;  and  obtained  the  Cusack  Medal  in  Steevens'  Hospital. 
He  lias  graduated  M.D.  in  the  Queen's  University,  and  holds  the 
Licences  of  the  Dublin  Colleges  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He 
was  a  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  Steevens'  Hospital  School, 
and  is  now  a  Lecturer  in  the  Carmichael  College,  and  is  largely 
engaged  in  medical  teaching.    He  is  unmarried. 

SAMUEL  ROBERTS  MASON. 

Samuel  R.  Mason  was  born  in  York-street,  Dublin,  on  the  5th 
day  of  November,  1852.  He  is  the  eldest  son  of  Dr.  T.  P.  Mason 
(see  below).  He  received  his  earlier  education  at  the  Academic 
Institute,  Harcourt-street,  and  graduated  in  Arts  in  the  University 
of  Dublin  in  1873,  and  in  Medicine  in  1874.  He  received  the 
Licence  of  the  College  in  1873,  and  the  Fellowship  in  1879,  and  is 
now  a  member  of  the  Midwifery  Court  of  Examiners.  He  received 
his  medical  education  in  the  Ledwich  and  T.C.D.  Schools  and  in 
Mercer's  Hospital.  He  was  elected  Master  of  the  Coombe  Lying- 
in  Hospital,  in  succession  to  Dr.  Kidd,  in  December,  1883,  and  was 
appointed,  in  1877,  Lecturer  on  Midwifery  and  on  the  Diseases 
peculiar  to  Women  and  Children  to  the  Ledwich  School  of  Medicine, 
Peter-street.  In  1882  he  married  Mary  Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter 
of  J.  Shine,  Esq.,  of  Ballymacrease,  County  of  Limerick,  and  had 
issue  one  son  (deceased). 

THOMAS  PETER  MASON. 

Dr.  Mason  is  descended  from  an  Englishman,  an  officer  in  the 
army  of  William  III.,  who  settled  at  Forth,  in  the  County  of 
Wexford.  One  of  his  descendants  joined  the  Society  of  Friends, 
and  the  great-grandson  of  this  person,  Peter  Mason,  married  Mary 
Schwartz,  a  lady  of  German  extraction ;  and  their  son,  Thomas  P. 
Mason,  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  10th  of  March,  1817. 

Dr.  Mason  received  his  education  in  the  Original,  now  the 
Ledwich,  School,  in  which,  in  1842,  he  became  a  Demonstrator  of 
Anatomy.  On  the  5th  November  in  that  year  he  became  a 
Licentiate  of  the  College,  and  passed  for  the  Fellowship  on  the  8th 
December,  1852.    In  1846  he  graduated  M.B.  in  the  London 


630  DANIEL  TOLER  MAUNSELL. 

University.  He  was  at  one  time  Assistant  Master  of  the  Coombe 
Lying-in  Hospital.  He  is  a  Physician  to  Mercer's  Hospital,  and 
was  for  some  time  Physician  to  Cork-street  Hospital.  As  a 
Lecturer  on  Anatomy  and  a  principal  proprietor  of  the  Ledwich 
School  of  Medicine  for  more  than  forty  years,  Dr.  Mason  has 
become  identified  with  medical  teaching  in  Dublin,  and  is  well 
known  to  hundreds,  indeed  to  thousands,  of  medical  men  scattered 
over  the  world.  In  1851  Dr.  Mason  married  Eliza  Roberts,  the 
daughter  of  an  eminent  Dublin  contractor  (she  is  deceased),  and 
he  has  three  sons — all  practising  Medicine — and  one  daughter. 


DANIEL  TOLER  MAUNSELL. 

D.  T.  Maunsell  was  born  on  the  24th  May,  1835,  in  Limerick. 
He  was  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Maunsell,  of  Ballywilliam,  by 
his  wife,  Alice,  daughter  of  Mr.  Maunsell,  of  Ballybrood,  county 
of  Limerick.  Having  been  privately  educated  he  entered  Trinity 
College,  and  graduated  in  Arts  in  1857,  and  in  Medicine  in  1859. 
He  studied  professionally  in  the  College  and  Trinity  College 
Schools.  In  1859  he  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the 
College.  Having  been  for  some  time  a  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy 
in  the  Carmichael  School,  he,  in  1866,  succeeded  Asken  as  Lecturer 
on  Botany  in  the  Ledwich  School,  and  was  temporary  Lecturer 
on  Materia  Medica  in  that  school  in  1859.  He  was  a  medical 
officer  of  one  of  the  South  City  Dispensaries,  and  exhibited  a  great 
interest  in  the  questions  relating  to  the  status  of  the  Poor  Law 
medical  officer.  He  wrote  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  the  Poor 
Laws  and  a  paper  on  the  Irish  Poor  Law  Medical  System,  and 
several  other  articles  on  medical  polemics.  Having  been  for  some 
months  in  a  declining  state  of  health,  he  died  from  debility  on  the 
8th  of  August,  1875,  and  was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery. 

Maunsell  married  Mary  Eliza,  daughter  of  Edward  Lake  Hinds, 
of  Westmoreland,  Barbadoes.  His  three  sons  and  three  daughters 
survive. 


ROBERT  CRAWFORD  MATNE. 


631 


ROBERT  CRAWFORD  MATNE. 

R.  C.  Mayne  was  born  on  the  11th  March,  1811,  at  Allenstown, 
county  of  Meath.  He  was  the  son  of  Robert  Mayne,  whose  father, 
Captain  Robert  Mayne,  married  a  daughter  and  co-heiress  of 
William  Waller,  of  Allenstown.  Dr.  Mayne's  mother  was  Sarah, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Crawford,  Vicar  of  St.  Mary's, 
Drogheda.  Mayne  was  educated  in  the  Drogheda  Grammar  School, 
and  having  received  some  medical  instruction  from  Dr.  Pentland,  in 
the  Drogheda  Infirmary,  he  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in 
1827.  He  was  apprenticed  on  the  28th  November,  1830,  to 
Thomas  E.  Beatty — who  at  that  time  was  a  Professor  in  the  College 
School — and  commenced  his  studies  under  such  able  teachers  as 
Jacob,  Harrison,  Colles,  Wilmot,  Marsh,  and  Apjohn.  On  the  8th 
March,  1836,  he  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College, 
and  on  the  13th  December,  1844,  became  a  Fellow.  In  1832, 
he  graduated  B.A.,  and  in  1838  M.B.  Mayne  began  to  teach 
Anatomy  in  the  Richmond  School  in  1836.  He  soon  acquired  a 
great  reputation  as  a  lecturer,  and  appears  to  have  caused  an 
increase  in  the  number  of  pupils  attending  at  that  institution. 
From  an  early  period  Mayne  appears  to  have  inclined  more  to  medi- 
cine than  surgery.  In  1832  he  was  actively  employed  combating 
cholera  in  the  Infirmary  of  the  town  of  his  adoption.  He  was  for 
two  years  Clinical  Clerk  in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  House 
of  Industry  Hospitals.  He  was  an  anatomist  of  the  first  order,  as 
attested  by  the  numerous  memorials  of  his  handiwork  preserved  in 
the  museum  of  the  Richmond  Hospital.  In  1845  he  was  appointed 
Physician  to  the  South  Dublin  Union  Workhouse,  in  which  he 
found  a  wide  field  for  clinical  studies.  In  1859  he  was  elected 
Physician  to  the  Adelaide  Hospital.  On  the  11th  August,  1854, 
he  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  on  the 
14th  April,  1856,  was  elected  a  Fellow,  resigning,  consequent 
thereon,  his  Fellowship  of  the  Surgeon's  College. 

In  1853,  after  seventeen  years'  experience  as  an  anatomical  teacher, 
Mayne  began  to  lecture  on  Medicine  at  the  Richmond  School,  and 
continued  to  do  so  until  his  death.   Mayne  died  from  typhus  fever  on 


632 


ROBERT  CRAWFORD  MAYNE. 


the  7th  April,  1864,  at  13  Upper  Gloucester-street,  and  was  interred 
in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery.  At  the  time  of  his  premature  decease 
he  had  attained  to  a  large  practice,  and  enjoyed  the  esteem  and 
respect  of  a  large  circle  of  friends.  Although  he  undoubtedly 
deserves  to  be  ranked  amongst  the  greatest  physicians  which  Ireland 
has  produced,  no  one  ever  made  less  parade  of  his  talents. 

Mayne's  papers,  read  before  the  Pathological  Society,  and  his 
contributions  to  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science,  are  of  the 
highest  practical  value.  His  account  of  the  Epidemic  of  Cerebro- 
spinal Meningitis  in  Ireland,  in  1846,  will  always  be  worth  reading. 
His  description  of  Dysentery,  especially  of  its  sequela,  is  admitted 
to  be  a  most  valuable,  and  in  many  respects,  original  paper.  His 
observations  on  Pericarditis,  in  Vol.  VII.  of  the  Dublin  Journal 
of  Medical  Science,  were  translated  into  French  and  German;  in 
them  he  pointed  out  that  epigastric  tenderness  is  symptomatic  of 
pericarditis  —  an  observation  now  acknowledged  to  be  of  great 
diagnostic  use  when  physical  signs  are  absent  or  obscure.  He 
published  a  remarkable  paper  on  Open  Foramen  Ovale.  Like  so 
many  Dublin  medical  men,  he  made  a  special  study  of  aneurysms. 
His  paper  on  Varicose  Aneurysms,  in  Vol.  XIV.  of  the  Dublin 
Journal  of  Medical  Science,  is  copiously  illustrated  by  coloured 
drawings.  In  the  artistic  department  of  his  work  he  received  the 
assistance  of  the  well-known  Mr.  Connolly.  The  articles  on  the 
"Optic  Nerve"  and  the  "  Perina3um,"  in  "Todd's  Cyclopaedia," 
were  contributed  by  him. 

Mayne  married  Susan,  daughter  of  Robert  Kellett,  of  Waterstown, 
Moynalty,  near  Kells,  High  Sheriff  of  County  Cavan.  Dr.  Charles 
Mayne,  of  Ballybrack,  is  his  son,  and  the  late  Pelham  Mayne, 
Solicitor  to  the  College,  was  his  brother.  Mayne's  eldest  son, 
Robert  St.  John,  of  Rutland-Square,  Dublin,  was  Surgeon  to  the 
Meath  Hospital  and  County  of  Dublin  Infirmary,  and  lost  his  life 
in  the  discharge  of  his  duties  through  a  virulent  attack  of  smallpox 
in  the  epidemic  of  1870-71.  Of  Dr.  Mayne's  eight  children  only 
three  are  now  alive. 


THOMAS  R.  MITCHELL. — JOHN  WILLIAM  MOORE.  633 


THOMAS  ROBINSON  MITCHELL. 

Dr.  Mitchell  was  born  at  Leicester  on  the  12th  April,  1815. 
His  father  was  the  Vicar  of  St.  Mary's,  in  that  town,  and  Chaplain 
to  H.E.H.  the  Duke  of  York.  His  mother  was  Penelope  Fancourt. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Grammar  School  of  his  native  town  and  in 
the  Merchant  Tailors'  School,  London.  He  was  first  sent  to  a 
surgeon  at  Loughborough,  and  from  him  came  to  Dublin,  where  he 
received,  in  the  College  School,  the  necessary  education  to  "  pass" 
him  for  the  Letters  Testimonial,  which  he  received  on  the  30th 
May,  1838  (he  had  taken  the  Licence  of  the  London  Apothecaries 
in  1836).  In  1841  he  became  a  L.A.H.  of  Dublin,  but  retired 
from  that  position  in  1844  on  being  co-opted,  on  the  16th  February, 
a  Fellow  of  the  College.  In  1846  his  medical  qualifications 
attained  their  crescendo  in  the  shape  of  a  M.D.  degree  from  the 
University  of  St.  Andrew's.  For  some  years  he  was  Master  of  the 
South-Eastern  Lying-in  Hospital.  In  1840  he  lectured  on  Materia 
Medica  at  the  Marlborough-street  School;  in  1841  he  was  appointed 
Lecturer  on  Botany  and  Natural  History  in  the  Dublin  School,  and 
from  1842  to  1851  he  lectured  on  Midwifery  in  the  latter  institu- 
tion. In  1852  he  removed  to  Liverpool,  and  from  thence  to 
Thetford,  of  which  he  became  Coroner,  and  in  which  he  held 
various  other  offices.  He  had  a  large  general  practice,  but  in  the 
latter  part  of  his  life  he  acquired  a  great  reputation  as  a  skilful 
surgeon — in  fact,  Nihil  tetigit  quod  non  ornavit.  He  married  (1) 
Lydia  Vincent  and  (2)  Hester  Potterton.  The  Rev.  St.  J ohn  F. 
Mitchell,  British  Chaplain  at  Rotterdam  and  Utrecht,  is  his  son. 
He  died  from  heart  disease  on  the  15th  November,  1874,  at  Pentney 
Vicarage,  Norfolk.  Beside  a  Manual  of  Botany  (1838)  and  a 
Treatise  on  the  Use  of  the  Speculum  (1850),  he  contributed  several 
papers  to  the  Lancet  and  Medical  Press. 

JOHN  WILLIAM  MOORE. 

Dr.  Moore  was  born  on  the  23rd  of  October,  1845,  at  7  South 
Anne-street,  Dublin.  He  is  the  elder  son  of  the  late  William 
Daniel  Moore,  M.D.  Univ.  Dubl.  et  Cantab.,  a  physician  of  high 


634 


JOHN  "WILLIAM  MOORE. 


literary  reputation,  and  a  linguist  of  whom  it  was  said — "  Medico 
irlandese  assai  conosciuto  per  le  sue  numerose  traduzioni  delle  opere 
mediche  europee.  Egli  conosceva  il  francese,  il  tedesco,  lo  spagnuolo, 
lo  svedese,  l'olandese — era  insomnia  un  altro  cardinal  Mezzofanti, 
un  vero  poliglotto."*  Dr.  W.  D.  Moore  married,  in  1844,  Catherine 
Mary  Monsarrat,  or  Montserrat,  as  the  name  is  now  more  usually 
and  correctly  spelled.  His  first-born  and  elder  son,  John  William, 
was  educated  generally  in  the  Dublin  High  School,  76  Stephen's- 
green,  South  (Principal,  Matthias  Hare,  LL.D.),  and  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Dublin,  where  he  took  a  Scholarship  in  Classics  in  1865,  and 
professionally  in  the  School  of  Physic  in  Ireland,  and  at  the  Meath 
and  Sir  Patrick  Dun's  Hospitals.  The  following  are  the  dates  of 
his  degrees  and  diplomas: — B.A.  Univ.  Dubl.,  1865;  M.B.  and 
M.Ch.,  1868 ;  M.D.  (stip.  cond.),  1871 ;  Diplomate  in  State  Medicine 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1871;  L.K.Q.C.P.  and  L.M.,  1870; 
F.K.Q.C.P.,  1873. 

On  the  8th  of  April,  1875,  Dr.  Moore  succeeded  Dr.  Stokes  as 
Physician  to  the  Meath  Hospital.  He  was  until  recently  Senior 
Physician  to  the  Cork-street  Fever  Hospital,  Dublin.  He  has  been 
Lecturer  on  Practice  of  Medicine  in  the  Carmichael  College,  Dublin, 
since  February,  1875.  He  is  Registrar  of  the  King  and  Queen's 
College  of  Physicians,  of  which  he  was  Vice-President  in  1881-82. 
Since  1873  he  has  been  Acting  Editor  of  the  Dublin  Journal  of 
Medical  Science,  to  which  he  has  contributed  several  original  papers 
of  interest.  He  has,  like  his  father,  a  knowledge  of  several  lan- 
guages, including  Swedish  and  Norwegian,  and  has  translated 
several  medical  papers  from  the  Scandinavian  journals.  For  many 
years  he  has  been  an  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Swedish  Society  of 
Physicians.  He  is  an  expert  in  Meteorology,  and  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Meteorological  Society,  and  represents  in  Dublin  the  Meteoro- 
logical Department  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  is  one  of  the  four 
co-authors  of  the  "  Manual  of  Public  Health  for  Ireland,  1875,"  and 
has  contributed  numerous  papers  to  the  journals,  of  which  the  more 
important  are—"  Mean  Temperature  in  Relation  to  Disease"  (Dublin 

*  Annuario  delle  Scienze  Mediche.  Anno  II.  1871.  Milano  :  Dott.  Francesco 
Vallardi,  1872.    Page  348. 


WILLIAM  MOOEE. 


635 


Journal  of  Medical  Science,  Vol.  48),  and  "  Pythogenic  Pneu- 
monia"— conjointly  with  Dr.  Grimshaw — (Ibid.,  Vol.  59).  He  is 
the  editor  of  Stokes'  work  on  "  Fever." 

Dr.  Moore  married,  first,  Ellie,  only  daughter  of  the  late  John 
Ridley,  M.D.,  of  Moore  Hall,  Tullamore,  King's  County;  and, 
secondly,  Louisa  Emma,  daughter  of  the  late  Edmund  J.  Armstrong, 
J.P.,  D.L.,  44  Lower  Leeson-street,  Dublin,  and  County  of  Clare. 
He  has  three  sons  and  two  daughters. 

WILLIAM  MOORE. 

Dr.  Moore  was  horn  on  the  13th  November,  1827,  at  Moore 
Lodge,  Ballymoney,  County  of  Antrim.    He  is  the  eldest  son  of 
the  late  Alexander  Moore,  of  Rosnashane,  by  his  wife  May,  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  B.  Mitchell.    The  Moores  came  to  Ireland  from  the 
north  of  England  in  the  time  of  James  I.    One  of  them,  Roger 
Moore,  did  successful  battle  against  the  French  when  they  landed  at 
Carrickfergus.    They  were  originally  Quakers,  but  became  attached 
to  the  Established  Church  towards  the  end  of  the  last  century.  The 
elder  members  have  always  been  Grand  Jurors  of  the  County  of 
Antrim,  and  for  more  than  a  century  have,  with  one  exception,  dis- 
charged the  office  of  High  Sheriff.    Dr.  Moore  was  educated  by 
the  Rev.  Stephen  Gvvynn,  Rector  of  Port  Stewart,  and  subsequently 
became  a  student  in  T.C.D.    He  graduated  in  Arts  in  1848,  and 
in  Medicine  in  1850,  taking  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  1860.    On  the 
6th  July,  1850,  he  "passed"  at  the  College.    In  1855  he  became 
a  Licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  of  which  he  was  elected 
a  Fellow  on  the  31st  October,  1859,  and  President  on  St.  Luke's 
Day  in  1882.    He  was  connected  with  the  Dublin  and  the  Ledwich 
Schools,  and  subsequently  discharged  for  many  years  the  duties  of 
King's  Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Medicine  in  the  School  of  Physic. 
He  succeeded  the  late  B.  G.  MacDowel  as  Physician-in-Ordinary 
to  the  Queen.    He  is  a  Past  President  of  the  Pathological  Society. 
He  was  Physician  for  many  years  to  Mercer's  Hospital  and  the  Pitt- 
street  Hospital  for  Diseases  of  Children.    On  becoming  connected 
with  the  School  of  Physic  he  became  ex-offucio  Physician  to  Sir 
Patrick  Dun's  Hospital.    He  is  a  J.P.  for  the  County  of  Antrim. 


636 


"WILLIAM  ISAAC  MORGAN. 


Dr.  Moore's  writings  are  voluminous,  and  have  appeared  chiefly  in 
the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science,  the  Dublin  and  the  Irish 
Hospital  Gazettes,  and  the  Medical  Press  and  Circular.  Several 
brochures  have  also  issued  from  his  pen.  He  has  given  great  atten- 
tion to  the  subject  of  fever. 

Dr.  Moore  married,  in  1863,  Sidney  Mary,  daughter  of  Abraham 
Fuller,  of  Woodfield,  King's  County,  and  has  six  sons. 

WILLIAM  ISAAC  MORGAN. 

W.  Morgan  was  the  fourth  son  of  Robert  Morgan,  of  Dublin, 
and  was  born  there  on  the  22nd  February,  1791.  He  entered 
Trinity  College  in  November,  1809,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1814, 
M.A.  in  1834,  M.D.  (Edin.)  1815,  and  Fellow  of  King  and  Queen's 
College  of  Physicians,  Ireland,  1827.  He  died  at  Liverpool,  16th 
May,  1860,  and  was  buried  there.  He  married  first,  Diana,  daughter 
of  Edmund  Grange,  of  Cheltenham,  by  whom  he  had  issue  one  son, 
who  died  in  infancy;  and  secondly,  Maria,  daughter  of  Jacob 
Geoghegan,  of  Dublin  (she  died  1st  April,  1869),  by  whom  he  left 
surviving  issue. 


TUE  WHITWORTH  HOSPITAL,  DRUMCONDRA. 


r.  Morgan  was  for  many  years  Physician  to  the  Whitworth 


J.  MOORE  NELIGAN. 


637 


Fever  Hospital  and  the  General  Dispensary.  He  was  fond  of  the 
natural  sciences,  and  was  a  Corresponding  Member  of  the  National 
Institute  of  America.  He  was  the  author  of  some  works  of  a 
religious  character,  contributed  several  articles  to  the  journals,  and 
published,  in  1825,  a  Report  on  the  Whitworth  Fever  Hospital — 
an  institution  in  which  he  took  great  interest.  This  hospital  has  been 
often  confounded  with  one  of  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals,  also 
named  the  Whitworth.  The  Whitworth  Hospital  at  Drumcondra 
(with  which  Mr.  William  Elliott,  F.R.C.S  ,  has  been  long  asso- 
ciated) does  not  now  receive  infectious  cases. 


J.  MOORE  NELIGAN. 

Dr.  Neligan  was  born  in  1815,  at  Clonmel.    His  father  was  a 
physician  in  that  town,  and  died  whilst  his  son  was  very  young. 
His  mother  was  Marcella,  daughter  of  William  Hayes,  of  the  County 
of  Limerick.   Neligan  was  educated  for  his  profession  in  Edinburgh, 
where  he  graduated  in  1836,  being  then  but  twenty-one  years  of 
age.    He  returned  to  Clonmel  and  there  practised  for  a  few  months, 
then  removed  to  Cork,  and  finally,  in  1840,  settled  in  Dublin.  He 
was  soon  appointed  Physician  to  Jervis-street  Hospital,  and,  in 
1841,  began  to  lecture  on  Materia  Medica  in  the  Dublin  School, 
Peter-street.    In  1853  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  M.D. 
of  Dublin  University,  on  the  26th  of  January,  1846,  he  obtained 
the  diploma  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  on  the  31st  October, 
1853,  was  elected  a  Fellow.    He  was  an  Honorary  Member  of  the 
Society  of  Physicians  of  Sweden,  and  of  several  other  societies. 
Neligan  is  best  known  by  his  work  entitled — "  Medicines :  their 
Uses  and  Modes  of  Administration" — which,  under  the  able  editor- 
ship of  Mr.  Rawdon  Macnamara,  continues  to  be  a  popular  work, 
and  has  reached  a  seventh  edition.    He  wrote  a  treatise  on  Diseases 
of  the  Scalp,  and  one  on  Diseases  of  the  Skin,  and  edited  Grave's 
"  Clinical  Lectures,"  second  edition.    His  "  Atlas  of  Skin  Diseases  " 
was  a  meritorious  production.    He  was  for  some  years  editor  of  the 
Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science.    Neligan  married,  in  1839, 
Kate,  daughter  of  Rev.  and  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Gumbleton,  of  Curraglass 


638         CHRISTOPHER  J.  NIXON.— FREDERICK  A.  NIXON. 

House,  County  Waterford.  He  died  childless  on  the  24th  July, 
1863. 

CHRISTOPHER  JOHN  NIXON. 

Dr.  Nixon,  born  in  Dublin  on  the  30th  June,  1849,  is  the  son  of 
Christopher  William  Nixon,  Railway  Carrier  and  Agent,  by  his 
wife,  Mary  Frances,  daughter  of  John  Joseph  Hackett,  Black  Hill, 
County  of  Kildare.  He  was  educated  at  Terenure  College  and 
T.C.D.,  and  received  his  medical  instruction  in  the  School  of  the 
Catholic  University  and  in  the  Mater  Misericordise  and  House  of 
Industry  Hospitals.  He  graduated  M.B.  in  1878,  and  has  also 
taken  the  degree  of  LL.D.  In  1868  he  obtained  the  Letters 
Testimonial  of  the  College,  and  in  the  year  following  "  passed"  at  the 
College  of  Physicians,  of  which  he  became  a  Fellow  in  1877.  He 
is  a  Senior  Physician  to  the  Mater  Misericordias  Hospital ;  Visiting 
Physician  to  the  Central  Criminal  Lunatic  Asylum,  Dundrum  ; 
Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  in  the  School  of  the  Catholic 
University ;  and  a  Fellow,  M.D.  honoris  causa,  and  Examiner  in 
Anatomy  of  the  Royal  University.  He  was  Physician  to  Earl 
Cowper  when  Lord  Lieutenant.  He  was  appointed  a  Commissioner 
to  investigate  into  an  outbreak  of  fever  in  the  West  of  Ireland,  and 
he  has  contributed  several  papers  to  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical 
Science  and  other  publications.  Dr.  Nixon  is  married  to  Mary 
Agnes,  daughter  of  Dominick  Blake,  Carrowkeele,  County  of  Mayo, 
and  has  issue,  two  sons  and  three  daughters. 


FREDERICK  ALCOCK  NIXON. 

F.  A.  Nixon  was  born  in  Enniskillen,  on  the  23rd  September, 
1850.  His  father,  Frederick  Trimnel  Nixon,  was  son  of  Mont- 
gomery Nixon,  M.D.,  J.P.,  of  Lakeview,  County  of  Fermanagh, 
and  his  mother  was  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Adam  Nixon,  of  Graan, 
County  of  Fermanagh,  Clerk  of  the  Peace  for  same  county.  His 
grandfathers,  Montgomery  and  Adam  Nixon,  were  sons  of  Alexander 
Nixon,  of  Nixon  Hall,  County  of  Fermanagh,  who  married  Miss 
Mary  Montgomery,  of  Bessmouut  Park,  County  of  Monaghan. 


ROBERT  LAW  DRELINCOURT  NIXON. 


639 


He  was  educated  at  Eaplioe  Eoyal  School,  and  received  his  profes- 
sional instruction  in  the  Ledwich  School  of  Medicine  and  Mercer's 
Hospital.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons  and 
for  some  time  served  on  their  Council.  He  is  also  a  Member  of  the 
College  of  Physicians,  Surgeon  to  Mercer's  Hospital,  and  Lectm-er 
on  Surgery  in  the  Ledwich  School  of  Medicine.  Mr.  Nixon  served 
as  Surgeon  in  the  Eoyal  Navy,  having  obtained  first  place  in  the 
open  competition  for  Navy  Surgeoncies,  at  the  examinations  held  in 
August,  1871,  at  London,  and  at  Netley,  in  February,  1872.  He 
resigned  his  commission  in  1874.  He  has  contributed  several 
papers  to  the  Medical  Journals,  among  others  being  one  on  "  Suc- 
cessful Excision  of  the  Entire  Scapula,  with  Tumour  weighing  four 
pounds,"  and  "  Eemoval  of  Large  Osseous  Tumour  of  the  Upper 
Jaw  without  External  Wound."  Mr.  Nixon  is  married  to  Elizabeth 
Mary,  eldest  daughter  of  John  Griffin,  Stockbroker,  of  Dublin. 


ROBERT  LAW  DRELINCOURT  NIXON. 

E.  L.  D.  Nixon,  born  in  Kent  in  1801,  was  son  of  Captain 
George  Eccles  Nixon,  25th  Eegiment  (King's  Own  Borderers),  by 
his  wife  Abigail,  nee  Clements.  He  entered  T.C.D.  and  graduated 
B.A.  in  1823,  M.A.  and  M.B.  in  1837,  and  M.D.  in  1851.  In 
August,  1818,  he  was  indentured  for  five  years  to  Thomas  Eumley, 
and  entered  as  a  pupil  in  the  College  School.  He  subsequently 
attended  Lectures  in  the  School  of  Physic.  In  1828  he  obtained 
the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College,  and  was  elected  a  member 
on  the  7th  February,  1842.  For  25  years  he  was  Surgeon  to  St. 
George's  Dispensary,  and  he  was  also  Medical  Attendant  at  No.  1 
North  Dublin  Dispensary.  From  1835  to  1849  he  lectured  on 
Midwifery  in  the  Dublin  School  of  Medicine,  and  was  for  several 
years  an  Examiner  in  Midwifery  at  the  College.  He  contributed 
some  articles  to  the  journals.  Nixon  died  from  diabetes  on  the 
15th  March,  1853,  in  Grenville-street,  and  was  interred  in  old 
St.  George's  churchyard,  Lower  Temple-street,  Dublin.  He  married 
Emma  Fielding  Leet,  sister  of  Dr.  Leet  (see  page  617),  who, 
together  with  five  sons  and  two  daughters,  survived  him. 


640 


RICHAKD  LORENZO  NUNN. — JOHN  O'BRIEN. 


RICHARD  LORENZO  NUNN. 

R.  L.  Nunn  was  born  in  Dawson-street,  Dublin,  in  August,  1802. 
His  father  was  Joshua  Nunn,  Solicitor  and  Law  Agent  to  the 
University.  His  education  was  conducted  in  the  Rev.  W.  White's 
School  in  South  Frederick-street,  and  in  Trinity  College,"  Dublin. 
On  November  17th,  1820,  he  was  indentured  to  Charles  H.  Todd. 
He  took  the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1824,  and  of  M.A.  in  1833.  He 
studied  in  the  College  and  Richmond  Schools,  and  in  the  House  of 
Industry  Hospitals.  In  1828  he  "passed"  at  the  College,  and  in 
the  same  year  became  a  Demonstrator  in  the  Richmond  School, 
and  took  charge  of  its  Museum,  which  he  subsequently  improved 
and  extended.  On  the  4th  May,  1835,  he  was  elected  a  Member 
of  the  College,  and  in  the  following  year  he  was  appointed  Lecturer 
on  Medical  Jurisprudence  in  the  Richmond  School.  During  nine 
years  he  worked  hard  as  Medical  Officer  of  the  South  Eastern 
Dispensary  District.  It  was  his  custom  to  see  every  morning,  at 
his  own  house,  poor  but  respectable  people  whose  pride,  perhaps, 
prevented  them  from  attending  at  the  dispensary.  Although 
suffering  from  severe  influenza  which  lowered  his  vital  powers,  he 
continued  in  attendance  upon  his  fever-stricken  patients  during  the 
fatal  year  of  1847  ;  he  was  stricken  with  typhus  fever  and  succumbed 
to  it  on  the  16th  December,  1847.  Nunn  was  a  man  who  deservedly 
stood  high  in  the  estimation  of  his  professional  brethren.  He  was  a 
most  accomplished  musician  and  composer. 

JOHN  o'brien. 

J.  O'Brien  was  born  in  1786.  He  graduated  M.B.  in  Dublin 
University  in  1808,  having,  in  1805,  secured  a  Scholarship.  On 
the  1st  October,  1812,  he  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  was  elected  a  Fellow  on  the  14th  April,  1817,  and 
became  President  in  1824.  When  a  young  man,  he  served  for  one 
year  as  Assistant-Surgeon  in  the  army.  He  settled  in  Dublin  in 
1810,  but  never  got  into  a  good  practice.  His  tastes  were  literary. 
He  wrote  an  erudite  work  on  "  The  Acute  and  Chronic  Dysentery 
of  Ireland"  (Dublin:  1822,  8vo,  pp.  99),  and  his  Reports  on  Cork- 


KEVIN  IZOD  O'DOHERTY. 


641 


street  Fever  Hospital,  from  1814  to  1837,  contain  valuable  informa- 
tion for  the  epidemiologist.  He  was  Librarian  to  the  College  of 
Physicians  for  many  years,  and  lectured  on  Medicine  in  the  Moore- 
street  School.  He  resided  in  Ardee-street  (now  a  purlieu),  in  the 
Liberties,  and  died  there  in  December,  1845,  aged  sixty-four. 

KEVIN  IZOD  O'DOHERTY. 

Mr.  O'Doherty  was  born  on  the  7th  September,  1823,  in  Glou- 
cester-street, Dublin.    His  father,  William  Izod,  a  solicitor,  married 
Anne,  daughter  of  James  M'Evoy,  who  built  Leinster-street  and 
Lincoln-place.    The  O'Dohertys  were  for  centuries  a  sept  in  the 
peninsula  of  Ennisowen.     The  grandfather  of  Mr.  O'Doherty, 
Kevin  Izod  O'Doherty,  was  a  brewer  in  Watling-street  at  the 
beginning  of  the  century.    Mr.  O'Doherty  was  educated  chiefly  by 
the  late  Rev.  Dr.  Cahill,  and  partly  at  Dr.  Wall's  School,  Hume- 
street.    In  1842  he  was  apprenticed  to  Michael  Donovan,  the 
eminent  chemist  and  pharmaceutist,  and  prosecuted  his  professional 
studies  in  the  College  and  Ledwich  Schools,  and  in  the  Meath  and 
St.  Vincent's  Hospitals.    For  two  years  he  was  resident  pupil  in 
St.  Mark's  Ophthalmic  Hospital.    In  1848,  having  finished  his 
curriculum,  and  being  on  the  point  of  presenting  himself  for  exami- 
nation at  the  College  of  Surgeons,  he  became  compromised  in  the 
political  agitations  of  that  year,  and  in  conjunction  with  nine  other 
students — several  of  whom  subsequently  attained  to  great  professional 
distinction — started  a  journal  for  the  advocacy  of  Irish  independence. 
Being  the  registered  proprietor  of  this  journal,  he  was  held  respon- 
sible for  the  revolutionary  character  of  the  articles  which  appeared 
in  it;  he  was  prosecuted,  convicted,  and  exiled  for  a  period  of 
ten  years.     Six  years  of  this  banishment  he  spent  in  Tasmania, 
acting  during  part  of  the  time  as  Resident  Medical  Officer  of  St. 
Mary's  Hospital.    After  this  he  was  permitted  to  reside  in  any 
place  save  Ireland ;  but  this  restriction  was  removed  eighteen  months 
later.    Having  studied  for  two  years  in  Paris,  he  obtained  the 
Fellowship  of  the  College  on  the  11th  June,  1857,  and  shortly 
afterwards  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  in  the  Ledwich 
School,  and  Surgeon  to  St.  Vincent's  Hospital.    In  1859  he 

2  T 

l 


642 


JOSEPH  MICHAEL  O'FERRALL. 


emigrated  with  his  family  to  Queensland,  Australia,  in  which  he 
soon  realised  a  large  and  lucrative  practice.  In  1866  he  was  nomi- 
nated a  Life  Member  of  the  Legislative  Assembly,  and  subsequently 
became  a  Member  of  the  Legislative  Council.  In  1884  he  was 
appointed  the  President  of  the  Queensland  Medical  Society,  just 
established.  In  1885  he  returned  to  Ireland,  having  been  succeeded 
in  his  practice  by  his  eldest  son,  a  Licentiate  of  the  College.  On 
the  31st  August  the  Corporation  of  Dublin  conferred  upon  him  the 
honorary  freedom  of  the  city,  and  in  November,  1885,  he  was  elected 
M.P.  for  North  Meath  as  a  "  Nationalist." 

JOSEPH  MICHAEL  O'FERRALL. 

J.  M.  O'Ferrall  was  born  about  the  year  1790  in  Exchequer- 
street,  Dublin.  His  mother  belonged  to  a  highly  respectable 
family,  and  possessed  considerable  personal  attractions,  but  having 
become  a  Roman  Catholic,  her  relatives  turned  her  adrift,  and  she 
married  a  humble  but  honest  and  kind-hearted  man.  They  had 
two  sons  and  a  daughter.  The  former  were,  it  is  believed, 
educated  at  Mr.  Samuel  Whyte's  well-known  school  in  Grafton- 
street.  In  their  early  days  the  family  were  greatly  assisted  by  the 
clergymen  of  the  Carmelite  Church  of  St.  Teresa.  O'Ferrall  was 
for  several  years  a  clerk  in  the  Blackpits  distillery ;  and  although  his 
salary  was  small,  he  contrived  to  contribute  towards  the  maintenance 
of  his  brother  and  sister,  and  to  save  money.  It  was,  probably,  at 
this  time,  and  under  peculiar  circumstances,  that  O'Ferrall  acquired 
those  extremely  economical — I  will  not  term  them  parsimonious- 
habits,  which  clung  to  him  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  In  1815  he 
bound  himself  to  James  Rivers,  and  on  his  death  was  transferred 
to  Carmichael.  His  studies  were  conducted  at  the  College  School 
and  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals.  In  1821  he  became  a 
Licentiate,  and  on  the  4th  August,  1823,  a  member  of  the  College. 
About  this  time  he  lectured  on  Anatomy  in  the  old  Richmond 
School,  in  the  yard  of  the  Hardwicke  Fever  Hospital  (see  page  518). 
His  name  appears  in  the  Registry  of  pupils  at  the  College  as  Farrell, 
and  that  name  is  upon  his  diplomas,  but  he  changed  the  orthography 
several  times,  Ferrall  and  Ferrill  being  adopted  and  discarded, 


JOSEPH  MICHAEL  O'FERRALL. 


643 


and  O'Ferrall  becoming  the  ultimate  cognomen.  Dr.  Mapother 
says  that  the  pronunciation  of  his  name  which  gave  him  greatest 
satisfaction,  as  expressive  of  universal  superiority,  was  "  Over-all." 
In  1827  O'Ferrall  became  Surgeon  to  the  Maison  de  SantS.  In 
1834,  when  the  Hospital  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  was  opened  in  St. 
Stephen's-green  by  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  he  was  appointed 
Surgeon,  and,  until  Bellingham  joined  him  in  1835,  the  only  one 
attached  to  that  large  institution.  In  1840  his  mother  died,  an 
event  which  caused  him  profound  sorrow.  He  was  most  affectionate 
in  his  family  relations.  By  his  aid  his  younger  brother,  Simon 
Ansley,  studied  for  the  English  Bar,  of  which  he  became  an 
ornament;  he  was  the  author  of  the  work  on  "Parliamentary 
Law  relating  to  the  House  of  Commons,"  published  in  London  in 
1837.  Miss  O'Ferrall  kept  house  for  her  brother,  and  travelled 
about  with  him.  His  most  intimate  friend  was  Dr.  John  Aldridge 
(see  page  545).  Early  in  life  his  sight  began  to  fail,  and  for  many 
years  he  was  almost  blind.  His  thirst  for  knowledge  was  insatiable, 
and,  so  long  as  he  could  read,  he  spent  many  hours  daily  in  that 
occupation,  and  during  the  latter  years  of  his  life  some  young  man 
usually  read  to  him. 

O'Ferrall  died  on  the  23rd  December,  1868,  at  his  residence,  15 
Merrion-square,  North,  of  sclerosis  of  the  spinal  cord,  and  was 
interred  in  the  vaults  of  St.  Teresa's  Church,  Clarendon-street, 
Dublin. 

O'Ferrall  was  an  excellent  pathologist,  and  had  an  extraordinary 
degree  of  skill  in  the  diagnosis  of  tumours.  He  was  a  voluminous 
writer ;  Dr.  Mapother  says  that  he  produced  about  109  papers.  In 
the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science  for  J uly,  1841,  he  states  that 
anatomists  are  in  error  in  placing  the  globe  of  the  eye  in  contact 
with  the  fat  and  muscle  of  the  orbit,  and  that  a  fibrous  tunic  invests 
and  insulates  the  eyeball.  This  tunica  vaginalis  oculi  presents  a 
smooth  surface  to  the  eye,  facilitating  its  movements,  and,  by  its 
density  and  tension,  protecting  the  orb  from  the  pressure  of  its 
muscles  during  their  action.  The  openings  in  the  tunic  perforin 
the  office  of  pulleys,  directing  the  force  exerted  by  the  muscles, 
securing  the  motions  of  rotation,  and  opposing  those  of  retraction. 


644 


EDWARD  STAMER  o'GRADY. 


At  this  time  O'Ferrall  was  unaware  that  the  structure  which  he 
had  discovered  had  a  short  time  previously  been  described  by  M. 
Tenon.  O'Ferrall's  description,  however,  and  especially  in  regard 
to  the  pathology  of  the  parts,  gives  information  which  is  not 
mentioned  by  Tenon.  His  suggestion  of  enucleation  instead  of  the 
extirpation  of  the  eyeball  for  disease  was,  prior  to  Bonnet's  proposal, 
to  the  same  effect,  though  the  operation  is  generally  termed  after 
Bonnet.  O'Ferrall  made  some  observations  which  led  him  to 
dispute  with  O'Beirne  the  priority  of  the  discovery  of  certain  valves 
in  the  rectum.  He  made  an  excellent  suggestion  that  tumours 
should  be  elevated  before  being  removed,  in  order  to  allow  blood  and 
serum  to  gravitate  from  them.  In  the  London  Medical  Record  for 
1841  he  showed  that  morbus  coxje  may  be  simulated  by  periostitis 
of  the  femur,  and  by  cancer  of  the  femur  and  ilium. 

EDWARD  STAMER  o'GRADY. 

Mr.  O' Grady  was  born  on  the  23rd  November,  1838,  in  Baggot- 
street,  Dublin.  He  is  the  son  of  the  late  Edward  Stamer  O'Grady, 
4th  Dragoon  Guards,  by  his  wife,  Wilhelmina,  daughter  of  the  late 
Richard  A.  Rose,  of  Ahabeg,  County  of  Limerick.  He  received 
his  earlier  education  in  the  Academic  Institute,  Harcourt-street, 
and  Dr.  Wall's  School,  Hume-street.  Having  entered  Trinity 
College,  he  graduated  in  Arts,  in  Medicine,  and  in  Surgery,  in 
1859.  He  studied  in  the  School  of  Physic,  and  on  completing  his 
curriculum  he  spent  a  considerable  time  in  visiting  and  studying 
in  the  Hospitals  and  Medical  Schools  of  Paris,  Berlin,  Dresden, 
Vienna,  New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and  other  cities.  During 
his  attendance  at  the  City  of  Dublin  Hospital,  Upper  Baggot-street, 
he  won  a  Purser  Studentship.  In  1861  he  obtained  the  Letters 
Testimonial,  and  in  1863  the  Fellowship,  of  the  College;  becoming 
in  1861  a  Licentiate,  and  in  1883  a  Member,  of  the  College  of 
Physicians.  He  was  a  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  in  the  Carmichael 
School,  and  at  present  is  Senior  Surgeon  to  Mercer's  Hospital  and 
Senior  Examiner  in  the  Surgical  and  Dental  Courts  of  Examiners  of 
the  College.  He  has  contributed  largely  to  the  pages  of  the  Dublin 
Journal  of  Medical  Science,  the  Medical  Press,  and  the  Irish  Hospital 


WILLIAM  HAGERTY  o'LEARY. 


645 


Gazette.  Mr.  O'Grady  is  married  to  Minnie,  eldest  daughter  of  the 
late  John  Bishop,  of  Galbally,  County  of  Limerick,  and  has  issue 
three  sons  and  two  daughters  (one  of  the  latter  died  in  April,  1886). 

WILLIAM  HAGERTY  O'LEARY. 

W.  H.  O'Leary  was  born  on  the  18th  June,  1836,  at  Dublin. 
His  father,  Thomas  J.  Leary,  was  connected  with  the  building 
trade  and  with  a  slate  quarry  in  the  Vale  of  Avoca,  which  he  and 
others  tried  to  work  profitably ;  his  wife,  Maria  Henrietta  Stuart 
was  the  daughter  of  William  Stuart  Hagerty  of  London,  a  descen- 
dant from  an  Ii-ish  family  settled  in  England  for  two  centuries. 
W.  H.  O'Leary  was  the  only  surviving  son  of  his  parents,  and  he 
prefixed  an  "  O"  to  his  patronymic.  He  was  educated  in  a  small 
private  school  in  Peter-street.  When  about  seventeen  years  old  he 
attended  the  lectures  and  laboratory  of  the  Dublin  Chemical  Society, 
and  to  this  circumstance  he  attributed  his  entry  to  the  medical  pro- 
fession. He  studied  in  the  Ledwich,  Catholic  University,  and  Gal  way, 
College  Medical  Schools,  winning  several  prizes,  including  a  gold 
medal  and  an  exhibition.  In  1862  he  became  a  Licentiate,  and  in 
1871  a  Fellow,  of  the  College,  of  which,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  he 
was  an  Examiner.  He  was  a  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  in  the  Ledwich 
School  and  a  Surgeon  to  St.  Vincent's  Hospital.  At  the  trial  of 
Kelly,  for  the  murder  of  Constable  Talbot,  Mr.  O'Leary  gave 
evidence  for  the  defence,  in  which  he  stated  that  the  probing  for  the 
bullet  which  had  penetrated  the  deceased  might,  instead  of  the 
wound  itself,  have  caused  his  death.  This  trial  brought  Mr. 
O' Leary 's  name  prominently  before  the  public.  In  1874  he  was 
returned  on  Home  Rule  principles  as  Member  of  Parliament  for 
Drogheda.  Although  politically  opposed  to  the  late  Lord  Beacons- 
field,  he  admired  him  very  much,  and  was  flattered  at  some  attentions 
which  that  statesman  paid  him.  At  a  banquet  given  by  Mr.  Smyly, 
when  President  of  the  College,  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant  and  a  large 
number  of  guests,  Mr.  O'Leary,  in  responding  to  the  toast  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  passed  an  eulogium  upon  Lord  Beaconsfield, 
whom  he  pronounced  to  be  the  greatest  statesman  since  Pitt's  time. 
Mr.  O'Leary  died  in  London  (whilst  attending  his  Parliamentary 


646 


JONATHAN  OSBORNE. 


duties)  from  congestion  of  the  lungs,  on  the  15th  February,  1880. 
His  remains  were  interred  in  Glasnevin  Cemetery.  Mr.  O'Leary 
spoke  very  eloquently,  though  somewhat  floridly.  In  stature 
he  was  very  short;  three  Irish  members  were,  in  his  time,  the 
shortest,  tallest,  and  stoutest  members  in  the  House — namely, 
W.  O'Leary,  Mr.  O'Sullivan  (Co.  Limerick),  and  Major  O'Gorman. 
O'Leary  married  Rosina  Rogers,  daughter  of  a  Professor  of  Music 
in  Dublin.    He  left  nine  children. 

JONATHAN  OSBORNE. 

J.  Osborne  was  born  at  Cullenswood  House,  county  of  Dublin, 
in  1794.  He  was  the  son  of  William  Osborne,  who  married  a 
Miss  Binns.  Osborne  was  educated  in  Trinity  College.  He 
graduated  B.A.  in  1815,  M.B.  in  1818,  and  M.D.  in  1837.  On 
the  3rd  May,  1819,  he  obtained  the  Licence  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  was  elected  a  Fellow  by  that  body  on  the  19th  May, 
1823,  and  served  as  President  in  1834  and  1835,  on  which  occa- 
sion the  College  presented  to  him  a  magnificent  gold  snuff-box. 
He  served  for  some  years  as  Physician  to  the  General  Dispensary 
and  Sir  P.  Dun's  Hospital,  and  subsequently  as  Physician  to 
Mercer's  Hospital.  He  lectured  on  Medicine  at  the  Original 
School  in  1839,  and  in  the  following  year  was  appointed  Professor 
of  Materia  Meclica  in  the  School  of  Physic,  which  office  he  retained 
till  his  death. 

Osborne,  who  was  chiefly  distinguished  for  his  extensive  knowledge 
of  the  Classics,  possessed  the  rare  accomplishment  of  being  able  to 
speak  Latin  fluently.  In  Vol.  XXV.  of  the  Dublin  Journal  of 
Medical  Science  he  has  given  us  an  interesting  account  of  the  plague 
at  Athens,  as  described  by  Thucydides,  and  which  Osborne  con- 
cludes was  a  species  of  sea  scurvy.  He  published  several  works, 
all  of  small  size — namely,  "  Sketch  of  the  Physiology,  &c,  of  the 
Urine"  (London,  1820),  "Synoptical  View  of  Diet,  &c."  (Dublin, 
1826),  "  On  Dropsies "  (London,  1835,  8vo,  pp.  60.  Second 
Edition,  1837),  "  Synopsis  of  a  Course  of  Medical  Studies  "  (Dublin, 
1836,  pp.  40).  »  The  Annals  of  Sir  Patrick  Dun's  Hospital  for 
1830"  (Dublin,  1831,  12mo,  pp.  71)  were  published  anonymously, 


JAMES  FERRIER  POLLOCK. 


647 


but  it  is  known  that  Osborne  was  the  author.  He  also  contributed 
several  articles  to  the  journals. 

Osborne  married,  first,  Charlotte,  daughter  of  Robert  Egan, 
of  the  county  of  Roscommon;  and,  secondly,  Catherine  Sophia, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Gerrard,  of  Liscarton  Castle,  county  of  Meath. 

Osborne  died  from  bronchitis,  on  the  22nd  January,  1864,  at 
Clermont,  Blackrock,  county  of  Dublin,  aged  seventy-one,  and  was 
interred  in  a  vault  beneath  the  old  church  of  St.  Michan,  Dublin 
His  coffin  is  placed  upright,  in  accordance  with  the  expressed  wish 
of  the  deceased.  In  the  "  Transactions  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine 
in  Ireland  for  1883,"  I  have  given  an  account  of  experiments  made 
by  me  in  the  vaults  of  this  church,  the  antiseptic  properties  of  which 
are  well  known.  Human  bodies  seem  to  dessicate  rather  than  to 
decompose  in  these  vaults. 

JAMES  FERRIER  POLLOCK. 

Dr.  Pollock  was  born  at  Everton,  Liverpool,  on  the  23rd  February, 
1832.  His  father,  John  Pollock,  of  Renfrewshire,  was  at  one  time 
Liverpool  agent  of  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental  and  the  Trans- 
atlantic Steam  Packet  Companies.  His  mother  was  the  daughter 
of  Matthew  Read,  of  Prospect  House,  County  of  Kildare.  Dr. 
Pollock  is  descended  by  the  female  side  from  the  celebrated  Minister 
of  Louis  XIV.,  Colbert,  Marquis  of  Seignelai,  who  was  descended 
from  a  Scotchman.  Having  entered  T.C.D.,  Dr.  Pollock  graduated 
B.A.  and  M.B.  in  1857,  and  M.D.  in  1886.  His  professional  educa- 
tion was  received  in  the  College  School  and  Steevens'  Hospital.  In 
1854  he  became  a  Licentiate,  and  in  1874  a  Fellow  of  the  College. 
Having,  since  1862,  been  a  Licentiate,  and  since  1880  a  Member  of 
the  College  of  Physicians,  he  was,  in  1885,  elected  a  Fellow  of  that 
body,  thereby  vacating  his  Fellowship  of  the  College.  He  is 
Physician  to  the  Blackrock  Dispensary  and  to  the  Meath  Industrial 
School,  and  lectured  for  fifteen  years  on  Medical  Jurisprudence  at 
Steevens'  Hospital  School.  Dr.  Pollock  is  married  to  Honoria, 
daughter  of  James  Freeman  Hughes,  The  Grove,  Stillorgan,  County 
of  Dublin. 


648         THEOBALD  A.  PURCELL. — RICHARD  D.  PUREFOY. 


THEOBALD  ANDREW  PURCELL. 

Mr.  Purcell  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  12th  January,  1818.  His 
father,  a  solicitor,  married  Milian  Gibbons.  Mr.  Purcell  was 
educated  at  Eev.  Dr.  Wall's  School,  Hume-street,  and  the  Academic 
Institute,  Harcourt-street,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1839  in  Dublin 
University,  proceeding  to  the  M.A.  degree  in  1866.  He  practised 
for  many  years  at  the  Bar,  is  a  Q.C.,  and  is  the  County  Court 
Judge  for  Limerick  since  1874.  He  has  published  a  work  on  the 
"  Principles  and  Practice,  &c,  in  Criminal  Cases."  He  married 
Anna,  daughter  of  the  late  John  P.  Morris,  of  Skrene,  County  of 
Meath.  Four  of  his  sons  went  to  the  medical  profession.  Thomas, 
the  eldest,  was  formerly  in  the  Royal  Navy,  and  is  now  in  practice 
in  Dublin.  The  second  eldest,  Surgeon-Major  Theobald  Andrew 
Purcell,  served  for  several  years  under  the  Japanese  Government, 
and  died  in  Japan  in  1877.  He  was  in  the  10th  Regiment,  which 
was  stationed  in  Yokohama  about  1867-8.  An  epidemic  of  small- 
pox broke  out,  and  his  exertions  during  the  outbreak  attracted  the 
notice  of  the  Japanese  Government,  and  when  the  10th  were  ordered 
home  it  applied  through  Sir  Harry  Parkes,  the  British  Minister 
in  Japan,  to  the  British  Government,  to  permit  Surgeon-Major 
Purcell  to  enter  its  service.  Permission  was  granted,  and  he  con- 
tinued in  it  for  nearly  ten  years — up  to  his  death.  He  lies  in  the 
cemetery  at  Yokohama,  and  the  Japanese  Government  erected  a 
handsome  granite  monument  over  his  grave  in  commemoration  of 
his  services. 

Mr.  Purcell's  third  son,  Surgeon-Major  Geoffrey  Purcell,  died  in 
the  service  a  few  years  ago,  and  the  fourth,  Herbert,  is  in  large 
practice  in  Brisbane,  Queensland. 

Mr.  Purcell  was,  at  an  early  period  of  his  career,  Professor  of 
Medical  Jurisprudence  to  the  Apothecaries'  Hall,  at  their  School  of 
Medicine,  Cecilia  street. 

RICHARD  DANCER  PUREFOY. 

R.  D.  Purefoy  was  born  in  Tipperary  on  the  8th  August,  1847. 
He  is  the  fourth  son  of  the  late  T.  Purefoy,  of  Lucan,  by  his  wife 


FRANCIS  JOHN  BOXWELL  QUINLAN. 


649 


Alia  Maria,  daughter  of  Thomas  Dancer,  of  Hilton,  Co.  Tipperary. 
His  education  was  conducted  at  Bective  College,  Rutland-square, 
and  Raphoe  Royal  School.  He  entered  Trinity  College,  and  passed 
through  a  distinguished  undergraduate  course,  winning  a  Moderator- 
ship  in  Natural  Sciences  and  Musical  Exhibition.  His  professional 
studies  were  pursued  in  the  School  of  Physic  and  Sir  Patrick  Dun's 
and  Meath  Hospitals.  He  served  for  two  years  as  House  Surgeon 
in  St.  Mark's  Hospital,  and  acted  as  Assistant  to  the  Master  for 
three  years  in  the  Rotunda  Hospital,  and  for  a  similar  period  in  the 
Coombe  Hospital. 

Dr.  Purefoy  graduated  in  Medicine  in  1872.  In  1871  he  took 
out  the  "  Licence "  in  Surgery  of  the  University,  and  also  the 
Licence  in  Medicine.  At  present  Dr.  Purefoy  is  Obstetric  Surgeon 
to  the  Adelaide  Hospital,  and  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica  in  the 
Ledwich  School  of  Medicine.  He  has  contributed  several  papers 
to  the  medical  journals.    Dr.  Purefoy  is  not  married. 

FRANCIS  JOHN  BOXWELL  QUINLAN. 

Dr.  Quinlan  was  born  in  Mountjoy-square,  Dublin,  on  the  9th  of 
May,  1834.  His  father  was  the  late  John  Quinlan,  proprietor  of 
the  Dublin  Evening  Post,  a  Dublin  newspaper  of  Liberal  principles. 
This  journal  was  the  oldest  in  Ireland,  having  been  started  in  1732, 
and  continuing  up  to  1871.  Mr.  Quinlan,  however,  had  retired 
from  it  with  a  competent  fortune  many  years  before  its  discon- 
tinuance. He  married,  in  1833,  Wilhelmina,  daughter  of  the  late 
Samuel  Boxwell,  of  Linziestown  House,  in  the  County  of  Wexford, 
and  grand-daughter  of  the  late  John  Boxwell,  J. P.,  of  Lingstown 
Castle.  Dr.  Quinlan's  primary  education  was  conducted  by  the 
Jesuits  in  Belvidere  College;  and  subsequently  in  the  Kingstown 
School,  under  the  Rev.  Dr.  Slacpoole.  He  entered  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  in  October,  1851,  obtaining  third  place,  and  gained  Honors 
in  Classics  and  in  Logics,  as  well  as  a  Classical  Sizarship — the  only 
distinction  of  profit  that  was  then  open  to  members  of  his  creed. 
He  graduated  as  B.A.  and  M.B.  in  1857,  and  as  M.D.  in  1862; 
and  is  a  Member  of  the  Senate  of  the  University  of  Dublin.  He 
received  his  medical  education  in  the  College,  Trinity  College,  and 


650 


DENIS  DANIEL  REDMOND. 


the  Catholic  University  School ;  and  in  the  Richmond,  Whitworth, 
and  Hardwicke  Hospitals.  On  the  2nd  May,  1856,  he  became  a 
Licentiate  of  the  College,  and  on  the  2nd  November,  1859,  a  Licen- 
tiate of  the  King  and  Queen's  College  of  Physicians ;  he  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  latter  in  1879;  and  has  since  filled  the  offices  of 
Censor  and  of  Examiner.  Dr.  Quinlan  is  a  Member  of  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy,  of  the  Royal  Dublin  Society,  and  of  the  various 
medical  societies  of  Dublin.  He  is  Senior  Physician  to  St.  Vincent's 
Hospital;  Professor  of  Materia  Medica,  Pharmacology,  and  Thera- 
peutics, in  the  Catholic  University  Medical  College ;  he  is  Examiner 
in  the  same  in  the  Royal  University — and  has  filled  a  similar  office 
in  the  iate  Queen's  University.  Dr.  Quinlan  is  well  known  as  a 
medical  writer.  He  has  revived  the  use  of  the  mullein  plant  as  a 
remedy  for  pulmonary  consumption,  and  on  this  subject  he  read  a 
memoir  before  the  International  Medical  Congress  at  Copenhagen, 
in  1884.  He  also  delivered  an  address  in  the  French  language 
before  the  International  Pharmaceutical  Congress  at  Brussels,  in 
1885,  "  On  the  necessity  of  an  International  Pharmacopoeia  accord- 
ing to  the  point  of  view  of  the  medical  profession."  He  married, 
in  1867,  Maude  Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter  of  Doctor  Sir  William 
Carroll,  J.P.,  who  twice  served  the  office  of  Lord  Mayor  of  Dublin. 

DENIS  DANIEL  REDMOND. 

D.  D.  Redmond  is  the  son  of  the  late  Denis  Redmond,  of  Belmont 
Lodge,  Sandford,  county  of  Dublin,  by  his  wife,  Bridget  Emily, 
daughter  of  the  late  Patrick  Gorman,  of  Dublin.  Having  received  a 
classical  education  at  Belvidere  and  Clongowes  Colleges,  he  entered 
upon  his  scientific  and  medical  studies  in  the  Royal  College  of 
Science,  the  Catholic  University  School,  and  St.  Vincents  and 
City  of  Dublin  Hospitals.  He  subsequently  studied  at  the  General 
Hospital  and  the  Polyclinic,  Vienna,  and  the  Hotel  Dieu,  Paris. 
In  1878  he  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons. 
At  present  he  is  Ophthalmic  Surgeon  to  St.  Vincent's  Hospital, 
Assistant-Surgeon  to  the  National  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  and 
Lecturer  on  Ophthalmic  Surgery  in  the  Catholic  University  School 
of  Medicine. 


JOSEPH  MICHAEL  REDMOND. — GEORGE  RIBTON. 


651 


JOSEPH  MICHAEL  REDMOND. 

J.  M.  Redmond,  son  of  the  late  Denis  Redmond,  of  Sandford, 
Dublin,  by  his  wife,  Bridget  E.  Gorman,  daughter  of  the  late 
Patrick  Gorman,  of  Dublin.  He  received  his  preliminary  education 
at  the  College  of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  Dublin,  and  studied  profes- 
sionally in  the  Catholic  University  and  the  Carmichael  Schools, 
and  in  Jervis-street,  Baggot-street,  the  Meath,  and  the  Mater 
Misericordise  Hospitals  (he  was  a  Resident  in  the  last-named).  He 
also  studied  at  the  Hospital  for  Diseases  of  the  Throat  and  Chest, 
London.  In  the  year  1876  he  obtained  the  diploma  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  Ireland,  the  Licence  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  in  1878,  the  Membership  in  1881,  and  the  Fellowship 
in  1884.  At  present  he  is  Physician  to  the  Mater  Misericordise 
Hospital,  having  been  appointed  Assistant-Physician  in  1879  and 
Physician  in  1881.  In  1879  he  was  appointed  Assistant-Physician, 
and  in  1885  Physician,  to  Cork-street  Fever  Hospital.  Having 
from  1877  been  Senior  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the  Catholic 
University  School  of  Medicine,  he  was  in  1883  appointed  Lecturer 
on  the  Practice  of  Medicine  and  Pathology  in  the  Ledwich  School 
of  Medicine.  Since  1884  he  has  been  Pathologist  to  the  Coombe 
Hospital  and  Guinness  Dispensary.    Dr.  Redmond  is  unmarried. 


GEORGE  RIBTON. 

In  1747  John  Ribton,  a  Dublin  merchant,  was  elected  Lord 
Mayor  of  Dublin,  and  in  1759  he  was  created  a  baronet.  His 
eldest  son,  and  successor  to  the  title,  married  a  Miss  Sheppy ; 
their  elder  son  was  the  late  Sir  John  Ribton,  of  Bray,  and  their 
younger  son  was  George  Ribton,  who  was  born  at  Landscape,  County 
of  Dublin,  in  September,  1796.  He  studied  anatomy  in  the  College 
and  the  first  Richmond  Hospital  School,  and  Surgery  and  Medicine 
in  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals.  He  obtained  the  Letters 
Testimonial  of  the  College  in  1823,  and  for  several  years  lectured 
on  Anatomy  at  the  Marlborough-street  School.  His  practice,  never 
very  large,  declined  considerably  before  his  death,  which  event  took 


652 


JOHN  RINGLAND. 


place  at  his  residence,  No.  5  Upper  Temple-street,  on  the  17th 
March,  1872.  Ribton  married  Juliana,  niece  of  Admiral  Drury. 
One  of  his  sons,  Herbert  Panmure,  married  Adelaide,  daughter  of 
John  Hill  Linde,  of  Eyrefield,  County  of  Kildare.  He  was  a 
medical  man,  and  practised  for  some  years  at  Naples.  Having 
removed  to  Alexandria,  he  was  killed  by  the  Arabs  during  the 
conflagration  of  that  city  in  1882.  His  portrait  appears  in  the 
Graphic  for  19th  July,  1882. 


JOHN  RINGLAND. 

J.  Eingland  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  21st  May,  1816.  He 
was  the  son  of  Arthur  Hill  Ringland,  a  Commissariat  Officer,  who 
married  Miss  Gelston,  of  Dublin.  Their  son,  John,  was  educated 
at  the  school  kept  by  the  Rev.  J.  P.  Huddert,  and  having  entered 
Trinity  College  in  1834,  he  commenced  his  medical  studies  in  the 
year  following,  graduating  B.A.  and  M.B.  in  1839.  On  the  12th 
June,  1841,  he  passed  at  the  College  of  Physicians,  of  which,  on 
the  20th  May,  1850,  he  became  a  Fellow. 


THE  COOAIBE  HOSPITAL  IN  1886. 


In  1841  he  was  appointed  a  Master  of  the  Coombe  Hospital,  and, 
on  the  death  of  Dr.  Sawyer,  became  sole  Master,  retaining  the  office 


CHARLES  HENRY  ROBINSON. 


653 


until  his  death.  He  was  mainly  instrumental  in  obtaining  a  charter 
for  the  Institution  (one  of  the  provisions  of  which  enacted  that  the 
Master  could  hold  office  only  for  seven  years),  and  he  took  great 
interest  in  the  rebuilding  of  the  Hospital,  which  was  completed 
about  the  time  of  his  death.  The  present  Coombe  Hospital  was 
built  and  furnished  at  the  sole  expense  of  the  late  Sir  Benjamin  Lee 
Guinness,  Bart.,  and  his  son,  the  present  Lord  Ardilaun.  The 
engraving  shows  the  new  and  handsome  structure  which  has  replaced 
the  old  and  much  smaller  Hospital,  in  which  so  many  medical 
students  learned  the  obstetric  art. 

Dr.  Ringland  was  a  lecturer  on  Midwifery  in  the  Dublin  School 
from  1851  to  1857,  and  in  the  Ledwich  School  from  the  latter  year 
until  that  of  his  death.  He  had  a  large  practice,  and  his  kindly 
nature  and  unremitting  care  of  his  patients  endeared  him  to  his  large 
clientele.  He  published  several  papers  in  the  medical  journals,  and 
printed  his  interesting  Presidental  Address  to  the  Obstetrical  Society, 
under  the  title  of  Annals  of  Midwifery  in  Ireland.  Ringland  married, 
first,  Mary  Anne,  eldest  daughter  of  Maurice  Cross,  Secretary  to  the 
Commissioners  of  National  Education,  and  secondly,  Sydney  Mai-ia, 
daughter  of  Colonel  Swettenham,  and  relict  of  William  Andrews, 
an  alderman  of  the  Corporation  of  Dublin.  By  his  first  marriage 
he  had  two  sons  and  three  daughters  ;  one  of  his  sons,  a  medical 
student,  died  from  typhus  fever,  and  the  other — Arthur  Hill — 
is  in  medical  practice.  The  eldest  of  his  daughters  is  the  wife  of 
Charles  M.  MacDonald,  D.I.R  I.C. ;  the  others  are  unmarried.  Dr. 
Ringland  died  from  a  pleural  abscess,  after  more  than  a  years  illness, 
on  the  7th  July,  1876,  and  was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery. 

CHARLES  HENRY  ROBINSON. 

Mr.  Robinson  was  born  in  Dublin,  on  the  19th  January,  1839. 
He  is  the  son  of  William  Robinson,  late  Comptroller  of  Her  Majesty's 
Stationery  Office,  Dublin,  who,  curiously  enough,  married  the 
daughter  of  another  William  Robinson.  Charles  Robinson  received 
his  education  chiefly  at  the  Rev.  Robert  Boyle's  School,  Lower 
Leeson-street,  Dublin,  and  his  professional  training  in  the  College 
and  Ledwich  Schools,  and  the  Adelaide  and  several  special  hospitals. 


654        BENJAMIN  ROCHE. — RICHARD  STRONG  SARGENT. 


He  is  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  since  1861,  and  a  Fellow 
since  1873.  In  1862  he  obtained  the  Licence  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  and  the  Membership  shortly  after  that  qualification  was 
instituted.  From  1872  to  1881  he  lectured  on  Anatomy  at  the 
Ledwich  School,  in  which  he  is  now  Lecturer  on  Botany  and 
Zoology.  For  some  time  Mr.  Robinson  served  as  a  Surgeon  in  the 
Peninsular  and  Oriental  Steam  Packet  Company's  service.  As 
Dublin  Correspondent  of  the  Lancet  he  keeps  that  journal  posted 
up  in  reference  to  Irish  medical  aflfairs.  His  contributions  to  the 
medical  journals  are  numerous,  and  his  name  appears  in  Ziemssen's 
"  Cyclopaedia  of  Medicine."  Mr.  Robinson  is  married  to  Louise  M., 
eldest  daughter  of  the  late  John  Berry,  of  Chesterfield,  Parsons- 
town,  and  has  issue  one  son  and  three  daughters. 

BENJAMIN  ROCHE. 

Dr.  Roche  was  born  at  Fon thill,  in  the  County  of  Carlo w,  in 
1809.  His  father  was  a  Cornet  in  the  7th  Dragoon  Guards,  and 
his  mother's  maiden  name  was  Tempe  Bagot.  In  February,  1827, 
he  was  indentured  to  Drought  B.  Tarleton.  Having  received  a 
private  education  he  entered  T.C.D.,  and  studied  in  the  Medical 
School  of  that  Institution,  in  the  College  School,  and  at  Paris. 
In  1831  he  graduated  B.A.,  and  in  1836  he  took  the  degrees  of 
M.A.  and  M.B.  He  was  a  Licentiate  of  the  College,  and  became 
a  Fellow  in  1844.  He  lectured  for  a  short  time  on  Materia  Medica 
in  the  Digges'-street  School  ;  but  the  greater  part  of  his  professional 
life  was  passed  in  discharging  the  duties  of  Medical  Attendant  at 
the  Bagnalstown  Fever  Hospital  and  Dispensary,  and  the  Leighlin 
Bridge  Dispensary,  in  the  County  of  Carlow.  He  married  Elizabeth 
Noble.  Dr.  Roche  died  19th  January,  1851,  at  Bagnalstown,  and 
was  buried  at  Ballyknockan,  Leighlin. 

RICHARD  STRONG  SARGENT. 

Dr.  Sargent  was  bom  in  Dublin  on  the  25th  February,  1805. 
His  father,  Henry  Sargent,  descended  from  a  Huguenot  family, 
-was  a  merchant— and  his  mother  was  Beresford,  daughter  of  Richard 
Strong,  of  Fasaroe,  near  Bray,  County  of  Wicklow.  Having  received 


JOHN  ALFRED  SCOTT. 


655 


an  excellent  classical  education,  Richard  S.  Sargent  entered  Trinity 
College,  and  graduated  in  Arts  in  1829,  and  in  Medicine  in  1832. 
His  medical  education  was  conducted  in  the  School  of  Physic  and 
the  Richmond  Hospital  School — of  which  he  was  one  of  the  first 
pupils — and  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals.  In  1833  he  set  up 
in  practice  in  London,  obtaining  the  membership  of  the  College  of 
Surgeons  of  that  city,  and  an  ad  .eundem  degree  from  Cambridge 
University.  He  next  proceeded  to  the  West  Indies,  where,  how- 
ever, he  made  but  a  short  stay,  and  finally  settled  down  in  practice 
in  his  native  city.  In  1840  he  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Medicine 
in  the  Original  School,  Peter-street.  On  the  13th  November,  1838, 
he  obtained  the  Licence  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  was 
elected  a  Fellow  on  the  11th  April,  1842.  When  the  Medical  Section 
of  the  British  Association  was  constituted  at  the  Dublin  meeting  in 
1835,  Sargent  was  appointed  Secretary,  an  office  which  he  retained 
for  several  years.  He  was  Physician  to  the  Whitworth  Hospital 
and  the  Female  Penitentiary.  Whilst  in  charge  of  about  100  cases 
of  typhus  fever  at  the  sheds  of  the  North  Dublin  Union  he  con- 
tracted that  disease,  and  died  therefrom  on  the  27th  January,  1848. 
His  remains  were  interred  in  the  French  Protestant  burial-ground, 
Merrion-row,  St.  Stephen's-green. 

Sargent's  writings  are  interesting,  especially  his  learned  paper  on 
the  "  Condition  of  the  Medical  Sciences  in  Egypt"  under  the 
different  dynasties. 

Sargent  married,  in  1836,  Jane  Eliza,  daughter  of  William 
Johnstone,  of  Synnott-place,  Dublin;  their  children — six  sons  and 
one  daughter — survived  him. 

JOHN  ALFRED  SCOTT. 

J.  A.  Scott  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  2nd  October,  1854.  He 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Samuel  Joseph  Scott,  of  Terenure,  County  of 
Dublin,  by  his  wife,  Letitia  Anne,  daughter  of  William  Hutchinson, 
of  Mountrath,  Queen's  County.  Having  been  educated  at  New- 
town School,  Waterford,  he  studied  professionally  in  the  Ledwich 
and  Carmichael  Schools,  and  Mercer's  and  the  Adelaide  Hospitals. 
On  the  22nd  December,  1881,  he  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial 


656 


MAXWELL  SIMPSON. 


of  the  College,  and  on  the  10th  of  February,  1882,  he  "  passed"  at 
the  College  of  Physicians.  On  the  1st  May,  1886,  he  obtained  the 
Fellowship  of  the  College,  and  thi-ee  days  later  was  elected  an 
Examiner  in  Physiology,  the  subject,  as  well  as  Histology,  he  lectures 
upon  at  the  Carmichael  College  of  Medicine.  He  has  contributed 
a  paper  on  the  pneumogastric  nerve  to  the  "  Transactions  of  the 
Academy  of  Medicine  in  Ireland,"  and  has  read  several  papers  before 
the  Photographic  Society  of  Ireland.    Mr.  Scott  is  unmarried. 

MAXWELL  SIMPSON. 

Dr.  Simpson  was  born  in  Armagh  in  1815.  His  father,  who 
belonged  to  a  family  which  had  long  been  settled  in  the  County  of 
Armagh,  married  a  Miss  Browne.  Having  received  a  preliminary 
education  at  Dr.  Henderson's  School,  Newry,  he  entered  T.C.D., 
went  through  the  Arts'  course,  and  attended  some  medical  lectures, 
but  left  the  University  as  a  B.A.  only,  and  for  several  years 
suspended  his  medical  studies.  He  resided  for  some  time  in 
London,  and  having  acquired  a  taste  for  chemistry,  studied  that 
science  with  great  industry.  In  1847  he  was  offered  the  Lec- 
tureship on  Chemistry  in  the  Park-street  School,  and  as  at 
that  time  and  for  many  subsequent  years  the  lecturers  in  the 
schools — even  those  upon  chemistry  and  botany — were  required  to 
possess  medical  qualifications,  Simpson  rsumed  his  medical  studies, 
and  took  the  degree  of  M.B.  in  1847.  In  1849  the  Park-street 
School  was  closed,  and  Dr.  Simpson  succeeded  Mr.  Antisell  at  the 
Original  School,  and  lectured  there  until  1851.  In  that  year  he 
went  to  Germany,  and  carried  out  original  investigations,  under 
Kolbe,  in  Marburg  and  Bunsen,  in  Heidelberg.  He  lectured  in 
the  original  school  from  1854  till  1856,  but  in  1857  he  severed  his 
connection  with  the.  school,  and  returned  to  the  Continent,  where 
he  remained  until  1860.  During  two  years  of  this  period  he 
worked  in  Professor  Wurtz's  laboratory  at  Paris.  In  that  year  he 
took  a  house  in  Dublin,  and  established  therein  a  small  laboratory, 
in  which  he  subsequently  made  several  interesting  investigations. 
Part  of  1867  he  spent  in  Paris,  requiring  for  the  work  which  he 
was  then  engaged  in  brighter  sunshine  than  is  usually  to  be  had  in 


SIR  EDWARD  BURROWES  SINCLAIR,  KNT. 


657 


Dublin.  In  1862  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  in  1864  he  received  from  his  Alma  Mater  the  honorary  degree 
of  M.D.,  and  in  1878  that  of  LL.D.  Having  acted  as  an  Examiner 
for  various  institutions,  Dr.  Simpson  was,  in  1872,  appointed 
Professor  of  Chemistry  in  Queen's  College,  Cork.  He  was  a 
Senator  of  the  late  Queen's  University,  and  he  is  a  Fellow  of  its 
successor,  the  Royal  University.  In  1878  he  was  President  of  the 
Chemical  Section  of  the  British  Association.  Dr.  Simpson's 
chemical  researches  are  of  the  highest  order  in  originality  and 
importance,  and  entitle  his  name  to  be  bracketed  with  those  of  the 
greatest  chemists  of  the  day.  His  papers  appeared  chiefly  in  the 
highest  class  of  publications,  such  as  the  "  Philosophical  Transactions" 
and  the  "Proceedings"  of  the  Royal  Society,  Comptes  Ren  dm, 
Annalen  der  Chimie,  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society,  &c.  His 
announcements  of  the  discoveries  of  the  artificial  formation  of 
succinic  and  pyrotartaric  acids,  and  on  the  synthesis  of  tribasic  acids, 
were  read  with  great  interest  by  the  chemical  world.  Dr.  Simpson 
is  married  to  Mary,  third  daughter  of  the  late  Samuel  Martin,  of 
Loughrue,  County  of  Down,  and  has  issue. 

SIR  EDWARD  BURROWES  SINCLAIR,  KNT. 

Sir  E.  B.  Sinclair,  born  in  Dublin,  7th  October,  1824,  was  the  son 
of  the  Rev.  Richard  Hartley  Sinclair,  Vicar  of  Cashel,  in  the  County 
of  Longford,  by  Eliza,  daughter  of  the  late  Colonel  Burrowes, 
and  grand-niece  of  the  celebrated  Peter  Burrowes.  His  family  is 
descended  from  Sinclair,  or  St.  Clair  of  Hoslin,  creation  1200;  thev 
bear  on  their  shield  the  arms  of  Hoslin,  Caithness,  and  Orkneys, 
and  it  was  said  of  them  that,  in  their  migration  from  Scotland  to 
Ireland,  they  exchanged  "  Saint  "  for  "  Sin."  Sinclair  entered  the 
University  of  Dublin  in  1842.  He  graduated  in  Arts  in  1847  and 
in  Medicine  in  1861.  He  was  apprenticed  to  Harrison  on  the  30th 
May,  1842,  and  acted  as  his  Prosector  for  five  years.  In  1847  he 
took  out  the  Membership  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of 
England.  He  became  a  Fellow  of  the  King  and  Queen's  College  of 
Physicians  in  Ireland  on  the  21st  October,  1856,  having  been  a 
Licentiate  from  the  13th  February,  1852,  and  was  in  1867  elected 

2  u 


658 


SIR  FRANCIS  WILLIAM  SMITH,  KNT. 


King's  Professor  of  Midwifery  in  the  School  of  Physic.  Early  in 
life  he  served  as  Assistant-Surgeon  in  H.  M.  "  Royal  Scots,"  but 
after  a  few  years'  service  he  left  the  army,  and  became  Assistant- 
Physician  in  the  Rotunda  Lying-in  Hospital.  In  1869,  with  the 
sanction  and  co-operation  of  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Cambridge,  of  the 
then  head  of  the  Army  Medical  Department,  and  of  the  Board  of 
Governors  of  Sir  Patrick  Dun's  Hospital,  he  established  a  School  of 
Army  Midwives  in  connection  with  Sir  P.  Dun's  Maternity,  which 
he  founded.  He  trained  nearly  five  hundred  wives  of  soldiers  and 
non-commissioned  officers,  before  death  closed  his  laborious  and 
useful  career.  Sir  Edward  received,  in  1880,  Knighthood  from  her 
Majesty,  in  recognition  of  his  services  to  the  army.  He  was  Secre- 
tary to  the  Vaccine  Department  of  the  Local  Government  Board. 
]n  conjunction  with  Dr.  George  Johnson,  he  published  a  work  on 
Midwifery,  in  which  13,748  cases  are  classified  and  described,  and 
contributed  papers  to  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science, 
including  one  on  "  Induction  of  Premature  Labour  by  the  Water- 
Douche,  and  on  a  new  Instrument  for  applying  it."  He  published 
an  account  of  "  Nsegele's  Deformity  of  the  Pelvis,"  which  he  was 
the  first  observer  to  diagnose  during  life.  He  died  from  paralysis 
on  the  24th  March,  1882,  and  was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome 
Cemetery.  Sir  Edward  married  Louisa,  daughter  of  the  late 
John  MacMunn,  M.D.,  Dublin,  and  had  issue. 

SIR  FRANCIS  WILLIAM  SMITH,  KNT. 

Sir.  F.  W.  Smith  was  born  in  Upper  Fitzwilliam-street,  Dublin, 
in  1809.  He  was  the  son  of  Joshua  Smith,  barrister,  by  his  wife, 
Maria,  youngest  daughter  of  Sir  Parker  Steele,  Bart.,  of  Merrion- 
square,  Dublin.  Sir  F.  W.  Smith's  family  had  been  settled  in 
Ireland  since  the  Commonwealth.  On  the  11th  April,  1822,  he 
was  apprenticed  to  Abraham  Colles,  and  he  studied  in  the  College 
School  during  five  years,  and  was  a  pupil  at  Steevens'  Hospital. 
He  graduated  in  the  University  as  B.A.  in  1828,  and  as  M.A.  and 
M.B.  in  1831.  On  the  13th  April,  1831,  he  obtained  the  Licence, 
and  on  the  15th  August,  1835,  the  Membership  of  the  College. 

In  1833  Smith  was  appointed  Lecturer  on  Medicine  in  the 


SIR  FRANCIS  WILLIAM  SMITH,  KNT. 


659 


School  of  Medicine,  27  Peter-street.  In  1836  he  went  abroad  for 
some  time,  and  whilst  at  Florence  made  the  acquaintance  of  Lord 
Mulgrave  (afterwards  created  Marquis  of  Normanby),  who  was 
struck  with  Smith's  performances  in  some  amateur  theatricals. 
When  Smith  returned  to  Dublin  he  settled  down  to  practice,  and 
took  the  house  25  Baggot-street.  Lord  Normanby,  who  was 
appointed  Viceroy  in  1835,  made  Smith  his  physician,  and  soon 
afterwards  conferred  knighthood  upon  him.  In  1839,  after  the 
departure  of  the  Marquis  from  Dublin,  Sir  Francis  removed  to 
Paris,  where  he  soon  attained  to  a  good  practice  amongst  the 
British  residents  and  visitors.  He  died  on  the  16th  December, 
1840,  from  scarlet  fever,  after  an  illness  of  three  days'  duration,  in 
the  Rue  Royale.  His  wife  (ned  Sophia  Hackett)  survived  for  many 
years. 

In  1835  Sir  Francis  published  in  Dublin  a  pamphlet  on  "  A 
Peculiar  Disease  of  the  Caecum." 

Whilst  a  student  in  Steevens'  Hospital,  Smith  fought  a  duel  with 
Mr.  P.  M.  Cullinan,  a  fellow-student.  About  1828  Mr.  Chenevix* 
came  to  Dublin  for  the  purpose  of  giving  demonstrations  in  mes- 
merism. He  visited  Steevens'  Hospital  for  this  purpose  and  Mr. 
J.  W.  Cusack  directed  Mr.  Cullinan,  his  apprentice,  to  select  from 
amongst  the  pupils  some  eligible  subjects  for  the  demonstrations. 
This  being  done,  about  eight  students — including  the  late  Charles 
Lever,  the  novelist,  who  at  that  time  was  a  resident  pupil  in  the 
hospital — assembled  in  Mr.  Cullinan's  room  to  witness  the  perform- 
ance. Mr.  Chenevix  requested  that  the  number  of  spectators 
should  be  reduced  to  two,  in  order  to  maintain  that  quietness  which 
was  an  essential  element  in  the  success  of  his  performances.  Mr. 
Cullinan  requested  the  withdrawal  of  those  whose  attendance  at  a 
lecture  about  to  be  delivered  was  not  necessary,  in  order  that  those 
who  were  required  to  attend  it  should  first  have  the  opportunity  of 
witnessing  the  performance.  Mr.  Smith  refused  to  leave,  and  an 
unpleasant  altercation  having  ensued,  Mr.  Cullinan  requested  Mr. 
Smith  to  go  out  into  the  corridor  with  him.    Mr.  Cullinan,  under  the 

*  Mr.  Richard  Chenevix,  a  distinguished  Irish  chemist,  and  a  dramatic  writer  of 
great  ability. 


660 


ROBERT  WILLIAM  SMITH. 


influence  of  strong  emotion,  became  very  pale,  which  being  noticed 
by  Mr.  Smith,  he  exclaimed  loudly — "  How  pale  the  cowardly 
fellow  is."  Mr.  Cullinan  thereupon  struck  him  with  his  open  hand 
upon  his  face,  saying — "  That  is  the  only  answer  I  can  give  to  your 
observation."  In  a  few  minutes  the  hospital  porter  brought  Mr. 
Cullinan  a  note  from  Mr.  Smith,  challenging  him  to  a  hostile  meet- 
ing. Lever  was  successively  solicited  by  both  belligerents  to  act 
as  a  second,  but  declined.  At  this  time  Mr.  Cullinan  was  a  Scholar 
of  T.C.D.,  and  as  the  statutes  of  the  College  provided  for  the 
expulsion  of  students  who  fought  duels,  he  was  anxious  to  keep  the 
Board  of  T.C.D.  in  ignorance  of  the  intended  rencontre.  Meeting 
Mr.  Smith  on  his  way  to  lecture,  he  stopped  him  and  requested  him 
not  to  mention  the  proposed  duel  in  such  a  way  that  the  Board 
might  obtain  cognizance  of  it,  whereupon  Mr.  Smith  said  that  he 
was  a  very  impertinent  fellow  to  address  him.  Next  morning  at 
six  o'clock  the  "  affair"  came  off  in  the  Phoenix  Park,  Capt.  Cruik- 
shank  acting  as  "  second"  to  Mr.  Smith,  and  Capt.  Beatty  officiating 
in  a  similar  capacity  for  Mr.  Cullinan.  Shots  were  exchanged, 
but  neither  "  principal  "  was  struck.  Mr.  Smith's  second  said  that 
he  was  satisfied,  but  Captain  Beatty  said  that  he  was  not,  as  his 
principal  had  been  insulted  by  Mr.  Smith  after  that  gentleman 
had  delivered  his  challenge.  Ultimately  hostilities  terminated  on 
Mr.  Smith  expressing  regret  for  having  insulted  Mr.  Cullinan,  and 
apologising  for  his  conduct.  One  of  the  actors  in  this  scene  entered 
upon  his  rest  forty-six  years  ago,  the  other  survives  in  the  person  of 
P.  Maxwell  Cullinan,  M.B.,  F.R.C.S.I.,  J.P.,  of  Ennis 

ROBERT  WILLIAM  SMITH. 

R.  W.  Smith  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  12th  October,  1807. 
His  father  was  an  Englishman,  and  his  mother  was  Isabella 
Allman,  a  member  of  a  talented  family,  one  of  whom — George 
Johnston  Allman,  LL.D. — is  Professor  of  Mathematics  in  Queen's 
College,  Galway.  Smith  was  left  fatherless  at  an  early  age,  but  the 
loss  was  largely  compensated  for  by  the  intelligence  and  vigour  of 
his  surviving  parent.  She  took  the  greatest  pains  in  having  him 
thoroughly  educated,  as  also  his  brother,  Sidney,  who  afterwards 


ROBERT  WILLIAM  SMITH. 


661 


.attained  to  eminence  as  a  divine.  Smith,  having  entered  T.C.D., 
graduated  B.A.  in  1828,  M.  A.  in  1832,  M.D.  in  1842,  and  M.  Chir. 
in  1859.  He  was  apprenticed  to  R.  Carmichael,  and  studied  pro- 
fessionally in  the  College,  Trinity  College,  and  Richmond  Hospital 
Schools,  and  in  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals.  On  the  28th 
October,  1832,  he  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College, 
and  on  the  11th  October,  1844,  was  co-opted  a  Fellow.  His  first 
appointment  was  as  Surgeon  to  the  Talbot  Dispensary ;  subse- 
quently he  became  Surgeon  to  the  Lunatic  Asylum,  Island  Bridge, 
to  the  House  of  Industry  Hospitals  on  the  31st  of  January,  1838, 
and  (on  his  connection  with  the  School  of  Physic)  to  Sir  Patrick 
Dun's  Hospital.  He  was  for  many  years  a  teacher — first  of 
Medical  Jurisprudence  and  next  of  Surgery — at  the  Richmond 
Hospital  School.  In  1849  he  was  appointed  the  first  Professor  of 
Surgery  in  the  School  of  Physic,  the  Chairs  of  Surgery  and 
Anatomy  having  before  that  date  been  always  held  by  the  same 
person. 

Smith  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished  anatomists  and  surgeons 
which  Ireland  has  produced,  and  as  a  teacher  he  has  rarely  been 
equalled,  and  probably  has  never  been  surpassed.  His  original 
work  is  extensive  and  of  the  highest  interest.  In  1847  Hodges 
and  Smith,  of  Dublin,  brought  out  his  "  Treatise  on  Fractures  in 
the  Vicinity  of  the  Joints,  and  on  Certain  Forms  of  Accidents 
and  Congenital  Dislocations."  This  work — which  comprised  314 
pages,  and  contained  200  excellent  illustrations — at  once  estab- 
lished the  reputation  of  Smith  as  an  original  investigator  of 
the  first  order.  It  was  followed,  in  1849,  by  his  folio  "  Treatise 
on  the  Pathology,  Diagnosis,  and  Treatment  of  Neuroma,"  a 
work  comprising  30  pages  of  text  and  15  plates,  executed  in  the 
best  style  of  art,  and  the  largest  work  of  the  kind  produced  in 
Dublin.  His  contributions  to  the  medical  journals  were  numerous. 
The  more  important  of  them,  perhaps,  were  those  on  the  Patho- 
logical Anatomy  of  the  Heart  and  Great  Vessels  {Dublin  Journal 
of  Medical  Science,  1836),  on  Congenital  Luxations  of  the  Shoulder 
{Ibid,  1839),  the  Injuries  of  the  Lower  End  of  the  Humerus 
{Ibid.,  1850),  and  Chronic  Rheumatic  Arthritis  of  the  Shoulder 


662 


ROBERT  DUFFIELD  SPEEDY. 


{Ibid.,  1853).  His  anatomical  knowledge  is  shown  by  his  numerous 
accurate  accounts  of  the  parts  the  diseases  of  which  he  has 
described.  He  was  the  first  to  give  an  extended  description  of 
the  reflections  of  the  capsule  of  the  hip,  which  had  previously 
been  only  slightly  referred  to  by  Weitbrecht.  The  museum  of 
the  Richmond  Hospital  contains  many  valuable  preparations — 
mute,  yet  eloquent,  witnesses  of  Smith's  skill. 

The  principal  founder  of  the  Pathological  Society,  Smith  was 
their  Secretary  up  to  the  time  of  his  death.  Most,  if  not  all,  of 
his  papers  were  read  before  the  Society.  He  was  a  member — 
ordinary,  corresponding,  or  honorary — of  many  medical  societies  at 
home  and  abroad.  He  was  a  constant  attendant  at  the  meetings 
of  the  British  Medical  Association,  and  was  one  of  the  most 
eloquent  speakers  in  the  debates  before  that  body.  So  enthusiastic 
was  he  as  a  teacher  that  he  latterly  almost  completely  abandoned 
practice,  in  order  that  he  might  devote  more  time  to  study,  and  to 
the  instruction  of  his  classes.  He  was  an  accomplished  linguist, 
and  kept  himself  thoroughly  posted  up  in  the  medical  literature 
of  France  and  Germany. 

Smith  married  Janet  Black,  sister  of  Dr.  William  Stokes'  wife. 
Having  been  ill  for  some  months  with  disease  of  the  liver,  followed 
by  ascitis,  he  succumbed  to  his  infirmities  on  the  28th  October, 
1873.  He  was  Vice-President  of  the  College  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  His  portrait  is  placed  in  the  College  board-room ;  and  his 
bust,  in  marble,  presented  by  the  members  of  the  Pathological 
Society,  adorns  the  inner  hall. 

ROBERT  DUFFIELD  SPEEDY. 

R.  D.  Speedy  was  born  in  1810,  at  Gibraltar,  where  his  father, 
a  Captain  in  the  Army,  was  stationed  at  the  time.  On  the  6th 
December,  1825,  he  was  indentured  to  the  late  R.  M.  Peile,  and 
studied  at  the  Richmond  Hospital  and  the  Medical  School  attached 
to  that  Hospital.  In  1832  he  obtained  the  Licentiateship  of  the 
College,  and  was  co-opted  a  Fellow  on  the  5th  March,  1844.  He 
had  a  large  practice,  chiefly  obstetrical.  He  was  Master  of  the 
Western  Lying-in  Hospital,  on  Arran-quay,  and  Physician  to  one 


WILLIAM  EDWARD  STEELE. 


663 


of  the  North  City  Dispensaries.  He  was  Professor  of  Midwifery  to  the 
Apothecaries'  Hall,  and  Honorary  Medical  Attendant  to  the  Masonic 
Female  Orphan  School  for  many  years.  He  married  Frances 
Ormsby,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Charles  Ormsby,  by  whom  he 
had  issue  ten  children,  the  only  survivor  being  Albert  O.  Speedy, 
who  is  a  member  of  the  profession,  and  practises  in  Dublin.  R.  D. 
Speedy  died  of  typhus  fever,  at  16  Gardiner' s-place,  on  the  12th 
November,  1864,  aged  fifty-four.  The  illness  was  contracted  in 
the  discharge  of  his  duty.  He  was  interred  at  St.  George's  burial 
ground. 

WILLIAM   EDWARD  STEELE. 

William  Steele,  of  Rathbride,  County  of  Kildare,  where  he 
was  born  on  the  17th  January,  1717,  emigrated  to  America,  and 
resided  there  for  twenty  years.  He  adhered  to  the  royal  cause 
during  the  Revolution,  and  having,  as  a  result,  lost  his  property, 
he  returned  to  Ireland  and  received  a  small  pension  from  the 
Government.  This  gentleman  claimed  descent  from  an  ancient 
Cheshire  family,  of  whom  several  members  were  highly  distin- 
guished. One  of  them  was  Lord  Chancellor  of  Ireland  under  the 
Commonwealth,  whose  grandson  was  Sir  Thomas  Steele,  the 
celebrated  essayist  and  dramatist.  William  Henry  Steele,  son  of 
William  Steele,  was  born  at  Ballyrange,  New  Jersey,  and  he  died 
at  Rathmines,  Dublin,  24th  August,  1837.  He  had  a  situation  in 
the  Custom  House.  He  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Edward  Jones, 
of  Kimmage,  County  of  Dublin.  She  died  in  1859,  in  her  eighty- 
sixth  year.  Their  only  child,  W.  E.  Steele,  was  born  at  Belfast, 
on  the  4th  June,  1816.  He  was  educated  at  a  school  in  Rathmines, 
and,  having  entered  Trinity  College,  graduated  B.A.  in  1836,  M  B. 
in  1837,  and  M.D.  in  1856.  In  1840  he  became  a  Licentiate,  and 
in  1848  a  Fellow,  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  Shortly  after 
commencing  practice,  the  illness  and  death  of  his  wife  caused  him 
to  reside  for  nearly  four  years  in  a  country  place,  and  on  return- 
ing to  Dublin  in  1852,  he  was  appointed  Assistant-Secretary  to  the 
Royal  Dublin  Society,  and  Registrar  in  1860,  and  retained  the  latter 
office  until  the  establishment  of  the  Science  and  Art  Department,  of 


664     WILLIAM,  EDWARD  ALEXANDER,  AND  WILLIAM  STOKER. 


which  he  became  Director.  He  was  for  many  years  Medical  Regis- 
trar for  Ireland.  Dr.  Steele  lectured  on  Botany  in  the  Richmond 
School,  and  on  Materia  Medica  in  the  Dublin  School,  Peter-street, 
and  wrote  a  little  book  on  "  Field  Botany."  Dr.  Steele  married, 
first,  in  1839,  Frances,  third  daughter  of  the  Rev.  John  Toler, 
County  of  Meath  (she  died  in  1847) ;  and,  secondly,  in  1854,  Susan, 
youngest  daughter  of  Dr.  Garret  Wellesley  Parkinson,  of  Ennis, 
who  together  with  three  sons  and  two  daughters  survive.  One  of 
the  latter  is  married  to  Sir  Robert  Ball,  F.R.S.,  Astronomer  Royal 
for  Ireland.  Dr.  Steele  died  from  paralysis  on  the  6th  May,  1883, 
and  was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery. 


WILLIAM,  EDWARD  ALEXANDER,  AND  WILLIAM  STOKER. 

William  Stoker,  eldest  son  of  William  Stoker,  of  Ballyroan, 
Queen's  County,  born  October,  1773,  graduated  M.D.  University 
of  Edinburgh,  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  King  and  Queen's 
College  of  Physicians  in  June,  1800,  and  was  elected  an  Honorary 
Fellow  in  October,  1828.  On  the  foundation  of  Cork-street  Fever 
Hospital  in  1803  he  was  selected  one  of  the  first  physicians,  and 
held  office  till  1 834.  His  yearly  medical  reports  of  that  institution 
afford  a  fund  of  information  from  which  modern  epidemiologists 
have  freely  drawn.  His  "  Report  on  the  Epidemic  Fevers  of 
Ireland"  was  presented  to  Parliament  in  1835.  Among  his  writings 
his  treatise  on  "  Fever"  (1807) — in  which  he  strongly  opposed  the 
"  starvation  treatment " — "  Pathological  Observations  on  Con- 
tinued Fever,  Ague,  Tic  Doloreux,  Measles,  Small-pox,  and 
Dropsy"  (1829),  and  "  Medical  Reform"  (1836),  merit  prominent 
notice.  The  Honorary  Freedom  of  the  city  was  conferred  on  Dr. 
Stoker  when  George  IV.  visited  this  country  in  1821.  He  held 
the  Chair  of  Medicine  in  the  Eccles-street  School,  and  some  of  his 
lectures  have  been  published.  He  married  Sophia,  daughter  of 
Robert  Graves,  and  died  at  Clonskeagh,  County  of  Dublin,  in 
1848,  and  was  interred  in  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  burial  ground. 


EDWARD  ALEXANDER  STOKER. — WILLIAM  STOKER.  665 


EDWARD  ALEXANDER  STOKER. 

E.  A.  Stoker,  second  son  of  the  above,  was  born  in  21  York- 
street  on  the  12th  December,  1810.  He  was  educated  at  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Wright's  school,  Great  Denmark-street,  and  having  entered 
T.C.D.,  graduated  B.A.  in  1829.  On  the  30th  October,  1824,  he 
was  apprenticed  to  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  Philip)  Crampton,  and  in 
the  following  month  began  his  studies  in  the  College  School  and 
the  Meath  Hospital.  On  the  18th  November,  1830,  he  obtained 
the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College,  and  was  co-opted  a  Fellow 
on  the  16th  February,  1844. 

Mr.  Stoker  commenced  to  teach  anatomy  in  the  Dublin  School, 
and  was  subsequently  connected  with  the  second  Eccles-street, 
Original,  Mark-street,  and  Carmichael  Schools.  As  an  anatomist 
he  has  worthily  upheld  the  honour  of  the  Dublin  School,  but 
though  many  of  his  original  observations  are  current  in  the  School 
he  has  never  been  induced  to  publish  any  of  them.  Having  been 
for  twenty-five  years  an  Examiner  in  Anatomy  and  Surgery  to 
the  College,  he  resigned  that  position  in  March,  1886. 

Mr.  Stoker  married  Henrietta,  daughter  of  the  late  Captain 
John  Wisdom,  Ballinvollo,  County  Wicklow.  His  five  surviving 
sons  have  all  adopted  the  medical  profession. 

WILLIAM  STOKER. 

W.  Stoker,  eldest  son  of  above,  born  in  January,  1843,  graduated 
in  Arts  in  the  University,  Dublin,  and  studied  professionally 
in  the  Trinity  College  School  and  the  Richmond  and  adjacent 
Hospitals.  On  the  18th  November,  1873,  he  obtained  the  Fellow- 
ship of  the  College.  He  became  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  in  1873,  and  a  Member  in  1880,  on  the  establishment 
of  that  grade  by  the  College.  He  is  Surgeon  to  Jervis-street 
Hospital  and,  like  his  grandfather,  Physician  to  Cork-street  Fever 
Hospital.  He  was  for  some  years  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in 
the  College  School,  and  holds  the  Chair  of  Surgery  in  the  Ledwich 
School  since  1881.  He  acted  as  Examiner  in  Forensic  Medicine 
in  the  late  Queen's  University,  and  since  1882  has  had  a  seat  at 
the  Council  of  the  College. 


666        GABRIEL  STOKES. — JOHN  HENRY  LOFTIE  STONEY. 


Mr.  Stoker  married  Jane  Martin,  daughter  of  the  late  Robert 
Ross  Todd,  Clerk  of  the  Crown,  County  of  Down,  and  has  issue. 

GABRIEL  STOKES. 

G.  Stokes  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  8th  April,  1806.  He  was 
a  son  of  Whitley  Stokes  (see  page  501).  He  was  indentured  to  Sir 
Philip  Crampton  on  the  17th  July,  1827,  and  studied  in  the  College 
School,  and  seems  to  have  acquired  a  knowledge  of  Chemistry — 
probably  from  his  father — as  for  a  short  time  he  was  Chemist  to 
the  Apothecaries'  Hall.  On  the  7th  September,  1832,  he  "passed" 
at  the  College,  and  on  the  6th  August,  1837,  was  promoted  to  the 
Membership.  In  March,  1834,  he  passed  an  examination  for  M.D. 
at  Glasgow  University.  Stokes  was  a  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy, 
and  Lecturer  on  Medical  Jurisprudence,  in  Park-street  School,  and 
a  Surgeon  to  the  General  Dispensary.  In  1841  he  went  to  West- 
meath  as  Medical  Officer  of  the  Knockdrin  Dispensary,  which, 
after  some  time,  was  changed  into  the  Mullingar  Dispensary.  He 
was  also  Surgeon  to  Wilson's  Hospital,  Multifarnham,  near 
Mullingar,  from  1841  till  his  death.  In  1875  he  was  appointed 
Visiting  Surgeon  to  the  District  Lunatic  Asylum.  He  was 
Honorary  Surgeon  to  the  County  Infirmary.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  article  on  the  Ninth  Pair  of  Nerves  in  Todd's  Cyclopcedia, 
and  contributed  several  articles  to  the  journals.  He  retired  from 
dispensary  practice  for  four  years,  and,  to  the  credit  of  the  guardians, 
Stokes  was  allowed  three-fourths  of  his  salary  and  emoluments. 
He  died  at  Mullingar  on  April  8th,  1881,  and  was  interred  in 
All  Saints'  Churchyard,  Mullingar.  Stokes  married  on  the 
18th  April,  1839,  Catherine  Susan,  daughter  of  Captain  Campbell, 
of  Otter,  Argyleshire.    His  wife  and  three  daughters  survive. 

JOHN  HENRY  LOFTIE  STONEY. 

J.  H.  L.  Stoney  was  born  on  the  6th  March,  1840,  at  Mount- 
pleasant,  Guildford,  County  Down.  His  father  was  a  country 
gentleman,  and  his  mother  was  Elizabeth  Loftie.  He  was  educated 
at  Dr.  Rudkin's  School,  Dublin,  and  studied  for  his  profession  at 
the  College  School,  Queen's  College,  Gal  way,  and  Baggot-street 


JOHN  BENJAMIN  STORY. 


667 


Hospital.  He  showed  such  an  aptitude  for  anatomy,  that,  before 
he  became  qualified,  he  was  appointed  an  Assistant  Student 
Demonstrator  in  the  College  School.  In  1861  he  graduated  M.D. 
in  the  Queen's  University,  and  in  the  same  year  obtained  the 
Licence  of  the  College,  of  which  he  became  a  Fellow  on  the  26th 
August,  1867.  He  was  for  many  years  a  most  successful  "  grinder," 
and  he  had  a  remarkable  facility  for  imparting  information  to  his 
pupils.  When  the  Carmichael  School  was  removed  to  Aungier- 
street,  Stouey  severed  his  connection  with  the  College  School,  and 
became  a  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  in  the  former  School.  He  was  for 
many  years  Ophthalmic  and  Aural  Surgeon  to  the  City  of  Dublin 
Hospital.  He  died  from  congestion  of  the  lungs  and  haemoptysis, 
after  an  illness  of  four  days,  on  the  26th  August,  1883,  and  was 
interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery.  Stoney's  leisure  hours  were 
largely  devoted  to  his  pigeons  and  poultry,  of  which  he  had  large 
collections,  some  of  which  were  annually  shown  at  various  exhibi- 
tions in  Ireland  and  across  the  Channel,  and  usually  were  awarded 
prizes.  He  was  successful  in  his  breeding  of  carrier-pigeons.  He 
was  greatly  liked  amongst  a  large  circle  of  friends  on  account  of  his 
cheery  manner  and  kindly  disposition.  Stoney  married  his  cousin, 
Lucy  Hester,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Charles  Loftie,  who, 
together  with  one  son  and  two  daughters,  survive. 

JOHN  BENJAMIN  STORY. 

Mr.  Story  was  born  on  the  31st  August,  1850,  at  Aghabog, 
County  of  Monaghan.  His  father  is  the  Rev.  William  Story,  of 
Corick,  Clogher,  County  of  Tyrone,  and  his  mother  is  Sara,  daughter 
of  J.  Black,  of  Sligo.  Having  received  a  classical  education  in 
Winchester  School,  he  pursued  his  Arts  and  Medical  courses  in 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1872,  M.B. 
and  B.Chir.  (stip.  cond.)  in  1876,  and  M.Chir.  in  1880.  During 
his  undergraduate  course  he  won  the  Wray  Prize,  in  1872,  and  in 
the  same  year  became  First  Senior  Moderator  in  Logic  and  Ethics. 
Mr.  Story  studied  for  a  winter  session  at  Zurich,  under  Professor 
Horner,  and  for  a  summer  session  at  Vienna,  under  Professors  Arlt 
and  Jaeger.    In  1880  he  passed  for  the  Fellowship  of  the  College 


668     ROBERT  LAFAYETTE  SWAN.— GLASCOTT  RICHARD  STMES. 


without  first  having  taken  out  the  Letters  Testimonial,  and  was 
elected  a  Member  of  Council  in  December,  1885.  He  is  now  Lecturer 
on  Ophthalmic  Surgery  in  the  Ledwich  School  of  Medicine,  and 
Surgeon  to  St.  Mark's  Ophthalmic  Hospital.  He  has  contributed 
several  papers  on  ophthalmological  subjects  to  the  journals,  and 
at  present  he  is  co-editor  of  the  Ophthalmic  Review.  Mr.  Story  is 
unmarried. 

ROBERT  LAFAYETTE  SWAN. 

R.  L.  Swan  was  born  at  Durrow,  Queen's  County,  on  the  27th 
April,  1843.  He  is  the  son  of  John  Wright  Swan  and  of  Diana, 
daughter  of  Reginald  Phillips,  of  Phillipsgate,  County  of  Kilkenny. 
Mr.  Swan's  grandfather,  John  Wright  Swan,  came  to  Ireland  from 
Bournemouth,  as  did  also  J.  W.  Swan's  elder  brother,  the  Rev. 
Bellingham  Swan,  whilom  Curate  to  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Swift, 
subsequently  the  celebrated  Dean  of  St.  Patrick's.  Having  re- 
ceived a  classical  education  at  Kilkenny  College  and  Tipperary 
Grammar  School,  Mr.  Swan  prosecuted  his  medical  studies  at  Dr. 
Steevens'  Hospital  and  Medical  College.  In  June,  1863,  he  ob- 
tained the  Licence  of  the  College,  and  in  May,  1864,  was  admitted 
a  Licentiate  of  the  King  and  Queen's  College  of  Physicians.  In 
1868  he  obtained  the  Fellowship  of  the  College.  He  is  the  Founder 
of  the  Dublin  Orthopaedic  Hospital,  originally  situated  at  Usher's 
Island,  and  subsequently  removed  to  Great  Brunswick-street. 
Mr.  Swan  is  a  Member  of  the  Court  of  Examiners  of  the  College, 
and  has  contributed  several  papers,  chiefly  relating  to  Orthopaedic 
Surgery  and  the  development  of  the  mechanism  of  surgical  appli- 
ances, to  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science,  the  Medical  Press, 
and  the  "  Transactions  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  in  Ireland." 

GLASCOTT  RICHARD  SYMES. 

G.  R.  Symes  was  born  in  Jervis-street,  Dublin,  on  the  15th 
November,  1836.  His  father,  Dr.  Glascott  Symes,  a  much- 
respected  Fellow  of  the  College  and  a  Licentiate  of  it  since  1833, 
is  still  in  active  practice  at  Kingstown,  County  of  Dublin.  His 
mother  was  Barbara  M'Nally.    Having  received  an  excellent  pre- 


WILLIAM  THOMSON,  EXAMINER  IN  SURGERY.  669 

liminary  education  at  Portora  School,  he  entered  Trinity  College, 
where  his  career  was  a  distinguished  one.  In  1857  he  won  a  Junior 
Moderatorship  in  Experimental  and  Natural  Science,  and  in  1858 
graduated  in  Arts.  His  medical  training  was  received  in  the 
College  and  Trinity  College  Schools,  and  Steevens'  Hospital.  In 
the  Session  1857-8  he  was  awarded  the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Patho- 
logical Society  for  an  Essay  on  Disease  of  the  Breast.  In  1858  he 
became  a  Licentiate  of  the  College,  and  in  1860  obtained  the 
diploma  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  He  was  for  a  time  Resident 
Surgeon  in  Steevens'  Hospital,  and  Lecturer  on  Anatomy  in  its 
Medical  School.  In  1863  he  was  appointed  Visiting  Surgeon 
to  this  hospital.  Symes  invented  an  ingenious  little  instrument 
for  opening  tonsillitic  abscess,  and  contributed  several  papers  and 
reviews  to  the  journals.  He  died  from  rheumatic  fever,  at  7  Hume- 
street,  on  October  10th,  1866,  at  the  early  age  of  29,  and  was 
interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery.  Dr.  Symes  married,  in  1860, 
Bessie,  daughter  of  Joseph  Symes,  of  Hillbrook,  County  Wicklow, 
by  whom  he  had  three  children — all  boys — two  of  whom  survive. 
Mrs.  Symes,  who  re-married,  is  now  deceased. 

WILLIAM  THOMSON,  EXAMINER  IN  SURGERY. 

Mr.  Thomson  was  born  in  Downpatrick  on  the  29th  of  June, 
1843.  He  is  the  youngest  and  only  surviving  son  of  the  late 
William  Thomson,  of  Lanark,  Scotland,  by  his  wife,  Margaret 
Patterson,  daughter  of  the  late  Thomas  Patterson,  of  Monklands, 
Lanarkshire.  He  was  educated  privately,  and  entered  Queen's 
College,  Galway,  where  he  was  a  scholar  and  the  winner  of  nume- 
rous prizes,  graduating  B.A.  in  the  Queen's  University,  Ireland, 
in  1867,  and  M.D.  and  M.Ch.  in  1872.  In  the  latter  year  he  was 
appointed  House  Surgeon  to  the  Richmond  Hospital,  and  Demon- 
strator of  Anatomy  in  the  Carmichael  School  of  Medicine.  In 
1873  he  was  elected  Visiting  Surgeon  to  his  hospital,  and  Lecturer 
on  Anatomy  in  the  Carmichael  School.  In  the  following  year  he 
became  a  Fellow  of  the  College,  and  in  1875  was  elected  an 
Examiner  in  Anatomy  and  Surgery,  and  has  continued  to  act  in 
that  capacity  since  that  time,  but,  under  the  new  scheme,  now 


670 


CHARLES  ROBERT  C.  TICHBORNE. 


examines  in  Surgery  only.  He  is  Secretary  to  the  Court  of 
Examiners.  In  1879  lie  was  appointed  Examiner  in  Surgery  in 
the  Queen's  University,  and  in  1881  received  the  degree  of  M.A., 
honoris  causa,  from  that  University.  He  was  elected  a  Represen- 
tative of  Convocation  in  the  Senate  of  the  Royal  University  in 
1886. 

Mr.  Thomson  has  heen  an  active  contributor  to  the  literature  of 
the  profession.  As  an  undergraduate,  he  obtained  the  University 
Prize  for  an  essay  on  "  The  Outbreak  of  Yellow  Fever  at  Buenos 
Ayres."  In  1877  he  published,  as  editor,  Fleming's  "Injuries  and 
Diseases  of  the  Genito-urinary  Organs;"  in  1881,  also  as  editor,  the 
third  edition  of  Power's  "  Surgical  Anatomy  of  the  Arteries;"  and  in 
1882  a  comprehensive  monograph  on  "  Ligature  of  the  Innominate 
Artery."  He  has  also  published  many  papers,  of  which  the  most 
notable  are  on  Tracheotomy  in  Croup ;  Pistol-shot  Wound  of  the 
Cerebellum  ;  Ovariotomy  ;  Dupuytren's  Fracture  ;  Comminuted 
fracture  of  the  Head  of  the  Tibia;  and  Compound  Refracture 
of  the  Patella.  He  is  General  Secretary  of  the  Academy  of 
Medicine  in  Ireland,  and  Editor  of  its  "  Transactions ;"  and  is 
Treasurer  of  the  Royal  Medical  Benevolent  Fund  in  Ireland. 

Mr.  Thomson  is  married  to  Margaret  Dalrymple,  second  daughter 
of  the  late  Abraham  Stoker,  of  Dublin,  and  has  issue  a  son  and  a 
daughter. 

CHARLES  ROBERT  C.  TICHBORNE. 

Dr.  Tichborne,  born  in  Birmingham  15th  August,  1839,  is  the 
son  of  William  Lloyd  Tichborne,  wine  merchant,  by  his  wife,  Mary 
E.,  neS  Clarke,  and  is  a  descendant  from  Sir  Robert  Tichborne, 
whose  name  appears  on  the  warrant  for  the  execution  of  Charles  I. 
He  was  educated  in  Birmingham,  and  apprenticed  for  six  years  in 
an  extensive  chemical  manufactory.  He  next  spent  some  time  in 
the  College  of  Chemistry,  London,  under  Professor  Hoffman,  and, 
whilst  in  that  institution,  was  appointed  Chemist  to  the  Apothe- 
caries' Hall,  an  appointment  which  he  still  retains.  He  has  been, 
since  1872,  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  in  the  Carmichael  School.  From 
1878  until  1884  he  was  President  of  the  Irish  Pharmaceutical 


ROBERT  TRAVERS. 


671 


Society.  In  1874  he  was  appointed  Gas  Examiner  for  Dublin, 
under  the  Board  of  Trade.  He  holds  the  degrees  of  LL.D.  and 
Doctor  of  Pharmacy  from  respectable  American  institutions,  and 
he  is  a  member  of  many  learned  bodies.  Dr.  Tichborne's  scien- 
tific contributions  are  very  numerous.  He  detected  lithium  in 
the  well-known  Schwalheim  water,  and  he  discovered  colophonic 
hydrate  amongst  the  products  of  the  distillation  of  resin.  He  read, 
in  1872,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  a  very  interesting  paper  on  Disinfectants  in  connection 
with  Small-pox.  The  work  on  "Mineral  Waters"  which,  in  con- 
junction with  Dr.  Prosser  James,  he  brought  out  lately,  is  a  most 
useful  one,  as  it  contains  an  account  of  all  the  best-known  mineral 
waters. 

In  1861  Dr.  Tichborne  married  Sarah  E.,  daughter  of  James 
"Wilkinson,  M.Pv.C.S.  Eng.,  of  Blackrock,  County  of  Dublin,  and 
has  issue  six  daughters. 

ROBERT  TRAVERS. 

Dr.  Travers,  born  in  Dublin,  on  the  24th  June,  1807,  is  the 
only  surviving  son  of  the  late  William  T.  E.  Travers,  of  Eccles- 
street,  Dublin,  and  Tranquilla  House,  Rathmines,  County  of  Dublin, 
who  married,  in  1805,  Mary  Parker.  His  ancestors  were  the  owners 
of  considerable  landed  property,  but  it  had  passed  out  of  the  pos- 
session of  the  family  before  Dr.  Travers'  birth.  Robert  Travers 
was  not  sent  to  a  public  school,  and  the  education  which  he  received 
at  home  was  desultory  and  scanty.  He  entered  the  University 
ill-prepared  to  compete  for  the  rich  prizes  of  Trinity  College  with 
the  specially  trained  youths  from  the  great  schools,  nevertheless 
he  won  a  Moderatorship  at  his  B.A.  examination  in  1832.  In  1835 
he  took  his  Master's  degree,  together  with  a  Theological  Testi- 
monium. Dr.  Travers  had  intended  to  enter  the  Church,  but  he 
abandoned  that  idea,  and  studied  medicine  and  the  cognate  sciences 
'"n  the  College  and  Trinity  College  Schools,  and  the  Meath  and  Sir 
Patrick  Dun's  Hospitals.  He  graduated  in  Medicine  in  1835,  and 
thirty-nine  years  later  took  the  higher  grade  of  M.D.  On  the  18th 
September,  1841,  he  became  a  Licentiate,  and  on  the  29th  October, 


672 


HENRY  COLPOYS  TWEEDY. 


1849,  a  Fellow,  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  In  1844  he  was 
nominated  Lecturer  on  MedicalJurisprudence  in  the  Original  School, 
and  in  1864  he  was  elected  to  the  Professorship  on  that  subject  in 
the  School  of  Physic,  and  retains  both  offices.  He  was  Physician 
to  the  Sick-poor  Institution  during  the  period  1847-51,  and  in 
1848  was  appointed  Medical  Attendant  to  the  South  Dublin 
Cholera  Hospital.  Dr.  Travers  has  been  for  many  years  Assistant 
Librarian  to  the  Library  founded  by  Archbishop  Marsh,  and  con- 
tained in  the  large  building  situated  close  to  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral. 
His  acquaintance  with  what  are  termed  black  letter  books  is  very 
extensive — indeed  Dr.  Travers  is  considered  to  be  one  of  the  best 
read  men  in  this  country.  His  caligraphy,  almost  microscopic,  yet 
as  neat  and  plain  as  print,  is  executed  with  astonishing  rapidity. 
He  has  published  a  pamphlet  on  "Personal  Identity"  and  a  Synopsis 
of  Lectures  on  Forensic  Medicine.  Dr.  Travers  is  married  to 
Anne,  third  daughter  of  the  late  John  Plunkett,  merchant,  of 
Dublin,  and  has  issue.  Dr.  Travers  pays  but  scant  attention  to 
his  costume,  but  beneath  his  plain,  unvarnished  exterior,  we  may 
say,  in  the  language  of  the  poet — 

"  — Ingenium  ingens 
Inculto  latet  hoc  sub  corpOre." 

HENRY  COLPOYS  TWEEDY. 

H.  C.  Tweedy  was  born  in  Dublin,  on  the  3rd  April,  1847,  at 
No.  30  Summer  Hill,  Dublin.  His  father,  Dr.  Henry  Tweedy,  of 
Rutland-square,  is  one  of  the  Fathers  of  the  Profession,  having 
"  passed"  at  the  College  of  Surgeons,  London,  in  1836.  He  married, 
in  1843,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Lieutenant-General  Owen,  who  for 
thirty  years  was  Quarter-Master-General  in  the  Dublin  Military 
District.  H.  C.  Tweedy  was  educated  at  Bective  College  and 
Trinity  College,  Dublin.  His  medical  education  was  conducted  in 
the  School  of  Physic  and  Sir  P.  Dun's  and  Steevens'  Hospitals. 
He  also  studied  for  some  time  in  London  and  Vienna.  He  won 
numerous  Collegiate  and  medical  distinctions — First  Honours  in 
Classics  and  Moderatorship  in  Experimental  and  Natural  Sciences 
in  Trinity  College,  Dublin.    He  graduated  B.A.  in  1869  ;  M.B. 


HENEY  JOHN  TYEEELL. — WILLIAM  WALLACE.  673 


in  1871;  M.D.  in  1874;  Diplomate  in  State  Medicine,  1874; 
L.R.C.S.I.,  1872  ;  Fellow  in  1873  ;  and  M.C.P.  in  1884.  He  is 
Physician  to  Steevens'  Hospital,  and  formerly  lectured  on  Medical 
Jurisprudence  in  its  School,  and  is  now  Examiner  in  Arts,  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons.  He  has  contributed  several  papers  to  the 
journals,  chiefly  upon  medico-legal  subjects.  Dr.  Tweedy  was 
married,  in  1882,  to  Alice  Maud,  only  daughter  of  Thomas  James 
Meredith,  Captain,  90th  Light  Infantry,  of  Cloonamahon,  Collooney, 
County  of  Sligo,  and  has  issue  one  daughter.  Dr.  Tweedy 's  great- 
grandfather, Mr.  Thomas  Tweedy,  is  the  High  Sheriff  referred 
to  in  page  132. 

HENEY  JOHN  TYEEELL. 

H.  J.  Tyrrell  was  born  in  January,  1833.  He  was  the  son  of 
Thomas  Tyrrell,  of  Rathangan,  County  of  Kildare,  by  his  wife, 
Maria,  daughter  of  John  Watson,  of  Dublin.  He  was  educated 
at  Clongowes  Wood  College,  and  studied  professionally  at  the 
Original  School  of  Medicine,  where  he  won  Dr.  Maxwell  Simpson's 
Gold  Medal  in  Chemistry.  On  the  3rd  May,  1855,  he  became  a 
Licentiate  of  the  College,  and  attained  to  the  Fellowship  in  1863. 
On  the  17th  August,  1859,  he  obtained  the  Licence  of  the  College 
of  Physicians.  He  was  Surgeon,  first,  to  Jervis-street  Hospital, 
and,  secondly,  to  the  Mater  Misericordia?  Hospital,  and  was  Pro- 
fessor of  Surgery  in  the  Catholic  University  School.  He  pub- 
lished several  papers  in  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science,  the 
Medical  Press,  and  the  Medical  Times  and  Gazette.  In  the  Medical 
Press  he  described  cases  of  Traumatic  Tetanus,  cured  by  local 
application  of  tobacco. 

Tyrrell  married,  in  1872,  Maria,  daughter  of  Daniel  Corbett, 
M.R.C.S.  Eng.,  the  well-known  dentist  in  Clare-street.  He  died 
on  the  31st  December,  1879,  and  was  interred  in  Glasnevin 
Cemetery.    He  left  two  daughters. 

WILLIAM  WALLACE. 

W.  Wallace,  son  of  a  solicitor,  was  born  in  1791,  at  Down- 
patrick.     He  was   indentured  in  February,  1808,  to  Charles 

2  x 


674 


WILLIAM  WALLACE. 


Bowden,  upon  whose  death  he  was  transferred,  on  the  8th  Novem- 
ber, 1810,  to  C.  H.  Todd,  and  commenced  to  study  in  the  College 
School.  He  obtained  his  diploma  on  the  13th  June,  1813,  and 
was  elected  a  Member  on  the  6th  November,  1815.  He  was 
appointed  a  Surgeon  to  Jervis-street  Hospital,  where  he  taught 
not  only  surgery  but  anatomy  (see  page  518).  In  1817  Wallace 
married  a  daughter  of  Sir  Jonas  Greene,  Recorder  of  Dublin — 
she  was  a  very  handsome  woman.  In  1818  he  opened,  at  his  own 
expense,  at  No.  20  Moore-street,  a  Hospital  for  Skin  Diseases — 
the  first  of  the  kind  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Wallace  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  skin  diseases  and  of  syphilitic  affections, 
and  the  results  of  his  researches  are  sufficiently  important  to  give 
him  a  good  place  in  the  annals  of  medicine.  He  was  the  first 
to  prove  by  experiments,  performed  upon  healthy  persons,  that 
secondary  syphilis  is  contagious  (the  Lancet,  1835).  Although 
these  experiments  were  indefensible,  as  their  nature  had  not  been 
communicated  beforehand  to  the  subjects  of  them,  yet  their 
results  were  of  high  scientific  value,  the  contagious  nature  of 
secondary  syphilis  having  been  denied  by  such  eminent  authorities 
as  Hunter  and  Ricord. 

To  Wallace  is  due  the  introduction  of  iodide  of  potassium  in 
secondary  syphilitic  affections — a  remedy  still  in  great  repute, 
especially  in  syphilitic  disease  of  the  bones  and  tubercular  erup- 
tions of  the  skin. 

Wallace  made  the  physiology  of  the  skin  and  the  diseases  of 
that  structure  the  objects  of  special  study.  He  kept  a  negro  in 
his  house  for  the  purpose  of  making  observations  upon  his  skin. 
Drawings  to  illustrate  the  structure  of  the  skin  and  the  diseases 
affecting  it  were  made  under  his  direction  by  his  two  daughters — 
both  at  the  time  very  young.  The  elder  died  in  her  seventeenth 
year  from  scarlet  fever.  A  large  portfolio  of  coloured  drawings 
representing  syphilitic  diseases,  now  contained  in  the  College 
Library,  purchased  after  Wallace's  death  from  his  widow,  are 
deserving  of  study. 

The  following  works  were  written  by  Wallace: — "Essays  respect- 
ing the  Changes  which  the  Human  Skeleton  undergoes  at  Different 


MONTGOMERY  ALBERT  WARD. 


675 


Periods  of  Life,  &c."  (Dublin,  1819) — a  reprint  of  a  paper  which 
was  published  in  the  previous  year  in  the  "  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy."  "  Observations  on  Sulphurous  Fumiga- 
tions as  a  powerful  remedy  in  Rheumatism  and  Diseases  of  the 
Skin"  (Dublin,  1820,  8vo,  pp.  92).  "Researches  respecting  the 
Medical  Powers  of  Chlorine  Gas,  particularly  in  Diseases  of  the 
Liver,  &c."  (London,  1822,  8vo,  pp.  144)  ;  a  second  edition 
appeared  in  1824.  "  A  Physical  Enquiry  respecting  the  action  of 
Moxa,  &c."  (Dublin,  1827,  8vo,  pp.  148).  "A  Treatise  on  the 
Venereal  Disease  and  its  Varieties"  (London,  1833,  8vo,  pp.  388). 
"  An  Account  of  the  Apparatus  for  the  Treatment  of  Diseases  of 
the  Skin,  &c."  (Dublin,  1825,  4to,  pp.  44,  with  14  plates). 

Wallace  was  vehement  in  his  denunciations  of  what  he  termed 
the  abuses  in  the  College,  and  at  the  meetings  of  the  members  he 
proved  himself  an  excellent  debater.  His  most  intimate  friend 
was  Charles  Orpen,  a  Fellow  of  the  College,  who  subsequently 
became  a  missionary  clergyman  to  South  Africa,  where  he  died 
about  1857  (see  his  Life,  by  Lefanu).  Whenever  Wallace  was 
assailed,  Orpen,  if  present,  was  sure  to  do  battle  for  him. 

Wallace  died  from  typhus  fever  on  Friday,  the  8th  December, 
1837,  after  an  illness  of  short  duration ;  on  the  previous  Saturday 
he  had  attended  to  his  duties  at  Jervis-street  Hospital. 

MONTGOMERY  ALBERT  WARD. 

M.  A.  Ward  was  born  on  the  10th  of  October,  1839,  in  Dublin. 
His  father,  Espine  Ward,  was  Chief  of  the  late  Note-Ledger 
Office  in  the  Bank  of  Ireland.  His  mother  was  Sophia,  daughter 
of  Montgomery  Nixon,  M.D.,  of  Lake  View,  Enniskillen.  Dr. 
Ward  was  educated  in  the  Schools  of  the  late  Rev.  Daniel  Flynn, 
the  late  Rev.  Dr.  Fleury,  and  in  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He 
received  his  professional  training  in  the  School  of  Physic,  the 
Ledwich  School,  and  in  Mercer's  Hospital.  In  1863  he  obtained  a 
Medical  Scholarship  in  Trinity  College.  In  1864  he  graduated 
B.A. ;  in  1865,  M.B. ;  and  in  1866,  M.  Chir. ;  in  the  summer  of 
1866  he  "  passed "  at  the  College  of  Surgeons,  and  obtained  the 
Fellowship  on  the  10th  March,  1874.    Dr.  Ward  is  a  Lecturer  in 


676 


FREDERICK  WILLIAM  WARREN. 


the  Ledwich  School,  and  Medical  Attendant  at  the  Maison  de  Santi. 
He  was  for  seven  years  Assistant-Surgeon  to  the  Adelaide  Hospital, 
and  is  now  Surgeon  to  Mercer's  Hospital.  He  has  contributed 
several  papers  to  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science  and  the 
Medical  Press,  and  is  the  author  of  "  Outlines  of  Zoology  and 
Comparative  Anatomy,"  1874.  Dr.  Ward  is  married  to  Frances 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  late  Major  Henry  Kean,  25th  and  87th 
Regiments,  late  of  Ormeau-road,  Belfast,  and  Corbally,  County 
of  Down,  and  has  issue  one  daughter  living. 

FREDERICK  WILLIAM  WARREN. 

F.  W.  Warren  was  born  in  Dublin  on  the  15th  May,  1851. 
He  was  a  son  of  the  late  Samuel  Warren,  merchant,  of  Dame- 
street,  Dublin,  who  for  many  years  was  a  Member  of  the  Cor- 
poration, and  his  mother  was  Sarah  Anne,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
James  Lilly,  of  Derby,  a  Moravian  clergyman.  He  received  his 
earlier  education  at  Dr.  Benson's  School,  Rathmines,  and,  having 
entered  Trinity  College,  graduated  in  Arts  and  Medicine  in  1879. 
His  medical  education  was  conducted  in  the  School  of  Physic  and 
in  Steevens'  Hospital  and  its  Medical  College.  He  won  in  the 
latter  the  "  Cusack  Medal"  in  1870  and  in  1871,  taking  the  first 
prize  for  Clinical  Surgery  in  1870.  He  obtained  the  diploma 
of  the  College  in  1871,  and  in  the  following  year  that  of  the 
College  of  Physicians.  In  1877  he  became  a  Fellow  of  the  Col- 
lege, and  in  1879  an  M.B.  of  Dublin  University.  For  some 
years  he  demonstrated  on  Anatomy  in  the  School  of  Steevens' 
Hospital,  and  subsequently  became  Curator  of  the  Museum,  and 
Lecturer  on  Anatomy  in  the  School,  and  Resident-Surgeon  to  the 
Hospital.  His  connection  with  the  extinction  of  the  school  is 
referred  to  at  page  540.  On  leaving  Steevens'  School  he  was 
appointed  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the  School  of  Surgery,  a 
position  which  he  retained  until  his  death,  and  the  duties  of  which 
he  discharged  most  admirably.  An  excellent  teacher,  his  pri- 
vate classes  were  numerously  attended.  He  was  elected  in  1883 
Surgeon  to  the  Adelaide  Hospital.  He  contributed  a  few  papers 
to  the  Lancet  and  the  Irish  Hospital  Gazette.    He  died  from 


SIR  WILLIAM  ROBERT  WILLS  WILDE. 


677 


typhoid  fever  on  the  11th  October,  1885,  at  32  Harcourt-street, 
and  was  interred  in  Mount  Jerome  Cemetery.  Warren  married 
Lizzie,  eldest  daughter  of  Francis  Thomas,  of  Merrion,  who 
together  with  her  son  and  daughter  survive. 

SIR  WILLIAM  ROBERT  WILLS  WILDE. 

Sir  W.  Wilde  was  born  in  1815,  at  Castlereagh,  County  of 
Roscommon,  where  his  father  war.  a  medical  practitioner.  Pie  was 
educated  at  the  Endowed  Schools  of  Banagher  and  Elphin,  and  on 
the  23rd  December,  1837,  he  was  indentured  to  Abraham  Colles. 
His  professional  education  was  conducted  in  the  College  and  Park- 
street  Schools  and  Steevens'  Hospital.  On  the  18th  March,  1837, 
he  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College,  and  was 
elected  a  Fellow  on  the  8th  March,  1844.  Immediately  after 
receiving  his  Licence  from  the  College,  he  accepted  the  medical 
charge  of  an  invalid,  with  whom  he  took  a  voyage  in  a  yacht, 
concerning  which  he  made  his  dibut  as  a  litterateur*  In  1841  he 
commenced  to  practice  as  an  oculist  and  aurist,  and  soon  acquired 
a  great  reputation  for  his  skill  in  those  branches  of  surgery.  In 
1844  he  re-opened  the  old  hospital  of  St.  Mark's  as  an  ophthalmic 
dispensary,  and,  within  a  few  months,  converted  it  into  a  hospital, 
which,  in'  1848,  was  removed  to  the  premises  in  Park-street, 
which  had  up  to  that  year  been  occupied  by  the  Medical  School, 
so  often  referred  to  in  these  pages.  Wilde  contributed  liberally 
towards  the  expense  of  the  hospital,  and  in  it  his  services  were  for 
many  years  freely  at  the  service  of  the  poor.  For  several  years  he 
lectured  on  ophthalmic  and  aural  surgery  in  Park-street  School. 

For  many  years  Wilde  edited  the  Dublin  Journal  of  Medical 
Science,  and  his  articles  in  it  contributed  substantially  towards 
raising  that  journal  to  a  high  position  amongst  the  medical  periodi- 
cals of  the  day.  His  treatise  entitled  "  Practical  Observations  on 
Aural  Surgery"  was  published  in  London  in  1853.  He  will,  how- 
ever, be  longer  remembered  as  an  antiquarian  and  a  topographer  than 
as  an  oculist.    There  are  no  more  pleasant  books  to  read  than  his 

*  "A  Voyage  to  Madeira  and  Teneriffe,  along  the  Coast  of  the  Mediterranean." 
2  vols. 


678 


STR  WILLIAM  ROBERT  WILLS  WILDE. 


handbooks  on  "The  Boyne  and  Blackwater"  (1849)  and  "  Lough 
Corrib  "  ( 1849).  He  purchased  a  small  property  near  that  lake,  and 
built  a  house  upon  it,  in  which  he  spent  most  of  his  short  vacations. 

He  knew  the  country  thoroughly ;  and  I  remember  well  seeing 
him  in  1861,  superintending  the  excavation  of  an  ancient  rath 
near  Cong,  in  which  he  expected  to  discover  some  relics  of  a  by- 
gone age.  He  worked  as  hard  as  any  of  the  labourers,  wielding  a 
pickaxe  in  a  highly  skilful  manner.  He  was  much  disappointed 
at  the  result  of  that  exploration.  When  the  British  Medical  Asso- 
ciation met  in  Dublin  in  1869  he  conducted  a  large  party  to  the 
Boyne,  and  showed  them  some  remarkable  caverns,  of  great  extent, 
containing  tombs.  In  1857  he  conducted  a  party  of  the  British 
Association  to  the  Arran  Islands,  off  the  coast  of  Galway. 

Undoubtedly  Wilde's  most  important  work  was  in  connection 
with  the  Irish  Census.  His  historical  account  of  disease  in 
Ireland  is  a  laborious  production,  and  will  always  remain  a  monu- 
ment of  his  industry  and  research.  On  the  completion  of  the 
Reports  on  the  Census  for  1861  he  received  Knighthood  from 
the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  then  Lord  Lieutenant — "  Not  so  much,"  said 
Lord  Carlisle,  "  in  recognition  of  your  high  professional  standing, 
which  is  European,  and  has  been  recognised  by  many  countries  in 
Europe,  but  to  mark  my  sense  of  the  service  you  have  rendered 
to  Statistical  Science,  especially  in  connection  with  the  Irish 
Census." 

Wilde  published,  in  1849,  an  interesting  account,  chiefly  from 
a  psychological  point  of  view,  of  the  closing  years  of  Dean  Swift. 
His  last  work  was  a  most  interesting  account  of  Gabriel  Beranger, 
a  Dutch  artist,  of  Huguenot  parents,  who  resided  in  Dublin  from 
1771  till  his  death,  in  1817.  His  views  of  public  buildings  in 
Dublin  are  valuable,  because  some  of  them  now  no  longer  exist, 
Beranger's  pictures  may  be  seen  in  the  National  Library. 

Wilde  received  many  honours  and  compliments.  He  was  a 
honorary  member  of  several  Societies  ;  and  he  received,  in  1873, 
from  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  the  Cunningham  Gold  Medal,  the 
most  valuable  gift  at  their  disposal.  From  the  King  of  Sweden 
and  Norway — in  honour  of  whom  he  named  one  of  his  sons  Oscar — 


STEWART  WOODHOUSE. — JOHN  WOODROFFE. 


679 


he  received  the  Order  of  the  Polar  Star.  In  1853  he  was 
appointed  Surgeon  Oculist  to  the  Queen  in  Ireland.  In  1863  he 
received  from  the  University  the  degree  of  M.D.,  honoris  causa. 

In  1851  Wilde  married  Jane  Francesca  Elgee,  a  lady  possessed 
of  no  inconsiderable  share  of  the  Promethean  fire,  and  who,  under 
the  nom  de  plume  of  "  Speranza,"  has  published  many  poetical 
pieces  of  acknowledged  merit. 

Mr.  Oscar  Wilde,  the  well-known  aesthete,  and  Mr.  William 
Wilde,  B.L.  (who  for  some  time  was  a  member  of  the  North-west 
Circuit,  but  is  now  a  litterateur),  are  sons  of  Sir  William  Wilde. 
Few  names  are  more  widely  known  than  that  of  Mr.  Oscar  Wilde. 

Sir  William  Wilde  died  at  No.  1  Merrion-square,  Dublin,  on 
the  19th  April,  1876,  aged  61  years,  and  was  interred  in  Mount 
Jerome  Cemetery. 

STEWART  WOODHOUSE. 

S.  Woodhouse  was  bora  on  the  25th  February,  1846,  at  Belsize, 
Lisburn.  His  father,  a  retired  manager  of  a  bank,  married 
Margaret  Cochrane.  Having  been  educated  at  the  Royal  School, 
Dungannon,  he  entered  the  University  of  Dublin,  in  which  he  took 
the  following  degrees  :— M.B.,  1872;  M.D.,  1874;  Diplomate  in 
State  Medicine,  1875.  In  1874  he  "  passed  "  for  the  Fellowship  of 
the  College,  and  in  1880  obtained  the  Licence  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  and  subsequently  their  Membership.  He  was  for  some 
time  an  Examiner  in  General  Education  in  the  College  and  a  Lec- 
turer on  Pathology  in  the  Carmichael  School ;  and  he  is  now  one  of 
the  Medical  Inspectors  of  the  Local  Government  Board,  and  resides 
in  Belfast.  He  has  contributed  several  articles  to  the  journals, 
and  had  been  an  occasional  writer  in  the  newspaper  press.  Dr. 
Woodhouse  is  married  to  Charlotte,  fourth  daughter  of  the  late 
Isaac  Corry,  D.L.,  of  Newry,  and  has  issue  one  son  and  one  daughter. 

JOHN  WOODROFFE. 

J.  Woodroffe  was  born  in  Jervis-street,  Dublin,  in  1785.  His 
father,  a  merchant,  married  Catherine  Litton.  It  is  said  that  he 
was  a  B.A.  of  Dublin  University,  but  his  name  does  not  appear  in 


680 


JOHN  WOODEOFFE. 


Dr.  Todd's  List  of  Graduates.  On  the  2nd  February,  1798,  he 
was  bound  to  Henthorn  for  five  years,  and  studied  in  the  College 
School.  On  December  28th,  1803,  he  passed  the  qualifying 
examination  for  Assistant-Surgeon,  and  obtained  the  Letters 
Testimonial  on  the  21st  March,  1810,  in  which  year  he  graduated 
M.D.  at  the  University  of  St.  Andrew's.  He  did  not  become  a 
Member  of  the  College  until  the  1st  November,  1841. 

Shortly  after  becoming  qualified  Woodroffe  settled  in  Cork, 
where  he  soon  got  into  a  good  practice.  He  established  a  Medical 
School,  which  lasted  for  many  years.  The  senior  survivor  of  his 
apprentices  is  Henry  Croly,  F.R.C.S.,  of  Rathfarnham,  whose 
indentures  bear  date  3rd  September,  1825.  Dr.  Croly  rendered 
an  important  service  to  Irish  medical  men  by  producing  in  1843 
and  1846  "  The  Medical  Directory  for  Ireland  " — the  prototype  of 
Churchill's  "  Medical  Directory."  At  page  151  the  charge  of 
malpraxis,  in  a  case  of  lithotomy,  made  against  Woodroffe,  has 
been  briefly  referred  to.  The  charge  was  originated  by  a  man 
named  Read,  who,  it  would  appear,  was  supported  by  Dr.  William 
Bullen,  a  Trustee  of  the  South  Infirmary.  A  long  discussion 
ensued,  in  which  the  names  of  Sir  E.  Home,  P.  Crampton, 
Kirby,  Liston,  and  Lawrence  were  introduced — all  those  distin- 
guished surgeons  having  been  consulted  in  reference  to  the 
case.  The  Trustees  of  the  Hospital  and  the  College  of  Surgeons 
exonerated  Woodroffe  completely.  Mr.  Henry  Bennett,  an  attorney 
residing  in  Cork,  wrote  the  following  verses  in  reference  to  this 
discussion : — 

"  Why  ?  for  a  furious  paper  war 
Those  heroes  of  the  knife  prepare, 
With  trumpeter  and  herald  ; 
'Twould  better  far  their  wisdom  suit 
To  leave  the  subject  in  dispute 
To  Shanahan  and  Fitzgerald* 
And  if  these  two  cannot  agree, 
And  further  reference  there  must  be, 
For  which  we  would  all  be  sorry, 
What  better  umpire  could  be  found 
On  Stone  than  Dr.  Quarry  ?"  f 


*  Stonecutters. 


+  Eev.  John  Quarry,  LL.D. 


EDWARD  PERCEVAL  WRIGHT. 


681 


Woodroffe  gave  very  interesting  lectures  on  Anatomy  in  the 
Cork  School  of  Art,  and  it  is  said  that  Foley  and  other  eminent 
Irish  artists  were  greatly  benefited  by  them. 

In  1841  Woodroffe  removed  to  Dublin,  and  took  the  house  No.  7 
Ely-place.  He  was  appointed  Surgeon  to  Jervis-street  Hospital, 
and  a  Lecturer  in  the  Dublin  School  of  Medicine.  He  died  from 
Potts'  gangrene,  on  the  13th  March,  1859,  in  the  house,  15  Pem- 
broke-road, in  which  the  author  of  this  History  resides,  and  in 
the  room  in  which  he  now  records  the  last  event  in  Woodroffe's 
history. 

Woodroffe  married  Sarah  Walsh.  Several  of  his  children, 
including  Charles  H.  Woodroffe,  Q.C.,  survive. 

EDWARD  PERCEVAL  WRIGHT. 

E.  P.  Wright  was  born  in  Dublin,  on  25th  December,  1834,  and 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Edward  Wright,  LL.D.  (son  of  Joseph 
Wright,  Duncairn,  Belfast),  Barrister-at-Law,  North  East  Circuit, 
by  his  wife  Charlotte,  daughter  of  Joseph  Wright,  of  Beech  Hill, 
County  of  Dublin.  Having  received  a  sound  preliminary  educa- 
tion, he  studied  in  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  in  Paris,  Vienna, 
and  Berlin.  In  1857  he  graduated  in  first  class  as  B.  A.,  and  in  the 
following  year  took  the  degree  of  M.B.  in  Dublin  University.  In 
1859  he  became  a  M.A.,  and  in  1862  proceeded  to  the  degree  of 
M.D.  He  is  also  an  ad  euendem  M.A.  of  Oxford.  In  1859  he 
became  a  Licentiate  of  the  King  and  Queen's  College  of  Physi- 
cians, and  on  the  29th  August,  1862,  he  "  passed"  the  Fellowship 
examination  at  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons.  Dr.  Wright  was 
for  some  time  a  Deputy  Government  Officer  in  the  Seychelles  Isles, 
near  the  Mauritius,  and  was  in  charge  of  the  Leper  establishment 
at  He  Curieuse.  Since  1866  he  has  devoted  himself  much  more 
particularly  to  scientific  and  literary  pursuits.  He  lectured  on 
Botany,  and  subsequently  on  Ophthalmology,  in  Steevens'  Hospital 
Medical  College,  and  is  now  Professor  of  Botany  in  Trinity  College. 
Dr.  Wright  has  contributed  a  great  many  papers  and  reports  to 
various  journals,  and  to  the  Transactions  of  societies — they  relate 


682 


GERALD  FRANCIS  YEO. 


chiefly  to  botany  and  zoology.  In  1883  the  Eoyal  Irish  Academy 
presented  to  him  the  Cunningham  Gold  Medal  for  his  biological 
researches.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  Linnasan  Society,  a  Member — 
ordinary  or  honorary — of  a  great  many  scientific  institutions  at 
home  and  abroad,  a  Member  of  the  Council  of  the  University  of 
Dublin,  and  a  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy.  He  has  been 
connected  with  several  industrial  enterprises,  and  he  holds  the 
Commission  of  the  Peace.  Dr.  Wright  is  married  to  Emily  Char- 
lotte, second  daughter  of  the  late  Lieut.-Col.  Ponsonby  Shaw. 


GERALD  FRANCIS  YEO. 

Dr.  Yeo  was  born  on  19th  January,  1845,  at  Dublin.  He  is  the 
son  of  Henry  Yeo,  Clerk  of  the  Rules,  Court  of  Exchequer,  by  his 
wife  Jane,  daughter  of  the  late  Captain  Ferns,  and  grand-daughter 
of  Sir  John  Ferns,  Knt.  He  was  educated  at  the  Royal  School, 
Dungannon,  and  in  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  graduated  as  B.A., 
B.M.,  and  M.  Chir.,  in  1867.  He  then  studied  a  year  in  each  of 
the  great  schools  of  Paris,  Berlin,  and  Vienna.  In  1871  he  took 
the  degree  of  M.D.,  and  the  diploma  of  State  Medicine.  In  1872 
he  obtained  the  Letters  Testimonial  of  the  Dublin  College,  and  in 
1878  he  became  a  Fellow  of  the  College  of  Surgeons  of  England. 
He  commenced  teaching  as  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the 
Trinity  College  School.  For  some  years  he  lectured  on  Physiology 
at  the  Carmichael  School.  To  this  subject  Dr.  Yeo  has  devoted 
great  attention,  and  made  a  special  study  of  it  in  Leipzig  and 
Berlin.  Having  been  appointed  Professor  of  Physiology  in  the 
King's  College,  he  settled  in  London,  and  subsequently  was 
appointed  Assistant-Surgeon  in  King's  College  Hospital;  but 
resigned  his  connection  with  that  institution.  He  held  the  post 
of  Examiner  in  Physiology  to  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  and 
the  University  of  London.  Dr.  Yeo  received  the  Gold  Medal 
of  the  Dublin  Pathological  Society  for  an  essay  on  the  Pathology  of 
the  Kidneys.  He  prepared  for  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of 
England  a  Report  on  the  Pathology  of  Bovine  Pleuro-pneumonia. 
In  the  Philosophical  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  for  1884, 


GERALD  FRANCIS  YEO. 


683 


there  is  a  paper,  written  conjointly  by  him  and  Dr.  Ferrier,  on  the 
Localisation  of  Control  Function.  He  has  contributed  various  papers 
to  the  journals,  and  in  1884  produced  a  "  Manual  of  Physiology." 
Dr.  Yeo  married,  in  1873,  Charlotte,  daughter  of  Isaac  Kitchin, 
of  Rockferry,  Cheshire;  she  died  in  1884,  without  issue. 


ADDENDA  TO  CHAPTERS  XVIII.  AND  XIX. 


william  lawless  (see  page  480). 

William  Lawless  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Hampden  Evans,  of 
Portrane,  County  of  Dublin.  She  died  on  the  23rd  April,  1855. 
Several  of  General  Lawless's  descendants  reside  in  Ireland. 

ARTHUR  BAMBRICK  MITCHELL  (see  page  492). 

A.  B.  Mitchell  was  born  at  Castletown,  Queen's  County,  in  1804, 
and  was  the  fifth  son  of  William  Mitchell,  by  his  wife  Grace, 
daughter  of  Arthur  Bambrick,  of  Graigue,  County  of  Carlow. 
A.  B.  Mitchell  married  a  Miss  Mulloy.  His  only  son,  Captain  and 
Honorary  Lieut.-Col.  Arthur  Mulloy  Mitchell,  R.M.,  died  in  Cork, 
January,  1886.  Dr.  Mitchell  is  interred  in  Ballyroan  burial-ground, 
Queen's  County. 

JAMES  AND  PETER  BRENAN. 

Dr.  James  Brenan,  referred  to  at  page  513,  was  born  in  1685, 
and  died  in  1738.  By  his  will  he  directed  that  his  body  should  be 
interred  in  the  family  burying-place  in  the  Parish  of  New  St. 
Michan's,  in  the  suburbs  of  the  city.  He  bequeathed  his  anatomical 
specimens  to  his  brother,  Peter  Brenan,  Chirurgeon,  who  was  born 
on  the  30th  July,  1705,  old  style,  and  died  in  February,  1767. 
P.  Brenan  bequeathed  his  surgical  instruments,  books,  and  anato- 
mical specimens  to  Michael  Keogh,  a  member  of  the  Dublin  Society 
of  Surgeons,  and  one  of  the  first  members  of  the  College.  Probably 
some  of  these  specimens  are  in  the  College  Museum. 


CHAPTER  XXL 


THE  UNIVERSITY  AND  PROVINCIAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOLS. 

In  concluding  this  History  I  have  thought  it  desirable  to  give  a 
brief  account  of  the  University  and  Provincial  Schools,  in  order 
that  the  reader  may  become  acquainted  with  the  complete  educa- 
tional resources  of  the  Irish  School  of  Medicine.  I  do  not  intend 
to  give  biographical  sketches  of  the  teachers,  connected  with  those 
Schools ;  many  of  whom,  however,  having  been  Presidents  or 
Professors  of  the  College  of  Surgeons  or  teachers  in  the  private 
schools,  have  been  mentioned  in  connection  with  those  institutions. 

THE  SCHOOL  OF  PHYSIC. 

An  account  of  the  origin  of  the  School  of  Physic  will  be  found  at 
pages  91  to  100  inclusive.  As  at  present  constituted,  it  consists  of 
the  amalgamated  medical  schools  of  Trinity  College  and  the  College 
of  Physicians,  with  the  addition  of  several  new  Professorships.  The 
College  of  Physicians  elect  the  Professors  of  the  Practice  of  Medicine, 
the  Institutes  of  Medicine,  Midwifery,  Materia  Medica,  and  Medical 
Jurisprudence ;  the  remaining  Professors  are  elected  by  the  Board  of 
Trinity  College,  who  claim  to  be  the  sole  managers  of  the  School. 
The  following  list  of  the  Professors  of  the  School  of  Physic  is 
taken  from  the  University  Calendar  for  1886 ;  but  it  is  probable 
that  some  of  the  dates  given  in  it  are  not  quite  accurate,  and  I 
would  suggest  a  revision  of  the  interesting  record.  I  notice  that 
one  name  is  altogether  omitted — namely,  that  of  John  James  Leahy, 
who  was  Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Medicine  from  1829  until 
1832.  The  "Shaw"  mentioned  as  second  University  Anatomist, 
was  Vesey  Shaw,  an  army  Surgeon  on  the  Irish  Establishment. 

Regius  Professors  of  Physic. — John  Temple,  1618  ;  —  Beere, 


THE  SCHOOL  OF  PHYSIC. 


685 


1620-1  ;  John  Stearne,  1662;  John  Margetson,  1670;  Ealph 
Howard,  1674;  Kichard  Stephens,  1710;  *Thomas  Molyneux, 
1717;  Richard  Helsham,  1733;  Henry  Cope,  1738;  Francis 
Foreside,  1742-3;  Bryan  Eobinson,  1745;  fEdward  Barry,  1754  ; 
William  Clement,  1761;  Edward  HiU,  1781;  Whitley  Stokes, 
1830;  William  Stokes,  1845;  Alfred  Hudson,  1878;  John 
Thomas  Banks,  1880. 

Regius  Professors  of  Surgery. — James  William  Cusack,  1852; 
Robert  Adams,  1861 ;  William  Colles,  1875. 

Professors  of  Anatomy  and  Surgery. — Dr.  Hoyle,  1711 ;  Dr. 
Robinson,  1716;  Dr.  Hoyle,  1717;  Thomas  Madden,  1730; 
Francis  Foreside,  1734 ;  Robert  Robinson,  1741 ;  George  Cleg- 
horn,  1761 ;  James  Cleghorn,  1790;  William  Hartigan,  1803;  J. 
Macartney,  1813 ;  Robert  Harrison,  1837  ;  Benjamin  G.  M'Dowel, 
1858 ;  Alexander  Macalister,  1879  ;  Daniel  John  Cunningham, 
1883. 

University  Anatomists. — Surgeon  Green,  1716;  Mr.  Shaw, — ; 
Mr.  Whittingham,  1743 ;  Mr.  George  Cleghorn,  1753  ;  John  K. 
Barton,  1861 ;  Edward  H.  Bennett,  1864 ;  Thomas  Evelyn  Little, 
1873. 

Professors  of  Chemistry. — Dr.  Griffith,  1711 ;  Dr.  Smith,  sen., 
1717  ;  William  Steevens,  1732 ;  Francis  Hutchinson,  1760;  James 
Span,  1767;  James  Thornton,  1773;  Robert  Perceval,  1783; 
Francis  Barker,  1809;  James  Apjohn,  1850;  J.  Emerson  Reynolds, 
1875. 

Professors  of  Botany. — Dr.  Nicholson,  1711 ;  Dr.  Chemys,  1732  ; 
William  Clements,  1733 ;  James  Span,  1763  ;  Edward  Hill,  1773 ; 
Robert  Scott,  1800 ;  William  Allman,  1809 ;  George  James 
Allman,  1844 ;  William  Henry  Harvey,  1856  ;  Alexander  Dickson, 
1866  ;  E.  Perceval  Wright,  1869. 

Professors  of  Surgery. — Robert  W.  Smith,  1849  ;  Edward  H. 
Bennett,  1873. 

Lecturers  in,  and  Professors  of,  Zoology. — Robert  Harrison, 

*  Created  a  Baronet  in  1730. 
t  Created  a  Baronet  in  1775. 


686 


THE  SCHOOL  OF  PHYSIC. 


1857  ;  E.  Perceval  Wright,  1858 ;  Alexander  Macalister,  1869 ; 
Henry  W.  Mackintosh,  1879. 

Professors  of  Comparative  Anatomy.  —  Alexander  Macalister, 
1872 ;  Henry  W.  Mackintosh,  1884. 

Kings  Professors  of  Practice  of  Medicine. — Robert  Griffith, 
1717;  James  Grattan,  1719;  Henry  Quin,  1749;  Edward 
Brereton,  1786;  Stephen  Dickson,  1792  ;  Whitley  Stokes,  1798  ; 
Martin  Tuomy,  1812;  Charles  R.  A.  Lendrick,  1832;  George 
Greene,  1841 ;  John  Creery  Ferguson,  1846 ;  John  Thomas 
Banks,  1849  ;  William  Moore,  1869  ;  John  Magee  Finny,  1882. 

King's  Professor  of  Surgery  and  Midwifery.  —  Sir  Nathanial 
Barry,  1749. 

King' s  Professors  of  Midwifery. — William  F.  Montgomery,  1827; 
Fleetwood  Churchill,  1856 ;  Sir  Edward  Burrowes  Sinclair,  1867  ; 
John  Rutherford  Kirkpatrick,  1882. 

King's  Professors  of  Materia  Medica  and  Pharmacy. — Constan- 
tine  Barbor,  1749  ;  Edmund  Cullen,  1786 ;  John  Crampton,  1804 ; 
Jonathan  Osborne,  1840;  Aquilla  Smith,  1864;  Walter  G.  Smith, 
1881. 

King's  Professors  of  Institutes  of  Medicine. — Stephen  Dickson, 
1786  ;  John  William  Boyton,  1812  ;  William  Stack,  1826  ;  Robert 
James  Graves,  1827;  Robert  Law,  1841;  John  Mallet  Purser, 
1874. 

Professors  of  Medical  Jurisprudence.  —  Thomas  Brady,  1839 ; 
Robert  Travers,  1864. 

Before  the  constitution  of  the  Chair  of  Midwifery  in  1827, 
Lectures  on  Midwifery  were  delivered  regularly  in  the  School  of 
Physic.  Thomas  M'Keever,  M.D.  (Edin.  1817),  and  Hon.  Fellow 
of  the  College  of  Physician,  lectured  on  that  subject  for  several 
years  in  this  School. 

The  School  buildings  have  been  for  several  years  past  steadily 
improved  and  enlarged,  and  at  present  they  can  compare  favour- 
ably with  any  similar  structures  in  any  part  of  Europe.  The 
great  progress  which  the  School  of  Physic  has  made  within  the 
last  quarter  of  a  century  is  mainly  due  to  the  efforts  of  Dr. 
Haughton,  who  for  many  years  acted  as  its  Medical  Registrar. 


THE  MEDICAL  SCHOOLS  OF  THE  QUEEN'S  COLLEGES.  687 


My  friend,  the  Rev.  Samuel  Haughton,  M.D.,  S.F.T.C.D.,  has 
kindly  furnished  me  with  the  following  statement  showing  the 
number  of  Medical  Students  on  the  Roll  of  Trinity  College: — 

Number  of  Students  studying  Medicine  in  the  School  of  Physic  in 
Ireland  during  the  following  years  : — 


Year 

No. 

Year 

No. 

Year 

No. 

1800 

X  Uvu 

22 

1828 

305 

1856 

146 

1801 

39 

1829 

295 

1857 

139 

1802 

60 

1830 

290 

1858 

127 

1803 

59 

1831 

230 

1859 

137 

1804 

58 

1832 

262 

1860 

157 

1805 

X  <JVt/ 

58 

1833 

229 

1861 

168 

1806 

61 

1834 

221 

1862 

161 

1807 

70 

1835 

126 

1863 

148 

1808 

59 

1836 

94 

1864 

170 

1809 

X  Uu  \j 

70 

1837 

91 

1865 

209 

1 810 

76 

1838 

81 

1866 

255 

1811 

ion 

96 

1867 

X  \J  v  1 

300 

1812 

X\J  L  iJ 

120 

J.  —  \J 

1868 

X  \J\J \J 

323 

1813 

135 

1869 

297 

1814 

160 

1870 

302 

1815 

165 

(From  1838  until 

187L 

281 

1816 

192 

1850  the  rolls 

1872 

256 

1817 

189 

are  missing.) 

1873 

256 

1818 

238 

1874 

240 

1819 

274 

1875 

242 

1820 

303 

1876 

259 

1821 

279 

1877 

280 

1822 

244 

1850 

1878 

288 

1823 

222 

1851 

1879 

281 

1824 

251 

1852 

1880 

275 

1825 

260 

1853 

172 

1881 

294 

1826 

283 

1854 

145 

1882 

317 

1827 

284 

1855 

154 

1883 

352 

THE  MEDICAL  SCHOOLS  OF  THE  QUEEN'S  COLLEGES. 

In  1849  there  were  established  medical  schools  in  the  recently- 
constituted  Queen's  Colleges  in  Belfast,  Cork,  and  Galway. 
Parliament  provided  grants  for  their  maintenance  and  for  the 
salaries  of  their  Professors.  They  were  all  connected  with  the 
Queen's  University,  and  every  candidate  for  a  medical  degree  in 
the  latter  was  obliged  to  study  during  at  least  one  annus  medicus 


688 


QUEEN'S  COLLEGE,  BELFAST. 


in  one  of  the  Queen's  Colleges.  Since  the  replacement  of  the 
Queen's,  by  the  Royal,  University  this  condition  has  ceased  to 
exist,  and  probably  the  medical  schools  of  these  Colleges  have 
thereby  suffered  serious  injury. 

QUEEN'S  COLLEGE,  BELFAST. 

Dates  of  Appointments  of  Professors  in  the  Medical  Faculty. 

Anatomy  and  Physiology  (including  Histology). — Hugh  Carlisle, 
1849  ;  died  in  1860.    Peter  Redfern,  1860. 

Medicine. — John  Creery  Ferguson,  1849  ;  died  in  1865.  James 
Cuming,  1865. 

Surgery. — Alexander  Gordon,  1849. 

Materia  Medica. — Horatio  Stewart,  1849  ;  died  in  1857.  James 
Seaton  Reid,  1857. 

Midwifery. — William  Burden,  1849  ;  resigned  in  1867.  Robert 
F.  Dill,  1868. 

Medical  Jurisprudence  (Lectureship'). — John  F.  Hodges,  1849. 

Chemistry  Thomas  Andrews,  resigned  in  1879.  Edmund 

Albert  Letts,  1879. 

Natural  History. — Sir  Wyville  Thomson,  1854;  resigned  in 
1870.    Robert  O.  Cunningham. 

Number  of  Medical  Students  attending  in  Queen's  College,  Belfast, 

since  its  Foundation. 


"Sear 

No. 

Year 

No. 

Year 

No. 

1849 

55 

1862 

122 

1875 

226 

1850 

55 

1863 

143 

1876 

268 

1851 

64 

1864 

151 

1877 

281 

1852 

62 

1865 

159 

1878 

324 

1853 

66 

1866 

174 

1879 

327 

1854 

75 

1867 

181 

1880 

332 

1855 

81 

1868 

174 

1881 

364 

1856 

61 

1869 

167 

1882 

300 

1857 

67 

1870 

184 

1883 

264 

1858 

79 

1871 

187 

1884 

245 

1859 

95 

1872 

188 

1885 

240 

1860 

116 

1873 

205 

1861 

129 

1874 

220 

queen's  college,  cork. 


689 


queen's  college,  cork. 

Dates  of  the  Appointment  of  the  Professors  in  the  Faculty  of 
Medicine  since  the  opening  of  the  College  in  1849. 

Anatomy  and  Physiology. — Benjamin  Alcock,  1849  ;  resigned  in 
1854.  Joseph  Henry  Corbett,  1854;  resigned  in  1875.  John 
James  Charles,  1875. 

Medicine. — Denis  C.  O'Connor,  1849. 

Surgery. — Denis  Bullen,  1849;  ceased  to  be  Professor  in  1864. 
William  K.  Tanner,  1864 ;  resigned  in  1880.  Stephen  O'Sullivan, 
1880. 

Midwifery. — Joshua  Harvey,  1849 ;  resigned  in  1878.  Henry 
Macnaughton  Jones,  1878;  resigned  in  1883.   Henry  Corby,  1883. 

Materia  Medica. — Alexander  Fleming,  1849 ;  resigned  in  1857. 
Purcell  Gr.  O'Leary,  1857;  resigned  in  1875.  Matthias  O'Keeffe, 
1875 ;  died  in  1884.    Charles  Yelverton  Pearson,  1884. 

The  following  Chairs  in  Queen's  College,  Cork,  are  classed  in 
the  Faculty  of  Arts,  but  the  lectures  delivered  by  the  Professors 
occupying  them  are,  or  have  been  formerly,  attended  also  by 
students  in  the  Faculty  of  Medicine : — 

Chemistry. — John  Blyth,  1849  ;  died  in  1871.  Maxwell  Simp- 
son, 1871. 

Natural  History. — Rev.  W.  Hincks,  1849 ;  resigned  in  1853. 
Wyville  Thompson,  1853 ;  resigned  in  1854.  William  Smith, 
1854 ;  died  in  1857.  Joseph  Reay  Greene,  1858  ;  resigned  in 
1877.  A.  Leith  Adams,  1878  ;  died  in  1882.  Marcus  M.  Hartog, 
1882. 

Lecturers  appointed  by  the  Council. 

Medical  Jurisprudence. — The  Professors  of  English  Law  and 
Chemistry  up  to  1870.  The  Professors  of  English  Law  and 
Materia  Medica  up  to  1883;  subsequently  the  Professors  of 
Materia  Medica. 

Psychological  Medicine. — James  A.  Eames,  1881. 

2  Y 


690 


queen's  college,  galway. 


Number  of  Students  in  the  Faculty  of  Medicine  since  the  Opening 

of  the  College. 


Year 

No. 

Year 

No. 

Year 

No. 

1849 

20 

1861 

120 

1873 

170 

1850 

50 

1862 

122 

1874 

174 

1851 

53 

1863 

134 

1875 

176 

1852 

55 

1864 

151 

1876 

152 

1853 

54 

1865 

128 

1877 

171 

1854 

66 

1866 

132 

1878 

160 

1855 

63 

1867 

150 

1879 

176 

1856 

62 

1868 

156 

1880 

230 

1857 

58 

1869 

173 

1881 

279 

1858 

68 

1870 

167 

1882 

261 

1859 

85 

1871 

173 

1883 

225 

1860 

106 

1872 

174 

1884 

201 

queen's  college,  galway. 

Dates  of  the  Appointment  of  the  Professors  in  the  Medical  School 
since  the  Foundation  of  the  College. 

Botany  and  Zoology* — Alexander  G.  Melville,  August,  1849; 
resigned  in  1882.  William  King,  August,  1849 ;  resigned  in  1883. 
Richard  J.  Anderson,  16th  November,  1883. 

Experimental  Physics. — Morgan  W.  Crofton,  August,  1849  ; 
resigned  in  1852.  George  Johnston  Stoney,  1853;  resigned  in  1857. 
Arthur  Hill  Curtis,  19th  August,  1857;  resigned  in  1880 ;  Joseph 
Larmor,  8th  March,  1880. 

Chemistry. — Edward  Ronalds,  August,  1849 ;  resigned  in  1856. 
Thomas  H.  Rowney,  1856. 

Anatomy  and  Physiology,  and   Practical  Anatomy. — Charle 
Croker  King,  August,  1849;  resigned  in  1883.    John  Cleland, 
August,  1863;  resigned  in  1877.    Joseph  P.  Pye,  November, 
1877. 

Surgery. — James  V.  Bi-owne,  August,  1849. 
Medicine. — Nicholas  Colahan,  August,  1849 ;  resigned  in  1879 
Jobn  Isaac  Lynham,  November,  1879. 

*  Dr.  Croker  King  was  appointed  Professor  of  Mineralogy  and  Geology  in  1849, 
and  in  1882  succeeded  to  the  Chair  of  Botany  and  Zoology. 


SCHOOL  OF  ANATOMY,  CORK. 


691 


Midwifery  Richard  Doherty,  August,  1849  ;  died  in  1876. 

Eichard  J.  Kinkead,  November,  1876. 

Materia  Medica. — Simon  M'Coy,  August,  1849;  died  in  1873. 
Joseph  P.  Pye,  August,  1873;  resigned  in  1877 — appointed  to  Chair 
of  Physiology.    Nicholas  W.  Colahan,  February,  1878. 

Medical  Jurisprudence  Lecturers. — Simon  M'Coy,  1849  ;  died  in 
1873.  Joseph  P.  Pye,  1873;  resigned  in  1877.  Richard  J. 
Kinkead,  1877.    Thomas  H.  Rowney,  1880. 

Number  of  Medical  Students  attending  in  each  year  since  the 

Opening  of  the  College. 


Year 

No. 

Year 

No. 

Year 

No. 

1849 

10 

1862 

75 

1875 

99 

1850 

9 

1863 

66 

1876 

107 

1851 

8 

1864 

66 

1877 

114 

1852 

15 

1865 

56 

1878 

98 

1853 

18 

1866 

54 

1879 

101 

1854 

13 

1867 

59 

1880 

120 

1855 

22 

1868 

71 

1881 

122 

1856 

35 

1869 

65 

1882 

70 

1857 

39 

1870 

60 

1883 

41 

1858 

47 

1871 

78 

1884 

40 

1859 

52 

1872 

74 

1885 

34 

1860 

71 

1873 

85 

1861 

68 

1874 

85 

SCHOOL  OF  ANATOMY,  CORK. 

In  1812  John  Woodroff e  (see  page  679)  established  a  Dissecting 
Room  in  Cove-street,  Cork.  In  1828,  the  examinations  for  the 
Letters  Testimonial  of  the  College  being  no  longer  limited  to 
apprentices,  Certificates  of  Attendances  at  Lectures  came  at  once 
into  great  demand.  The  Dissecting  Room  was  converted  into  a 
School,  in  Warren's-place,  and  in  1828  the  following  were  its 
staff : — 

Anatomy  and  Physiology. — John  Woodroffe,  M.D. 
Surgery. — Edward  Richard  Townsend,  M.D.  Edin.,  L.R.C.S.I. 
Medicine. — Charles  Yelverton  Haines,  M.D.  Edin.,  M.R.C.S.L. 
Materia  Medica. — Henry  B.  Evanson,  M.D.  Dubl. 
Botany.— Thomas  Taylor,  M.D.  Edin.,  M.R.C.S.L. 


692 


MEDICAL  SCHOOLS,  CORK. 


SCHOOL    OF    ANATOMY,    MEDICINE,    AND    SURGERY,  WARREN'S- 

PLACE. 

The  Court  of  Examiners  of  the  College  having  had  an  in- 
spection of  the  School  premises  made,  refused  recognition  of 
it ;  but,  in  1836,  they  resolved  to  receive  Certificates  issued  from 
a  well-appointed  School — arranged  by  Mr.  Wherland,  whose  son 
had  a  principal  share  in  conducting  the  school,  as  teacher  of 
Anatomy  and  Physiology.  The  School  had  all  necessary  appli- 
ances, provided  at  Mr.  Wherland's  expense.  About  ninety  pupils 
attended  this  School,  in  which  the  following  gentlemen  lectured : — 
Denis  C.  O'Connor,  M.B.  Dub.  Univ.,  L.R.C.S.I.;  George  Read 
M'Mullen,  M.D.  Glasg.,  M.R.C.S.I. ;  Daniel  Knight  Lloyd, 
M.B.  Dub.,  on  Medicine ;  Daniel  Sweeny,  M.B.  Dub.  Univ., 
M.R.C.S.L.,  on  Chemistry;  James  Richard  Wherland,  M.D. 
Glasg.,  L.R.C-S.I.,  on  Anatomy  and  Physiology;  John  Popham, 
M.B.  Dub.,  M.R.C.S.L.,  on  Midwifery;  Dr.  Neligan,  L.R.C.S.I., 
and  George  Atkins  Rountree,  M.R.C.S.L.,  on  Materia  Medica 
and  Medical  Botany;  Thomas  G.  Gregg,  M.D.  Glasg.,  M.R.C.S.L., 
on  Forensic  Medicine. 

Dr.  O'Connor  has,  since  those  days,  attained  to  a  large  practice 
and  eminent  position  in  his  profession ;  he  was  President  of  the 
British  Medical  Association  at  the  Meeting  in  Cork.  Dr.  Taylor 
was  an  eminent  botanist,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  The  Cork  School  of  Anatomy,  Medicine,  and  Surgery 
was  closed  in  1844. 

THE  "RECOGNISED  SCHOOL  OF  MEDICINE,"  CORK. 

A  Medical  School  was  established  in  1828  on  the  South  Mall, 
Cork,  by  Henry  Augustus  Caesar.  Its  certificates  were  received 
by  the  College  at  an  earlier  date  than  were  those  issued  from 
"Woodroffe's  School,  hence  Caesar  termed  his  institution  the  "  Cork 
Recognised  School."  After  the  extinction  of  Woodroffe's  School, 
Caisar's  was  termed  the  Cork  School  of  Medicine.  It  continued 
in  existence  after  the  establishment  of  the  Medical  School  of  the 


MEDICAL  SCHOOL,  BELFAST. 


693 


Queen's  College,  and  was  not  closed  until  1858.  There  lectured 
in  this  School  the  following  gentlemen  : — 

Anatomy  and  Physiology. — H.  A.  Caesar,  M.D.  Edin.,  M.R.C.S.L 

Physiology  and  Pathology. — John  Popham,  M.B. 

Surgery.— Christopher  Aldworth  Bull,  M.B.  Dubl.,  L.R.C.S.I. ; 
William  Kearns  Tanner,  M.D.  Glasgow,  L.R.C.S.I. 

Medicine  William  Beamish,  M.D.  Edin.,  L.R.C.S.  Ed. ;  Joshua 

R.  Harvey,  M.D.  Edin.,  M.R.C.S.L. ;  Charles  Yelverton  Haines, 
M.D.  Edin.,  M.R.C.S.L. 

Materia  Medica. — William  Lambert  Meredith,  M.R.C.  S.L.,  L.  A. ; 
George  Atkins  Roantree,  M.R.C.S.L. 

Midwifery  Eugene  Finn,  M.B.  Dubl. ;  Timothy  Curtin,  M.D. 

Edin. ;  William  Christopher  Townsend,  M.R.C.S.L. ;  William  J. 
Cummins,  M.D. 

Medical  Jurisprudence. — John  Francis  M'Evers,  M.R.C.S.L. 

Botany. — Thomas  Power,  M.D.  Edin. 

Chemistry  and  Pharmacy. — William  Christopher  Townsend, 
M.R.C.S.L. 

Chemistry  Daniel  Sweeny,  M.B.  Dubl.,  M.R.C.S.L. ;  William 

Cuthbert  Nash,  BA.  Dubl.,  M.D.  St.  Andrew's. 

Natural  History  and  Comparative  Anatomy. — Thomas  Crofts 
Shinkwin,  M.B.  Aberdeen,  M.R.C.S.L. 

THE  MEDICAL  SCHOOL,  ROYAL  BELFAST  ACADEMICAL  INSTITUTION. 

Anatomy  was  taught  for  some  years  in  a  building  in  connection 
with  the  Royal  Belfast  Academical  Institution.  In  1835  a  regular 
School  was  formed  with  the  following  staff  of  Professors : — 

Anatomy  and  Physiology. — James  L.  Drummond,  M.D.  Edin. 
Surgery. — Thomas  Ferrar,  M.D. 
Midwifery.—  Robert  Little,  M.B.  Dubl.,  L.R.C.S.I. 
Materia  Medica. — James  Drummond  Marshall,  M.D.  Edin. 
L.R.C.S.  Ed. 

Chemistry. — Thomas  Andrews,  M.D.  Edin. 
Botany. — William  Martin. 

Ferrar,  was  soon  replaced  by  Robert  Coffey,  M.D.  Glasg., 


694 


MEDICAL  SCHOOL,  BELFAST. 


L.R.C.S.  Ed.,  and  the  teaching  staff  was  completed  by  the 
addition  of  Henry  MacCormac,  M.D.,  L.R.C.S.  Ed. 

Dr.  MacCormac,  who  graduated  in  Edinburgh  in  1824,  and 
whose  works  are  so  well  known,  is  the  only  survivor  of  the 
above  lecturers.  About  1840  William  Burden,  M.D.  Glasg., 
succeeded  Little  in  the  Midwifery  Chair,  and  William  Mateer, 
M.D.,  was  appointed  Professor  of  Botany  vice  Martin.  In  1845 
Alexander  Gordon,  M.D.  Edin.,  L.R.C.S.  Ed.,  was  appointed 
Demonstrator  and,  subsequently,  Professor  of  Anatomy.  The 
School,  which  had  a  fair  measure  of  success,  became  extinct  on  the 
institution  of  the  Medical  School  of  the  Queen's  College. 


ATTENDANCE  AT  LECTURES. 


695 


co  ^ 


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o 

o 


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APPENDIX  B . 


THE  COUNCIL  AND  OFFICERS  OF  THE  COLLEGE,  1885-6. 

President. — Sir  Charlks  Alexander  Cameron. 
Vice-President. — William  Stokes. 
Secretary  of  the  College. — William  Colles. 

Council. — William  Colles,  Rawdon  Macnamara,  Sir  George  Hornidge 
Porter,  James  Henry  Wharton,  William  Armstrong  Elliott,  Edward 
Hamilton,  Philip  Crampton  Smyly,  Robert  M'Donnell,  George  Hugh 
Kidd,  John  Kellock  Barton,  Samuel  Chaplin,  William  Ireland  Wheeler, 
Anthony  Hagarty  Corley,  Edward  Hallaran  Bennett,  William  Stoker, 
William  Carte,  Henry  Fitzgibbon,  Austin  Meldon,  John  Benjamin 
Story. 

Representative  on  the  General  Medical  Council  of  Education  and  Regis- 
tration.— Rawdon  Macnamara. 
Librarian. — William  Colles. 

Secretary  to  the  Council. — Archibald  Hamilton  Jacob. 
Curator  to  the  Museum. — Alexander  B.  M'Kee. 
Law  Agent. — Archibald  Robinson. 
Architects. — Thomas  Newenham  Deane  &  Son. 
Accountant. — Edward  Thomas  Kennedy,  LL.D. 
Registrar. — John  Brennen. 
Assistant-Librarian. — George  Francis  Blake. 
Bankers. — The  Bank  of  Ireland. 


EXAMINERS. 
LETTERS  testimonial  and  fellowship. 

Anatomy  and  Comparative  Anatomy. — John  Barton,  Lambert  Hepenstal 
Ormsby,  Edward  Alexander  Stoker,  Robert  Lafayette  Swan. 

Surgery  and  Surgical  Pathology. — Charles  Bent  Ball,  Henry  Gray 
Croly,  Edward  Stamer  O'Grady,  William  Thomson. 

Physiology  and  Histology. — Ph.  Abraham,  Edward  Dillon  Mapother. 

Medicine  and  Therapeutics. — Michael  Austin  Boyd,  Richard  Atkinson 
Hayes. 


698 


SCHOOL  OF  SURGERY  PROFESSORS. 


Physics,  Chemistry,  and  Medical  Jurisprudence. — Joseph  Dallas  Pratt 
Samuel  Henry  Webb. 

Materia  Medica,  Pharmacy,  and  Botany. — William  Frazer,  Humphrey 
Minchin. 

Midwifery. — John  Joseph  Cranny,  Samuel  R.  Mason. 
Ophthalmology. — Arthur  Henry  Benson,  Henry  Rosborough  Swanzy. 
Diploma  in  Midwifery. — Henry  Croly,  Samuel  Roberts  Mason,  William 
Roe. 

Licence  in  Dentistry. — Arthur  W.  Baker,  Daniel  Corbett,  junior,  Henry 
Gray  Croly,  Robert  Hazleton,  Edward  Stamer  O'Grady,  Henry  Gregg 
Sherlock. 

General  Education. — Frank  C.  Davys,  Robert  Morton,  Henry  John 
Colpoys  Tweedy. 


SCHOOL  OF  SURGERY— PROFESSORS,  &c. 

Anatomy  and  Physiology. — Edward  Dillon  Mapother,  M.D.,  F.R.C.S. 

Practical  and  Descriptive  Anatomy. — William  Thornley  Stoker,  M.D., 
F.R.C.S. ;  Alexander  Fraser,  M.B. 

Surgery,  Theory  and  Practice. — William  Stokes,  M.D.,  F.R.C.S. ; 
Edward  Hamilton,  M.D. 

Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine. — Arthur  W.  Foot,  M.D.,  F.C.P. 

Ophthalmic  and  Aural  Surgery. — Archibald  H.  Jacob,  M.D.,  F.R.C.S. 

Chemistry. — Sir  Charles  A.  Cameron,  M.D.,  P.R.C.S. 

Materia  Medica. — Rawdon  Macnamara,  M.D.,  F.R.C.S. 

Midwifery  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children. — William  Roe,  M.D., 
F.R.C.S. 

Medical  Jurisprudence. — Edmund  W.  Davy,  M.D. 
Botany.— Humphrey  Minchin,  M.B.,  F.R.C.S. 

Hygiene,  or  Political  Medicine. — Sir  Charles  A.  Cameron,  M.D., 
P.R.C.S. 

Dentistry.— Richard  Theodore  Stack,  M.D.,  F.RC.S. 

Demonstrators  of  Anatomy. — John  F.  Knott,  L.C.P.,  F.R  C.S. ;  George 
B.  White,  M.B.,  F.R.C.S.  ;  John  H.  Scott,  M.B.,  B.Ch.  ;  D.  Edgar 
Flinn,  L.C.P.,  F.R.C.S. ;  George  B.  Elliott,  L.R.C.S. ;  F.  A.  G.  Davis, 
M.B.,  L.R.C.S. ;  Richard  B.  Leeper,  L.R.C.S. 

Demonstrators  in  Chemistry. — Francis  Heron,  B.A.,  F.I.C.  ;  Paul 
Albert  Piel,  L.C.P.,  L.R.C.S. ;  John  Macallan,  F.I.C. 


ING  THE  HONORARY  FELLOWSHIP  ON  SIR  JAMES  PAGET. 


APPENDIX  C. 


From  the  Irish  Times  of  28th  May,  1886. 


ROYAL    COLLEGE    OF  SURGEONS. 

INTERESTING  CEREMONIES. 

Yesterday  afternoon,  at  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland, 
Stephen's-green,  six  honorary  fellowships  were  conferred,  a  new  Museum 
was  opened,  and  a  statue  to  Mr.  W.  Dease,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
College,  was  unveiled  in  the  presence  of  their  Excellencies  the  Lord 
Lieutenant  and  the  Countess  of  Aberdeen,  Prince  and  Princess  Edward 
of  Saxe-Weimar,  and  a  large  and  distinguished  gathering.  The  recipients 
of  the  fellowships  were — Professor  Huxley,  Professor  Pasteur,  Sir  James 
Paget,  Sir  Joseph  Lister,  Sir  Thomas  Spencer  Wells,  and  Mr.  John 
Marshall,  F.R.S.,  but  only  one  of  these  gentlemen  was  able  to  be 
present — Sir  James  Paget. 

The  Lord  Lieutenant  and  the  Countess  of  Aberdeen,  who  were  accom- 
panied by  Prince  and  Princess  Edward  of  Saxe-Weimar,  and  Mr.  John 
Morley,  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland,  arrived  at  half-past  three  o'clock, 
and  were  received  in  the  hall  by  the  President  of  the  College,  Sir  Charles 
Cameron ;  the  Vice-President,  Dr.  Stokes ;  the  Members  of  the  Council ; 
the  following  Professors — W.  T.  Stoker,  M.D. ;  Alexander  Fraser,  M.B. ; 
E.  D.  Mapother,  M.D. ;  Edward  Hamilton ;  A.  Wynne  Foot,  M.D. ; 
William  Roe,  M.D. ;  Edmund  Davy  ;  Humphrey  Minchin ;  and  also  by 
the  Lord  Chancellor,  Chief  Baron  Palles,  Chief  Justice  Morris,  Professor 
Drummond,  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  Sir  Robert  Hamilton,  Colonel  Turner, 
and  Sir  George  Paget. 

The  following  Fellows  of  the  College  were  present : — 

Drs.  H.  Burke,  G.  W.  Doyle,  G.  Symes,  James  Martin,  E.  H.  Tobin,  H.  J. 
Tweedy,  A.  H.  Benson,  D.  E.  Flinn,  J.  Slevin,  E.  C.  Nicholson,  F.  T.  Porter, 
T.  M.  Wills,  James  S.  Curtis,  C.  Coppinger,  Daniel  Molony,  R.  D.  Purefoy,  James 
Molony,  W.  D.  Hemphill,  John  A.  Baker,  E.  G.  Brunker,  R.  Browne,  P.  C.  Baxter, 
J.  W.  Williams,  R.  V.  Fletcher,  T.  S.  Whistler,  George  Ellis,  G.  B.  White,  M.  A. 
Ward,  F.  Kirkpatrick,  R.  H.  Moore,  Charles  Kilkelly,  M.  F.  Moore,  S.  Clarendon, 
Peter  Thomond,  Kendal  Franks,  F.  Heuston,  J.  Palmer,  David  Jacob,  F.  Odevine, 
John  Denham,  Jeremiah  O'Donovan,  Charles  H.  Robinson,  S.  Wilmot,  P.  A. 
M'Denuott,  D.  J.  Cunningham,  Abraham  Kidd,  Francis  Battersby,  G.  Morrogh, 
S.  Houghton,  H.  J.  K.  Gogarty,  H.  Broomfield,  H.  Auchinleck  F.  A.  Nixon. 


700 


CEREMONIES  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


The  following  were  also  among  those  present : — 

President  College  of  Physicians,  Dr.  Cruise  ;  Governor  Apothecaries'  Hall,  Dr. 
Montgomery  ;  Mr.  Gray,  M.P. ;  Sir  W.  Carroll,  Colonel  Dease,  Mr.  Posnett,  Colonel 
Caulfeild,  Sir  J.  Ball  Greene,  Right  Hon.  Sir  Patrick  Keenan,  Sir  Ralph  Cusack ; 
Vice-Provost  Trinity  College,  Sir  A.  Hart ;  Dr.  Banks,  Dr.  Usher,  Dr.  William 
Moore,  Judge  Purcell,  Mr.  M'Clean;  the  Registrar-General,  Dr.  Grimshaw  ;  Dr. 
M'Cabe,  Inspector  Prisons  Board ;  Dr.  Thompson,  Medical  Officer  Dublin  District ; 
Sir  George  Owens,  Mr.  Fitzpatrick,  Mr.  Beveridge,  Town  Clerk ;  Canon  Jellett, 
Dr.  J.  W.  Moore,  Dr.  Heard,  Mr.  Farrell,  Dr.  Meredith,  Dr.  Quinlan,  Messrs.  Blyth, 
Mr.  A.  Robinson,  Dr.  Duffey,  Mr.  Macnamara,  Mr.  Deane,  R.H.A.;  Colonel  Croker 
King,  Professor  Mir  Aulad  Ali,  Dr.  J.  Kennedy,  Lieutenant  Cameron,  Alderman 
Moyers,  the  French  Consul,  Mr.  Gernon. 

Amongst  those  invited,  but  unable  to  attend,  were : — 

The  Lord  Mayor,  Archbishop  Plunket,  Archbishop  Walsh,  Duke  of  Leinster, 
Duke  of  Abercorn,  Professor  Stokes  (of  Cambridge),  Director-General,  A.M.D. ; 
Rev.  A.  C.  Plunket,  Lord  justice  Fitzgibbon,  Mr.  O'Reilly  Dease ;  President 
Queen's  College,  Galway ;  Sir  D.  O'Sullivan,  Dr. Fitzgerald,  Principal  Medical  Officer 
Hamond,  H.  Robinson,  C.  B. ;  Sir  Thomas  Jones,  Lord  Emly,  Chief  J ustice  May,  Lord 
Justice  Barry,  Lord  Ardilaun,  Right  Hon.  Hugh  Holmes,  M.P. ;  the  Provost, 
President  of  Queen's  College,  Cork,  W.  K.  Sullivan  ;  President  of  Queen's  College, 
Belfast,  Rev.  J.  Leslie  Porter ;  Rector  Catholic  University,  Rev.  G.  Molloy ;  Mr. 
Harrington,  M.P. ;  Mr.  Murphy,  M.P. ;  Dr.  John  Kells  Ingram,  Dr.  Valentine  Ball, 
Dr.  Dunne,  Royal  Irish  University ;  Professor  Hull,  Geological  Survey ;  Sir  Richard 
Martin,  Sir  Francis  Brady,  Commissioner  Harrel,  Sir  Bernard  Burke ;  the  Curator  of 
the  Botanic  Gardens,  F.  W.  Moore;  Mr.  Sandes,  Captain  Porter,  Mr.  A.  D.  Kennedy, 
Mr.  E.  Kennedy. 

A  procession  having  been  formed,  the  grand  staircase  was  ascended, 
and  the  boardroom  was  entered  in  the  following  order : — 

Two  Attendants  as  Ushers. 
The  Professors  of  the  College  in  order  of  seniority  as  Professors. 
The  Examiners  of  the  College  in  order  of  their  seniority  as  Fellows  of  the  College. 
The  Members  of  the  Council,  in  order  of  their  seniority  as  such. 
The  Honorary  Fellow,  Sir  James  Paget,  Bart. 
The  Mace. 

The  President,  Sir  Charles  A.  Cameron,  in  attendance  on 
His  Excellency  the  Lord  Lieutenant, 
and  attended  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Council,  Dr.  Jacob. 
The  Vice-President,  Mr.  Stokes,  in  attendance  on  the 
Countess  of  Aberdeen. 
Tha  Secretary  of  the  College,  Mr.  Colles,  accompanying  the 
Prince  of  Saxe-Weimar. 
The  Senior  Member  of  the  Council,  Mr.  Macnamara,  accompanying  the 
Princess  of  Saxe-Weimar. 
The  Ladies  and  Gentlemen  in  attendance  on  their  Excellencies 
and  the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Saxe-Weimar. 
The  Registrar,  Curator  of  the  College  Museums,  and  Assistant  Librarian. 

Two  Attendants. 


CEREMONIES  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


701 


On  the  entrance  of  their  Excellencies,  which  was  announced  by  bugle- 
call,  the  company,  which  had  already  assembled  in  the  board-room,  rose 
and  remained  standing  until  Lord  and  Lady  Aberdeen  had  taken  their 
seats  on  the  dais. 

The  President  (Sir  Charles  Cameron)  said — May  it  please  your 
Excellencies  and  Serene  Highnesses,  my  Lords,  ladies  and  gentlemen — My 
first  duty  is  to  thank  most  heartily,  on  behalf  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  in  Ireland,  the  distinguished  company  who  honour  us  by  their 
presence  on  this  occasion.  I  venture  to  think  that  the  circumstances 
under  which  we  meet  to-day  are  unparalleled  in  the  career  of  our  College. 
We  assemble  to  do  honour  to  the  illustrious  dead  and  the  illustrious 
living;  to  place  upon  the  memorial  of  an  illustrious  Irishman  and  a  truly 
great  surgeon  of  the  last  century,  wreaths  of  cypress  and  immortelles, 
and  to  grace  with  a  mural  crown  the  brow  of  one  of  the  most  eminent 
surgeons  of  the  present  age. 

My  College  must  feel  proud  to-day  in  being  able  to  attract  to  its  halis 
the  first  personage  in  the  realm,  the  representative  of  our  most  gracious 
Sovereign,  and  so  many  ornaments  of  society — official,  professional,  and 
social.  Permit  me  then  to  explain  to  this  distinguished  company,  in  the 
briefest  terms,  the  circumstances  which  have  preceded,  and  are  germane 
to  this  meeting  of  my  College.  Last  year  a  large-hearted  Irish  gentleman, 
Mr.  O'Reilly  Dease,  formerly  and  for  many  years  a  member  of  Parliament, 
undertook  to  defray  the  expense  of  erecting  in  the  College  a  statue  to 
his  grandfather,  Surgeon  Dease,  one  of  our  principal  founders.  Subse- 
quently Mr.  Butcher,  an  eminent  Past-President  of  the  College,  complied 
with  my  request  that  he  would  present  to  the  College  with  which,  as  an 
examiner,  he  was  so  long  and  honourably  connected,  his  unrivalled 
collection  of  pathological  casts.  He  complied  with  my  request,  and  Mr. 
Dease  gave  us  another  substantial  proof  of  the  interest  which  he  takes 
in  our  College  by  proposing  to  build  at  his  sole  cost  a  handsome  hall 
to  contain  his  friend  Mr.  Butcher's  Museum.  He  also  presented  to  us  an 
admirable  portrait  of  Mr.  Butcher,  painted  by  Mr.  Catterson  Smith.  When 
a  date  had  been  fixed  for  the  completion  of  these  generous  proposals  the 
College  considered  in  what  way  the  events  might  be  most  appropriately 
celebrated.  They  came  to  the  conclusion  that  your  Excellencies  and 
Serene  Highnesses'  presence  would  contribute  largely  to  the  eclat  of  the 
event,  and  they  resolved  also  to  render  the  occasion  more  memorable  by 
offering  their  Honorary  Fellowships  to  some  of  our  most  distinguished 


702 


CEREMONIES  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


surgeons  and  men  of  science.  Six  names  were  speedily  and  unanimously 
selected,  and  public  opinion  has  fully  ratified  the  choice.  I  would  speak 
first  of  Pasteur,  the  illustrious  citizen  of  a  great  nation,  the  children  of 
which  have  enlarged  in  every  direction  the  boundaries  of  the  domain  of 
science.  To  read  of  his  work  and  his  discoveries  is  to  peruse  a  chapter 
in  the  romance  of  science.  A  belief  in  an  unseen  world  interpenetrating 
the  tangible  and  visible  one,  and  peopled  by  spirits,  is  coeval  with  the 
history  of  man,  but  modern  science  has  shown  us  that  there  is  really  a 
world  unseen  to  ordinary  ken  of  man,  in  which  there  are  myriads  of 
organisms — inhabitants  of  air  and  earth  and  water — existing  in  the 
bodies  of  animals  and  infesting  those  of  plants.  This  microcosm  is 
potent  for  good  as  well  as  for  evil.  Mere  specks  as  they  are  upon 
the  confines  of  animated  nature,  they  play  great  parts  for  good  or 
for  evil  in  the  economy  of  creation.  (Applause.)  Many  of  the  most 
beneficent  and  indispensable  processes  in  the  three  kingdoms  of  nature 
result  from  their  direct  action ;  whilst,  on  the  other  hand,  they  are  the 
causes,  or  materies  morbi  of  many  of  the  most  serious  maladies  to  which 
animals  and  plants  are  liable.  Pasteur  has  lately  devoted  himself 
exclusively  to  the  study  of  the  organisms  that  produce  disease,  and  he 
has  identified  clearly  those  that  cause  the  complaint  termed  "  chicken  "  or 
"  fowl  "  cholera,  and  the  affection  which  has  almost  annihilated  the  silk- 
worm in  France.  Professing  himself  a  disciple  of  the  illustrious  Jenner, 
he  has  sought  for  prophylactic  agents  against  diseases  other  than  small- 
pox, and  claims  that  he  has  succeeded  in  the  case  of  anthrax  fever  in 
cattle,  and  hydrophobia  in  man.  The  great  originality  in  his  discoveries 
is  that  which  proves  that  by  cultivating  virulent  organisms  in  broth 
and  other  liquids  their  descendants,  after  a  few  generations,  become  less 
toxic,  or  altogether  innocuous.  By  inoculating  healthy  animals  with 
the  nearly  harmless  organisms  a  mild  attack  of  disease  is  produced, 
which  serves  as  a  protection  against  the  more  serious  affection,  just 
as  an  attack  of  vaccinia  lessens  the  chance  of  catching  smallpox,  or 
mitigates  the  rancour  of  that  loathsome  malady  if  contracted.  The 
evidence  in  favour  of  Pasteur's  views  is  accumulating  rapidly,  and  I 
cannot,  being  myself  a  cultivator  of  chemistry,  but  feel  proud  that 
Pasteur,  who  never  professed  to  be  more  than  a  chemist,  has  proved  how 
vast  are  the  benefits  which  pure  science  can  confer  upon  the  healing  art. 

To  Sir  Joseph  Lister  belongs  the  merit  of  having  applied  to  practice 
the  modern  doctrines  of  disease  and  fermentation  germs.  Perceiving  the 


CEREMONIES  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


703 


importance  of  Pasteur's  and  Schwann's  views  as  to  the  cause  of  putre- 
faction, he  came  to  the  conclusion  that  recovery  from  wounds  and  surgical 
operations  would  be  rendered  more  likely  by  the  exclusion  of  aerial 
organisms  from  contact  with  surfaces  unprotected  by  skin.  The  results 
of  this  antiseptic  system  have  in  the  practice  of  many  of  our  ablest 
surgeons  given  satisfactory  results  and  the  addition  of  a  word — 
Listerism — to  our  language.  Quite  apart  from  his  successful  advocacy 
of  what  I  may  term  absolutely  clean  surgery,  Sir  Joseph  Lister  is  one  of 
the  most  profound  physiologists  and  skilled  surgeons  in  these  countries, 
and  well  deserves  the  many  honours  which  he  has  received.  I  regret  that 
his  unavoidable  absence  in  the  West  Indies  prevents  us  from  having  the 
pleasure  of  giving  him  a  welcome  here  to-day.  Of  Professor  Huxley  I 
need  say  but  little,  as  his  fame,  trumpet-tongued,  resounds  throughout  the 
world  as  that  of  the  greatest  living  biologist  in  these  countries  and  one  of 
the  greatest  of  any  country  or  age.  We  feel  proud  that  he  was  educated 
purely  as  a  surgeon,  and  commenced  his  brilliant  career  in  that  capacity. 
In  enrolling  amongst  our  honorary  Fellows  one  who  sheds  so  much 
light  on  the  mysterious  processes  of  life,  and  who  has  but  just  vacated  the 
chair  of  Newton,  we  feel  that  we  have  added  another  great  name  to  the 
fame-roll  of  our  College.  I  deeply  deplore  that  owing  to  the  death  last 
week  of  Lady  Wells  we  are  deprived  of  the  pleasure  of  Sir  Spencer  Wells's 
presence  here  to-day.  He  had  intended  to  be  with  us  and  revisit  the 
scene  of  his  student  life,  for  in  Dublin  no  inconsiderable  portion  of  his 
professional  education  was  obtained,  and  I  am  proud  in  being  able  to 
announce  that  his  name  is  recorded  in  the  list  of  pupils  in  the  school  of 
this  College.  A  genial,  large-hearted  man,  much  loved  by  his  wide  circle 
of  friends,  we  sympathise  deeply  with  him  in  his  present  tribulation. 
With  him  the  romance  of  life  has  now  passed  away  ;  but  we  trust  that  he 
has  still  before  him  many  years  of  professional  distinction  and  of  domestic 
happiness  with  his  children.  Sir  Spencer  Wells  is  widely  known  as  an 
original  observer  and  a  most  able  surgical  operator.  With  one  formidable 
operation  his  name  is  associated,  and  he  performs  it  in  a  way  which  has 
almost  reduced  to  nullity  the  frightful  mortality  which  previously 
characterised  it. 

Mr.  Marshall  is  distinguished  for  many  qualities,  personal  and  pro- 
fessional. He  has  done  sound  physiological  work,  and  has  published 
many  valuable  papers  on  that  subject  and  on  anatomy  and  surgery.  His 
"  Manual  of  Anatomy  for  Artists  "  is  a  most  valuable  work.  Overflowing 


704 


CEREMONIES  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


with  native  wit,  Nature  must  have  intended  him  for  an  Irishman. 
(Laughter.)  We  expected  him  here  to-day,  but  a  sudden  attack  of 
bronchitis  has  deprived  us  of  a  contemplated  pleasure. 

And  now  I  come  to  the  last  but  by  no  means  the  least  of  the  six 
honorary  Fellows.  I  have  purposely  kept  for  a  crescendo  to  my  feeble 
address  the  mention  of  Sir  James  Paget's  name — (applause) — knowing 
fully  that  however  badly  I  might  commence  this  address,  I  could  not  fail 
to  end  it  well  by  having  for  my  peroration  the  well-merited  praise  of  so 
distinguished  a  man.  (Applause).  Gentlemen,  no  English  surgeon  will 
feel  offended  with  me  when  I  say  if  there  is  one  name  more  than  others 
with  which  we  associate  English  surgery  that  name  is  James  Paget. 
(Loud  applause).  It  is  known  far  beyond  the  boundaries  of  these  islands, 
and  wherever  the  art  of  surgery  is  cultivated.  A  profound  physiologist, 
possessing  the  most  minute  knowledge  of  the  precious  porcelain  of  man, 
a  most  skilful  operator,  can  we  wonder  that  he  has  risen  to  the  loftiest 
position  in  his  profession  !  Sir  James,  having  that  modesty  which  is 
almost  always  associated  with  greatness  and  nobility  of  character,  would, 
I  know,  rather  that  words  of  praise  were  not  sounded  in  his  ears,  but  there 
are  occasions  when  modesty  of  that  kind  must  be  put  aside,  and  this  is 
one  of  them.  We  feel  that  in  enrolling  Sir  James  amongst  us,  we  are 
doing  honour  to  ourselves,  and  I  trust  that  he  may  long  live  to  enjoy  all 
the  distinctions  which  his  great  ability  and  professional  skill  have  won  for 
him.  I  would  say  more  in  his  praise  were  it  not  that  my  distinguished 
friend,  the  President  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  has  undertaken  a 
further  eulogy  of  him  later  in  the  day.  I  know  that  this  announcement  will 
not  interfere  with  the  comfort  or  digestion  of  Sir  James  at  our  approaching 
dinner — (laughter) — because  he  has  the  tongue  of  a  ready  speaker  and  may 
with  truth  be  termed  the  Demosthenes  of  our  profession.  (Loud  applause). 

The  President  then  presented  the  diploma  of  Fellowship  to  Sir 
James  Paget,  and  in  doing  so  expressed  a  hope  that  he  would  long  live 
to  enjoy  the  honour.  Sir  Charles  Cameron  having  formally  introduced 
him  to  his  Excellency,  called  for  cheers  for  Sir  James  Paget,  which 
were  warmly  given. 

Sir  James  Paget,  who  was  received  with  loud  applause,  said  he  felt 
profoundly  grateful  for  the  honour  which  had  been  conferred  on  him.  It 
was  an  honour  which  he  more  highly  prized  than  any  other  honour  he 
had  elsewhere  received.  There  were  many  reasons  why  he  should 
treasure  it,  and  amongst  them  was  the  fact  that  he  had  been  judged 


CEREMONIES  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


705 


worthy  of  it  by  those  who  were  not  only  his  brethren  in  the  wide  sense 
of  the  term,  but  who  were  also  his  fellow-countrymen,  and  who  had 
formed  their  opinion,  not  only  of  the  work  which  he  had  done,  but  also 
of  his  bearing  in  the  profession.    The  good  that  surgery  did  was  not 
confined  to  its  alleviation  of  suffering,  it  formed  a  band  of  gentlemen 
who  were  true  citizens,  and  men  of  mercy  and  wide  charity.    It  was  a 
great  advantage  of  the  profession  that  its  members,  though  rivals,  were 
free  from  all  hostility  of  feeling,  and  the  colleges  in  England  and  Ireland, 
while  in  active  competition,  were  always  friends.    (Applause).  Another 
reason  why  he  so  highly  prized  the  honour  which  had  been  conferred 
upon  him  was  that  in  receiving  it  his  name  had  been  classed  with  so 
many  eminent  men.    He  regretted  that  of  all  the  recipients  of  the 
honours  that  day  conferred  he  was  the  only  one  able  to  be  present  to 
return  thanks.    There  was  no  one  but  would  have  better  expressed 
his  thanks,  and  prominent  among  them  was  M.  Pasteur.  (Applause). 

The  President  said  that  among  their  friends  from  across  the  Channel 
present  there  that  day  was  Sir  George  Paget,  K.C.B.,  elder  brother  of 
Sir  James  Paget.  He  called  for  a  cheer  for  Sir  George  Paget.  (Cheers). 

Sir  George  Paget,  who  was  cordially  greeted,  briefly  spoke,  thanking 
the  gathering  for  the  manner  in  which  they  had  received  him. 

Mr.  Stokes,  Vice-President  of  the  College,  addressing  his  Excellency, 
said,  on  behalf  of  the  President  and  Council  of  the  College,  he  had  the 
honour  of  asking  his  Excellency's  acceptance  of  a  copy  of  the  History  of 
the  College,  which  had  been  written  by  their  President,  Sir  Charles 
Cameron — (applause) — who,  in  the  midst  of  many  great  and  rigorous 
duties  connected  with  the  Presidency  of  the  College — with  a  professorship 
connected  with  it — and  with  his  connection  with  the  municipality  of 
Dublin,  had  still  found  time  to  publish  that  book,  which  they  hoped 
would  meet  with  the  success  which  had  attended  his  previous  literary 
achievements ;  and  he  felt  confident  that  it  would  bring  honour  and  credit 
not  only  to  the  author,  but  to  the  College  over  which  he  presided. 
(Applause).    It  would  be  a  source  of  satisfaction  and  of  gratification  to 
him  (the  speaker),  as  it  would  be  to  the  Council,  to  remember  hereafter 
that  the  first  copy  of  that  book  was  offered  to  and  accepted  by  his  Excel- 
lency, who,  accompanied  by  her  Excellency,  had  that  day  offered  so 
great  an  honour  to  the  College.    (Applause).    It  was  a  proof — if  such 
were  wanting — of  the  kindly  sympathy  and  good-will  which  had  been  so 
largely  evidenced  towards  all  the  Dublin  institutions  which  had  been 

2  z 


706 


CEKEMONIES  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


visited  by  their  Excellencies.  (Applause).  In  the  book,  too,  would  be 
found  the  aims  and  objects  of  the  founders  of  the  College,  and  of  the 
maintainers  of  its  reputation,  and  much  matter  of  high  historical  interest, 
not  only  connected  with  their  profession,  but  with  the  country,  which 
would  now  see  the  light  for  the  first  time.  Sir  Charles  Cameron,  in  pro- 
ducing that  work,  had  exhibited  that  rare  ability  and  magnificent  power 
in  sifting  evidence  which  was  so  necessary  to  the  historian.  (Applause). 

Mr.  Macnamara,  representative  of  the  College  on  the  General  Medical 
Council,  proposed  a  vote  of  thanks  to  their  Excellencies  for  honouring 
the  Council  by  attending.  He  said  long  before  they  had  left  England 
their  reputation  had  been  wafted  across  the  Channel,  and  after  their 
arrival  in  Ireland  a  very  few  days  elapsed  before  they  commenced  to 
make  a  tour  of  inspection  of  the  hospitals  of  the  city,  and  he,  having  had 
the  honour  of  conducting  them  through  the  Meath  Hospital,  had  heard 
the  cheering  words  which  they  spoke  to  each  patient  there.  He  had 
much  pleasure  in  proposing  : — 

"  That  the  warmest  thanks  of  the  President,  Vice-President,  Members 
of  the  Council,  and  Fellows  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  are 
eminently  due,  and  are  hereby  gratefully  tendered,  to  their  Excellencies 
the  Lord  Lieutenant  and  the  Countess  of  Aberdeen  for  so  graciously 
honouring  the  College  by  their  attendance  on  an  occasion  so  interesting 
as  the  present,  when  honour  is  done  to  one  of  our  great  ones  of  the 
past  and  distinctions  conferred  on  some  of  our  living  celebrities — a 
faithful  History  of  the  College  from  its  foundation  to  the  present  period 
is  published,  and  a  Museum  is  opened  specially  dedicated  to  the  recep- 
tion of  an  important  collection,  the  sole  work  of  a  distinguished  surgeon 
still  in  our  ranks."  (Applause). 

Sir  George  Porter,  Surgeon  to  the  Queen,  seconded  the  resolution, 
and  said  he  must  echo  the  thanks  of  the  members  of  the  Council  for  the 
great  honour  which  had  been  done  them  by  a  visit  from  their  Excellencies. 
He  was  quite  sure  that  it  would  always  be  a  very  bright  memory  to  look 
back  upon,  and  it  would  always  be  a  source  of  pleasure  to  the  members 
of  the  College.  (Applause.) 

The  resolution  was  carried  with  acclamation. 

The  Lord  Lieutenant,  who  on  rising  was  received  with  loud  applause, 
said — Mr.  President,  your  Serene  Highnesses,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  the 
exceedingly  cordial  manner  in  which  this  vote  of  thanks  has  been 
proposed  and  received  deserves  and  obtains  our  most  hearty  thanks. 


CEREMONIES  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


707 


There  is  at  any  rate  one  word — one  expression — in  the  resolution  to 
which  I  can  without  scruple  assent,  and  that  is  the  reference  to  the 
exceedingly  interesting  character  of  the  present  occasion.    Sir  Charles 
Cameron,  in  his  opening  address,  alluded  to  the  circumstances  that  will 
necessarily  render  this  gathering  memorable,  but  indeed,  Mr.  President, 
it  occurs  to  me  that  no  assembly  of  this  College  of  Surgeons  could  be 
otherwise  than  highly  important  and  deeply  interesting.    It  is  well  known 
that  this  College  is  of  very  great  antiquity,  and  not  only  so,  but  its  high 
character  and  great  attainments  and  usefulness  have  been  maintained  at  a 
remarkably  high  standard  during  the  centuries  of  its  existence.    I  suppose 
it  would  not  be  very  difficult  to  discover  some  of  the  causes  of  the  vast 
share  which  this  College  has  had  in  the  amelioration  of  the  sufferings  of 
mankind.    For  one  thing  we  all  know,  that  owing  to  the  circumstances 
and  resources  of  Ireland,  there  have  not  been  so  many  openings  as  there 
are  in  other  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom  for  young  men  of  ability  and 
energy  to  distinguish  themselves  in  the  various  branches  of  trade  and 
commerce.  Perhaps  owing  to  that  circumstance  there  has  been  a  splendid 
supply  to  the  learned  professions  in  Dublin.    I  believe — I  speak  also  of 
the  sister-science,  for  the  two  are  so  closely  associated — I  believe  there  are 
at  present  in  the  surgical  and  medical  branches  of  this  city  1,000  students 
qualifying  themselves  for  future  practice.    (Applause.)    That  fact  alone 
shows  the  great  share  that  Ireland  has  contributed  to  the  welfare  of  the 
human  race  by  the  supply  which  it  has  furnished  in  this  direction  for  the 
whole  world.    (Applause.)    I  may  say  that  is  obvious,  but  I  sometimes 
wonder  if  it  is  fully  realised  by  some  of  our  friends  and  the  general 
public  across  the  Channel.    Owinz  to  that  Channel  which  has  so  many 
influences,  I  do  not  know  if  the  general  public  in  England — I  daresay  they 
are  fully  alive  to  it  in  Scotland — fully  realise  the  importance  of  the 
College  and  its  institutions.  At  any  rate  a  great  contribution  to  knowledge 
on  the  subject  will  be  found  in  the  splendid  work  which  I  have  had  the 
honour  of  receiving,  and  if  there  were  no  other  circumstance  to  impress 
the  occasion  on  the  memory  it  would  to  my  mind  render  it  a  most 
memorable  one.    (Applause.)    Any  who  can  use  their  influence  to  extend 
recognition  and  honour  to  the  College  are,  indeed,  honouring  themselves, 
and  I  think  the  publication  of  this  work  will  be  of  public  benefit. 
(Applause.)    No  one  can  glance  at  its  pages  without  warmly  endorsing 
the  remarks  made  by  the  Vice-President  when  he  spoke  of  the  energy 
and  self-denial  which  must  have  been  exercised  before  such  a  work  could 


708 


CEREMONIES  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


be  produced  by  one  holding  the  high  position  of  Sir  Charles  Cameron. 
We  shall  look  forward  with  pleasure  to  making  a  practical  acquaintance 
with  this  beautiful  and  valuable  work.  I  take  this  opportunity  to  con- 
gratulate him  on  its  accomplishment.  (Applause.)  We  have  been 
reminded  that  speeches  are  to  a  considerable  extent  the  order  of  the  day, 
and  as  there  are  more  to  follow  at  a  later  hour  I  am  sure  I  will  be 
consulting  the  feelings  of  this  assembly  by  abstaining  from  dwelling 
longer  on  these  topics,  and  I  will  conclude  by  again  expressing  the 
warm  thanks  of  Lady  Aberdeen  and  myself  for  the  hearty  greeting  we 
have  received.  It  would  have  been  a  source  of  real  regret  to  us  if  we 
had  been  deprived  of  the  pleasure  of  being  present  here  to-day.  (Loud 
applause.) 

Dr.  Robert  M'Donnell  moved,  and  Dr.  Wharton  seconded,  a  vote 
of  thanks  to  their  Serene  Highnesses  Prince  and  Princess  Edward  of 
Saxe-Weimar. 

The  resolution  was  passed  by  acclamation. 

Prince  Edward  of  Saxe-Weimar  briefly  replied. 

The  procession  having  re-formed,  the  company  proceeded  to  the 
entrance  hall  of  the  College,  where  the  statue  of  Mr.  Dease  was 
placed.  There — 

Sir  Charles  Cameron,  addressing  their  Excellencies,  said  the  statue 
was  cut  out  of  a  beautiful  specimen  of  Italian  marble  by  one  of  the  most 
famous  of  Irish  artists — Mr.  Farrell.  Mr.  Dease,  who  died  in  the  year 
1798,  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished  surgeons  in  the  past  century, 
and  his  reputation  extended  far  beyond  his  native  island. 

Her  Excellency  having  withdrawn  the  veil  from  the  statue,  which 
is  a  beautiful  specimen  of  the  art  of  sculpture — 

His  Excellency  expressed  the  pleasure  which  it  gave  the  Countess  of 
Aberdeen  to  perform  the  pleasing  duty  of  unveiling  the  statue.  He  con- 
gratulated the  College  of  Surgeons  upon  the  splendid  memorial  which 
they  possessed  of  one  who  so  well  deserved  the  honour  that  had  been  paid 
to  his  memory.  (Applause.) 

The  President  asked  his  Excellency  to  declare  the  Butcher  Museum 
open. 

The  Lord  Lieutenant,  having  formally  declared  the  Museum  open, 
loud  cheers  were  given  for  the  Countess  of  Aberdeen.  The  Viceregal 
party  then  left,  Prince  and  Princess  Edward  of  Saxe-Weimar  taking 
their  departure  a  few  minutes  later. 


SIR  CHARLES  CAMERON'S  BANQUET. 

In  the  evening  the  banquet  given  by  Sir  Charles  A.  Cameron,  President 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland,  took  place.  The  occasion 
was  that  of  the  unveiling  of  the  statue  of  Surgeon  Dease  and  the  opening 
of  the  Butcher  Museum  by  the  Lord  Lieutenant. 

The  occasion  was  a  most  brilliant  and  interesting  one.  The  Patho- 
logical Museum,  in  which  the  banquet  took  place,  was  profusely,  yet 
elegantly  decorated.  At  either  end  of  the  chamber  were  inscriptions  of 
welcome  to  the  distinguished  medical  scientists  who  were  amongst  Sir 
Charles  Cameron's  chief  guests.  Around  the  wall  heraldic  flags  and 
shields  were  artistically  arranged,  and  the  grouping  of  the  bannerets 
around  the  gasaliers  was  extremely  effective.  The  lighting  was  brilliant 
and  the  dinner  tables  exquisitely  ornamented.  The  galleries  were 
thronged  by  an  assemblage  of  ladies.  Amongst  the  guests  were  the 
Lord  Lieutenant  and  Prince  Edward  of  Saxe-Weimaj,  who  brought 
with  them  a  brilliant  staff  of  officers  and  aides-de-camp. 

Sir  Charles  Cameron  presided.  At  his  right  sat  his  Excellency  the 
Lord  Lieutenant,  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Abercorn,  Sir  George  Paget, 
K.C.B. ;  Sir  George  Porter,  and  Lord  Justice  Fitzgibbon. 

At  his  left  were — the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Mayor,  M.P. ;  General  his 
Serene  Highness  Prince  Edward  of  Saxe-Weimar,  Professor  Stokes,  Vice- 
President,  R.C.S. ;  Lord  Justice  Barry,  and  Sir  James  Paget,  Bart. 

The  following  were  the  guests : — 

Earl  of  Aberdeen,  Lord  Lieutenant ;  His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Abercorn,  Governor 
of  Apothecaries'  HalL  Lord  Ardilaun,  Mr.  Baker,  F.R.C.S.  ;  Sir  Robert  Ball, 
F.R.S. ;  Mr.  C.  Ball,  F.R.C.S. ;  Mr.  V.  Ball,  F.R.S.,  Director  of  the  National 
Museum  ;  Dr.  Banks,  Lord  Justice  Barry,  B.C. ;  Mr.  J.  K.  Barton,  F.R.C.S. ;  Mr. 
J.  Barton,  F.R.C.S.  ;  Professor  Bennett,  F.R.C.S.,  President  Irish  Branch  British 
Medical  Association  ;  Mr.  Benson,  F.R.C.S. ;  Mr.  Bentham,  Mr.  Beveridge,  Town 
Clerk ;  Mr.  Blake,  Assistant  Librarian ;  Mr.  James  Blyth,  Mr.  H.  A.  Blyth,  Mr. 
Boyd,  F.R.C.S.  ;  Mr.  Brennen,  Registrar ;  Mr.  M.  Brooks,  D.L. ;  Mr.  Brown, 
F.R.C.S. ;  Dr.  Hamilton  Burke,  L.G.B. ;  Lieutenant  Charles  J.  Cameron,  Mr. 
Cantrell,  Dr.  Sir  W.  Carroll;  Professor  Carroll,  Mr.  Carte,  F.R.C.S.;  Rev.  Dr. 
Carmichael,  Colonel  Caulfeild,  Mr.  Chaplin,  F.R.C.S. ;  Professor  Colles,  F.R.C.S. ; 
Mr.  Corley,  F.R.C.S. ;  Mr.  Cranny,  F.R.C.S. ;  Mr.  Croker-King,  F.R.C.S.,  Medical 
Commissioner,  L.G.B. ;  Mr.  H.  G.  Croly,  F.R.C.S. ;  Mr.  H.  Croly,  F.R.C.S. ;  Dr. 
Cruise,  President  College  of  Physicians ;  Professor  Cunningham,  F.R.C.S.  ;  Mr. 


710 


BANQUET  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


Curtis,  F.R.C.S. ;  Baron  De  Cussy,  Colonel  Davoren,  Mr.  Davys,  F.R.C.S.  ;  Prof. 
Davy,  M.D. ;  Mr.  Deane,  R.H.A. ;  Mr.  A.  S.  Deane,  Captain  the  Hon.  M.  F.  Deane, 
Colonel  Dease,  Hon.  Dr.  De  Montmorency,  Captain  Dawson  Douglas,  A.D.C. ;  Prof. 
Henry  Drummond,  Mr.  Duffy,  R.H.A. ;  Dr.  Duffey,  Mr.  Elliott,  F.R.C.S. ;  Mr. 
W.  E.  Ellis,  LL.B. ;  Mr.  E.  W.  Eyre,  Mr.  T.  Farrell,  R.H.A. ;  Dr.  Fitzgerald, 
Oculist  to  the  Queen;  Lord  Justice  Fitzgibbon,  P.O. ;  Mr.  Fitzgibbon,  F.R.C.S.; 
Dr.  W.  J.  Fitzpatrick,  Mr.  Flinn,  F.R.C.S. ;  Professor  Foot,  M.D.  ;  Mr.  Franks, 
F.R.C.S. ;  Mr.  Frazer,  F.R.C.S. ;  Professor  Frazer,  M.B. ;  Rev.  Dr.  Fuller,  Rev. 
J.  Galbraith,  S.F.T.C.D.  ;  Rev.  B.  Gibson,  Mr.  J.  F.  Goodman,  Master  of  ^he 
Crown  Office ;  Mr.  Graham,  Representative  of  The  Graphic ;  Mr.  E.  D.  Gray,  M.P. ; 
Mr.  Gregg,  Mr.  W.  S.  Gregg,  Sir  John  B.  Greene,  C.B. ;  Dr.  Gordon,  Mr.  Hamilton, 
F.R.C.P.,  President  I.M.A. ;  Sir  Robert  Hamilton,  K.C.B.,  Under-Secretary  for 
Ireland ;  Mr.  H.  A.  Hamilton,  Dr.  Harley,  Professor  Hartley,  F.R.S.  ;  Mr.  Hayes, 
F.R.C.S. ;  Rev.  James  Healy,  Mr.  Heuston,  F.R.C.S. ;  Mr.  Jonathan  Hogg, 
Professor  Hull,  F.R.S.,  Director  Geological  Survey;  Mr.  Jacob,  F.R.C.S.;  Mr. 
Jephson,  Sir  Thomas  Jones,  P.R.H.A.  ;  Sir  "William  Kaye,  Right  Hon.  Sir 
P.  Keenan,  K.C.M.G.,  P.C. ;  Mr.  A.  D.  Kennedy,  Mr.  Kidd,  FJR.C.S. ;  Mr. 
Knott,  F.R.C.S. ;  Captain  the  Hon.  C.  Lambton,  Dr.  Lapper,  Mr.  Harman 
Lawrenson,  Dr.  James  Little,  Dr.  Long,  T.C. ;  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Mayor, 
M.P. ;  Mr.  Macallen,  F.l.C.  ;  Dr.  M'Cabe,  Medical  Inspector  Prisons  Board  ;  Mr. 
Vokes  Mackey,  Mr.  R.  Macnamara,  F.R.C.S.  ;  Lieutenant  Macnamara,  Dr.  C.  C. 
Macnamara,  Prof.  Mapother,  F.R.C.S. ;  Dr.  MacSwiney,  Mr.  Manifold,  Mr.  Martin, 
Mr.  S.  Mason,  F.R.C.S.  ;  Mr.  R.  M'Donnell,  F.R.C.S.,  President  Academy  of 
Medicine;  Alderman  Meagher,  Mr.  Meldon,  F.R.C.S.;  Dr.  Meredith,  Sec.  R.U. ; 
Mr.  Minchin,  F.R.C.S.  ;  Mr.  M'Kee,  Curator  ;  Dr.  Moore,  Physician  to  the  Queen  ; 
Dr.  J.  W.  Moore,  Mr.  Fletcher  Moore,  Right  Hon.  John  Morley,  P.C,  M.P.,  Chief 
Secretary ;  Mr.  Morton,  F.R.C.S. ;  Alderman  Moyers,  LL.D.  ;  Mr.  Mullen,  Dr. 
Murphy,  Dr.  Nedley,  Dr.  Neville,  Dr.  Nixon,  F.R.C.S.  ;  Dr.  Nolan,  Mr.  O'Brien, 
V.P.,  Prisons  Board  ;  Dr.  O'Donoghue,  Mr.  O'Grady,  F.R.C.S.  ;  Mr.  Ormsby, 
F.R.C.S.;  Sir  G.  Owens,  Sir  G.  Paget,  K.C.B.,  Regius  Prof,  of  Medicine,  Cambridge 
University,  M.D. ;  Sir  James  Paget,  Bart.,  Hon.  F.R.C.S. ;  Dr.  Patton,  Dr.  Piel, 
Sir  G.  Porter,  F.R.C.S.,  Surgeon  to  the  Queen ;  Mr.  Posnett,  Mr.  Pratt,  F.R.C.S.;  the 
Provost  of  Trinity  College,  Judge  Purcell,  Dr.  Purcell,  Dr.  Quinlan,  the  Registrar- 
General,  Mr.  H.  Robinson,  C.B.,  V.P.  Local  Government  Board ;  Surgeon  Robinson, 
Scots'  Guards  ;  Mr.  C.  Robinson,  F.R.C.S. ;  Mr.  A.  Robinson,  CoUege  Solicitor  ; 
Prof.  Roe,  F.R.C.S. ;  General  his  Serene  Highness  Prince  Edward  of  Saxe-Weimar, 
Mr.  J.  A.  Scott,  Mr.  Shekleton,  Q.C. ;  Mr.  Sherlock,  F.R.C.S. ;  Mr.  S.  Catterson 
Smith,  R.H.A.  ;  Mr.  Smyly,  F.R.C.S. ;  Rev.  Dr.  Stack,  S.F.T.C.D.  ;  Prof.  Stoker, 
F.R.C.S. ;  Mr.E.A.  Stoker,  F.R.C.S.  ;  Prof .  Stokes,  V.P.,  R;C.S. ;  Rev.  Dr.  Stubbs, 
S.F.T.C.D.  ;  Mr.  Sutcliffe,  Mr.  Story,  F.R.C.S. ;  Mr.  Swan,  F.R.C.S. ;  Mr.  Swanzy, 
F.R.C.S. ;  Mr.  A.  Thompson,  Mr.  Thomson,  F.R.C.S.  ;  Mr.  Trevelyan,  Rev.  J.  W. 
Tristram,  Colonel  Turner,  Mr.  Tweedy,  F.B.C.S.  ;  Dr.  Wade,  T.C. ;  Mr.  Webb, 
F.R.C.S. ;  Mr.  Wheeler,  F.R.C.S. ;  Mr.  White,  F.R.C.S. ;  Prof.  Wright,  F.R.C.S.  ; 
Mr.  A.  H.  Wyatt,  Mr.  Young. 


BANQUET  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


711 


The  dinner  was  capitally  served  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Murphy. 
The  following  was  the  menu  : — 

MENU. 

Soup — Turtle,  Spring — East  India  Sherry. 

Fish — Salmon,  Sauce  Tartar  ;  Eed  Mullet,  Sauce  Italien — Hock,  Rudesheimer. 

Entrees — Plovers'  Eggs  in  aspic,  Sweetbreads  and  Truffles — Champagne, 

Ruinart  Pere  et  Fils. 
Releve"es — Spring  Chicken  and  Tongue,  Saddle  of  Mutton,  Westphalian  Ham — 

Sherry,  Amontillado. 

Second  Service — Ducklings  and  Peas,  Mayonnaise  of  Lobster. 

Entremets — Maraschino  Jelly,  Biscuits  Glace",  Parmesan  Biscuits. 

Dessert — -Cream  and  Water  Ices — Claret,  Chateau  la  Rose,  1874  ;  Brandy  and 
Curacoa,  Old  Port,  Old  Madeira. 

After  dessert, 

The  "  Non  Nobis "  was  sung  in  splendid  style  by  members  of  the 
company. 

The  President,  who,  on  rising,  was  received  with  applause,  said — 
Your  Excellency,  your  Serene  Highness,  my  lords  and  gentlemen — The 
first  toast  I  have  the  honour  to  propose  is  that  of  "  Her  Most  Gracious 
Majesty  the  Queen."  (Applause.)  Her  Majesty  has  been  a  good  wife, 
a  devoted  mother,  a  wise  and  constitutional  Sovereign.  May  she  long 
reign  over  the  hearts  of  her  subjects.  I  give  you — "The  Health  of  Her 
Majesty  the  Queen."  (Applause.) 

The  toast  was  drunk  with  enthusiasm. 

Air — "  God  save  the  Queen." 

The  President  again  arose  and  proposed  "  His  Royal  Highness  the 
Prince  of  Wales  and  other  members  of  the  Royal  Family."  They  were 
all  aware  of  the  cordial  feeling  which  the  Prince  of  Wales  entertained 
for  Ireland  and  for  Irishmen.  Some  of  the  members  of  His  Royal 
Highness's  household  were  of  their  own  nationality,  and  were  amongst 
them  there  that  evening.  Irishmen  entertained  the  strongest  feeling  of 
regard  towards  the  Prince,  and  it  was  unnecessary  to  say  how  much  they 
held  in  respect  and  esteem  His  Royal  Highness's  amiable  consort,  the 
Princess  of  Wales.    (Applause.)    They  all  wished  that  Royal  visits  to 


712 


BANQUET  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


this  country  should  take  place  more  frequently  than  in  the  past — and 
certainly  members  of  the  Royal  Family  had  always  been  received  here 
with  a  right  loyal  welcome.  He  would  give  them  the  health  of  those 
illustrious  personages,  and  ask  the  company  to  drink  it  with  all  the 
honours.  (Applause.) 

*  The  President  said  the  toast  he  was  now  about  to  propose  was  one 
which  he  was  quite  sure  would  receive  an  enthusiastic  welcome.  It  was 
the  health  of  the  representative  of  her  Most  Gracious  Majesty  the  Queen, 
who  had  in  an  especial  manner  honoured  them  by  his  presence  there 
that  evening.  (Applause).  He  had  the  pleasure  last  year  of  spending  a 
little  while  in  Scotland,  and  he  should  always  remember  as  one  of  the 
red  letter  days  of  his  life  the  day  he  passed  at  the  hospitable  hall  of  the 
Earl  of  Aberdeen.  He  was  one  of  a  party  who  were  on  that  occasion 
entertained  with  princely  hospitality  at  Haddo  Hall ;  and  when  that 
large  party  were  leaving,  their  expressions  of  admiration  for  the  noble 
Earl  were  not  only  equalled  but  excelled  by  their  expressions  of  admira- 
tion for  his  amiable  Countess.  (Applause).  There  was  an  old  saying  that 
if  they  wanted  to  know  a  man  they  should  go  and  live  with  him.  From 
this  experience  of  the  noble  Earl,  when  he  first  heard  of  his  appointment 
as  Lord  Lieutenant,  it  occurred  to  him  that  a  certain  person,  whom  he 
would  not  mention,  knew  very  well  what  he  was  about  in  making  the 
appointment.  There  was  no  better  way  of  winning  the  hearts  of  the 
Irish  people  than  by  asking  the  Earl  and  Countess  of  Aberdeen  to 
represent  her  Majesty  in  this  country.  He  knew  that  they  would  at  once 
win  the  hearts  of  the  Irish  people — (hear,  hear) — and  that  had  been  the 
case  in  a  very  short  space  of  time  indeed.  They  had  come  there  actuated 
with  the  best  desires  to  promote  the  happiness  of  the  Irish  people.  This 
College  would  always  remember  with  gratitude  the  kindness  of  his 
Excellency  in  coming  to  that  entertainment,  and  he  would  ask  them  to 
give  the  toast  a  very  cordial  and  enthusiastic  reception,  wishing  long  life 
and  prosperity,  and  much  happiness,  to  the  noble  Earl  who  represented 
Her  Majesty  in  this  country.  (Applause). 

The  toast  was  drunk  with  enthusiasm. 

The  Lord  Lieutenant,  in  responding,  said  : — Mr.  President,  my  Lord 
Mayor,  your  Serene  Highness,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen,  I  wish  I  could  find 
words  adequately  to  express  my  appreciation  of  the  extreme  cordiality 

*  This  report  and  His  Excellency's  response  are  taken  from  the  Freeman's  Journal. 


BANQUET  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


713 


and  kindness  with  which  the  President  has  been  good  enough  to  propose, 
and  you  have  received,  this  toast — my  health.  On  such  an  occasion 
the  first  feeling  of  a  speaker,  if  he  happen  not  to  be  an  Irishman,  is  one  of 
regret,  not  unmixed  with  envy,  at  not  possessing  the  national  characteristic 
of  ready  eloquence.  But,  although  I  have  not  been  long  enough  in  Ireland 
to  acquire  that  valuable  gift,  yet  I  have  been  long  enough  to  learn  some- 
thing about  Ireland  and  the  Irish.  It  does  not,  indeed,  require  a  long 
residence  in  this  country  to  discover  that  the  people  of  this  land  are  not 
only  very  quick-witted,  but  very  warm-hearted,  and,  which  is  a  better 
characteristic,  are  always  ready  to  extend  a  ready  appreciation  to  any 
honest  endeavour  to  deserve  their  good-will.  This  characteristic  is  not 
a  mere  matter  for  exchange  of  compliments,  but  is  a  characteristic  of 
importance  to  those  who  have  any  position  of  authority  or  influence,  and 
one  which  statesmen  would  do  well  to  observe  and  depend  on.  Mr. 
President,  you  have  been  so  kind  as  to  allude  to  various  circumstances  of 
a  personal  character,  which  impose  on  me  the  necessity  of  responding  to 
the  toast  in  a  fuller  way  than  merely  as  the  occupant  of  the  high  and 
honourable  position  of  representative  of  her  Majesty.  You  recalled  a 
subject  always  pleasant  to  me — my  own  home,  where  I  had  the  pleasure 
of  entertaining  you  and  a  great  many  of  your  colleagues  on  the  occasion 
of  the  meeting  of  the  British  Association  last  autumn.  I  hope  that  in 
Scotland  we  are  not  forgetful  to  entertain  strangers,  especially  distin- 
guished strangers,  a  number  of  whom  were  received  on  that  occasion. 
There  are  many  topics  which  I  might  allude  to  in  connection  with  this 
distinguished  College  of  Surgeons,  but  I  think  that  at  this  entertainment, 
and  particularly  after  the  interesting  speeches  which  we  had  this  after- 
noon an  opportunity  of  listening  to,  it  is  not  necessary  for  me  to  dilate 
on  the  claims  to  public  gratitude  which  most  here  are  familiar  with  as 
belonging  to  this  College  of  Surgeons.  I  propose,  before  I  sit  down,  to 
perform  a  duty  less  difficult  and  not  less  pleasant  than  that  which  I  have 
discharged,  and  that  is  to  ask  your  permission  to  be  the  mouthpiece  of 
this  large  assembly  in  expressing  our  feelings  towards  our  distinguished 
host  who  has  entertained  us  at  this  magnificent  banquet.  (Applause).  I 
feel  it  to  be  a  congenial  as  well  as  an  honourable  task  to  be  permitted  to 
propose  this  toast,  because  I  think  I  can  claim  to  be,  to  a  certain  extent  at 
least,  a  fellow-countryman  of  Sir  Charles  Cameron,  as  he  is  in  no  small 
degree  of  Scottish  blood.  We  can  both  claim  that  ancestors  of  ours  suffered 
martyrdom,  or  at  least  execution,  in  consequence  of  their  devotion  to  their 


714 


BANQUET  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


political  principles.  A  great-grandfather  of  Sir  Charles  Cameron  was 
beheaded  in  the  last  century,  and  I  had  an  ancestor  on  each  side  of 
politics  who  were  also  beheaded,  so  that  I  ought  to  be  impartial.  [His 
Excellency  then  referred  to  the  attainments  of  the  Scotch  in  science 
and  also  to  their  devotion  to  theology.]  A  most  remarkable  instance  of  the 
combination  of  these  two  sciences  occurred  in  a  remote  part  of  Seotland, 
where  a  worthy  person  had  suffered  a  slight  shock  of  paralysis.  There 
was  no  doctor  near,  but  the  minister  of  the  parish  visited  the  house,  and 
happening  to  have  an  old  galvanic  battery,  brought  it  with  him,  and  very 
properly  combining  the  two  sciences  together,  administered  a  shock  which 
had  somewhat  of  the  desired  effect.  Next  morning  a  neighbour  called  to 
inquire  how  the  patient  was,  and  his  wife  replied,  "  He  is  no  vera  weel, 
but  he  will  maybe  soon  be  better,  because  the  minister  has  given  him  a 
shock  with  the  Calvanistic  battery."  (Laughter).  I  feel  that  it  is  not 
necessary  to  add  further  words  in  proposing  this  toast,  for  I  am  sure 
that  it  will  come  home  to  the  heart  of  everyone  present.  We  desire  to 
acknowledge  in  the  most  cordial  manner  our  appreciation  of  his  excellent 
and  kind  hospitality  on  this  most  interesting  occasion.  (Loud  applause.) 
The  toast  having  been  duly  honoured, 

The  President  responded,  and  said  he  thanked  his  Excellency  from 
the  bottom  of  his  heart.  He  felt  most  grateful,  indeed,  to  all  his  dis- 
tinguished friends  for  the  way  in  which  they  had  responded  to  the  toast. 
He  felt  that  the  gratitude  was  due  altogether  from  him  to  the  distinguished 
noblemen  and  gentlemen  of  every  rank,  social  and  professional,  who  had 
honoured  him  by  partaking  of  his  hospitality  on  that  occasion.  He  felt 
almost  like  his  ancestor  to  whom  his  Excellency  had  referred — that  he 
was  in  danger  of  losing  his  head.  (Applause  and  laughter).  He  thanked 
his  Excellency  most  cordially  for  the  kind  way  in  which  he  had  proposed 
this  toast  and  his  friends  for  the  way  in  which  they  had  received  it,  as 
well  as  for  the  support  they  had  given  him  during  the  whole  course  of 
his  professional  life.  (Applause). 

The  President  next  proposed  "The  Navy,  Army,  and  Auxiliary 
Forces."  He  said  that  Irishmen  were  fond  of  fighting.  Some  fought  for 
the  mere  love  of  glory,  some  because  it  was  their  duty  to  fight,  while 
Irishmen  fought  simply  for  the  fun  of  the  thing.  In  proportion  to  the 
population  of  these  countries  Irishmen  contributed  more  men  to  the  army 
than  any  other  part  of  the  United  Kingdom.  From  statistics  furnished  by 
Mr.  Herbert  when  he  was  Secretary-at-War,  it  appeared  that  forty-seven 


BANQUET  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


715 


per  cent,  of  the  army  consisted  of  Irishmen,  and  he  (the  President) 
thought  that  seventy  per  cent,  of  the  officers  were  represented  by  Irish- 
men. This  College  was  not  so  largely  interested  in  the  combatant  portion 
of  the  army  as  it  was  in  the  medical  men  attached  to  it  in  the  medical 
departments.    They  had  ever  taken  an  interest  in  the  fortunes  of  those 
who  served  as  medical  men  in  the  army  and  navy.    From  1785  to  1815 
the  College  had  furnished  1,000  surgeons  to  those  services,  and  had 
qualified  in  proportion  more  medical  officers  for  the  army  and  navy 
than  were  contributed  by  the  sister  corporations,  and  they  sent  out 
their  men  well  instructed  in  botany,  chemistry,  and  anatomy.  Although 
their  licence  was  only  for  surgery,  they  turned  out  men  qualified  to  practise 
in  every  department  of  the  healing  art.    They  were  non-combatants,  yet 
at  times  they  were  ready  to  fight,  and  they  all  knew  that  at  Rorke's  Drift 
they  were  represented  by  a  hero,  Surgeon-Major  Reynolds.  (Applause). 
The  mortality  in  times  of  war  was,  in  fact,  greater  amongst  medical  officers 
than  amongst  combative  officers.    Young  medical  officers  were  to  be  seen 
in  the  van  of  the  battle  with  their  revolver  in  one  hand  and  their  surgical 
instruments  in  the  other — the  revolver  to  protect  themselves,  the  in- 
struments of  their  profession  to  dress  the  wounds  whether  of  friend 
or  foe.    (Applause.)    He  (the  President)  would  associate  with  this 
toast  the  name  of  his  Serene  Highness  Prince  Edward  of  Saxe-Weimar, 
whom  he  would  ask  to  respond  as  well  on  behalf  of  the  navy  as  for 
the  army.    For,  although  Prince  Edward  was  not  an  officer  of  the 
navy,  he  (the  President)  was  sure  that  his  Serene  Highness,  like  many 
an  old  general  of  former  times,  could  fight  as  well  on  sea  as  on  land. 
(Applause.)    He  was  aware  that  there  were  amongst  the  company  some 
members  of  the  anti-Postprandial  Oration  Association,  and,  therefore, 
he  should  keep  his  oratory  within  limits.    He  would  associate  with  the 
toast  which  he  had  the  honour  of  proposing,  the  name  of  his  Serene 
Highness  Prince  Edward  of  Saxe-Weimar.    (Applause.)    The  Prince 
was  an  illustrious  member  of  a  reigning  family — of  a  sovereign  house, 
and  he  had  that  evening  honoured  them  with  his  presence.    The  Prince 
was  a  direct  descendant  of  the  great  Duke  Bernard,  who  fought  in  the 
terrible  and  bloody  Thirty  Years'  War ;  but  yet  more,  he  was  the  grandson 
of  the  Duke  Carl  Auguste,  the  friend  and  protector  of  Goethe  and 
Schiller.    (Loud  applause.)    He  would  ask  them  to  drink  the  health  of 
his  Serene  Highness  Prince  Edward  of  Saxe-Weimar.  (Applause.) 
The  toast  was  drunk  amid  applause. 


716 


BANQUET  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


His  Serene  Highness  Prince  Edward,  who  was  cordially  received, 
said  he  would  act  on  the  suggestion  of  the  President,  and,  having  regard 
to  the  number  of  toasts  on  the  list,  would  not  trespass  on  the  time  of  the 
company  by  making  any  lengthened  speech. 

The  President — I  withdraw  the  suggestion.  (Laughter.) 

Prince  Edward — Well,  then,  the  honourable  task  having  been  con- 
fided to  me  of  returning  thanks  for  the  navy,  army,  and  auxiliary  forces 
combined,  I  feel  that  on  an  occasion  like  the  present  where  so  much 
remains  to  be  said,  there  is  only  due  from  me  a  short  allusion  to  the  tie 
that  so  cordially  exists  between  the  medical  profession  and  those  who 
serve  their  country  by  sea  and  land.  (Applause.).  It  is  my  privilege  to 
be  able  from  personal  experience  to  bear  testimony  to  the  many  benefits 
which  one  profession  has  reaped  from  its  close  association  with  the  other ; 
and  I  feel  proud  in  this  assembly  to  be  called  on  to-night  to  return,  as  I 
most  heartily  do,  my  thanks  for  the  way  in  which  the  toast  to  the  army, 
navy,  and  auxiliary  forces  has  been  received.    (Loud  applause.) 

The  President  proposed  "  The  Houses  of  Parliament."  They  were 
honoured  with  the  presence  of  a  leading  member  of  the  Upper  House — 
the  Duke  of  Abercorn.  (Loud  and  prolonged  applause.)  They  were 
honoured  also  by  the  presence  of  a  member  of  the  Lower  House,  who,  he 
was  sure,  would  receive  from  them  a  cordial  welome — he  alluded  to  Mr. 
Gray.  (Applause.)  The  Duke  of  Abercorn,  although  of  Scotch  origin, 
was  ipsis  Hibernis  Hiberniores.  He  was  a  thorough  Irishman,  and  took  a 
deep  interest  from  his  point  of  view  in  Irish  affairs  and  Irish  interests. 
As  to  Mr.  Gray,  they  knew  how  earnest  he  was  in  his  efforts  to  improve 
the  public  health  of  the  city  and  country.  (Hear.)  This  College  was 
perfectly  neutral  as  to  politics.  At  times  when  political  considerations 
were  paramount  in  other  corporations,  this  corporation  stood  perfectly 
neutral.  It  elevated  to  the  highest  places  in  its  power  men  of  different 
politics,  and  the  only  order  it  acknowledged  was  the  nobility  of  merit. 
(Applause.) 

The  toast  was  duly  honoured. 

The  Duke  op  Abercorn,  who  was  very  cordially  received,  returned 
thanks  for  the  House  of  Lords.  He  wished  that  some  more  experienced 
member  of  that  House  were  present  to  respond  to  the  toast,  because,  as 
they  were  aware,  he  was  but  a  novice  in  that  august  assembly,  and  he 
was  sure  they  would  sympathise  with  him  in  the  diffidence  he  felt  at 
having  for  the  first  time  to  return  thanks  for  the  House  of  Lords  in  the 


BANQUET  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


717 


City  of  Dublin,  owing  to  the  absence  of  one  whose  position  he  endea- 
voured to  fill.  There  were  those  who  are  sometimes  disposed  to  cavil 
and  find  fault  with  the  House  of  Lords,  and  to  compare  them  unfavour- 
ably with  the  House  of  Commons,  but  on  looking  at  their  positions  with 
regard  to  this  toast  he  could  not  help  feeling  that  on  this  occasion  he 
occupied  a  somewhat  superior  position  to  Mr.  Gray — and  for  this  reason, 
that  he  was  able  by  the  rules  of  the  Upper  House  to  speak  for  the  ladies 
in  the  gallery — (laughter) — while  Mr.  Gray  by  the  rules  of  the  House  of 
Commons  was  obliged  to  confine  his  remarks  to  those  who  sat  around  him. 
(Hear.)  It  was  well  known  that  the  powers  of  debate  of  the  House  of 
Lords,  although  they  might  be  found  fault  with  by  some,  are  by  no 
means  inferior  to  those  of  the  House  of  Commons.  (Hear.)  In  some 
ways  perhaps  they  might  be  somewhat  superior.  To  what  might  they 
attribute  that  ?  Not  only  to  the  hereditary  element  which  permeated  the 
Upper  Chamber,  but  also  to  the  additions  which  from  time  to  time  are 
made  to  the  Upper  House — additions  of  the  highest  intellect  of  the  land — 
men  who  had  spent  so  many  years  in  the  service  of  their  country,  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  or  in  filling  high  positions  connected  with  the  State. 
Moreover,  there  were  also  added  from  time  to  time  men  well  known  and 
distinguished  in  the  field  of  literary  pursuits.  In  that  assembly  they 
would  find  two  eminent  Irishmen  who  had  recently  been  added  to  it — 
Lord  Fitzgerald  and  Lord  Wolseley.  (Applause.)  But  there  was  one 
section  of  the  community  which  was  not  represented  in  the  House  of 
Lords,  and  that  was  the  medical  profession.  He  believed  it  would  add  to 
the  respect  in  which  that  assembly  was  now  held,  and  conduce  very  much 
to  the  fuller  discussion  of  subjects  on  which  medical  men  were  peculiarly 
entitled  to  speak,  if  two  or  three  life  peerages  connected  with  the  medical 
profession  were  added  to  the  Upper  House.  (Applause.) 

Mr.  Gray,  M.P.,  who  was  received  with  applause,  responded  for  the 
House  of  Commons.  With  regard  to  the  Duke  of  Abercorn's  observations, 
he  could  not  but  think  that  if  it  was  intended  to  arrive  at  any  accurate  or 
definite  conclusion  on  any  subject  on  which  the  medical  profession  could 
afford  any  assistance,  a  single  representative  of  the  profession  would  be 
quite  sufficient — (laughter) — because  he  was  quite  convinced  that  if  there 
was  more  than  one  the  possibility  of  arriving  at  any  definite  conclusion  on 
any  subject  would  be  a  matter  of  time.  (Laughter.)  With  regard  to 
the  House  of  Commons  many  members  of  that  House  had  come  to  the 
conclusion,  rightly  or  wrongly,  that  its  efficiency  would  be  increased  if 


718 


BANQUET  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


this  particular  class  of  members  with  which  he  was  more  particularly- 
identified  ceased  to  be  entitled,  even  at  a  festive  assembly  such  as  this, 
to  speak  in  the  name  of  the  House  of  Commons.  (Hear,  and  laughter.) 
That  question  was,  however,  unsettled,  and  while  apparently  there  was  a 
large  section  of  the  House  of  Commons  which  felt  this  difficulty  with 
him,  still  his  friends  and  he  were  of  a  very  self-sacrificing  disposition, 
and  they  were  quite  prepared  even  to  sacrifice  the  efficiency  of  the  House 
to  their  sense  of  public  duty.  (Hear,  and  laughter.)  There  was  cer- 
tainly one  matter  in  which  this  corporation  was  indebted  to  the  House 
of  Commons,  and  that  was  its  frequent  attempts  to  carry  out  what  was 
called  the  reform  of  the  medical  profession.    (Hear,  hear.) 

Mr.  Stokes,  Vice-President  of  the  College,  said — Mr.  President,  I  have 
been  requested  to  propose  the  toast  of  the  municipality  of  this  city.  It 
is  a  toast  which  I  think  merits,  and  which  I  trust,  will  receive  at  your 
hands  kindly  consideration.  It  has  been  said  and  there  is,  I  think,  a 
strong  element  of  truth  in  the  statement,  that  no  man  is  worth  much  who 
has  not  got  enemies,  and,  if  that  be  true  of  individuals  it  may,  I  think,  be 
equally  true  of  institutions,  for  certainly  as  long  as  I  remember  anything 
the  Corporation  of  this  city  has  ever  had  hostile  critics  and  detractors ; 
but  in  taking  into  consideration  an  ancient  institution  like  this  we  should 
be  guided  by  a  principle  once  urged  on  me  years  ago  by  a  celebrated 
artist  who  told  me,  when  looking  at  a  picture,  not  to  allow  my  mind  to  fix 
itself  on  the  weak  points  of  that  picture,  but  to  find  out  and  profit  by  what 
was  genuine,  and  true,  and  good,  and  I  think  that  if  that  principle  be 
applied  in  taking  into  account  the  good  work  done  by  the  Corporation 
we  shall  find  that  it  is  deserving  of  high  consideration.  (Applause.) 
We  have  an  efficient  and  proper  supply  of  water  which  for  purity  and 
abundance  is  unsurpassed  by  any  water-supply  in  the  Empire.  (Applause.) 
I  should  also  allude  to  the  great  drainage  works  now  almost  completed — 
to  the  widening  and  augmentation  of  the  bridges  over  our  river,  to  the 
erection  of  artizans'  dwellings,  to  the  opening  of  health  spaces  in  the 
most  congested  parts  of  the  city,  to  the  construction  of  an  abattoir  and  of 
baths,  and  although  those  baths  may  not  be  equal  to  the  baths  of  ancient 
Rome,  they  are  certainly  creditable  to  the  City  of  Dublin.  (Applause.) 
The  atmosphere  of  the  city  has,  on  account  of  these  works,  been  improved. 
I  should  also  mention  that  much  has  been  done  in  the  paving  of  the 
streets.  Some  mention  was  made  to-day  about  the  re-naming  of  the 
streets.    I  have  been  always  hostile  to  the  removal  of  ancient  landmarks, 


BANQUET  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


719 


but  I  shall  say  this,  that  the  name  proposed  to  be  given  to  our  noblest 
thoroughfare  is  a  name  which  no  Irishman  can  ever  speak  of  without  a 
thrill  of  pride  and  pleasure.  He  was  a  man  who  was  a  true  patriot — 
who  ever  gloried  in  the  golden  link  of  the  Crown.  (Applause.)  Now 
those  great  municipal  improvements  to  which  I  have  alluded  are  special 
links  in  our  profession,  for  they  contribute  largely  to  the  health  and  well- 
being  of  the  community — that  which  has  been  properly  called  the  supremo, 
lex.  (Applause.)  So  large  a  part  in  those  great  improvements  has  been 
taken  by  our  esteemed  and  respected  chairman,  that  I  cannot  say  too 
much  of  the  services  which  he  has  rendered  to  the  city  of  Dublin — 
(applause) — in  connection  with  these  great  works.  He  has  brought  to 
bear  all  that  technical  knowledge  and  thoroughness  which  characterise 
everything  that  he  has  undertaken.  (Applause.)  Associated  with  this 
toast  is  the  name  of  an  eminent  gentleman  who  now  occupies  the  Civic 
Chair — the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Mayor — (applause) — one  in  whom  we 
recognise  great  scholastic,  literary,  and  oratorical  attainments,  and  who 
by  his  tact,  by  his  geniality,  and  by  his  courtesy,  has  won  a  deservedly 
high  popularity — one  who  in  all  his  actions,  political  as  well  as  municipal, 
has  never  had  any  selfish  ulterior  aim,  but  has  always  acted  from  an 
honest  belief  that  what  he  did  was  best  for  the  prosperity,  happiness,  and 
the  fair  fame  of  his  country.  (Applause.) 
The  toast  was  drunk  with  much  cordiality. 

The  Lord  Mayor,  in  responding,  recognised  in  strong  terms  the 
services  rendered  to  the  city  by  Sir  Charles  Cameron  in  connection  with 
the  works  referred  to  by  Mr.  Stokes. 

The  President  next  proposed  "The  Donors  of  the  College — Mr. 
O'Reilly  Dease,  D.L.,  and  Mr.  Butcher,  past  President  R.C.S." 

The  toast  was  cordially  received. 

Surgeon  Wheeler  said — May  it  please  your  Excellency,  your  Serene 
Highness,  Mr.  President,  my  Lords  and  Gentlemen — It  was  not  until  a 
very  short  time  ago  that  I  was  aware  that  I  would  be  asked  to  speak  to 
this  toast,  and  honoured  by  being  requested  to  respond  for  Mr.  Butcher. 
It  affords  me  very  great  pleasure  to  do  so,  and  also  regret.  Pleasure,  for 
it  is  always  agreeable  to  me  to  speak  the  praises  of  one  who  has  merited 
and  is  deserving  of  praise,  but  especially  pleasurable  how  intimately 
associated  professionally  as  I  have  been  with  Mr.  Butcher  for  many  years 
past;  regret,  on  account  of  Mr.  Butcher's  absence,  who  could  have 
responded  much  more  efficiently  and  adequately.    Plutarch  says,  some- 


720 


BANQUET  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


where —  "  It  is  easy  to  praise  Athens  before  a  company  of  Athenians  ; " 
thus  it  will  .not  be  so  difficult  for  me  to  speak  the  praises  of  Mr.  Butcher 
to  the  audience  now  present,  the  majority  having  the  advantage  of 
knowing  him  personally,  and  to  those  who  have  not  this  advantage  of 
knowing  him  by  reputation  ;  but  how  shall  I  speak,  or  with  what  words 
shall  I  recount  his  labours  and  accomplishments  in  surgery,  and  how  he 
has  not  only  obtained  for  himself  the  highest  position  amongst  the 
surgeons  of  the  world,  but  by  his  exertions  the  Irish  School  of  Surgery 
continued  to  hold  the  status  it  attained  in  the  time  of  Colles  and  Cusack. 
Does  not  the  Museum  declared  open  to-day  afford  ample  proof  of  what  I 
have  stated  ?  and  nowhere  as  far  as  I  know  is  there  any  similar  Museum  the 
outcome  of  individual  labour.  The  works  of  his  hands  have  been  given 
a  permanent  place  in  this  College  to  serve  as  a  guide  and  example,  and 
to  show  that  true  fame  is  to  be  obtained  only  by  honest  industry,  patient 
research,  and  untiring  devotion  to  the  cultivation  of  professional  know- 
ledge. Nor  is  it  only  practical  work  we  can  record  of  Mr.  Butcher — his 
writings  also  show  him  to  be  well  versed  in  the  literature  of  our  profes- 
sion, which  brings  to  my  mind  a  passage  from  Pliny,  who  says : — "  I 
count  those  happy  to  whom  by  the  gift  of  the  gods  it  has  been  given  to 
do  something  worth  recording,  or  to  record  something  worth  reading,  but 
most  happy  of  all,  those  to  whom  both  gifts  have  been  given."  This 
quotation,  indeed,  is  especially  applicable  to  Mr.  Butcher.  I  have  to 
thank  you  on  his  behalf. 

Dr.  Robert  M'Donnell,  F.R.S.,  President  of  the  Academy  of 
Medicine,  proposed  "  The  newly-elected  Honorary  Fellows,"  to  whose 
distinguished  career  he  made  reference. 

The  toast  was  drunk  amid  applause. 

Sir  James  Paget,  in  responding,  said  he  was  deeply  thankful  for  the 
honour  which  had  been  paid  him.  The  memory  of  this  day  would  never 
leave  him.  (Applause.)  But  he  should  not  merely  speak  for  himself.  They 
must  be  proud  of  a  College  which,  like  this  College  of  Surgeons,  had 
maintained  a  constant  contact  with  every  science,  whether  manifestly 
useful  or  not,  so  long  as  its  pursuit  held  out  the  hope  in  the  future  of 
doing  something  to  promote  the  common  good.  There  was  in  Dublin  a 
constant  supply  of  good  water,  and  this  blessing  was  augmented  by  the 
addition  of  a  constant  supply  of  good  wine  ;  and,  for  his  part,  he  would  be 
able  to-morrow,  he  hoped,  to  look  back  upon  his  share  in  the  proceedings 
of  this  night  without  the  slightest  remorse.    (Laughter  and  applause.) 


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BANQUET  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


721 


Baron  De  Cussy,  the  French  Consul  in  Dublin,  also  replied. 

Mr.  Macnamara,  College  representative  on  the  Medical  Council,  pro- 
posed— "  The  Medical  Licensing  Bodies." 

Sir  George  Paget,  K.C.B.,  responded,  particularly  with  reference  to 
Cambridge  University,  which  had  a  great  interest,  in  common  with  the 
Irish  College  of  Surgeons,  in  the  promotion  of  sanitary  science.  He  quite 
agreed  with  what  the  Duke  of  Abercorn  had  said  as  to  the  advisability  of 
having  experts  in  that  science  represented  in  the  House  of  Lords.  Sir 
Charles  Cameron  had  left  Cambridge  very  much  his  debtor  on  several 
occasions,  and  he  (Sir  George)  had  a  right  to  feel  himself  in  any  company 
of  Irishmen  amongst  friends,  when  he  remembered  that  when  he  first 
became  a  Fellow  of  his  College — and  it  was  not  a  large  College — no  less 
than  seven  of  its  Fellows  were  Irishmen. 

The  Provost  of  Trinity  College  also  responded,  and  said  he  hoped 
that  the  association  of  these  bodies  in  one  toast  might  be  taken  as 
symbolical  of  union  in  the  future. 

The  President  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  the  Governor  of  the 
Apothecaries'  Hall  having  followed  the  Provost, 

Sir  George  Porter  proposed  "The  Sculptor  of  the  Dease  Statue,"  and 

Mr.  Farrell,  R.H.A.,  responded. 

The  Company  then  separated. 


The  decoration  of  the  splendid  and  well-ventilated  apartment,  in  which 
the  sumptuous  banquet  was  held,  was  artistically  designed,  and  the  effect 
was  most  pleasing.  The  lighting  was  soft  and  particulai-ly  effective,  and 
the  arrangement  of  colour  such  as  to  add  much  to  the  warmth  and  charm 
of  the  scene.  The  details  were  in  all  respects  admirably  managed,  the 
guests  being  seated  according  to  a  map  of  the  tables  containing  their 
names,  and  so  preventing  any  confusion  or  delay.  On  the  back  of  this 
chart  were  the  words  of  the  part-songs,  which  were  sung  with  great 
precision  and  melody  by  the  most  distinguished  of  our  musical  men.  The 
menu  card  denoted  the  banquet  as  given  by  Sir  Charles  A.  Cameron  on 
the  occasion  of  the  unveiling  of  the  statue  of  Surgeon  Dease,  and  the 
opening  of  the  Butcher  Museum  by  his  Excellency  the  Lord  Lieutenant, 
and  of  the  conferring  Honorary  Fellowships  on  M.  Pasteur,  Sir  James 
Paget,  Sir  Spencer  Wells,  Sir  Joseph  Lister,  Mr.  Huxley,  and  Mr. 
Marshall.     The  card,  which  was  ornamental  in  character,  had,  on  the 

3  A 


722 


BANQUET  AT  THE  COLLEGE. 


pages  of  its  triple-fold,  representations  of  the  Pole  Gate,  Guildhall  of 
Dublin  Surgeons,  sixteenth  century  ;  also  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
as  it  existed  in  1810,  and  again,  an  engraving  of  the  College  as  now 
architecturally  complete.  On  the  gallery,  over  the  centre  table,  an 
illuminated  "  A  "  welcomed  the  Lord  Lieutenant,  and  above  it,  on  a  hand- 
some red  ground  in  white  raised  letters,  excellently  and  correctly  formed, 
were  the  words  "  Cead  mille  Failte — Welcome  Sir  James  Paget  and  Sir 
Spencer  "Wells."  At  the  further  end  the  same  device  of  welcome  for 
other  guests  was  exhibited.  The  special  menu  card  prepared  for  his 
Excellency  was  presented  in  a  handsome  trifold-satin  embroidered  casket 
containing  a  mirror,  each  page  inside  being  beautifully  needleworked  in 
silk  of  several  colours,  and  showing  the  Aberdeen  coronet  and  crest,  and  on 
the  other  sides  a  circlet  of  thistle,  shamrocks,  and  heaths — a  perfect  piece 
of  art-handiwork  of  its  kind,  executed  personally  by  Mrs.  George  Posnett, 
and  presented  by  that  accomplished  lady  in  honour  of  the  chief  guest. 
It  was  much  and  deservedly  admired  for  unique  industry  and  taste. 
The  toasts,  which  were  numerous,  were  got  through  rapidly,  and  of  the 
speaking,  which  was  most  interesting,  we  have  given  full  reports. 


INDEX. 


[Note.— The  figures  in  large  type — thus,  286 — refer  to  the  page  at  which  a  biographical 

notice  is  given.] 


Abercorn,  Duke  of,  237,  238,  434,  716 
Abercromby,  Sir  Ralph,  37 4 
Aberdeen,  Countess  of,  708 
Aberdeen,  Earl  of,  434.  436,  699,  712 
Abemethy,  John,  London,  151,  368 
Abraham,  Phineas  S.,  286,  697 
Abuses  of  present  state  of  physic,  surgery, 

and  pharmacy,  by  Philanthropos,  49 
Academy  of  Medicine,  176,  246 

Royal  Irish,  Library,  vii.,  2 
Accountant  of  College,  222,  241,  697 
Acid,  carbonic,  see  "  Air  Fixed  " 
Acland,  Sir  Henry  W.,  507 
Acts  of  Parliament,  see  Statutes 
Adair,  Mr.,  school  of,  404 

Robert,  London,  126 
Adams,  A.  Leith,  689 
Allen,  544 

Captain  Eichard,  544 
Rev.  Benjamin  W.,  544 
Robert,  34,  160,  162,  172,  227, 

306,  367,  395,  495,  520,  523, 

524,  685 
Thomas,  92 

"William  O'Brien,  539,  544 
Address  to  Edinburgh  University,  252 
King  George  IV.,  152 
Lord  Carnarvon,  265 
Lord  Lieutenant,  218 
Marquis  Wellesley,  186 
of  first  president,  124 
Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales, 
228,  255 
Admission  to  trade  guilds,  81 
Adrien,  John,  124,  324,  458,  569 
John  Joseph,  459 
John  T.,  159, 175,  456,  458,  522 
William,  458 
William,  Dr.,  459 
Advertisements,  professional,  170 
Affleck,  Sir  Robert.  387 
Aglio's  Antiquities  of  Mexico,  271 
Aicken,  Thomas,  539,  544 
"Air,  Fixed,"Dobson  and  Falconer  on,  45 

M'Bride  on,  36 
Albert  Hall,  the,  227 
Albinus,  97 

Alcock,  Benjamin,  160, 176,  521,  522, 531, 

538,  539,  545,  689 
Aldridge,  John,  522,529, 539,541 , 545,643 
Alexandrian  Surgeons,  B.C.,  52 


Aliments,  essay  on,  John  Arbuthnot's,  23 
Alison,  Lizzie  Smythe,  272 

Rev.  James  Smythe,  272 
William,  505 
Allam,  Anne,  370 
John,  370 
Allen's,  Charles,  works,  12 
Alley,  Grace,  390 

Jerome,  390 
Allman,  George  James,  685 

George  Johnston,  660 
Isabella,  660 
William,  685 
Ammianus,  Graeco-Egyptian  surgeon,  52 
Ammonius,  359 

Amputation,  work  on,  S.  O'Halloran,  30 
Anaesthetic  agent  first  employed  in  Ire- 
land, 484 

Anatomical  drawings  by  Leonardo  da 
Vinci,  107 
purchased  for  library,  267,  270 
plates  presented  to  library,  270 
Anatomist,  State,  107 
Anatomy  Act,  178, 185 

Committee  of  House  of  Commons 

on,  185 
Committee  of  College,  450 
Inspector  of,  186 
lectures  on,  to  barber  surgeons, 
94 

study  of,  in  Dublin,  93,  95, 171 
178 

Anderson,  Elizabeth,  472,  478 

James  E.,  107 

Richard  J.,  690 

William,  472 
Andouille',  43 

Andrews,  diseases  in  the  army,  37 
Andrews,  Maria,  407 

Maunsell,  407 

Sydney  Maria,  653 

Thomas,  688.  693 

William  (Alderman),  653 
Anglesey,  Marquis  of,  159 
Anglicanus,  Gilbert,  289 
Anguilbert,  Dr.  Theobald,  Mensa  Philo- 

sophica,  5 
Anguysshe,  King,  2 

Animal  ^Economy,  Bryan  Robinson's,  17 
Animi  Medela,  &c,  Stearne's,  8 
Anne,  Queen,  82,  291,  292 


724 


INDEX. 


Anne,  wife  of  James  II.,  485 
Antiquities,  Irish,  vindication  of,  John 

K'Eogh,  25 
Antiquities  of  Ireland,  Eev.  Edward  Led- 

wich  on,  613 
Antisell,  Christopher,  54(3 

Thomas,  529,  536,  546 
William,  536 
Aphorisme  de  Felicitate,  Stearne's,  8 
Apjohn,  James,  176,  406,  440,  450,  451, 
455,  459,  461,  462,  473,  497, 
520,  521,  522,  685 
Mary,  440 
Eichard,  460 
Thomas,  459 
Apothecaries,  the  Dublin,  25,  70,  92, 187, 
190,  216,  218 
consultations  with,  465 
in  Scotland,  59 
incorporated  (1745),  88 
social  rank  of,  15 
state,  107 

supervised  by   College  of 
Physicians,  93 
Apothecaries  Hall  of  Ireland,  88, 134, 177, 

234,  238,  536,  696,  721 
Apprentices  to  guild,  81 

to  surgeons,  77,  81,  109,  143, 

149,  150,  166 
admission  to  guilds  of  those 

not,  153,  170 
education'  of,  95 
examination  of,  87 
Apprenticeship,  the  system  of,  15,  152 
abolished,  146 
fees,  126 
Arbuthnot,  John,  on  aliments,  23 
Archbold,  Patrick,  72 
Eichard,  72 
Eobert,  72 
Stephen,  jun.,  72 
Archdeacon,  Bridget,  459 
Thomas,  459 
Archer,  Clement,  48,  106,  111,  123,  138, 
139,  300,  305,  325,  447,  448, 
455,  543 
Henry,  325 
Architect  of  College,  145,  154,  238,  246 
Ardilaun,  Lord,  652 
Arderne,  John  of,  271,  289 
Arms  of  Dublin  Barber  Surgeons,  65. 
Armstrong,  G.  C,  34 

Alexander,  234 
Edmund  J.,  635 
Launcelot,  160 
Louisa  Emma,  635 
Eobert  Young,  109 
W.  C,  406 
Army,  diseases  in  the,  Andrews,  37 

early  English  surgeons  in,  289 
Medical  Board,  Irish,  104,  300 


Army  Medical  Department,  connection 
of  College  with,  288 
surgeons  in  the,  81,  85,  238,  290, 
292,  293,  294,  296,  302,  448 
Arthur,  Mrs.,  488 
Ashburnham  MSS.,  3 
Ashe,  Edward,  300 

Isaac,  229,  366 

St.  George,  on  hermaphrodism,  9 
Asken,  Christopher,  529,  531,  536,  542, 
547 

Assistants  in  College,  48 
Assistant-Secretary  appointed,  141 

office  of,  abolished,  193 
{see  also  Secretary's  Assistant). 
Asthma,  treatise  on,  Michael  Eyan,  46 
Aston,  David,  542 

Asylums,  first  inspector  of  lunatic,  390 
Atkins,  James,  622 

John,  102 
Atkinson,  Caroline,  603 
Eichard,  603 
A  tlantis,  The  (magazine),  602 
Atmosphere,  Silv.  O'Halloran's  MS.  work 
on  the,  31 

Attendance  at  lectures,    statistics  of, 

Dublin  schools,  695,  696 
Auchinleck,  Hugh,  387 

Hugh  Alex.,  387,  525,  548 
William,  160,  162,  211,  305, 
387,  411,  527,  528,  548 
Aughnacloy,  Kennedy  on  sulphurous 

water  at,  44 
Austin,  Eichard,  529,  539,  548 
Author,  first  Irish  medical,  5 
Aylesbury,  Sir  Thomas,  485 


Bacon,  Anthony,  392 

Susanna,  392 
Bagot,  Tempe",  654 
Bailey,  Catherine,  608 

Henry,  608 
Baker,  Arthur  W.,  698 

Dr.  Fordyce,  New  York,  8 

George,  530,  531,  549 

John  A.,  34,  378 
Baldwin,  Charles,  81 
Ball,  Charles  Bent,  697 
Laurence,  115 
Sir  Pobert,  664 
Ballingall,  Sir  G.,  192 
Ballyspillan,  Kilkenny,  water  and  air  of, 

Burgess  and  Taaffe,  16 
Bambrick,  Miss,  493 
Banks,  J.  T.,  34,  129,  324,  417,522,  525, 
649,  565,  567,  685,  686 

Lieut.  Henry,  549 

Percival,  109,  129,  549 

Samuel,  300 
Banon,  Mr.,  284 


INDEX. 


725 


Banquet,  list  of  guests  at,  699,  700 
Mr.  Smyly's,  434 
Mr.  Wheeler's,  442 
Sir  C.  A.  Cameron's,  709 
Barber,  Dr.,  350,  352 

royal  office  of,  55 
Barbers  and  surgeons  of  London,  56 

separation  of,  57,  82 
Barber-chirurgeons'  company,  93 

Place  of  meeting  in  Dublin,  69, 
87 

Barbers,  Dublin,  incorporated,  60 
London  company  of,  55 
Barbers'  pole,  sign  of,  56 
Barber-surgeons,  52,  54,  55,  56,  113 
in  Cork,  90 
in  Limerick,  90 
London  Company,  58, 
95 

Barbor,  Constantine,  686 
Barby,  Stephen,  60 
Barclay,  Ebenezer,  422 

Louisa,  422 
Barker,  Arthur  E.  J.,  462 

Elizabeth,  285 

Frances  Kate,  285 

Francis,  460,  461,  685 

George,  283 

John,  283,  284,  285,  528 
William,  455,  461,   466,  497, 
525 

Barlo-w,  Edward,  160 

Mr.,  149,  543 

Robert,  159 
Barnewall,   Christopher,    Lord  Chief 

Justice,  60 
Barnewell,  Robert,  72 
Barnwell,  Sir  John,  72 
Baronet,  first  medical,  11 
Baronets,  medical,  567 
Barrington,  Sir  Matthew,  328 
Barry,  David,  469 

Philis  Emma,  469 
Sir  Edward,  19,  104,  567,  685 
Sir  Nathaniel,  19,  104,464,  686 
Barton,  John,  439,  697 

John  Kellock,  247,  306,  439, 
461,  525,  535,  685,  697 

Miss,  328 

Surgeon,  697 
Bates,  Mary  Anne,  332 
Bath,  Patrick,  72 
Bath,  use  of,  in  tedious  labour,  5 
Bathing,  cold,  essay  on,  a  Physician,  46 
Bathing,  sea,  Thomas  Reid,  49 
Battersby.  Francis,  331,  522 
Baxter,  William  Raleigh,  536,  551 
Beaconsfield,  Earl  of,  645 
Beamish,  William,  693 
Beatty,  Captain,  660 

Guinness,  402 

James,  551 


Beatty,  John,  33 

Thomas  E.,  34,  159,  175,  211, 
220,  306,  401,  454,  456,  522, 
525,  631 
Wallace,  525,  551 
William  C,  401 
Beaumont,  Henry,  222,  241 
Beauvais,  Philip  de,  288 
Becket's  chirurgical  tracts,  50 
Beere,  Mary,  463 

Philip,  463,  684 
Behan,  Mary,  459 
Behrend,  Professor,  Berlin,  588 
Belfast,  Queen's  College — 

medical  school  at,  687,  688 
medical  students  at,  688 
medical  school  at  Royal  Acade- 
mical Institution,  508 
Royal  Academ.  Institution,  484 
Bell,  Benjamin,  Edinburgh,  126 

C.  B.,  129 

Chichester  Alexander,  541,  543, 

552,  613 
David,  552 

D.  C,  academy  of,  552 
Eleanor,  47 

Rev.  Dr..  School  of,  586 

Robert,  47 

Sir  Charles,  3?5,  464 

Sir  Thomas,  47 

Thomas,  47,  508 
Bellamont,  Earl  of,  582 
Bellew,  Robert,  72 

Bellingham,  O'Bryen,  34,  221,  270,  271, 
287,  455,  462,  493,  520, 
525,  532,  533,  535 
Sir  Alan,  462 
Bellon,  Dr.  P.,  Irish  Spa,  12 
Bellost  on  Mercury,  50 
Belton,  Mr.,  586 

Thomas,  160 
Benn,  Caroline  E.,  469 

John,  469 
Bennett's  case,  173 

Bennett,  Edward  Hallaran,  306,  442, 
685.  697 
Henry,  680 
James  R,  173,  443 
Robert,  442 
Benson,  Arthur  Henry,  407,  536,  553, 
698 

Charles,  159,  176,211,  232,237, 

306,  406,  450,  455,  458,  470 
J.  Hawtrey,  407 
Rev.  Charles,  School  of,  510, 553 
Bentley,  Colonel,  376 

Elizabeth,  376 
Berdmore,  Thomas,  on  teeth  and  gums, 
35 

Bergin,  Mr.,  227 

Bergman's  physical  and  chemical  essays, 
Edm.  Cullen,  45 


726 


INDEX. 


Berkley,  Bishop,  Siris,  26 
Bernard,  Elizabeth  Frances,  386 

Joseph,  386 
Berry,  Eliza,  544 

John,  544,  654 

Louisa  M.,  654 

Sir  Edward,  see  Barry,  Sir  Edward 
Betagh,  H„  401 

Bevan,  Philip,  285,  456,  463,  528 

William,  159,  536 
Bewley,  Hemy  T.,  601 

Samuel,  142 
Bibliography,  Irish  medical,  5,  14 
Bigger,  H.,  300 

Samuel  L.  L.,  329 
Bill,  medical  acts  amendment,  234,247,252 

medical  charities,  191 
Binns,  Miss,  646 

Biographies  of  lecturers  in  private  schools, 
544 

of  presidents  of  College,  306 
of  professors  of  College,  458 
Birch,  John,  128 
Birde,  John,  62 
Bishop,  John,  645 

Minnie,  645 
Bishops  issuing  licenses  to  practise,  53, 101 
Black,  Eliza,  572 

James,  506 

Janet,  662 

John,  295,  667 

Mary,  506,  573 

Sara,  667 
Blackley,  Travers  R.,  160 
Blacklin,  James,  115 
Blainville,  Paris,  405 
Blake,  Anna  Maria,  557 

Dominick,  638 

George  Prancis,  268,  273,  697 

John,  557 

Margaret,  477 

Martin  Kirwan,  273 

Mary  Agnes,  638 

Robert,  49,  106 

Walter,  477 
Blakely,  Robert  C,  525 
Blanchard,  Patrick,  419 

Sarah,  419 
Bleckley,  Rev.  John,  425 
Bligh,  Mr.,  estates  of,  571 
Blood,  circulation  of,  Charles  Allen,  12 
Blood-letting,  practice  of,  21 
Blutnenbach,  Professor,  Gottingen,  588 
Blyth,  John,  689 

Board,  county  infirmaries,  108,  110 

examining,  first  in  Ireland,  107 

Boate,  Arnold,  7,  103, 105 
Gerard,  7 

Bodies  exported  for  dissection,  183 

Body-snatching  in  Dublin,  95,  96,  180 

Boerhaave's  aphorisms,  99 
pupils,  19,  21 


Bohernabrena,  St.  Anne's  Monastery,  34, 
571 

Bolger,   Charles,   111,   115,   123,  325, 
447 

Bolley,  Robert,  55 
Bologna,  medical  school  at,  53 
Bolton,  Abraham,  124 
Bond,  Isaac,  417 
Julia,  417 

Very  Rev.  Wensley,  607 
Bones,  nerves,  &c,  Alex.  Monro,  40 
Bonham,  Dr.,  100 
Booker,  Nugent,  578 
Bookey,  Captain,  loan  of  £10,000  to  Col- 
lege, 224 
John  Whelan,  553 
Richard,  540,  541,  553 
Books,  medical,  published  in  Ireland,  5 
Botaniwe  Dorsthenii  presented  to  library, 
269 

Botany,  professorship  founded,  193,  448 
Boulton,  Richard,  on  the  plague,  16 
Bourke,  Maria,  562 
Bourne,  Daniel,  115 
Eleanor,  554 
Jane,  365 
Walter,  365,  554 
Bowden,  Charles,  674 
Bowes,  Lieut.-Col.,  312 

Lord-Chancellor,  312 
Robert,  111,  113,  115,  116,  117, 
118,  123,  305,  311 
Bowman,  William,  229,  376 
Boxwell,  John,  649 
Samuel,  649 
Wilhelmina,  649 
Boyd,  Michael  Austin,  697 
Boyle,  Hon.  Robert,  11 

Rev.  Robert's  school,  653 
Boyton,  James,  111,  118,  123,  219,  322, 
325,  543 
John  William,  686 
Brabazon,  Arthur  Beaufort,  524,  554 

Philip,  554 
Bradford,  Rev.  Dr.,  95 
Brady,  Cheyne,  427 

Daniel  F.,  186 
Elizabeth  Letitia,  420 
James  Charles,  555 
John,  233,  235 
Sir  Francis,  555 
Sir  Maziere,  420 
Sir  William,  420 
Thomas,  536,  554,  686 
T.  J.  Bellingham,  555 
Brain,  dropsy  of,  works  on,  Wm,  Patter- 
son, 49 ;  Charles  H.  Quin,  46 
Bramble's  court,  136 
Brehon  Laws  as  to  medical  men,  4 
Brenan,  James,  513,  6S3 

John  Edward,  369,  373,  517, 
529.  530,  531,  533 


INDEX 


727 


Brenan,  Peter,  401,  513,  683 
Brennan's,  Dr.,  poems,  502 
Brennen,  iEneas,  270 

John,  222,  270,  475,  697 
Brereton,  Edward,  325,  543,  686 
Brian  Boru,  King,  288 

Edward,  60 
Brinkley,  Matthew,  217 
British  Association,  188,  240 
Brittain,  Eleanor  Mary,  571 
Brocke,  Peter  von  Adrian,  6 
Brodie,  Sir  Benjamin,  172,  192,  391,  422 
Bromfeild,  Wm.,  inoculation,  35 
Brooke,  Rev.  William,  555 

Right  Hon.  William,  556 

William  Graham,  556 

William,  515,  543,  555 
Brooke's  Practice  of  Medicine,  51 
Brooks,  Henry,  556 

Henry  St.  John,  556 
Brown,  Archibald,  628 

Isabella,  628 

WilHam,  522 
Browne,  Elizabeth,  468 
James  V.,  690 
John,  60 
Miss,  656 
Rev.  Andrew,  468 
Brace,  Maria,  403 
Brunker,  Edward  J.,  248,  254,  385 
Bryce's  academy,  Newry,  595 
Bucannon,  Miss,  403 
Buchan's  Domestic  Medicine,  39 
Buildings,  college,  133,  141,  143,  154,  238 

medical,  T.C.D.,  98 
Bulkeley,  R.,  venous  and  arterial  blood,  9 
Bull,  Christopher  Aldworth,  693 
Bullen,  Anna,  570 

Denis,  689 

Rev.  William  Crofts,  570 

William,  680 
"Bully's  acre,"  140,  148,  180 
Bunbury,  Miss  Lettice,  325 
Burden,  William,  688,  694 
Burges,  J ohn,  water  and  air  of  Ballyspillan , 

Kilkenny,  1 6 
Burgoyne,  Margaret,  548 
Burke,  Augustus,  245 

Edmund,  332 

John,  597 

Rev.  Henry  Anthony,  551 
Sarab  Jane,  551 
Thomas  H,  245 

William  Malachi,  541,  557,  596 
"  Burke,"  new  verb,  origin  of,  182,  183 
Burnett,  Sir  William,  216 
Burrell,  Hon.  Willoughby,  550 
Burrowes,  Colonel,  657 
Eliza,  657 
Peter,  657 
Burtchael,  Miss,  467 
Barton,  Janet,  581 


Burton,  Major,  581 
Busche,  Gerhard  von  dem,  506 
Busts,  1S8,  221,  223,  225,  226,  227,  242, 
244.  279,  315,  318,  337,  376,  386,  394, 
463,  495,  590,  662 
Butcher  Life  Boat,  416 

Museum,  246,  416,  701,  708 
Admiral  Samuel,  414,  416 
Richard,  G.  H.,  172,  264,  306, 
414,  529,  701,  719 
Butler,  Lord  J ames,  427 
By-laws,  educational,  170,  178 
first  code  of,  124 
power  of  Council  to  make,  215 
Byrne,  George,  72 

John  Augustus,  540,  557 
Mary,  400 

Patrick,  bookseller,  133 
Thomas  E.,  420 
Byssett,  Marjory,  482 


Cadogan,  W.,  works  of,  39.  44 
Coesar,  Henry  Augustus,  692,  693 
Cahill,  Rev.  Dr.,  school  of,  641 
Caldwell,  Rev.  Mr.,  33 

Lilias,  471 

Nathaniel,  471 
Calonne,  A.,  542 
Cameron,  Agnes,  577 

Archibald,  443 

Capt.  Ewen,  444 

Charles  (M.P.),  577 

Charles  J  ohn,  445 

Colonel  John,  444 

Edwin  Douglas,  445 
.  Ernest  Stuart,  445 

Ewen  Henry,  445 

Helena  Margaret,  445 

John,  577 

Lucie,  445 

Mervyn  Wingfield,  445 
Sir  Charles  A.,  254,  266,  30R, 
443,  456,  529,  536,  541, 613, 
697,  698,  699 
Campaign,  Walcheren,  47 
Campbell,  Captain,  666 

Catherine  Susan,  666 
chirurgeon-general,  103 
John,  525,  540,  558 
Lady  Marion,  496 
Maria,  558 
Canning,  Right  Hon.  Mr.,  173 
Cannon,  Patrick  Hamilton,  355 

Selina,  355 
Canterbury  degree,  53 
Cantwell,  Andrew,  37 
Caperdale,  Rev.  Thomas,  572 
Caps,  Fellow-Commoners  for  Council, 

Examiners  and  Professors,  231 
Carbonic  acid,  essay  on,  MacBride,  36 


728 


INDEX. 


Carey,  Mary,  609 
Carhampton,  Earl  of,  131,  132 
Carleton,  Cornelius,  622 

Mary,  622 
Carlisle,  Earl  of,  360,  430 

Hugh,  172,  521,  522,  559,  688 
Carmichael,  Andrew,  329,  362,  365,  558 
bequests,  221,  229,  366,  523 
Evory,  416 
Hugh,  362,  365 
Hugh  Richard,  160,  365, 

519,558 
Julia,  416 

Richard,  143,  160,  172,  211, 
215,221,229,277,305,306, 
339,  360,  362,  366,  399, 
430,  483,  484,  518,  523, 
524,  554,  558,  586,  661 
Carnarvon,  Earl  of,  265,  425,  434 
Carolan,  Mr.,  architect,  154 
Carr,  DanieL  580 

Jane  Catherine,  580 
Carroll,  Coote,  391 

Frances,  622 

Mary  Josephine,  282 

Mr.,  624 

Maude  Elizabeth,  650 

Sarah,  391 

Sir  William,  650 

Thomas  F.,  282 
Carte,  Alexander,  280,  281,  282,  283 
Edward,  281 
Rev.  Joseph,  282 
Robert,  282 

William,  220,  282,  283,  697 
Carter,  Ellen,  498 

Francis  Boake,  498 
Carysfort.  ancestor  of  Earls  of,  14,  102 
Case,  surgical,  considered  by  college,  130 
Cashel,  Bishop  of  (Dr.  Day),  586 
Castleconnell  Spa,  51 
Castlereagh,  Lord,  320,  350 
"  Castle-steps,"  the,  102 
Cataract,  operations  of,  O'Halloran,  30 
Gath  Muighe  Fuiredh  MS.,  1 
Cathcart,  Mary,  616 

Robert,  616 
Catholic  presidents  and  professors.  187 
Cautery,  actual,  described  by  Hippo- 
crates, 52 

Cavendish,  murder  of  Lord  Frederick, 

245 

Cecilia-st.  School  of  Medicine,  9,  539 
Censors,  college,  election  of,  117 
Censure  of  a  member,  1 39 
Centenary  of  College,  253 
Certificates  of  professors,  recognition  of, 
176 

Chamberlain,  Tankerville,  586 
Champollion'8  work  on  Egypt,  271 
Chaplains  of  guild,  75 
Chaplin,  Samuel,  306,  43  8,  697 


Chapman,  John  Henry,  226 
Charcot,  Professor,  34 
Charlemont,  Earl  of,  427 
Charles  I.,  290,  291 

trial  of,  69 
Charles  II.,  charter  of,  to  College  of 
Physicians,  93 
Royal  Hospital,  18 
Charles  Edward,  Prince,  388 
Charles,  John  J ames,  689 
Charlemagne,  52 
CharleviUe,  Earl  of,  544 
Charters  : 
Dublin  bodies — 

Apothecaries'  guild,  St,  Luke,  Geo. 
II.,  88 

Barbers'  guild,  Henry  VI.  (1446),  60 
Barber-Surgeons — 

Elizabeth  (1572),  60 

James  II.  (1687),  69 
College  of  Physicians — 

Chas.  II.  (1667),  93 
King'g  and  Queen's  Coll.  Physicians, 

Wm.  III.  and  Mary  (1692),  93 

Geo.  I.  (1715),  97 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons — 

George  III.  (1784),  116 

George  IV.,  156,  158 

supplemental,  194,  195,  248,  255 
English  bodies — 

Barber-surgeons  company,  Edward 

IV.   (1461-2),  55 ;  Henry  VII. 

(1499),  55;  Henry  VIII.  (1512), 

55;   Henry  VIII.  (1541),  56; 

James  I.  (1604),  56  ;  Charles  I. 

(1629),  57 
College  of  Surgeons  (1800),  57 
Surgeons'  Company  (1745),  57 
Scottish  bodies — 

Surgeons  and  barbers  (1505),  57 
Chirurgeons  and  chirurgeon  apothe- 
caries, 57 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons  (1778),  57 
Faculty,  physicians  and  surgeons, 

Glasgow  (1599,  1672,  and  1850), 

57 

Chemistry,  professorship  created,  156 
Chetnys,  Dr.,  685 
Chenevix,  Richard,  659 
Cheney,  George,  374 

Sophia,  374 
Cherry  James,  18,  60 
Cheselden's  lithotome,  43 
Cheyne,  George,  16,  24,  104 

John,  146,  299,  382,  449,  455, 
461,  464,  482,  503,  518 

Selina,  467 
Chichester,  Bishop  of.  288 
Children,  Management  of,  Cadogan,  44 
Chirurgeon- General,  102 
Chirurgeon,  State,  106 
Chirui-geon-apothecaries,  57 


INDEX. 


729 


Chirurgery,  etymology  of  word,  52 

professorship  in  School  of 
Physic  created,  97 
Chirurgical  Dissertations,  by  J.  Koche, 
46 

Chirurgical  Pharmacy,  Dossies,  50 
Chirurgico  Regis,  2«9 
Christie,  Mary,  576 

Churchill,  Fleetwood,  525,527,  529,  569, 
686 

Fleetwood,  jun.,  561 
Civiale,  Dr.,  52.  358,  359 
Clancy,  Michael,  32 
Clare,  Earl  of,  353,  502 

Thomas,  72 
Clarke,  Anne,  545 

Charlotte  Maria,  419 
Courtney  Kenny,  419 
Dr.,  279 

Edward  Stephen,  522 
Eliza,  483 
Gabriel,  116,  124 
Isabel,  581 
James,  545 
Jane,  581 
John,  134 

Joseph,  on  puerperal  fever,  46 

Mary  E.,  670 

Mr.,  244, 

Peter  Roe,  581 

Sir  Andrew,  34 

William,  535 
Clayton,  John,  72 
Cleapem,  William,  108,  124 
Cleghorn,  George,  98,  99,  685 

James,  98,  105,  300,  327,  685 
Cleland,  John,  690 

Clement  V.,  Pope,  founded  Irish  Uni- 
versity, 91 
Clements,  William,  685 
Clergy  as  physicians  and  surgeons,  53 

forbidden  to  practice  surgery,  53 
servants  of,   practised  surgery, 
53 

Clerk  and  housekeeper  appointed,  147, 
151 

office  of,  abolished,  177 
Clinch,  Mr.,  347 

Clinical  study,  first  steps  in  (James 

Little),  482 
Clinton,  Patrick,  537,  538,  543 
Cloncurry,  Lord.  480,  491,  544 
Cloquet,  Jules,  188,  243,  287 
Closs,  F.,  on  small-pox,  30 
Clossy,  Samuel,  on  diseases,  35 
Club,  Dining,  Hospital  Medical  Officers', 

34 

instrumental  music,  571 
Medical  Dining,  33 
"  Our  Club,"  or  the  "Rough  and 
Readys,"  34 
Clutterbuck  on  syphilis,  368 


Clynton,  Stephen,  72 

Cochrane,  Margaret,  679 

Coffey,  Robert.  693 

Cogan,  Rt.  Hon.  W.  F.,  420 

Cohlston,  Professor  (Copenhagen)  589 

Colahan,  Nicholas,  690,  691 

Colclough,  Miss,  401 

Colhoun,  Charles,  491 

Mary,  491 
Colic,  J ohn  Purcell  on  the,  14 
Collectanea   Hibernia   Medica,  Harris, 
45 

College,  Royal,  of  Surgeons,  (see  also 

Charters) 
attendance  at  lectures,  1833-3S, 

695 
created,  89 

examinations  in  classics,  146 
first  meeting  of,  123 
position,  1795  and  1885,  266 
premises,  21,    131,  142,  144, 

145,  147,  154,  275 
schools,  164,  447 
Collegeof  Physicians,  93  (seeaho  Charters) 
Colles,  Abraham,  159,    162,  175,  176, 
188,  214,  267,  276,  277,  278, 

305,  312,  314,  332,  360,  381, 
382,  389,.  391,  395,  407,  408, 
410,  412,  431.  449,  453,  454, 
458,  476,  507,  561,  658,  677 

Miss,  345 
Richard,  332,  333 
R.  Purefoy,  345 
William,  522,  529,  561 
William,  Professor,  228, 271,  273, 

306,  332,  337,  341,  412,  541, 
685,  697 

Colles's  fracture,  341 
Colley,  Honoria,  331 

Richard,  on  Royal  Hospital,  18 
Collins,  exporter  of  anatomical  subjects, 
184 

Collins's  lives  of  the  Sidneys  (MS.),  359 
Collis,  John  Fitzgerald,  394 

Maurice,  159,  162,  213,  306,  393, 
394, 

Maurice  H.,  358,  412,  471,  524, 
528,  562 

Rev.  Robert  Fitzgerald,  562 
Colman,  Benjamin,  on  inoculation,  16 
Colnet,  Nicholas,  289 
Colvan,  John,  481 
Comins,  William,  300 
Concannon,  Peter,  108 
Concordatum,  92 

Conferences  between   medical  bodies 
222 

Confessio  Authoris,  Van  Helmont's,  4 
Congress,  International  Medical,  242 

Social  Soience,  244 
Conly,  Cassin,  works  of,  8 
Connolly,  Owen,  517 


730 


INDEX. 


Connor,  Henry,  315 

Thomas,  72 
Conolly,  Emma,  461 

Lady  Louisa,  353 

Rev.  Arthur,  461 
Consultation  of  surgeons  and  physicians, 
129,  143 

Consumption,  Michael  Ryan  on,  46 

Sir  Edward  Barry  on,  19 
Contents,  Table  of,  ix 
Conversazione,  British  Association,  '240 
of  College,  191,  229,  237 
of  Zoological  Society  at 
College, 

Con-way's,  Mr.,  hooks,  271 
Cooke,  Agnes  M.,  568 
Edward,  136 
J.  W.,  568 
Cooper,  Rev.  Joseph,  573 

Sir  Astley,  148,  151,  172,  315, 
334,  391,  415,  418,  475 
Cope,  Anne,  400 
General,  318 
Henry,  25,  105,  685 
Joseph,  96 

Rev.  Jonathan,  337,  400 
Sarah,  336 
Coppinger,  Charles  Philp,  540,  568 
Joseph  William,  569 
Walter  A.,  568 
Corbet,  William,  159,  522,  569 
Corbett,  Daniel,  673 

Daniel,  junr.,  698 

Joseph  Henry,  532,  535,  538, 

539,  569,  689 
Maria,  673 
William,  569 
Corby,  Henry,  689 
Cork,  barber  surgeons  in,  90 
Corporation  of,  92 
dissecting-room  at,  691 
Institution,  460 
Queen's  College — 

medical  school  at,  687,  689 
medical  students  at,  690 
"recognised  school"  at,  692 
school  of  anatomy  at,  691 
Corley,  Anthony  Hagarty,  34,  254,  524, 
525,  563,  697 
Hugh,  563 
"  Cormack,  Mistress,"  100 
Cornwallis,  Lord,  47,  379 
Corporations,  surgical  {see  Charters) 
Corr,  Maurice,  188,  237 
Corrigan,  John,  564 

Sir  Dominic  John,  515,  525, 
527,  528,  564,  567,  586,  587 
Corry,  Charlotte,  679 
Isaac,  679 

Cosgrave,  Ephraim  MacDowel,  525,  570 

William  Alexander,  570 
Cost  of  professional  education,  149 


Costello,  Thomas,  124,  325,  446 
Costigan,  Anne,  569 
Coughs,  Thomas  Hyde,  46 
Coulter,  Mary,  481 
Council  dinner,  216 

first,  of  college,  211 
formation  of,  194,  196 
for  year  1885-6,  697 
Councillors,  payment  of,  231 
Councils,  medical,  established,  223 
County  infirmaries,  surgeons  of,  107,  108, 
109,  136, 140,  146,  179,  189 
gaols'  medical  officers,  241 
Courtney,  John  Armstrong,  269 

Peter  Ruttledge,  151,  177,  268, 
269 

Court  of  assistants,  128 

examiners,  123,  128 
Cowan,  John,  300 
Cowper,  Earl,  107,  434,  436 
Cox,  Richard,  86 
William,  72 
Cradock,  Stephen,  62 
Crampton,  John,  338, 354, 413, 565,586,686 
Sir  John  Fiennes  Twisleton, 

270,  354,  567 
Sir  Philip,  34,  103,  107,  160, 
179,  211,  214,   215,  219, 
270,  285,  305,   323,  306, 
339,  354,  388,   392,  399, 
404,  413,  433,  434,  470,  495, 
513,  567,  598,  666,  680 
Cranfield,  Mr.,  Grafton-street,  386 
Cranny,  John  Joseph,  698 
Crawford,  Professor,  426 

Rev.  Charles,  631 
Rev.  Mr.,  379 
Sarah,  631 

Sir  Thomas,  246,  299 
"  Crazy  Crow,"  a  body-snatcher,  96 
Creaghe,  Anne,  606 
James,  606 
Crean,  Margaret,  602 

Thomas,  602 
Creery,  Elizabeth,  580 
Rev.  John,  580 
Cregan,  Martin,  337,  377 
Creighton,  John,  305,  360,  454 

John  Abraham,  160,  361 
Richard  H.,  361 
Crichton,  Dr.,  361 
Crofton,  Morgan  W.,  690 
Croker,  C.  P.,  34,  108 
J.  W.,  379 
L.,  379 
Sir  John,  306 
Croker-King,  Charles,  308,  690 

Samuel,  15,  111,  113,  115, 
116,  117,  118,  123,  305, 
306,  315 
Croly,  Henry,  680,  478,  698 

Henry  Gray,  285,  697,  698 


INDEX. 


731 


Cronyn,  John,  454,  467 
Crosbie,  James,  69,  187 
Croslee,  Dr.,  625 
Cross,  Mary  Anne,  653 

Maurice,  653 
Crowe,  Thomas,  488 
Cruce,  Christopher,  72 
Cruikshank,  Captain,  660 
Cruise,  Eleanor,  621 
Francis,  570 

Francis  Richard,  34,  435,  524,  525, 
5  70,  573,  721 
Crumley,  Eliza,  421 

Mr.,  421 
Crumpe,  Samuel,  opium,  48 
Cryan,  Robert,  524,  540,  572 
Cuffe,  Sir  Charles  Wheeler,  440 
Cullen,  Edmond,  45,  686 

George  A.,  525,  531 
Wm.,  Materia  Medica,  39, 46, 284 
Culley,  Jane,  439 

J.,  439 
Cullinan,  P.  Maxwell,  659 
Culpepper's  English  Physician,  51 
Cuming,  James,  688 

Thomas,  481,  487, 523,  525,  572 
William  P.,  526 
Cummins,  Williams  J.,  693 
Cumyng,  Dr.  D.,  on  inoculation,  16 
Cunningham,  Alexander,  359,  369 

Daniel  J.,  286,  453,  456, 

46  7,  685 
Lieutenant-General,  131 
Robert  O.,  688 
Cuppaidge,  Frances,  438 
George,  438 
Cupper,  state,  107 

Curator,  276,  277,  280,  283,  285,  286,  697 

Curran,  Henry,  524,  5  73 

John  Oliver,  539,  573 
Right  Hon.  John  Philpot,  502 
Waring,  573 

Currer,  William,  103 

Curriculum  of  college,  171, 186,  191,  213, 
242 

uniform,  of  college,  191 

Curry,  John,  works  of,  28 

Cursus  Medicus,  Dr.  Neil  O'Glacan,  6 

Curtin,  Timothy,  693 

Curtis,  Arthur  Hill,  690 

Cusack,  Athanasius,  385,  574 

James  W.,  34.  153,  155,  160, 
162,  172,  177,  188,  211,  215, 
226,  229,  268,  277,  305,  306, 
307,  328,  373,  385,  391,  399, 
414,  520,  521,  674,  622,  659, 
685 

Samuel,  160,  520,  521,  522,  574, 
575 

Samuel  Athanasius,  541,  575 
Sir  Ralph  S.,  229,  386 
Cuvier,  Baron,  175,  243,  372,  476 


Dale,  Dr.,  366, 

Daly,  exporter  of  anatomical  subjects, 
184 

Margaret,  546 
"Dancing  Davis,"  575 
Dancer,  Alia  Maria,  648 
Daniel,  Michael,  516,  549 
Surgeon  R.,  342 
William,  160 
Darby,  Mr.,  Bray,  231 

Lucy,  329 
Darcey,  Anne,  316 
Daiiey,  Benjamin  Guinness,  530,  532 
Mary,  420 

Mr.,  Architect,  227,  238 
Darnley,  Lord,  estates  of,  238,  571 
Darwin,  Erasmus,  -works  of,  14,  49 
Daunt,  George,  41,  108,  113,  116,  117, 
118.  123,  329,  354 
Henry,  160 
Daviel,  scissors  of,  31 
Da  Vinci,  Leonardo,  drawings  by,  107 
Davis,  Charles,  160,  525,  531,  532,  533, 
575 
F.  A.  G.,  698 
John,  575 
Robert,  575 
Davy,  Edmund,  468 

Edmund  W.,  456,  46  8,  525,  698 
Sir  Humphry,  469 
Davys,  Frank  C,  698 
Dawson,  Catherine,  397 
Day,  John,  394 

Margaret,  394 

Maurice,  Bishop  of  Cashel,  586 
D'Azyr,  anatomical  plates  of,  267 
Deane,  Alexander,  405 

Alexander  S.,  405 

Sir  Thomas,  405 

Thos.  Newenham,  697 

and  Son,  245,  264 
Dease,  M.  O'Reilly,  264,  344,  701,  719 

Oliver,  401,  519 

Richard,  187,  278,  305,  343,  375, 

397,  410,  449,  453,  454,  515 
William,  40,  44,47,  111,  113,  115, 
116, 117, 118,  123, 138, 187, 264, 
267,  275,  305,  313,  333,  339, 
343, 355,  360, 377, 381, 446, 447, 
454,  699,  701,  719 
Death,  uncertainty  of  signs  of,  on,  30 
Death-rate  in  Dublin,  241 
De  Beauvais,  Philip,  288 
De   Bioknor,  Alexander,  Archbishop, 
founds  a  university  connected  with  St. 
Patrick's  Cathedral,  91 
De  Bois,  Simon,  325 
Declaration  to  be  made  by — 
examiners,  209 
licentiates,  207 
members  of  council,  201 
see  also  Oath 


732 


INDEX. 


De  Cussy,  Baron.  720 
Dedication  of  Book,  v. 
Deformity,  essay  on,  Wm,  Hay,  33 
Degree,  medical,  T.C.D.,  dissections  re- 
quired for,  94 
University,  privileges  of,  100 
De  Grey,  Earl,  196 

De  Humani  Hypogastri  Sarco  Matei,  Dr. 

Bernard  O'Connor,  7 
Delany,  Eev.  Dr.  Patrick,  310 
De  Morbis  Mulieribus,  Thadeus  Dun,  5 
De  Morte  Dissertatio,  <fcc,  Stearne,  7 
Dempsey,  Francis,  72 
Denham,  John,  34,  306,  421,  511,  522, 
525,  526 

John  Knox,  422 

Mary  Knox,  511 

Rev.  Joseph,  421 
Denny,  Mrs.,  236 
Dental  surgery,  professor  of,  240 
Dentist,  state,  106 
Dentists'  Act,  240 

Derante,   Surgeon  Peter,  spontaneous 

amputation  of  shoulder-joint,  16 
De  Rebus  Bibern.,  Moh.  Stanihurst,  3 
Derrick,  Mrs.,  459 

De  Sevigne",  Madame,  Letters  of,  21 
Des  Fountaines,  Daniel  de  Maziers,  103 
De  Swartz,  Mary,  629 
Devereux,  Margaret,  282 

William,  282 
Devonshire,  Duke  of,  245,  379 
De  Wy,  Richard,  55 
Diabetes,  the  sweet  principle  of,  23 
Diancecht,  an  ancient  T_rish  surgeon,  1 
Diary  of  J.  A.  Garnett,  Lord  E.  Fitz- 
gerald's medical  attendant,  345 
Rutty' s  spiritual,  22 
Dickinson,  Dean,  610 
Dickson,  Alexander,  685 
Ellen,  287 

Stephen,  48,  105,  325,  543,  686 
Thomas,  281 
Digestions,  Sir  Edward  Barry's  treatise 

on,  20 
Dill,  Robert  F.,  688 
Dillon,  James,  369,  370 

Narcissa,  388 
Dimsdale,  Baron,  on  small-pox,  39 
Dining  Club,  Examiners',  253 

medical,  33 
Dinners,  College,  127,  253 
council,  216,  2o3 
Diploma,  new,  of  College,  226 
Diplomas,  medical  Bishops',  53 

first  conferred,  52 
issued  by  College,  226 
issue  of,  stopped,  237 
midwifery,  first  conferred  by 

College,  125 
pharmacy,  189 
Surgeon-Generals,  101 


Diplomas,  surgical  Bishops,  101 

of  French  Academy  of 
Medicine,  18 
Disease,    dynamical   origin  of,  David 

Macbride,  37 
Diseases,  human,  Samuel  Clossey,  35 
venereal,  William  Dease,  41 
Dispensatory,  Lewis's  new,  51 

Theobald's  51 
Disputatio  Inauguralis  de  Ictero,  Martin 

Tuomy,  49 
Dissecting-rooms  of  College,  133,  143, 
144,  480 

Dissections,  infrequent  in  England  and 
Ireland,  96 
placefor,  in  Coll.  School,  447 
snatching  bodies  for,  95 
private,  100 
Dissertationes    Medico-Physica,  Bernard 

O'Connor,  7 
Dixon,  Christopher,  147,  148 
Dobbs,  Charity,  484 

Rev.  Robert,  484 
Dobson,  Matthew,  fixed  air,  45 
Doherty,  Chief  J ustice,  624 

Richard,  691 
Dolaeus  on  cure  of  gout  by  milk  diet,  25 
D'Olier,  Elinor,  616 

Isaac  Matthew,  616 
Domestic  surgeons,  290 
Donnelly,  William,  557 
Donour,  Alexander,  55 
Donovan,  Michael,  190,  523,  525,  537, 
641 

Dopping,  Anthony  John,  494 

Marianne,  494 
Dorset,  Duke  and  Duchess  of,  147 
Dossie's  Chirurgical  Pharmacy,  50 
Douglas  on  the  muscles,  50 
Dove,  Thomas,  ancient  physicians'  legacy, 
24 

Dowdall,  Eliza,  313 

Robert,  Lord  Chief  Justice,  60 
Sir  Richard,  313 
Dowling,  Mr.,  348 

Surgeon,  33 
Down   and   Connor,   MS.   relating  to 

dioceses  of,  100 
Doyal,  George,  123 
Doyle,  Catherine  Frances,  570 
John,  123 
Joseph,  160,570 
Drew,  Mr.,  238 

Drogheda,  Earl  (second)  of,  362 

Marquis  of,  439 
Dropsy  of  the  brain,  works  on,  Charles 
W.  Quinn  on,  46  ;  William  Patterson,  49 
Drought,  Eliza,  588 

Rev.  John,  588 
Drowning,  dissertation  on,  30 
DruggistB    supervised    by    College  of 
Physicians,  93 


INDEX. 


733 


Drummond,  James  L„  693 

Thomas,  320 
Drury,  Admiral,  652 
Elizabeth,  285 
Frederick,  116,  124,  325 
expelled,  132 
law  proceedings  re,  138 
Juliana,  652 

"William  Valiancy,  522,  576 
Drynan.  Patrick,  62 
Dubh  of  Lochiel,  Sir  Ewen,  443 
Dublin,  Archbishop  of,  435 

Archbishop  of,  Richard  (1446),  60 
Corporation  dissolved,  70 

appoint  a  surgeon,  92 
County,  natural  history  of,  Thos. 
Rutty's,  22 
plants  in,  Walter  Wade, 
49 

Evening  Post,  649 
fraternity  of  barbers  first  incor- 
porated, 60 
Journal,  88,  513 
Paving  Board,  320 
society  of  surgeons,  111,  112 
surgery  in  the  15th  century,  59 
Duffey,  George  Frederick,  272,  525,  576 
Dufont,  Charles,  surgery,  51 
Duggan,  James,  159,  462,  538 
Duke,  Valentine,  539,  577 
Dun,  Thadeus,  works  of,  5 
Sir  Patrick,  103 

bequest  of,  97 
founded  an  incomplete 
school,  96 

Duncan,  James,  577 

James  Foulis,  404,  522,  577 
Dunroche,  Mr.,  school  of,  498 
Dupuytren,  Baron,  404,  408 
Durham,  Bishop  of,  288 
Dwyer.  Francis  E.,  522 
Dyer,  Harriet,  620 


Eades,  Richard,  522,  525,  535  578 
Eagan  v.  Hardy,  case  of,  132 
"  Eagle"  Tavern,  Eustace-street,  Dublin, 
111 

Eames,  Henry,  535,  579 
James  A.,  689 
Rev.  William,  579 
Earith,  Charles,  604 

Isabel,  604 
Eastwood,  Mary,  575 
Edgeworth,  Lovell,  school  of,  492,  585 
Edinburgh  chirurgeons  and  chirurgeon- 
apothecaries,  57 
College  of  Surgeons,  57,  59, 
191 

Medical  Faculty  of,  174 
Medical  Journal,  174 


Edinburgh,  Physicians  of,  58 

Surgeons  and  barbers  of,  57 
University  of,  253 
University,   Irish  graduates 
of,  110 
Edmonston,  Edward,  464 
Education,  general,  examination  of  col- 
lege in,  170 
medical,  Commons  committee 
on,  59 

professional,  cost  of,  149 
surgical,  before  foundation  of 

college,  91 
surgical,  uniformity  in,  149 
Edward  I.,  King,  282,  288,  393 

III.,  King,  288,  289 
Edwards,  Ellen,  596 

Patrick,  596 
Thomas,  111,  115,  123 
Egan,  Charlotte,  647 
Robert,  647 
Thomas,  300 
Egerton,  Richard,  62 
Electricity,  medical,  Sieur  Palmer,  46 
Elephant  Tavern,  111 
Elgee,  Jane  Francesca,  679 
Elizabeth,  Queen,  290 

charter  to  the  Dublin 
Barber-Surgeons,  60 
Elliottson,  Rev.  Dr.,  333 
Elliott,  Alexander,  281,  283 
Annie,  282 
George  B.,  698 
Margaret,  281 
William,  637 
William  Armstrong,  697 
Ellis,  Andrew,  160,  172,  187,  211,  306, 
400,  517,  519,  529,  530,  531,  533, 
539,  540 
William,  400 
William  Edward,  Preface 
Ellison,  Anne,  491 
Ely,  Lord,  295 
Emmet,  Robert,  105 

Thomas  Addis,  105 
English  malady,  George  Cheyne,  24 
Engraving  in  Dublin,  30 
Entropeon,  essay  on,  Sir  P.  Crampton,  358 
Epidemic  in  1775,  T.  C.  Fleury  on  an,  40 

diseases,  Joseph  Rogers  on,  24 
Epistolae  Medicinales,  Thadeus  Dun,  5 
Erasistratus,  an  Alexandrian  6urgeon,  52 
disciples  of,  averse  to  blood- 
letting, 21 
Erichsen,  Mr.,  404,  405 
"Erinensis,"  letters  of,  177,  339,  356,  502 
Erlangen,  University  of,  493 
Erne,  Earl  of,  426 
Esdell,  J.,  Pharmacopeia,  29 
Esmond,  John,  124 

"  Esquire,"  use  of,  by  medical  men,  15 
Establishment  expenses  of  college,  153 


734 


INDEX. 


iEther  of  Sir  Isaac    Newton,  Bryan 

Robinson,  17 
Evangclium  Medici,  Bernard  O'Connor,  7 
Evanson,  Henry  B.,  691 

Richard  Townson,   188,  455, 
470,  488,  490,  522 
Everard,  A.,  300 
Evers,  Mr.,  270 
Evory,  Dr.,  609 
Examinations,  129,  151,  152 

admission  to  guild,  86 
conjoint,  234, 239,245,265, 
of  apprentices,  87,  120 
preliminary,  225,  239 
quarterly,  230 
surgical,   before  founda- 
tion of  college,  91 
surgical,  first  established, 

107 
classical,  147 

of  different  colleges  con- 
trasted, 148 
in  writing  introduced,  225 
Examiners,  120, 128,  193,  194,  200,  213 
Examining  Board,  new,  265 
Experimental    chemistry    J.  Emerson 

Reynolds,  497 
Experimental  essays,  David  Macbride, 
36 

Expulsion  of  members,  132,  139 
Extinction  of  barbers'  and  apothecaries' 
guilds,  89 

Eye,  infirmary  for  diseases  of  the,  147, 
477 

surgery  of  the,  Silv.  O'Halloran,  31 


Fabian  and  Cooper,  2 
Falconer,  William,  fixed  air,  45 
Fancourt,  Penelope,  633 
Fanning,  Ellen,  422 
Farnham,  Nicholas  de,  288 
Farnham  House  Asylum,  Finglas,  578 
Farrell,  James,  124 
Michael,  89 

Thomas,  264,  485,  496,  721 
Faulkner's  Dublin  journal,  95 
Fay,  Mr.,  School  of,  384, 
Fawcett,  Charlotte,  549 

George,  549 
Fees  of  college,  150,  171,  230,  249 
councillors,  226 
examiners,  237 
Fellows,  admission  of,  213 
medical,  T.C.D.,  92 
{see  also  Honorary  Fellows.) 
Fellowship  examination,  212,  214,  237, 
304 

candidates  for,  217 
nominal  examination  for,  225 


Fellowships  instituted,  194,  195 

admission  to,  201,  212 
Ferguson,  Henry  S.,  34 

Hugh,  518,  587 

John,  extirpation  of  spleen,  24 

John  Creery,  538,  539,  550, 

580,  686,  688 
Joseph,  160 
Thomas,  580 
Fermentation,  David  Macbride,  36 
Ferns,  Captain,  682 
Jane,  682 
Sir  John,  682 
Ferrall,  Joseph  M.,  159 
Ferrar,  Thomas,  693 
Ferrar's  History  of  Limerick,  51 
Ferrier,  Janet  Rebecca,  561 
Fetherston,  James,  96 
Miss,  403 
Fetherston-Haugh,  Anne,  316 
Fetherston-H.  Montgomery,  Jemima 

Mary,  599 
William,  599 

Foetuses,  case  of  two,  Sir  Thomas  Bell, 
48 

Fever,  essay  on,  George  Fletcher,  33 
epidemic,  Thomas  Henly,  46 
malignant,  at  Philadelphia,  49 
puerperal,  Joseph  Clarke,  46 
scorbutic,  John  Curry,  28 
typhus,  James  Wood.  48 
Walcheren,  Thomas  Wright,  47 
Fevers,   cause  and    cure  of,  Garrett 
Hussey,  45 
ordinary,  John  Curry,  28 
Filgate,  Miss.  395 
Finances  of  College,  239 
Findlay,  John,  584 
Mary,  584 
Finlayson,  Rev.  John,  497 
Finn,  Eugene,  693 

and  MacShehan,  476 
Finny,  John  Magee,  686 
Finucane,  Dr.,  370 
Fishes,  teeth  of,  Robert  Blake,  50 
Fitzgerald,  Caroline,  613 

Charles  Edward,  34, 107,525, 
581 

Francis  Alexander  (Baron), 

581 
James,  613 
Lord,  220 

Lord  Edward,  318,  327,  345, 
458,  682;  diary  of  his 
medical  attendant,  345 

Lord  Henry,  350,  353 

Robert,  350 
Fitzgeralds,  of  Kerry,  282 
Fitzgibbon,  Henry,  697 
Fitzinaurices  of  Kerry,  394 
Fitzpatrick,  Mr.,  34 

Patrick,  72 


INDEX. 


735 


Fitzsimon,  Christopher,  124 
Fleming,  Alexander,  689 

Christopher,  159, 187, 306, 410, 
522,  524,  526 

Ignatius,  603 

Lieut. -Colonel,  411 

Maria,  603 

Mary  C,  411 

Miss,  569 

Fletcher,  Charles,  health  of  seamen,  46 
George,  essay  on  fever,  33 

Fleury,  Elizabeth  M.,  436 
T.  C,  27,  40,  143 
Rev.  Mr.,  a  Huguenot,  40 
Rev.  Dr.,  school  of,  675 
Ven.  George,  436 

Flood,  Henry,  583 

Valentine,  160,  172,  523,  524,  583 

Florists'  club,  142 

Flinn,  D.  Edgar,  698 

Flynn,  Rev.  Daniel,  school  of,  439,  443, 
469,  675 

Foley,  John  Henry,  508 

Fontaine,  Physician-General,  102,  143 

Fontana,  280 

Food  and  discharges  of  human  body, 

Bryan  Robinson,  17 
Foot,  Arthur  Wynne,  445,  471,  535,  698 
Jeffrey,  471 
Lundy  Edward,  471 
Forbes,  Surgeon,  560 
Forde,  Bridget,  369 

Henry,  522,  581 
John,  124 

"  Foreigners "  admission  to  guild,  81, 
84,  87 

Foreside,  Francis,  108,  111,  113,  116, 
685 
Thomas,  98 
ForBter,  Honoria,  282 

Mary,  575 
Forsyth,  Marian  S.,  547 
Fortescue,  Admiral,  471 

William  Henry,  599 
Foster,  Edward,  works  by,  38 
Foulis,  Sir  James,  577 
Founders  of  college,  residences  of,  115 
Foundlings'  Hospital,  319 
Fowell,  Ulianna,  422 

Very  Rev.  Dr.,  422 
Fox,  James,  582 

Matthew,  541,  582 
Richard,  gravedigger,  St.  Andrew's 
church,  95 
Foy,  George  Mahood,  524,  582 

John,  582 
France,  ancient,  surgery  in,  54 
Franklin,  Henry,  219 
Franks,  Ellen,  433 

Matthew,  433 
Fraser,  Alexander,  286,  456,  472,  698 
James,  472 


Fraternity  of  Barbers,  Dublin,  60 

Barber-surgeons,  London, 

58,  94 
Physicians,  7,  8 

Dublin,  92 
(see  also  Guild.) 
Frazer,  Elizabeth,  497 
Janet,  582 
John,  497 
Kenneth,  585 
Robert  Watson,  585 
William,  sen.,  584 
William,  522,  525,  584,  585,  688 
Freedom  of  the  guild,  75 
Freemasons,  grand  lodge  of,  87 
Freke,  Henry,  541 
French,  Jane,  485 

Patrick,  485 

Thomas,    assistant  librarian, 
T.C.D.,  viii.,  98 
"  Frenchman's-walk,"  142 
Friend,  John,  103 
Friends,  Society  of,  142,  238 
Froude,  James  Anthony,  482 
Fry,  Alexander,  340,  522,  585 
Fuacht  and  sloadhan — epidemic  influ- 
enza, 3 

Fulda,  medical  seminary  established  at, 

52 

Fuller,  Abraham,  636 

Sidney  May,  636 
Fulton,  Henry,  270 


Gaddesden,  John  of,  289 

Gale,  Thomas,  289,  29Q 

Galezowski,  Xavier,  581 

Gal  Miche,  Francoise,  562 

Galway,  Queen's  College — 

medical  school  at,  690 
medical  students  at,  691 

Gangeland,  Coursus  de,  288 

Gangrene,  work  on,  Silv.  O'Halloran,  30 

Gannon,  E.,  522 

Gardiner,  Henry,  585 

Garner,  Mary,  493 

Garnett,  John,  344 

John    Armstrong,    267,  305, 
344,  381,  388,  455 

Garvan,  Killian,  72 

Gason,  John,  528 

Gelston,  Miss,  652 

Geoghegan,  Edward,  49,  146,  159,  424 
Jacob,  636 
Maria,  636 
Rev.  E.,  472 
Thomas,  5U2 

Thomas    Grace,  456,  458, 
469,  472 


736 


INDEX. 


George  IV.,  King,  fond  of  anatomy,  107 
bust  of  and  address  to, 
152 

Gernon,  George,  72 

Gerrard,  Catherine  Sophia,  647 
Mr.,  284 
Thomas,  647 

Gervais,  F.  K,  108 

Gibbon,  Eichard  Rice,  108,  123 

Gibbons,  Mr.,  127 

Milian,  648 

Gibson,  Hamilton  J.,  526 
James  B.,  224 
Mrs.  Margaret,  330 

Gilbert's  History  of  Dublin,  96 

Gilbert,  J.  T.,  100 

William,  nosology  and  thera- 
peutics, 49 

Gilborne,  John,  poeticaljwritings  of,  27,  37, 
40,  99,  307,311,  312,  324,  329,  473,  475 

"  Glacanus  Nellanus,"  6 

Glands,  diseases  of,  Richard  Russell,  33 

Glanville,  Edward,  535 

Glasgow,  Jean,  318 

Glasgow,    faculty    of    physicians  and 
surgeons,  57 
University  of,  57 
Glaucoma,       treatise      on,  Silvester 

O'Halloran,  30 
Glin,  family  of  Knight  of,  581 
Glover,  Eliza,  425 
John,  425 
Sergeant,  425 
Gogarty,  Andrew,  535 
Golden-lane,  a  residence  for  physicians,  28 
Goldsmith,  Oliver,  292 
Goodall,  Ebenezer,  522 
Gordon,  Alexander,  688,  694 

Samuel,  34,  367,  525,  539,  541, 
585 

Samuel  Thomas,  587 
Gore,  Surgeon-Major,  271,  300 
Gorman,  Bridget  Emily,  650,  651 

Patrick,  650,  651 
Goulard's,  Surgeon-Major,  work  on  effects 

of  lead,  44 
Gout,  dissertation  on,  "William  Cadogan's, 

39,  44 

Dolseus  on  cure  of,  by  milk  diet, 

William  Stephens,  25 
George  Cheyne's  essay  on,  16,  26 
problem  concerning,  George  Philips, 

13 

Warner  on,  51 
Government  grant  to  College,  the  first,  136 
Gown  of  President,  221 

Professors,  452 
Graefe,  Berlin,  434 
Graham,  Colonel  Richard,  656 

Sir  James,  193,  213,  216 
Grange,  Diana,  636 

Edmund,  636 


Grange,  John,  597 

Mary,  597 
Grant,  Emma  Fielding,  626 

Rev.  John,  626 
Grattan,  James,  310,  464,  502,  573,  686 
Gravel,  work  on,  Nathaniel  Hulme,  45 
Graves,  Colonel,  588 

Charles,  Bishop  of  Limerick,  467 

Dean  Richard,  588 

Lieut.-Col.,  591 

Rev.  Richard  Drought,  591 

Robert  James,  389,  520,  521,  522, 
588,  686 

Robert,  664 

Sophia,  664 
Gray,  Edmund  D  ,  717 

John  C,  302 
Graydon,  Alexander,  1 24,  300,  325 
Greatrakes,  Valentine,  12 
Green,  Surgeon,  685 

Greene,  George  Anderson,  160,  176,  521, 
522,  525,  594,  686 
Henry,  124 
Herris,  339 
Joseph  Reay,  689 
Sir  Jonah,  594,  674 
Greer,  Maria,  403 

William  J.,  160 
Gregg,  Mr.,  347,  351 

Thomas,  G.,  693 
Gregory,  Richard  R.,  159 
James,  595 
William,  522,  595 
Griffin,  Eliza,  459 

Elizabeth  Mary,  639 
John,  639 
Michael,  459 
Griffith,  Anne,  557 
Dr.,  685 
Robert,  686 
W.,  557 
Griffiths,  John,  272 

William  Handsel,  239,  272,536 
Grimshaw,  Alicia,  595 

Thomas  Wrigley,   284,  541, 

595 
Wrigley,  34,  595 
Grogan,  Anna,  591 

Cornelius,  354 
Rev.  William,  591 
Sir  Edward,  494 
Groome,  Elizabeth,  323 

Rev.  Edward,  323 
Groves,  Rebecca  Eliza,  495 

Thomas,  495 
Gryffen,  Michael,  Chief  Baron,  60 
Guild,  apothecaries,  extinction  of,  89 
barbers',  extinction  of,  89 
incorporated,  60 
barber-chirurgeons,  86,  95,  111,  114 
meetings  at  Tailors'  Hall,  87 
Provincial  barbers,  90 


INDEX. 


737 


Guinness,  Sir  Benjamin  Lee,  393,  652 
Gulliford,  Bithia,  612 

John  Benjamin,  612 
Gulliver,  George,  221 
Gumbleton,  Hon.  Mrs.,  637 

Kate,  637 

Kev.  Mr.,  637 
Gunn,  Christopher,  524,  596 

Michael,  596,  597 
Gunning,  Margaret,  411 
Guthrie,  George  S.,  173 
Gwydyr,  Lord,  550 

Gwyn,  Dr.,  lecturer  to  London  fraternity, 

Barber-Surgeons,  94 
Gwynn,  Bev.  Stephen,  635 


Hackett,  John  Joseph,  638 

Mary,  638 

Sophia,  659 
Hadden,  Miss,  425 
Hagan,  Anna  Maria,  464 

Sir  Robert,  464 
Hagarty,  Frances,  563 

Matthew,  563 
Hagerty,  Maria  Henrietta  Stuart,  645 

William  Stuart,  645 
Haig,  John,  300 

Haines,  Charles  Yelverton,  691,  693 
Halahan,  John,  99,  123,  275,  333,  339, 
446,  447,  448,  453,  454, 
473,  475,  543 
Bev.  Hickman,  475 
Richard,  475 
Hallaran,  Jane,  443 

William  Saunders,  443 
Halford,  Sir  Henry,  59 
Halahan,  Samuel  H.,  160 
Hall,   anatomical,  first   established  in 

T.C.D.,  98 
HalL  The  Albert,  227 
Hall  and  Sons,  238 
Hall,  John,  432 

Lodge,  160 
Haller,  Albert,  11,  23,  97 
Halley,  the  astronomer,  4 
Halliday  Collection,  Royal  Irish  Academy 

Library,  40 
Halsted,  Louisa  Caroline,  607 

Sir  Laurence  William,  607 
Hamblin  and  Porter's  School  (Cork), 

415,  443 
Hamilton,  Alexander,  252 
Alicia,  610 

Edward,  237,  238,  252,  254, 
306,  424,  454,  528,  529, 
541,  697,  698 

Elizabeth,  409 

James,  409 

John,  522,  524,  598 

Johnston,  342 

Long  and  Co.,  546 


Hamilton,  Rev.  Hugh,  557 

Rev.  Richard,  610 
Robert,  159,  300,  305,  342, 
517 

Robert,  senior,  342 

William  Cope,  424 
Hammer's  Chronicles,  2 
Hanbury,  Surgeon -General  Sir  J.  A., 
246 

Handy,  Maria,  475 

Samuel,  475 
Hanlon,  Captain  William,  597 

IVtcssrs  519 

Michael  William,  531,  532,  597 
Rev.  William,  598 
Hanna,  Samuel,  542,  599 
Harden,  John,  1 1 1 
Hardinge,  Lord,  303 
Hardwicke,  Lord,  320 
Hardy,  Charles,  599 

Gathorne,  237 

Lucina,  409 

Samuel  Little,  437,  541,  599 
Hare,  the  body-snatcher,  182,  183 

Matthias,  634 
Hargrave,  Abraham,  404 

William,  159,  172,  176,  211, 
221,225, 232,236. 306,404, 
454,  456,  458,  527,  528 
Harkan,  James,  514 
Patrick,  514 
Peter,  389 
Harold,  Mr.,  489 
Harper,  Anne,  561 

Harris,  Richard,  Collectanea  Hibernia 

Medica,  45 
Harris's  Ware,  5 
Harrison,  Mr.,  6 

Captain,  430 

Mary,  308 

Rev.  Theophilus,  308 
Robert.  160,  162,  172,  177, 
306  338,  399,404,451,454, 
596,  685 
"  Harry  Lorrequer,"  370 
Hart,  Elizabeth,  576 

John,  159,  172,  199,  221,  279,  280, 

456,  463,  475,  519,  521 
Thomas,  475 
Hartigan,  Edward,  326,  328 

William,  98,  115,  123,  305, 
326,  333, 326,  328,336,371, 
372,  373,  395,  447,  453,  454, 
543,  685 
William  Henry,  328 
Hartland,  Lord,  398 
Hartog,  Marcus  M.,  689 
Hartwell,  Maria,  625 
Harvey,  Beauohamp  Bagenal,  354 
William,  104,  300 
Joshua,  600,  689 
Joshua  R.,  693 

3  B 


738 


INDEX. 


Harvey,  Reuben  Joshua,  524,  600 

"William  Henry,  685 
Harvey  memorial  prize,  601 
Hassall,  Arthur  Hill,  534 
Hatch,  Eliza  Anne,  495 
Hatchell,  George  W.,  106 
Haughton,  Edward,  541 

Rev.  Samuel,  236,  415,  434, 
686,  687 
Hawkes,  Alicia,  375 

John,  375 

Mr..  48 

Hawkesworth,  Catherine  Eleanor,  613 
Hawkins,  Caesar,  422 
Hay,  William,  on  deformity,  33 
Hayden,  Archdeacon,  601 

George  T.,  172,  178,  216,  517, 

525,  530,  533,  534,  535,  601, 

602 

Thomas,  34,  540,  571,  601,  602 
Haye3,  Eleanor,  622 
Eliza,  603 
Emily,  578 
Henry,  603 
J.,  622 
Judge,  578 
Marcella,  637 
Marion,  581 

Patrick  Joseph,  540,  603 

Richard  Atkinson,  34,  541,  603, 
697 

Thomas,  603 

Thomas  P.,  603 

William,  578,  637 
Hazleton,  Robert,  698 
Head,  H.,  34 
Headen,  Francis,  621 
Thomas,  621 
Headfort,  Marquis  of,  495 
Headlam,  J.  C,  M.P.,  223 
Heald,  John,  Pharmacopoeia,  29 
Health,  Dr.  Cbeyne's  essay  on,  18 

history  of,  James  Mackenzie,  35 
Tissot's  essay  on,  39 
Heathcote,  Sir  W.,  223 
Helmholz,  Professor,  242,  243 
Helsham,  Richard,  685 
Hemlock,  Dr.  Storck's  work  on,  35 
Haemorrhage,  uterine,  Joseph  Moore,  84 
Henderson,  George  H.,  245,  453 
Henderson's  School,  Newry,  656 
Hendrick,  George,  a  body-snatcher,  96 
Heney,  Thomas,  fever  epidemic,  46 
Henn,  Jonathan,  215 
Henry  III.,    King,  288 

V.  ,      King,  289,  325 

VI.  ,    King,  charter  of,  60 
VIII.,  King,  289,  290 

Henry,  John,  130 

Henthorn,  James,  111,  113,116,117,  118, 
123,  127,  130,  131,  132,  138,  139,  144, 
151,  155,  159,177,  305,  375,  377,  447 


Herbalist,  General  Irish,  John  K'Eogh, 

24 

Herbert,  Archdeacon,  395 
Elizabeth,  414 
Frances  Diana,  395 
Richard  TowDsend,  414 
Hermippus  Redivivus,  49 
Heron,  Augustus,  159 
Francis,  698 
Miss,  327 

Herophilus.  an  Alexandrian  surgeon,  52 
Heuston,  Francis  Thomas,  524,  604 

Robort,  604 
Hewetson,  Anne,  322 

Ven.  Nicholas,  322 
Hewitt,  Hester,  498 
Hewson,  Captain  Maurice,  470 
Maria  Margaret,  470 
Thomas,  160,   162,  281,  305, 
374,  394,  433,  455,  472,  478, 
594 

Ven.  Francis,  374 

Hey,  William,  xii,  342 

Heydon,  William,  72 

Heyland,  Rev.  R,  554 

Hibernian  Magazine,  32,  475 

Hill,  Edward,  503,  685 
John,  522 

Hillis,  Malcolm  H.,  172,  410,  524,  526 

Hincks,  Rev.  W.,  689 

Hinds,  Edward  Lake,  630 
Mary  Eliza,  630 

Hippax,  E.  Berkeley,  300 

Hippocrates,  surgeon  and  physician,  52 
describes  actual  cautery,  52 
demonstratio  medico-practica 
prognosticvrum,  Henry  Cope, 
25 

His,  Professor,  472 

History  of  Ireland,  O'Halloran's,  31 

Hitchcock,  Marianne,  594 

Hobart,  Robert,  136 

Hodges  and  M'Arthur.  269,  384 

and  Smith,  337 

Benjamin,  626 

Jane,  626 

John  F.,  688 
Hoffman,  Professor,  670 
Hogg,  Mary,  600 

William,  600 
Holmes,  Georgina,  575 

John  Gordon,  2S4,  411 
Lucy,  411 

Oliver  Wendell,  451 

Rev.  James  T,  575 

Rev.  John,  604 
Home,  Dr.,  404 

Sir  E.,  680 
Homoeopathy,  225 

Honorary  fellows,  32,  229,  234,  236,  242, 
246,  460,  699 
list  of,  xxii 


INDEX. 


739 


Honorary  members.  136,  151,  175,  188, 

192,  219,  221,  704,  720 
Hopkins,  Francis,  27,  159,  221,  300 

Sir  Francis,  282 
Horan,  James,  116,  124 
Horner,  Margaret,  623 

Rev.  J.,  578,  623 
Hornidge,  Cuthbert,  394 
Jane,  394 

Hospital,  Adelaide,  establishment  of,  419 
Anglesey,  382 
Cancer,  144 

Children's  (Pitt-street),  479 
City  of  Dublin,  founded,  175 
College  of  Surgeons,  proposed, 

155,  175 
Coombe,  site  of,  36,  652 
Cork-street,  320 
Foundlings,  319 
Incurables,  Lazar's-hill,  312 
Inns'-quay,  now  Jervis-street, 

45,  513,  514 
King's,  Oxmantown,  Blue  Coat 

School,  79 
Lock,  founded,  136 
Meatb,  393,  505 

old  site  of,  36 
Mercer's,  108,  133 
Rotunda,  39,  47,  123 
Royal,  of  Charles  II.,  account 

of,  Richard  Colley,  18 
Royal  Military,  14,  293 
Steevens',  15,  108 
St.  Mark's,  368,  512 
St.  Mary's,  519 

St.  Patrick's,  or  Swift's,  15,  309 
St.  Peter's  and  St.  Bridget's, 

146,  382,  516 
St.  Stephen's,  133 
Venereal,  King-street,  307,  31 1 
Wellesley  Fever,  572 
Whitworth,  637 
Hospitals,  Dublin,  parliamentary  grants 
to,  219 

Essay  on,  Edward  Foster,  38 
House  of  Industry,  320 
Provincial,  217 
small,  not  recognised  by  col- 
lege, 146 
United,  of  St.  Nicholas  and 
St.  Catherine,  41 
Houghton,  Miss,  462 

Richard,  126,  270 
Houlaghan,  Dr.,  dissection  of  a  mons- 
trous child,  10 
Houston,  James,  373 

John,  160,  172,  211,  236,  277, 

280,  521 
Margaret,  373 
Paul,  123,  139 
Howard,  Ralph,  685 
Hoyle,  Robert,  98,  685 


Huddert,  Rev.  T.  P.,  school  of,  598,  652 
Hudson,  Alfred,  471,  685 

George,  496 

Marian  Campbell,  496 
Hufeland,  Professor,  Berlin,  588 
Hughes,  Caleb,  115 

Honoria,  647 

James,  476 

James  Freeman,  647 

James  Stannus,  106,  223,  254, 
454,  476,  535 

Judge,  477 
Huguenots,  the,  142 

Hulrne,  Nathaniel,  work  on  stone  and 
gravel,  42 

Hume,  Gustavus,  106,  108, 113, 115, 116, 
117,  118,  123,  127,  138,  305, 
323.  330 
John,  300 
Robert,  323 
Sir  Gustavus,  324 
Thomas,  324 
Hume-Dick,  W.  Wentworth  FitzwiUiam, 
324 

Humfry,  William  Charles,  224 
Humphreys,  Joseph,  150 
Humphries,  John,  147 
Hunt,  Edward,  471 

Henry,  107 

John,  605 

Percival,  515,  527,  528,  539,  605 
Hunter,  John,  107, 136,  224,  267,  297,  367 
Hussey,  Garrett,  cause  and  cure  of  fevers, 
45 

Hutcheson,  Francis,  99,  461,  685 
Hutchinson,  Letitia  Anne,  655 

Right  Hon.  John  Hely,  131 
William,  655 
Hutton,  Edward,  34,  159,  228,  306,  403, 

518,  524 
Huxley,  Professor,  699,  703 
Hy-BrassiL  Celtic  medical  MS.,  3 
Hyde,  John,  15 

Thomas,  book  on  coughs,  46 
Hydrocele,  radical  cure  of,  William  Dease, 
41 

Hydropathy,  Dr.  Smith's  work  on,  18 
Hygiene,  professorship  in  College  founded, 
193,  451 

Hykie,  Nicholas,  Dublin  city  surgeon,  92 
Hyland,  Emily,  603 
Hysteria,  John  Purcell,  14 

Illustations,  list  of,  xi 

Inchiquin,  Lord,  483 

Infirmaries,  county,  146,  179,  189,  217 

Infirmary  for  eye  diseases,  147 

Inflammation,     doctrine     of,  Daniel 

Magenine,  38 
Innes'  human  muscles,  50 
Inoculation,  works  on,  16,  19 
Inspectors,  anatomical,  186 


740 


INDEX. 


Ireland,  Richard  Stanley,  536,  606 
William,  441 
Williamza  Florence,  441 
Irish,  the  ancient,  1 
Irishmen  and  Edinburgh  degrees,  110 
Irvine,  Christopher,  physician  to  Charles 
II.,  409 
Colonel,  409 

Hans,  34,  172,  245,  306,  409,  526 

Henry,  300 

W.  H.,  245 
Irving,  Mr.  Henry,  500 
Isdell,  James,  522,  526,  541,  606 
Ivie,  George,  421 
Susan,  421 

Jaccoud,  Dr.,  593 
Jackson,  Alexander,  105 
Gordon,  542 
Eev.  William,  324 
Sir  Robert,  254 
Jacob,  Archibald  Hamilton,  106,  172, 
254,  391,  457,  477,  697,  698 
Arthur,  159,  162,  193,  211,  228, 
272,  282,  306,  390,  436,  451, 
454,  458,  477,  491,  493,  494, 
495,  520,  521 
Ebenezer,  108,  478 
John,  390 
Michael,  390 
William,  279,  295 
Jamaica,  Natural  History  of,  Sir  Hans 
Sloane,  13 

James  II.,  King,  charter  of,  to  Dublin 

guild,  70,  291,  485,  489 
James,  Prosser,  671 
Jameson,  Sarah  Marcella  Lyster,  563 

William,  213,  306,  411,  529, 
531,  563 
senior,  411 
Janitor  of  the  college,  147 
Jardine,  Dr.,  8 

Jebb,  Frederick,  39,  98,  330,  331 
Ross  Henry,  331 

Sir  Henry,  111,  123, 127,  139,  267, 
305,  330,  331,  361,  384,  397, 
448,  454 
Sir  Richard,  330 
Jeeb,  Elizabeth,  330 

Richard,  330 
Jenner,  Sir  William,  361 
Jennings,  Edward,  368 

Rev.  William,  607 
Wensley  Bond,  524,  525,  607 
Jessop,  Mr.,  School  of,  379 
J esus  Hali  Arculanus,  Arab  physician,  31 
John  XXII,  Pope,  91 
Johnson,  Anne,  313 

Charles,  159,  162,  454,  478, 

487, 490 
Dr.  Samuel,  379 
Sir  William,  314 


Johnson,  Surgeon,  33 
Johnston,  Andrew,  151,  156,  160,  162, 
305,  344,  373, 375,  454, 455, 
478,  479 
Francis,  374,  480 
George,  374 
James,  480 
Letitia  Lucretia,  480 
Mrs.,  471, 

Rhoda  Elizabeth,  548 
Robert  James,  548 
Robert,  285,  541 
William,  373 
J ohnstone,  Jane  Eliza,  655 

William,  655 
Jones,  Henry  MacNaughton,  689 
Sarah,  663 
Edward,  663 
Rev.  William,  492 
Jones,  John,  Speciatim  vero  de  Dysen- 
teria  Hibernica,  13 
Rev.  Mr.,  School  of,  397 
J ournal,  Dublin,  of  Medical  Science,  40 
Joy,  Bruce,  590 

Dr.  William  Hunt,  590 
Jurisprudence,Medical,  William  Dease,  41 

Kane,  Sir  Robert  John,  536,  539, 546, 607 

John,  607 
Kean,  Frances  Elizabeth,  676 

Major  Henry,  676 
Keane,  Mr.,  532 
Keily,  Jane,  585 
Kellett,  Captain,  283 
Susan,  632 
Robert,  632 
Kelly,  Master  of  Lying-in  Hospital,  381 
David,  330 
James  E.,  535 
John  Bellew,  533 
Mary,  330 
Patrick,  368 
Richard,  533 
William,  62 
Kemmis,  Thomas,  488 
Kennedy,  Edward  Thomas,  241,  697 

Evory,  34,  325,  433,  525,  555, 

609 
H.,  34 

George  Alexander.  325,  530, 
542,  564,  587,  610 

James  Thomas,  610 

Henry  MacNeale,  Sulphurous 
Waters  at  Aughnacloy,  44 

Horace,  609 

James,  Use  of  Goats'  Whey,  35 

Morgan,  72 

Rev.  John  Pitt,  609 
Kenny,  Hannah,  344 
Kent,  Edward,  123 

Maria,  390 
Keogh,  John,  works  of,  24 


INDEX. 


741 


Keogh,  Michael,  34,111,116,118,123,480 
Kerin,  James,  160,  187,  211,  305,  389 

Eev.  John,  389 
Kerkenhout,  John,  Dr.  Cadogan's  work 

on  gout,  44 
Kidd,  Archibald,  425 
Benjamin,  425 

George  Hugh,  34,  239,  285,  306, 
425,  453,  522,  528,  697 

Hugh,  425 

James,  425 

William  Lodge,  425 
Kidnapping  Surgeons,  291 
Kiernan,  George,  587 
Kildare,  Marquis  of,  85,  439 
Kildare-street  Club,  premises  of,  328 
Kilmainham,  Prior  of,  60 
Kilsyth,  Battle  of,  482 
Kinahan,  Daniel,  492,  611 

John  Robert,  525,  611 
Prudentia,  492 
King,  Annelette,  626 

Archbishop,  11 

Jane,  307,  544 

see  Croker-King. 

Stewart,  544,  626 

"William,  690 
"  King's  Arms,"  Smock-alley,  111 

Fownes' -street,  111 
King's  Professorship  of  Physic,  97 

Professorships  School  of  Physic, 
686 

Kinssborough,  Lord,  271 
Kinkead,  Richard  J.,  691 
Kinsley,  Mr.,  349 

Kirby,  John  Timothy,  146, 155, 160,  172, 
176,  186,  188,  277,  279,  297, 
298,  305,  340,  378,  384,  386, 
396,  401,  412,  485,  498,  513, 
515,  516,  517,  520,  526,  529,  530, 
531,  533,  549,  680 
Major.General,  384 
William,  379 
Kirby' s  Mill,  298 

Kirk,Mr.,Sculptor,188,  228,  337,  386,  463 
Kirkpatrick,  Frederick,  306,  420 

James  Rutherford,  686 
Kirwan,  Richard,  chemical  nomenclature, 
48 

Kitchin,  Charlotte,  683 

Isaac,  683 
Knight,  Charles  Frederick,  535,  612 

William  J.,  612 
Knott,  John  F.,  436,  693 
Knowledge,  Irish  medical  (up  to  1700),  1 
Knox,  Dr.,  33 

Eon.  George,  537 

John,  182,  422 

Major,  421 

St.  Clair,  421 
Kolliker,  Professor,  472 
Kyd,  Walter,  425 


Labatt,  Hamilton,  34,  220,  479 
Laboratory,  chemical,  of  College,  first  built, 
450 
enlarged,  452 

first  established  in  T.C.D.,  98 
histological,  built,  453 
Labour,  process  of  Frederick  J  ebb,  39 

tedious,  use  of  warm  bath  in,  5 
Laennec,  506 

Lady-doctor,  ancient  Irish,  2 
Laffan,  Sir  Joseph  de  Courcy,  107 

Thomas,  366 
Laity,  surgery  abandoned  to  the,  53 
Lambert,  Frederick,  body  of,  132 
Lane,  James,  96 
Langenbeck,  434 
Langley,  C,  case  of,  192 

Miss,  601 
Lapper,  Edwin,  536,  612 

Richard,  612 
Larmor,  Joseph,  690 

La  Touche,  John,  Parliamentary  contest 
by,  85 

Laurel  water,  Rutty  and   Madden  on 

effects  of,  23 
Law,  Robert,  686 

Lawless,  William,  139,  333,  447,  453, 480 
Lawlor,  Neile,  140 
Lawrence,  Mr.,  391;  680 
Lawrence's  Prelectiones  Medicse,  50 
Lawson.  Right  Hon.  J.  A.,  229 
Lead,  effects  of,  Surgeon-Major  Goulard, 
44 

Leahy,  James  John,  381, 382,  516, 543, 684 
Leake,  William,  92,  124,  349,  351 
Learning,  academic  and  scholastic,  John 

Webster,  58 
Leary,  Thomas  J.,  645 
Lebas,  Miss,  396 
Lecken,  Margaret,  582 
Lectures  at  Ledwich  School  refused  recog- 
nition by  T.C.D.,  535 
attendance  at,  in  Dublin  Schools, 

695,  696 
delivered    before    the  barber 

surgeons,  94 
non  recognition    of,    given  by 
apothecaries,  189,  and  by  pro- 
fessors of  Apothecaries'  Hall, 
583 

recognition  of  T.C.D.,  219,  242 
Ledwich,  Edward,  535,  614 

Edward  L'Estrange,  535,  615 
John,  613 

Rev.  Edward,  613,  615 
school,  533 
the  brothers,  613 
Thomas  Hawkes  worth,  534, 535, 
613 

Thomas  H.,  217,  220 
William,  615 
Ledwich's  anatomy,  614 


742 


INDEX. 


Lee,  Anne,  389 

Archdeacon,  586 
Charlotte,  612 
William,  124 
"  Leech,"  the  52 
Leech,  Archbishop,  91 
Leeper,  Richard  B.,  698 

Richard  John,  217 
Lees,  Cathcart,  535,  616 
John  Cathcart,  616 
John,  616 
Leeson,  John,  350,  532 
Leet,  Ambrose,  617 

Charles  Henry,  539,  617 
Emma  Fielding,  639 
Edward  "Wilberforce,  617 
Joseph,  617 

Rev.  Ambrose  Wellesley,  617 
Rev.  Edward,  617 
Le  Fanu,  J.  Sheridan,  408 
Legacy,  the  ancient  physician's,  Thomas 

Dover 
Leglen,  Philip,  60 
Le  Grand,  Letitia,  598 
Major,  598 
Leicester,  Duke  of,  282 
Leinster,  Duke  of,  321,  350 
Lendrick,  Charles  R.A.,  686 
Lennon,  Henry,  124 
Lentaigne,  J.  Nugent,  263 

Sir  John,  271 
Leper  House,  the,  133 
Leprosy,  work  on,  Joseph  Pratt,  13 
Leslie,  Charles,  579 

Charlotte,  579 
L 'Estrange,  Elizabeth,  615 

Francis,  34,  115,  123,  159, 

217,  305,  326,  359,  615 
Lieut.-Colonel,  326 
Robert,  529 
Letters  Testimonial,  conferring  of,  245 
first  granted,  124 
new  form  of,  255 
Letts,  Edmund  Albert,  688 
Lettson,  J ohn  Coakley,  on  tea,  39 
Lever,  Charles,  370,  409,  410,  490,  659 
Levey,  Mr.,  school  of,  588 
Lewery,  John  F.,  160 
Lewis's  History  of  Materia  Medica,  50 

New  Dispensatory,  51 
Leyden  Medical  School,  94 
Librarian  appointed,  267 
Library  of  college,  134,  145,  147,  267 

additions  to,  271,  273 
classification  of  books 

in,  274 
dimensions  of,  274 
extended,  269 
made  circulating,  269 
Marsh's,  672 
National,  of  Ireland,  82 
Ratford,  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  8 


Library,  Royal,  Windsor  Castle,  107 

Royal  Irish  Academy,2,  31,33,  40 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  2,  89 
Worth,  Steeven's  Hospital,  7,  12, 
19 

Licenses  to  practice  by  bishops,  100,  101 
surgeon-general,  101 
Licentiate,  the  senior  surviving,  573 
Life,  laws  of  organic,  Erasmus  Darwin,  14 
Lilly,  Rev.  James,  676 
Sarah  Anne,  676 
Limerick,  barber-surgeons  in,  90 
Ferrar's  History  of,  51 
William,  Earl  of,  72 
Lincoln- place,  builder  of,  641 
Linde,  Adelaide,  652 

John  Hill,  331,  652 
Lindesay,  Alexander,  115,  123,  349,  351, 
353 

Lindsay,  William,  325,  333 
Lister,  Sir  Joseph,  699,  702 
Liston,  Mr.,  680 

Literature,  Irish  medical  (up  to  1700),  1 
Lithotome  and  conductor,  Daunt's,  41. 

329  ;  Dease's,  49  ;  Peile's,  329 
Lithotrity,  Civiales,  invention  of,  52 

practised  on   Lord  Depnty 
Sidney,  359 
Little,  Archibald,  481 

James,  34,  417,  455,  471,  481,  535 
Mary,  599 
Robert,  526,  693 
Samuel,  599 

Thomas  Evelyn,  34,  685 
Litton,  Catherine,  679 

Samuel,  492,  512,  539.  618 

Thomas,  229,  238,  239 
Lloyd,  Daniel  Knight,  692 

Miss,  343 

Vernon,  111,  118,  123 
Lochiel,  John  of,  443 
Loftie,  Elizabeth,  666 

Lucy  Hester,  667 
Rev.  Robert  Charles,  667 
Logan,  Sir  Galbraith,  234,  441 
Lomergan,  Maurice,  72 
London  colleges,  57,  147,  148,  149,  154, 
191,  218 
medical  corporations,  57,  58,  94 
Long.  Miss  Charlotte,  3S4 
Lord  Lieutenant's  state  medical  officers, 

106,  107 
Loughlin,  C,  543 
Louis,  Antoine,  243 
Lover,  William,  anatomical  plates,  584 
Low,  Edward,  360 

Lowe,  Mr.,  Churchwarden  St.  James,  96 
Lucas,  Charles,  22,  25,  26,  34,  337 
Luccock,  Anne,  403 
Luke,  St.,  guild  of  apothecaries,  88 
Lunatic  asylums,  Bonrd  of,  319, 

first  inspector,  390 


INDEX. 


743 


Lundy,  Miss,  471 
Luscombe,  Samuel,  422 
Luttrell,  Richard,  62 
Lyddon,  J.  H.,  284 
Lynch,  James  P.,  159 
Lynham,  John  Isaac,  690 
Lyon,  Rev.  Dr.,  310 
Lyons,  medical  seminary  at,  52 
Lyons,  Dr.,  school  of,  425 

Henry  J.,  628 

John,  373 

Lucie,  628 

Mary,  373,  435 

Robert  Spencer  Dyer,  540,  619 
Sir  William,  619 
Lyster,  Henry,  1 11, 113, 116, 117, 118, 124 

Jane,  411 

John,  412 

Sarah  Marcella,  563 
William,  411,  412,  563 

Macallan,  John,  698 

Macan,  Arthur  V.,  525 

MacAuley,  William,  617 

Macbride,  David,  36,  461 

Macalister,  Alexander,  281,  358,  371,  468, 

624,  685,  686 
Macartney,  James,  172,  185,  371,  372, 
388,  685 
Rev.  George,  466 
Sarah,  466 
M'Cabe,  Bryan,  86 
M'Causland,  Sir  Richard  B.,  432 

Susan  I.  E.,  432 
M'Clean,  Florence  Elizabeth,  478 

Erancis,  478 
M'Clintock,  Alfred  H.,  37,  39,  242,  284, 
306,  436,  522,  558,  599 
Henry,  436 
Sir  Leopold,  284,  436 
M'Cormac,  Henry,  694 
Sir  W.,  34 
M'Cormack,  M.  J.,  529 
M'Coy,  Simon,  213,  341,  531,  532,  533, 
691 

M'Creight,  Mr.,  517 
MDermott,  Ada,  621 

Ralph  Nash,  535,  621 
Ralph  Jean,  621 
Robert,  540,  621 
William,  621 
W.  R.,  621 
MacDonald,  Charles  M.,  653 
John,  273 
Margaret,  273 
M'Donnell,  James,  483 

John,  160,  320,  365,  366, 429, 

456,  482,  523,  524 
Randall,  484 

Robert,  34,  172,  213,  284, 
306,  341,  429,  484,  522, 
524,  541,550,  697,  708,  720 


M'Donnell,  Sir  Alaster  Maccolla,  482, 
485 

Sir  Alexander,  485 
M'Dowall,  John,  522,  622 

John,  senior,  622 
M'Dowel,  Anna  Maria,  570 

Benjamin   George,  524,  532, 

6  23,  685 
E.  C,  Sligo,  625 
Ephraim,  160,  162,  175.  366, 
421,  518,  520,  523,  524,  532, 
570,  599,  622 
Lieut.,  625 
Rev.  Dr.,  622 
M'Dowell,  Benjamin  Francis,  536,  626 

Robert,  626 
M'Evers,  John  Francis,  693 
M'Evoy,  Anne,  641 

Edward,  316,  317 

Francis,  111,  115, 123,  138,  187, 

300,  305.  316,  372 
James,  160,  641 
M'Gee,  William,  492 
M'Grigor,  Sir  James,  217,  224,  302 
M'Hugb,  Arthur,  627 

Michael,  541,  627 
M'Kee,  Alexander  B.,  697 
M'Keever,  Thomas,  686 
M'Kenny,  Sir  William,  89 
MacKenzie,  A.,  443 

James,  History  of  Health,  35 
M'Kenzie,  Richard,  423 
Mackesy,  George,  412 
624 

William  Lewis,  412 
Thomas  Lewis,  231,306,  412, 
Mackey,  General,  293 
M'Kinstry,  Eliza,  425 

Thomas,  425 
Mackintosh,  Henry  W.,  686 
Macklin,  Gerard,  89,  106,  143,  159,  305, 

342,  387 
Maclean,  John,  271 

MacLaig,  secretary  and  physician  to 

King  Brian  Boru,  288 
M'Lorey,  Elizabeth,  376 
M'Mahon,  Anthony,  140 

Miss,  470 
M'Mullen,  George  Read,  692 
M'Munn,  John,  658 

Louisa,  658 
M'Nab,  William  R.,  525,  536 
M'Nally,  Barbara,  668 
Macnamara,  Francis,  419 
John,  445 
Lucie,  445 
M'Namara,  Rawdon,  primus,  159,  162, 

234,  279,  305,  388,  418,  451,  455 
Macnamara,  Rawdon,  secundus,  234,  236, 
273,  306,  418,  455,  525, 
528,  536,  697,  698,  720 
Macnamara,  Thady,  388 


7U 


INDEX. 


Maconchy,  John  King,  524,  626 

Rev.  William,  626 
MacSwiney,  Myles  D.,  628 

Stephen  Myles,  540,  628 
M'Vittie,  Robert  Blake,  628 

Robert  B.,  628 
Mace  of  the  College,  221 
Madden,  Christopher  John,  528,  529, 530, 
531 

Dr.,  "Lives  of  United  Irish- 
men," 480 
Francis,  98 
Miss,  412 

Thomas,  23,  516,  685 
William,  514 
Magee,  Archbishop,  618 
Robert,  300,  532 
Magenine,  Daniel,  doctrine  of  inflamma- 
tion, 38 
Maginn,  Mr.,  409 
Maguire,  Miss,  396 
Mahon,  Arabella,  498 
Thomas,  498 
Mahony,  Mr.,  532 

Mahonys  of  Oriel,  their  hereditary  phy- 
sicians, 4 

Maison  de  Sante"  founded,  578 

Makom,  Rhoda,  618 

Malcomson,  Mr.,  a  "grinder,"  494 

Malefactors,  bodies  of,  as  anatomical 
subjects,  93,  94,  178 

Mallay,  Charlotte,  370 

Malpraxis,  charge  of,  151 

Maltbus's  Theory,  504 

Manchester,  Duke  of,  471 

Manders'  Brewery,  293 

Man-midwife,  40 

Man-midwife,  Fielding  Ould,  26 

Manners,  essay  on,  David  Macbride,  36 

Manzolina,  Madonna,  Professor  of  Ana- 
tomy and  Surgery,  Bologna,  53 

Mapother,  Edward  D.,  34,  229,  237,  306, 
366,  435,  454,  456,  494,  643,  697,  698 

Margetson,  John,  685 

Markwell,  Humphrey,  works  of,  20 

Marlborough,  Duke  and  Duchess  of,  240, 
434 

Mairyatt,  Thomas,  works  of,  35 
Marsh,  Archbishop,  485 
Francis,  485 
Narcissus,  485 
Rev.  Francis,  485 
Sir  Henry,  34,  156,  176,  373,  389, 
455, 479,485, 520, 521, 522, 567, 
600 

Marshall,  James  Drummond,  693 

Robert,  699,  703 
Marten,  Mary,  657 

Samuel,  657 
Martin,  Colonel,  358,  359 

John,  on  Castleconnell  Spa,  61 
Martin,  Mr.,  34,  231 


Martin,  Sir  Richard,  566 

William,  693 
Murtley,  J.  W.,  520 

Mary  Magdalene,  St.,  guild  of,  60,  61,  62 
Mason,  Peter,  629 

Samuel  Roberts,  536,  629,  698 
Thomas  Peter,  534, 535, 614, 629 
Mateer,  William,  694 
Materia  Medica,  Cullen's,  39,  46 

Irish  MS.  works  on,  3 
Lewis's  History  of,  50 
Rutty's,  22 
Maty,  Dr.,  works  of,  35 
Maunsell,  Alice,  630 

Anthony,  490 

Daniel  Toler,  536,  630 

Edward,  489 

Henry  W.,  192,  211,  223,  391, 
435,  454,456,  470, 489,  522 
Jenny, 489 
Judith,  490 
Rev.  Thomas,  630 
Thomas,  489,  490 
William,  489,  490 
Maurice,  Sarah,  495 
Maxwell,  Henry,  98 

Major  Robert  Perceval,  104 
Mayne,  Captain,  402 
Charles,  632 
Judge,  402 
Margaret,  402 
Maria  Cath.  Colburn,  402 
Pelham,  239,  264,  632 
Rev.  Charles, 
Robert,  631 

Robert  Crawford,  524,  525,  631 

Robert  St.  John,  632 
Mayo,  Viscountess,  411 
Maziere,  Andrew  P.,  160 
Mead,  Richard,  medical  precepts  and 

cautions,  32 
Meade,  Patrick,  92 
Meath,  Bishop  of,  417 
Me'de'cine,  ecole  de,  Paris,  55 
Medical  dining  clubs,  33,  25  3 

diplomas  of  College,  226,  237 

essays,  Thomas  Southwell,  28 

Medico-Philosophical  Society,  33 

Society,  33 

Society,  T.C.D.,  147 

staff  of  Ireland,  300 

women,  2 

Medicina  denudata,  Humphrey  Markwell, 
21 

vindicata,  Humphrey  Markwell, 
20 

Medicine,  an  hereditary  profession  in 
ancient  times,  4 
domestic,  Buchan's,  39 
practise  of,  Brooke's,  51 
professor  of,  School  of  Physic, 
48,  97 


INDEX. 


745 


Medicine,  professor  of,  College  of  Surgeons, 
146 

rational,  W.  Sampson,  38 
works  on,  17,  44 
Medicines,  Mr.  Ward's  receipts  for,  36 

surgical,  natural  history  of, 
Clement  Archer,  48 
Meldon,  Austin,  34,  697 
Mellon,  Mr.  R.,  builder,  264 
Melville,  Alex.  G,  690 
Members,  first  elected  to  College,  124 

honorary,  126 
Mendicity  Institution,  47 
Mensa,  Philosophia,  Theobald  Anguilbert, 
5 

Mercer,  Mrs.,  133 

Thomas,  352,  368 

Mercer-street,  premises  of  College,  142 

Merchants'  Hall,  Merchants'-quay,  87 

Mercury,  Bellost  on,  50 

Meredith,  Alice  Maud,  673 

Captain  Thomas  James,  673 
James  Creed,  405 
William  Lambert,  693 

Merry,  Rowland,  62 

Metropolis,  poems  in  the,  343,  354,  369, 
378 

Metz,  medical  seminary  at,  52 
Meyer,  John,  432 
Microscope,  College,  227 
Midwifery,  diploma  in,  of  College,  25, 146, 
174,  228 
Rotunda,  diploma  in,  188 
licenses  in  College  of  Physi- 
cians, 100 
practice  of,  regarded   as  a 

degradation,  27,  59 
and  medicine,  27 
works  on,  8,  26,  28,  37,  38, 
39,  41 

Midwives,   surpervised  by  College  of 

Physicians,  93 
Military  surgery,  professorship  of,  estab- 
lished and  abolished,  452 
Militia,  surgeons  in,  examination  for,  295 
Milk  analysis,  Thomas  Rutty,  22 
Milk  diet,  Dolaeus  on  cure  of  gout  by, 

William  Stephens,  25 
Millar,  Dr.,  396 

John  Robert,  611 
Louisa  Anne  Stuart,  611 
Mills,  Frances  Margaret,  510 
Francis,  510 
James,  111,  118,  133 
Minchin,  Humphrey,  271,  455,  491,  529, 
536,  698 
Rev.  Charles  Henry,  491 
Richard  George,  492 
Mitchell,  Arthur,  455,  492,  525, 536, 539, 
543,  683 
Elizabeth,  318 
Lieut.-Col.  Arthur,  493,  683 


Mitchell,  May,  635 

Rev.  B.,  633,  635 
Rev.  St.  John  F.,  633 
Thomas  R.,  526,  529,  536,  633 
Modwen,  Irish  lady-doctor,  2 
Moira,  Lord,  388 
Moline,  Allan,  10 
Molloy,  Anna  Maria,  555 
Daniel,  432 
Major  Brian,  555 
Mary,  M'Auley,  432 
Molony,  James,  252 
Michael,  159, 
Mr.,  Cork,  422 
Molyneux  asylum,  foundation  of,  104 
Molyneux,  Rev.  Sir  G.  C,  567 

Sir  Thomas,  11,  14,  103,  105, 

486,  567,  685 
William,  works  of,  9,  11,  19 
Monasteries,  surgery  in  ancient,  53 
Monroe's,  Alexander,  work   on  bones, 

nerves,  &c,  40  ' 
Montsarrat,  Catherine  Mary,  634 
Montagu,  Lord  William,  471 
Montgomery,  Captain  Thomas,  587 

Dr.,  Governor  of,  Apothe- 
caries' Hall,  721 
Miss  Mary,  638 
Miss,  396 

Sophia  Louisa,  587 
William  F.,  686 
Montpelier  medical  school,  94 
Montrose,  Marquis  of,  482 
Mooney,  Rev.  Daniel,  404 
Moore,  Alexander,  635 
C,  221 

Elizabeth,  510 
Hon.  Letitia,  362 
Howard,  298 
Jane,  558 
John,  605 

John  William,  507,  525,  596,  633 
Joseph,  uterine  hemorrhage,  48 
Rev.  John  Lewis,  510 
Roger,  635 
Sarah,  472 
Sir  John,  355 
Thomas,  288,  326 
William,  529,  535,  635,  686 
William  Daniel,  89,  633 
Moran,  Ann,  547 

Morand,  M.,  Royal  Academy,  Paris,  42 
Morborum    Acutorum    et  Chronicorum, 

Maurice  O'Connell,  29 
Morestede,  Thomas,  289 
Morgan,  Dr.,  Strictures  on  Robinson's 
Animal  ^Economy,  17 

John,  435,  452,  456,  493 

Lady,  400 

Rev.  Thomas,  493 

Robert,  636 

William  Isaac,  520,  636 


746 


INDEX. 


Morgan's  Practice  of  Physic,  50 
Moriarty,  Rev.  Thomas,  438 
Morley,  Right  Hon.  John,  699 
Morpie,  P.  T.,  ruptures,  45 
Morris,  Anna,  648 

H.  F.,  Ill,  113 
John  P.,  648 
Morrison,  Richard,  160,  170. 
Morrissy,  Jerome,  558 

Maria,  558 
Morte  d' Arthur,  Southey,  2 
Morton,  John,  124,  159 
Margaret,  476 
Robert,  698 
Trevor,  476 
Moss,  Richard  Jackson,  543 

William,  543 
Mosse,  Bartholemew,  102,  123 
Moulin,  or  Mullin,  Dr.  Allen,  9,  10 
"  Mr.,"  as  applied  to  surgeons  and  apo- 
thecaries, 15 
MSS.,  Celtic,  Ashburnham  Collection,  3 
Irish  medical,  2 

medical,  Royal  Irish  Acadamy,  3 
Mulgrave,  Lord,  107,  390.  575,  659 
Mullin,  or  Moulin,  Dr.  Allen,  9,  10,  94 
Mulvey,  Farrell,  159 
Municipal  Reform  Act,  effect  on  guilds, 
87,  89 

Munro's,  Alexander,  Innes  on  Muscles,  50 
Murdock,  Robert,  482 
Murney,  Robert,  522 
Murphy,  Edward,  526 

George,    vault  of,  robbed  by 

body  snatchers,  96 
Jane,  582 
Michael,  582 
Murray,  Adolphus,  371 

Anne,  489 

and  Dwyer,  154 

Archbishop,  462 

Arthur,  154 

Edward,  154 

Isabella,  615 

John, 456 

Professor,  458 

Robert,  615 

Sir  James,  107,  186 

Susan  Porteous,  467 

William,  154 
Murta,  Edward,  530 

Muscles,  Human,  History  of,  Thomas 
Wright,  47 
Douglas  on,  50 
Innes  on,  50 
Reid,  Alexander,  on,  58 
Museum  of  college,  ankylosed  skeleton  in, 
280 

Barker's  bequest  to,  285 
Committee  of,  277 
Egyptian  mummy  in, 
282 


Museum  of  college,  first  conservator  of, 
276 

growth  of.  238,  277 
skeletons  in,  189 

Museum  of  Irish  Industry,  608 

Musgrave,  Sir  R.,  379 

Music  Hall,  Fishamble-street,  111 

Myles,  Mr.,  532 

Naghtyne,  Walter,  62 

Napier,  Right  Hon.  Sir  Joseph,  223 

Nash,  Elizabeth,  621 

Francis  J.,  169 

Ralnh,  621 

William  Cnthbert,  693 
Natural   History   of    Ireland,  Gerard 
Boate,  7 

Navy  Surgeons  passed  up  to  1818,  301 

retired,  privileges  of,  292 
examination  for,  295 
Navy  medical  department,  connection  of 

College  with,  288 
Neale,  Daniel,  on  inoculation,  16 

John, 111 
Nedley,  Thomas,  106 
Neil,  or  Neill,  John,  106,  113,  115,  116, 

117,  118,  324 
Neligan,  John  Moore,  528,  593,  637,  692 
Nettleton,  John,  on  inoculation,  16 
Neville,  William  C,  525 
Newbury,  Battle  of,  69 
Newcomen,  Sir  William,  325 
Newman,  Thomas,  62 
Newton's  Mther,  Bryan  Robinson's  Dis- 
sertation on,  17 
Nicholls,  John,  Surgeon-General  102. 

108,  307,  310 
Nicholson,  Dr.,  685 
Nihell,  James,  on  the  pulse,  26 
Nixon,  Adam,  638 

Alexander,  638 

Captain  George  Eccles,  639 

Christopher  J.,  540,  638 

Christopher  William,  638 

Elizabeth,  638 

Frederick  Alcock,  535,  638 

Frederick  Trimmel,  638 

Montgomery,  638,  674 

Mr.,  213 

Robert  Law  Drelincourt,  529, 639 

Sophia,  674 
Noble,  Brabazon,  160 

Elizabeth,  654 
Nock-na-Noss  (Co.  Cork),  Battle  of,  4S3 
Nolan,  A.  O'K.,  253, 

Dr.,  530 

Nomenclature,  chemical,  Stephen  Dick- 
son, 48 

Nominations  for  army  and  navy  sur- 
geoncies, 303 
Norbury,  Judge,  356 
Norcott,  William,  329 


INDEX. 


747 


Norman,  Conolly,  443 

Frances,  443 

Francis,  459 
Normanby,  Lord,  360,  659 
Northlands,  Lord,  459 
Northumberland,  Duke  of,  279 
Nosology,  work  on,  William  Gilbert,  49 
Nowlan,  Eliza  A.,  547 
Nugent,  John,  34 

Eichard,  72 
Nunn,  Eichard  Lorenzo,  525,  640 
Joshua,  640 


Oath  of  Licentiate  of  College,  166 
Master  of  guild,  74 
Porter  and  messenger  of  College, 
140 

President  and  censors,  before  an 

examination,  167 
President,  on  entering  his  office, 
119,  163,  204 
See  also  Declaration. 
O'Beirne.  Andrew,  559 

James,  107, 160, 162,  187,  199, 
215,  270,   306,  397,  399, 
414 
John,  401 
O'Berne,  John,  116,  124,  138 
O'Brassils,  Country  of  the,  Hy-Brassil,  3 
O'Bre,  Edward,  315 
Francis,  315 
Miss,  308 

Ealph  Smyth,  111,  115,  118  123, 
134, 138, 139, 151,  300,  305,  315 
O'Brien,  Dr.,  470 

Edward,  300 

George,  124,  370,  372,  470 
John,  519,  640 

Mr.,  Academy  of,  Limerick.  281 
O'Briens  of  Thomond,  their  hereditary 

physicians,  4 
Obstetricians,  College  of  Physicians  de- 
cline to  admit,  59 
O'Byrne,  Dr.,  school  of,  Enniskillen,  622 
O'Callenans,  an  ancient  medical  family, 
4 

O'Connell,  Maurice,  works  of,  28 
O'Connor,  Bernard,  7,  185 

Celia,  564 

Denis  O.,  689,  692 
Ochiltree,  Lord,  317 
Oculist,  Chevalier  Taylor,  87 
state,  106 

to  the  Queen  in  Ireland,  107 
O'Doherty,  Kevin  Izod,  535,  641 

William  Izod,  641 
O'Donnell,  Anthony,  313 

John,  300 
O'Dwyer,  John,  8 

William,  300 


O'Ferrall,  Joseph  Michael,  518,  642 

Miss,  643 

M.  J.,  628 

Simon  Ansley,  643 

William,  398 
Officers  of  College,  session  1885-6,  697 
O'Flaherties  of  Galway,  their  hereditary 

physicians,  4 
O'Glacan,  Dr.  Neil,  6 
Ogle,  Dr.,  536 
O'Gorman,  Major,  646 
O'Grady,  Edward  Stamer,  34,  524,  644, 
697,  698 

O'Grady's  school,  D'Olier-street,  557 
O'Hagan,  Lord,  220 

O'Halghaiths,  an  ancient  medical  family, 
4 

O'Halloran,  Silvester,  4,  30,  31,  32 

Sir  Joseph,  32 
O'Hickeys,  an  ancient  medical  family,  4 
Ohren,  Aubrey,  556 
Marion,  556 
O'Keeffe,  Cornelius,  177,  187,  219,  187, 
269,  270 
Matthias,  689 
O' Kelly,  Dr.,  564 
Oldfield,  Archdeacon,  379 
O'Leary,  J.,  522  . 

Purcell  G.,  689 
William  Hagerty,  535,  645 
O'Lees,  an  ancient  medical  family,  3,  4 
O'Loghlen,  Sir  Colman,  389 
O'Longan,  Joseph,  3 
Olympias,  Dr.,  359 
Omagh,  medical  lectures  at,  99 
O'Meara,  Dermod,  6,  8 
Edmund,  6 
family  of,  6 
Ophthalmic   surgery,  examination  in, 
244 

Opium,  work  on,  Samuel  Crumpe,  48 
O'Quin,  Neal,  3 
Orde,  Eight  Hon.  Thomas,  131 
O'Eeardon,  Norah,  628 

Thomas  Joen,  628 
O'Eeilly,  Anna  Maria,  344 

Charles,  525,  527,  529,  532 

Matthew,  344 

Eichard  P.,  160 

William  P.,  159 
O'Eeilly-Dease,  Matthew,  264,  344,  416 

701,  719 
"Original  School,  the,"  533 
Ormsby,  Charles,  663 

Frances,  663 

L.  H.,  697 
Orpen,  Charles  E.  H.,  160,  176,  675 
Mary,  499 
Sir  Eichard,  499 
Osborne,  Jonathan,  522,  535,  646,  6S6 

William,  646 
O'Sheils,  an  ancient  medical  family,  4 


748 


INDEX. 


O' Sullivan,  Rev.  Samuel,  G17 
Stephen,  689 
William  H.,  M.P.,  646 
Ould,  Sir  Fielding-,  man-midwife,  26, 

28,  98 
"Our  Club,"  34 
Ovariotomy,  first  proposed,  623 
Owen,  Dr.,  548 

Elizabeth,  672 

Lieut.-General,  672 

Margaret,  548 

Sir  Richard,  vii.,  476 

Thomas,  sexton,  St.  James's,  96 


Pace,  Anne,  577 

Page,  Hannah,  560 

Paget,  Sir  James,  510,  699,  704,  720 

George,  704,  790 
Palmer,  Abraham,  159 

Sieur,  medical  electricity,  46 
Paris,  medical  schools,  94 

Royal  Academy  of,  42 
Parke,  Edward,  architect,  145 
Parker,  Mary,  671 
Parkes,  Edmund  A.,  234 
Sir  Harry,  648 
Prof.,  303,  379 
Parkinson,  Garret  Wellesley,  664 

Susan,  664 
Parliamentary  grant  to  College,  136, 141, 
143, 145, 146, 448,  449 
representation  of  College, 
225 

Pasteur,  Professor,  699,  702 
Pathologia  Hereditaria  Qeneralis, 

Dermod  O'Meara,  6 
Patriot,  The,  newspaper,  569 
"Patriotic  Fund,"  vote  of  College  to, 

221 

Patten,  Mary,  544 
Patterson,  John,  160 

Margaret,  669 

Mr.,  on  human  subject  and  on 

stone,  10 
Thomas,  669 

William,  internal  dropsy  of 
the  brain,  49 
Paul's,  St.,  pole- gate,  leased  to  barber- 

chirurgetfns,  69 
Peacock,  Upton,  104 
Peacocke,  George,  159 
Pearson,  Charles  Yelverton,  689 

John,  151 
Peebles,  John,  160,  211 
Peel,  Sir  Robert,  148,  154,  319 
Peile,  Robert  Moore,  124,  159,  300,  305, 

328,  362,  403,  430,  575,  662 
Pemphigus,  observations  on,  Stephen 

Dickson,  48 
Pendergast,  Ken.,  72 


Pentland,  Henry,  541 

Margaret,  276 
Robert,  160,  220,  631 
Percival,  Edward,  518 

Robert,  104,  325,  333,  344,  461, 
543,  685 
Perriwig-makers,  Dublin,  70 
Perry,  Angel,  556 

Captain  Edward,  556 
F.,  598 
Rebecca,  598 
Petit  not  the  first  to  extraot  opaque 

crystalline,  31 
Petition  of  College  against  bill  regulating 
the  profession,  149 
for  state  aid,  127,  130,  131,  137 
as  to  apothecaries,  1 90 
for  the  incorporation  of  the 
surgeons,  112 
Petrie,  George,  508 
Petty,  Sir  William,  works  of,  9 
"  Pharmacomastix,"  Charles  Lucas,  25 
Pharmacopoeia,  by  John  Healde,  29 

College  refused  to  join 
in  preparing,  139,  155 
of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, 29 
of  the  London  College 

of  Physicians,  29 
the  first  in  Ireland,  29 
Pharmacy  and  Materia  Medica,  professor 
of  in  Dublin  School  of  Phy- 
sic, 97 

bill  for  regulating  practice  of, 
16 

chirurgical,  Dossie's,  50 
court  of,  appointed,  189 
proposed  college  of,  190 
surgical,  professor  of,  in  college, 
48 

surgical,  work  on,  Anonymous, 
35 

Phayre,  Fanny.  606 

Lady,  606 
Philadelphia,  malignant  fever  at,  49 
"  Philantropos, "  abuses  in  physic,  &c,  49 
Phillips,  Diana,  668 

Dr.,  489 

George,  on  the  gout,  13 
Reginald,  668 
"  Philo-oesophageals,"  the,  33 
"Philosophia  Naturales,"  Gerard  and 

Arnold  Boate,  7 
Philosophy,  medical,  Stephen  Dickson,  48, 
Phoenix  park,  tragedy  in,  '245 
Phlebotomy  condemned,  21,  29 
Physician,  Culpepper's  English,  51 

extraordinary  to  Viceroy,  107 
general,  19,  46,  96,  103,  104 
in    ordinary    to    the  Lord 

Lieutenant,  106,  107 
state,  105,  106 


INDEX. 


749 


Physicians  of  ancient  Ireland,  1 

Dublin  fraternity  of,  7,  92 

collegeof.7,19,27,29, 
59,  82,  86,  93,  97 
Edinburgh  college  of,  58 
London  college  of,  29,  57 
precedence  of,  15 
public,  92 

and  Surgeons,  faculty  of,  57 

Physic — 

London  practise  of,  45 

practise  of,  bill  for  regulating,  16 

in  Ireland,  93 

Morgan's,  50 

new,  Thomas  Marryatt,  35 
primitive,  John  Wesley,  36 
Eichard  Brooke,  51 

professor  of,  T.C.D.,  91 

theory  and  practise  of,  David  Macbride, 
37 

Physico-chirurgical  society,  134 
Physico-historical  society,  28 
Picknoll,  John,  504 

Mary  Anne,  504 
Piel,  Paul  Albert,  698 
Pierce,  George,  160 
Pigot,  Chief  Baron,  404, 621 

Maria,  621 
Pilson,  Anne  Adair,  573 
Pirn,  Frederick,  429 
Jonathan,  429 
Pitcairn,  Sir  James,  xii.,  303 
Plague  at  Marseilles,  16 

essay  on  the,  Richard  Boulton,  16 
Plants,  work  on,  Caleb  Threlkeld,  18 

of  Co.  Dublin,  Walter  Wade,  49 
Plunket,  Hon.  Nina,  435 
John,  Lord,  435 
Eight  Hon.  D.  R.,  435 
Eight  Hon.  W.  C.  (first  lord), 
152 

Plunkett,  Anne,  672 
Dr.,  464 
John,  672 
Pole,  barbers',  56 
Pollock,  Anne  Elizabeth,  328 

James  Ferrier,  541,  647 
John,  328,  647 
Poole,  Caroline,  491 
M.,  300 

Eev.  Hewitt  E.,  586 
Pope,  George,  108 
Popham,  John,  692,  693 
Popleton,  Major,  374 
Porter  and  messenger  of  College,  140 
Porter,  Dr.,  of  Carlow,  438 
John,  438 

Sir  George  Hornidge,  34,  229,  306, 

416,  697,  721 

William  Henry,  159,  162,  172, 
211,  225,  229,  306,  392,  416, 

417,  434,  454,  495,  521 


Porterfield,  the  anatomist,  358 
Portrait  of,  Mr.  Benson,  236,  407 
Mr.  Butcher,  701 
Mr.  Colles,  188,  337 
Mr.  Cusack,  229,  386 
Mr.  Hargrave,  236 
Mr.  Henthorn,  151,  377 
Mr.  Houston,  236 
Mr.  Jacob,  228 
Mr.  Macnamara,  234 
Mr.  Porter,  229,  394 
Mr.  Eenny,  320 
Mr.  Smith,  236,  662 
Mr.  Smyly 
Mr.  Tufnell,  240 
Mr.  Wilmot,  237 
Potterton,  F.  A.,  school  of,  548 

Hester,  633 
Pott,  Surgeon,  truss  of,  45 
Potts,  Percival,  surgical  writing,  44 
Poulter,  Miss,  412 
Pourton.  Samuel,  422 
Power,  John  Hatch,  228,  454,  456,  494, 
524 
John,  495 
Joseph,  300 
Eev.  Francis  A.,  495 
Eobert  F.,  531 
Thomas,  693 
Tyrone,  397 
Practitioners,  general,  objected  to,  149 
Pratt,  Joseph,  on  leprosy,  13 

Joseph  Dallas,  698 
Precedence  of  medical  men,  15 
Preface,  vii. 

Prelectiones  medicce,  Lawrence's,  50 
President,  election  of,  117,  161, 197,  203, 
248 
gown  of,  221 
the  first,  118 
Presidents  under  first  charter,  305 

under  second  charter,  387 
under  supplemental  charters, 
399 

Preston,  Eev.  D.  W.,  627 

Prim,  Deborah,  545 

Prior,  Thomas,  on  tar-water,  29 

Privileges  of  College,  148 

exclusive,  surgeons,  56 
licentiates  or  members,  168 

Prizes  in  anatomy,  243 

Proby,  Thomas,  chirurgeon-general,  14, 
84,  102 

Profession,  the  medical,  Edward 
Geoghegan,  49 
first  statute  relating  to,  55 
Professors,  dates  of  appointments  of,  453 
election  of,  200 
in  Queen's  College  medical 

schools,  688 
in  Sohool  of  Physic,  T.C.D., 
686 


750 


INDEX. 


Professorship  of  botany,  193,  448,  455 
chemistry,  156,  455 
hygiene,  193,  456 
medicine,  146,  156 
Professorships  in  College  school,  453 
Provost  of  T.C.D.,  Rev.  Johu  Hewitt 

Jellett,  D.D.,  720 
Public  Health  Act,  1874,  237 
Pue's  Occurrences,  a  newspaper,  87 
Pulsation,  work  on,  Charles  Allen,  12 
Pulse,  work  on,  James  Nihell,  26 
Purcell,  Herbert,  648 
John,  14,  213 
John  P.,  107 
Richard,  72 

Surgeon-Major  Geoffrey,  648 
Theobald  A.,  Q.C.,  233,  539, 
648 

Theobald,  junior,  648 

Thomas,  648 
Purdon,  Edward,  300,  564 

Eleanor,  564 
Purefoy,  D.  J.,  648 

Robert  Dancer,  536,  648 
Purser,  Doctor,  284 

Frances  Anne,  473 

John  Mallet,  524,  686 

William  M.,  541 
Pye,  Joseph  P.,  690,  691 
Pythagoras,  disciples  of,  averse  to  blood- 
letting, 21 


Quacks,  suppression  of,  143 
Quain,  Jones,  404 

Quakers'  cemetery,  site  of  College,  21, 
142 

Qualifications  for  poor-law  appointments, 
226 

Qualifying  certificates,  disuse  of,  299 
Quarry,  Rev.  John,  680 
"  Quarter-brothers,"  81 
Queen's  Colleges'  medical  schools,  217, 
687 

Queen's  University,  219 

Querela  Medica  se  Planctus  Mcdicinoe 

Modernce  Status  A  thore,  Ioanne  O'D  wyer, 

8. 

Quin,  Henry,  686 
John,  558 
Kate,  558 

Quinlan,  Francis  John  Boxwell,  540, 649 

John,  649 

Matthew.  160 
Quinn,  Charles  William,  46,  104,  137, 

300 

Dr.,  school  of,  603 


Radcliffe,  Dr.,  422 

Frances,  386 

Rev.  Stephen,  386,  411 


Rainsford,  Richard,  536 
Ramsay,  Mary,  549 

Rank,  social,  of  medical  men,  Brehon 

laws,  4 
Rapparee-alley,  144 
Rawdon,  Colonel,  388 
Rawson,  Maria,  577 

Robert,  577 
Read,  Alexander,  58,  94,  160,  162,  211, 
305,  331,  384,  463,  515,  522, 
523,  524,  680 
Israel,  111,  123,  277,  343,  397 
Matthew,  647 
Readers  of  anatomy,  86 
Recamier,  Prof.,  405 
Redfern,  Peter,  688 
Redmond,  Denis  Daniel,  540,  650 
Denis,  650,  651 
Joseph  Michael,  535,  651 
Luke,  183 
Reed,  Henry,  300 

Thomas  C,  160 
Re-examination  of  candidates,  140,  146, 
151 

Regan,  Mr.,  381 

Registrar  of  College,  119,  175,  177,  219, 
222 

Registrar's  fee  from  licentiates,  227 
Reid,  Franceska  Gabriella,  409 
John  Seaton,  688 
Lucina,  409 
Thomas,  49,  409 
Reilly,  Peter,  111,  124 

James,  124 
Religious  toleration  of  College,  187 
Remonstrance  of  College  against  inter- 
ference with  their  privileges,  148 
Remuneration  of  medical  men  in  ancient 

times — Brehon  laws,  4 
Penny,  George,  124,  136,  138,  141,  159, 
300,  305,  318,  321,  377,  447 
Isabella,  318 
Residences  of  College  founders,  115 
Respiration,  Thesis  on,  Whitley  Stokes, 
48 

"  Resurrection  "  riots.  183 
Resurrectionists,   encounters  with  the, 

181,  514 
Reynolds,  James,  496 

James  Emerson,  456,  496, 685 
Ribton,  Herbert  Panmure,  652 
George,  526,  651 
Sir  John,  651 
Richard  II.,  King,  482 
Richards,  Colonel,  322 
Goddard,  322 
John,  322 

Solomon,  128,  138,  305,  322, 
355,  357,  375,  388,  495,  543 
Richardson,  Archibald,  103,   106.  118, 
123,  313 
Benjamin,  11 


INDEX. 


751 


Richmond,  Duke  of,  356 
Ricord,  Dr.,  368 
"  Riding  the  Franchise,"  85 
Ridley,  Ellie,  635 
John,  635 
Rigby,  Frances  Emily,  427 

William,  427 
Riggs,  J.  L.,  522 
Ringland,  Arthur  Bill,  652 

Dr.  Arthur  HilL  653 

John,  479,  499,  529,  536,  652 
Rivers,  James,  124,  187,  305,  331,  642 
Rivington,  Dr.,  366 
"  Roache"(see  "Roche) 
Robbery  of  bodies  for  dissection,  95 
Roberts,  Eliza,  630 

William,  65 
Robertson,  Charles,  474 
Robinson,  Alexander.  481 

Archibald,  264.  697 

Bryan,  17,  98.  685 

Charles  H.,  536,  653 

Emily,  424 

John,  424 

Robert,  98,  105,  685 
William,  653 
Roche,  Benjamin,  528,  654 
Jordan,  46,  129,  139 
Stephen,  60 
"  Roderick  Random,"  291 
Roe,  George,  160 
Georgina,  598 
Henry,  598 
Rev.  P.,  338 
William,  454,  498,  698 
William,  sen.,  498 
William  Hamilton,  499 
Rogan,  Francis,  159 
Rogers,  Catherine,  390 
Joseph,  24 
Richard,  362 
Rosina.  646 
Sarah,  362 
Rome,  surgery  in  Ancient,  52 
Ronalds,  Edward,  694 
Roney,  Cusack,  160,  162, 187,  305,  368, 
387 

Cusack  Patrick,  370 
Cusick,  368,  369 
Patrick  Cusack,  116,  123,  369 
Thomas,  369,  395,  400 
Rorke,  R.  W.,  139 
Rose,  Mary  Anne,  516 
Miss,  380 
Richard  A.,  644 
Wilhelmina,  644 
Rotheram,  Edward,  385 

Miss,  385 
Roth  well,  Richard,  386 
"  Rough  and  Ready  Club."  34 
Rountree,  George  Atkins,  692,  693 
Rowney,  Thomas  H.,  690,  691 


"  Royal  Chop  House,"  102 
Royal  Institution,  Sackville-street,  619 
Royal  University,  Charter  of,  241 
Rudkin,  Dr.,  school  of,  666 
Rumley,  Thomas,  159,    162,  211,  306, 
396,  411 

Rupture,  watery,  radical  cure  of,  William 
Dease,  41 

Ruptures,  Treatise  on,  P.  T.  Morpie,  45 
Russell,  Captain,  33,  60,  352 

Richard,  33 
Rutland,  Duke  of,  123 
Rutty,  Dr.,  5,  21,  22,  23,  33, 
Ruxton,  William,  102,  111,  113,  116 
Ruysch,  Frederick,  473 
Ryal,  Isaac,  106 
Ryan,  Dominick,  72 

Marianne,  603 

Michael,  works  of,  46 

Patrick,  603 
Rynd,  Francis,  357,  430 

Saddler,  Jane,  419 

Salerno  University,  first  to  confer  medical 

diplomas,  52 
Salt,  Jane,  548 

Samson,  W.,  rational  medicine,  38 
Sandes,  Launcelot,'  375 
Margaret,  375 
Sargent,  Henry,  654 

Richard  Strong,  535,  654 
Saunders's  News  Letter,  21 
Sawyer,  James  H.,  454,  498,  522,  528 
Saxe  Weimar,  Prince  Edward  of,  699,  715 
Saye  and  Sele,  Lord,  354 
Scallan,  J.  J.,  529 

Scarpa,  Antonio,  151,  243,  376,  382 
Schools,  Medical — 

Apothecaries'  Hall,  536 
attendance  at  lectures  in,  457, 687, 

695 
Belfast,  693 
Bishop-street,  525 
Carmichael,  523 
Catholic  University,  539 
College  of  Surgeons,  47, 134,  136, 
137,  144, 146, 184,  244, 
446 

debate  concerning,  244 
number  of  pupils  in,  339 
pupils  attending  lectures 
in,  1799-1884,  457 

Continental,  52,  53,  94 

Cork,  691 

Crampton's,  513 

Digges'-street,  527 

Dublin,  327 

Eccles-street,  520,  532 

Edinburgh,  57,  110,  334 

House  of  Industry  Hospitals,  518 

incomplete,  541 

Jervis-street  Hospital,  514 


752 


INDEX. 


Schools,  Kirov's,  318,  515,  529 
Ledwich,  533 
Mark-street,  533 
Marlborough. -street,  Dublin,  526, 
695 

Moore-street,  519 
Ormond-quay,  519 
Park-street,  Dublin,  172,  520 
Peter-street,  172,  383,  529 
proposed  amalgamation  of,  254 
Provincial,  684 
Queen's  Colleges,  Belfast,  688 
College,  Cork,  689 
College,  G-alway,  690 
Richmond  Hospital,  366 
School  of  Physic,  97,  224,  684 
Steeven's  Hospital,  540 
Sir  Patrick  Dun's  foundations, 
96 

(see  also  University  of  Dublin). 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  97,  100, 
684 

unchartered  or  private,  513 
Science,  College  of,  608 
Scotland,  medical  corporations,  &c,  in, 

57,  58 
Scott,  Donald,  294 
James,  123 

John  Alfred,  524,  655 

John  H.,  698 

E.  H.,  497 

Robert,  685 

Samuel  Joseph,  655 

Sir  Robert,  27 
Scurvy,  workon,  David  Macbride,  36,  37 
Seal  of  guild  of  barber-surgeons,  61,  63 
Seamen,  health  of,  Charles  Fletcher,  46 
Seamor,  John,  72 

Sea  water,  use  of,  Richard  Russell,  33 
Secretary,  assistant,  141,  155,  177,  193 

to  College,  119,  123,  164,  177, 

203,  228,  697 
to  Council,  211,  223,  254,  265, 
697 

Segrave,  John,  548 

Matilda,  547 
Selby,  Rev.  Robert,  488 
Sergeant-Surgeons,  first  of  the,  55 
Servants  of  the  clergy,  surgical,  53 
Sexton,  Andrew,  546 

Georgina,  546 
Shakleton,  Abraham,  332 
Shanahan,  Bryan,  532,  533 
Shannon,  Miss  Agnes,  453 
Shaw,  Emily  Charlotte,  682 

Frances  Victoria,  442 

Henry,  442 

Lieut.-Colonel  Ponsonby,  682 
Mary,  616 

Right  Hon.  Sir  Frederick,  442 
Sir  Robert,  442,  616 
Sheehan,  Thomas,  491 


Shekleton,  John,  2  76,  277 
Josephj  276 
Robert,  160 
Vesey,  684,  685 
Sherlock,  Henry  G.,  698 
Shewbridge,  Mr.,  108 
Shine,  J.,  629 

Mary  Elizabeth,  629 
Shinkwin,  Thomas  Crofts,  693 
Short,  Augustus  Quest,  159 
Shoulder- joint,  spontaneous  amputation 

of,  Peter  Derante,  16 
Sick  Poor  Institution,  335,  541 
Sidney,  Sir  Henry,  359 
Siebert's  translation  of  Reynold's  Che- 
mistry, 497 
Sigerson,  George,  540 
Silvius,  Dr.,  de  acido  et  urinoso,  10 
Simon,  Caroline,  286 
Isaac,  286 
P.,  107 
Sergeant,  286 
Simpson,  Charles.  125,  606 

Maxwell,  522,  536,  656,  689 
Sims,  James,  editor  of  Foster's  Midwifery, 
38 

Sinclair,  Rev.  Richard  Hartley,  657 

Sir  E.  Burrowes,  539,  657,  686 
Sins,  by  "  G.  L.  B.  O.  C."  (Bishop 

Berkeley),  26 
Sirr,  Major,  458 
Slevin,  Mr.,  532 
Sloane,  Sir  Hans,  1 3 
Small,  Surgeon,  193 

Smallpox,  work  on,  by  Baron  Dimsdale, 
39  ;  B.  Colman,  76  ;  Bryan  Robinson, 
17  ;  D.  Cumyng,  16  ;  Dr.  Gattis,  35  ; 
D.  Neale,  16  ;  Dr.  Maty,  35  ;  F.  Closs, 
30;  J.  Nettleton,  16;  J.  Smyth,  19; 
Tissot,  39;  W.  Bromfeild,  35;  W. 
Watson,  30 
Smellie,  Mrs.,  334 

William,  on  midwifery,  37,  437 
Smith,  Aquilla,  686 
Belinda,  444 
Dr.,  33,  685 

Edward,  sculptor,  86,  152,  315 

Frances,  315 

James,  160 

John,  444 

John,  sculptor,  155 

Joshua,  658 

Margaret,  396 

Rev.  Sidney,  660 

Robert  W,  236,  242,  329,  443, 

524,  525,  554,  660,  685 
Sir  Francis  William,  107,  530, 

658 

Stephen  Catterion,  228,  407,  701 
Thomas,  apothecary,  92,  464 
Walter  G.,  552,  686 
William,  689 


INDEX. 


753 


Smollett,  Tobias,  291 
Smyly,  John,  433 

Josiah,  160,357,417,433,  509 

Hon.  Mrs.,  241 

Philip  Crampton,  34,241,306,357, 

433,  645,  697 
William  Josiah,  435 
Smyth,  John,  inoculation,  19 

Miss  Charlotte,  478 
Sobieski's,  King  John,  Irish  physician,  7 
Sooiety,  Dublin  Philosophical,  9 
Medical,  33,  155 
Medical,  T.C.D.,  147 
Medico-Philosophical,  33,  40 
of  Surgeons,  Dublin,  84 
Pathological,  242,  662 
Physico-ChirurgicaL    50,  134, 

145,  424,  267,  268 
Physico-Historical,  28 
Royal,  10 

Royal  Dublin,  398,  511,  619 
Statistical,  244 
Surgical,  176 

Zoological,  conversazione  of,  264 
subscription  of  Col- 
lege to,  189 
Somerton,  Edward,  sergeant-at-law,  60 
Somerville,  Dr.  James,  173 
Elizabeth,  331 
Sdmmering,  S.  T.,  Munich,  151,  243 
Sonbremont,  Susanna  Louise,  516 
Southey,  Dr..  34 

Southwell,    Thomas,  on  Ould's  mid- 
wifery, 28 

Spa,  Castleconnell,  John  Martin,  51 

Spain,  medical  schools  in,  53 

Span,  James,  685 

Sparrow,  Richard,  115,  124 

Spearing,  Dr.,  272 

Helena  Leycester,  272 

Speciatim  Vero  de  Dysenteria  ffibernirr, 
John  Jones,  13 

Speculum  Matricis,  J ames  Wolveridge,  8 

Speedy,  Alfred  Ormsby,  663 
Captain,  662 

Robert  Duffield,  539,  662 
Spencer,  Alexander,  273 

Earl,  107,  253,  426,  434,  436, 
442 

Elizabeth,  273 
John  Alexander,  273 
"  Speranza"  (Lady  Wilde),  679 
Sphacelus,  Silv.  O'Halloran  on,  30 
Spiels,  Miss,  326 

Spina  bifida,  case  of,  Thomas  Rutty,  22 
Spleen,  human,  partial  extirpation  of, 

John  Ferguson,  24 
Sproull,  Dr.,  27 
Stack,  George  Hall,  490. 

Richard  Theodore,  240,  457,  499, 

698 
William,  686 


Stackpoole,  Dr.,  school  of.  619 

St.  Andrew's  churchyard,  body  snatching 

from,  96 
Stanhoise,  William,  315. 
Stanihurst,  Nicholas,  works  of,  3,  5 
Stanley,  Elizabeth,  377 
Susannah,  606 
State  aid,  memorial  of  College,  for,  127, 
130,  131,  137 
anatomist,  107 
apothecary,  107 
cupper,  107 
dentist,  106 
oculist,  106 
physician,  106 
surgeon,  106 
Statistics,  medical,  192 

attendance  at  College  school 
and  private  schools,  448, 
457,  695,  696 
medical  students  at  Queen's 

Colleges,  688,  690,  691 
medical  students  at  T.C.D., 
687 

Statue,  Corrigm's,  565  ;  Crampton's, 
360  ;  Dease's,  264,  699  ;  Graves', 
590  j  Hunter's,  224  ;  Marsh's,  488  ; 
M'Donnell's,  4S5  ;  William  Stokes', 
509  ;  R.  B.  Todd's, 

Statutes  relating  to — anatomy,  10  Geo. 
TV.,  c.  24  ;  2  &  3  Wm.  TV.,  c.  75,  178, 
179,  186;  apothecaries' hall,  incorpora- 
tion of,  31  Geo.  III.,  c.  34,  88  ;  county 
infirmaries,  5  &  6  Geo.  III.,  c.  20 
(1765),  107,  109;  36  Geo.  III.,  c.  9 
(1796),  109,  110  ;  54  Geo.  c.  20  (1814), 
109  ;  3  &  4  Wm.  TV.  (1833),  109  ;  6  &  7 
Wm.  IV.,  c.  114  (1836),  109,  110; 
medical  profession,  3  Hen.  VII..  c.  11, 
55 ;  21  &  22  Vict.  c.  90  (1858),  223  ; 
officers  of  navy  and  army  being  free  of 
guilds,  22  Geo.  III.,  e.  8,  292  ;  pro- 
fessorships of  midwifery  and  surgery, 
and  pharmacy  and  materia  medica, 
16  &  17  Geo.  II.  (1743),  93 ;  public 
health  (1874),  237  ;  registration  of 
births,  deaths,  and  marriages,  37  &  38 
Vict.  e.  68  (1874).  227  ;  school  of 
physic.  25  Geo.  III.,  c.  42,  97  ;  40 
Geo.  III.,  c.  84,  97  ;  surgeons  and 
barbers,  incorporation  of,  32  Hen. 
VIII.,  c.  42,  55  ;  surgeons  and  bar- 
bers, separation  of,  18  Geo.  III.,  c.  15 
(1745),  57  ;  surgeons  being  exempted 
from  serving  on  juries,  32  Hen.  VIII., 
c.  42,  56  ;  university  of  Dublin,  91 ; 
vaccination,  242. 

Staunton,  Miss  Catherine,  389 

St.  Clair,  Margaret,  361 

Stearne,  Dr.  J ohn,  works  of,  7 
John,  685 

Steele,  Maria,  658 

3  c 


754 


INDEX. 


Steele,  Sir  Parker,  658 
Sir  Thomas,  663 
Sir  Thomas  M.,  249 
William,  663 

William  Edward,  522,  525,  529, 
663 

William  Henry,  663 
SteevenB,  Dr.,  35,  461 

William,  685 
Steevens'  Hospital  (see  Hospital) 
Stephens,  Mrs.,  medicines  for  the  stone, 
25 

Eichard,  685 
Stevenson,  Caroline,  491 

Lieutenant.  491 
Stewart,  Alexander,  317 

Frances  ADne,  318 
George,    103,   106,   111,  115, 
118,  300,  305,317,  335,  361, 
395 

H.  H.,  428,  429 

Horatio,  688 

James,  387 

Margaret,  387 

Matthew,  160 

Primate,  381 

William,  160,  318 
Stewart  Institution,  427 
St.  James'  Churchyard,  body  snatching 

from,  96 
Stocks,  Thomas,  works  of,  32 
Stoker,  Abraham,  500,  670 
Bram,  500 

Edward  Alexander,  528,  532, 

665,  697 
George,  501 

Margaret  Dalrymple,  670 
Eichard,  500 
Thomas,  501 
William,  jun.,  524,  665 
William,  sen.,  532,  535.  664,  697 
William  Thornley,  456,  500, 
698 

Stokes,  Gabriel,  surgeon,  522,  666 

Gabriel,  Surveyor- General,  501 

Gabriel,  Eev.,  501 

Whitley,  48,  156,  382,  449,  455, 

501,  505,  666,  685,  686 
William,  jun.,  34,  252,  421,  454, 

508,  607,  697,  698,  705,  717 
William,  sen.,  34,  337,  386,  440, 
449,  501,  505,  522,  587,  685 
Stone,  Captain,  345 

Eev.  William,  438 
Stone  and  gravel,  work  on,  Nathaniel 
Hulme,  45 
cutting  for  the,  work  on,  William 

Dease,  41 
in  bladder,  Grfeco-Egyptian,  in- 
strument for,  62 
Mrs.  Stephens'  medicines  for  the, 
25 


Stoney,  Dr.,  604 

H.  Loftie,  441, 

George  Johnston,  574,  690 

John  Henry  Loftie,  524,  661 

Johnston,  574 

Sarah,  574 
Storcks,  Dr.,  Vienna,  work  on  Hemlock 
35 

Stork,  Jannetta  G.,  621 

Frederick,  621 
Storks,  Sir  Henry,  432 
Story,  John  Benjamin,  536,  667,  697 

Rev.  William,  667 
St.    Patrick's    Cathedral,  University 

founded  at,  91 
Strass,  William,  300 
Strathmore,  Lord,  312 
Stratten,  Edward,  538,  543 
Stratten's  class  rooms,  543 
Stringer,  Joseph,  159,  300 
Stromeyer,  Prof.  (Gottingen),  588 
Strong,  Beresford,  655 

Richard,  655 
Subjects,  anatomical,  148,  180 
Anatomy  Act,  178 
at  College  of  Physicians,  93 
Conveyance  of,  to  Mercer-street, 

premises  of  College,  136 
Cost  of,  140.  181,  183,  184,  449 
Executed  malefactors'  bodies  as, 

provided  by,  178 
Exported  from  Ireland,  183 
in  France  and  Holland,  179 
Refusal  to    receive    from  the 
sheriff,  132 
Sugden,  Sir  Edward,  215,  390, 
Sugden's  prize,  215 
Sullivan,  James,  111,  115,  123 
Sir  Edward,  249 
William,  529 
William  K,  540,  558 
Sulphur  in  water,  '1  homas  Eutty,  22 
Sunderland,  Lord,  316 
Surgeon-apothecaries,  59,  149 
Dublin  city,  92 

Extraordinary  to  the  King,  107 
general,  101,  102 
in  Ordinary  to  the  King,  107 
State,  106,  107 

to  the  Lord  Lieutenant's  house- 
hold, 106 
Surgeons,  allowed  to  dispense,  190 
ancient  Irish,  1 
army,  81,  102,  141  288 
cannot  dispense,  178 
College  of,  memorial  seeking 

incorporation,  112 
Dublin  Company  of,  65 
Dublin  Society  of,  110 
Edinburgh.  College  of,  67 
English,  56 

exempted  from  juries,  56 


INDEX. 


755 


Surgeons,  extensive  privileges  of,  in  Lon- 
don, 56 
general,  102 

Glasgow,  Faculty  of,  57 
Incorporation  of,  Ireland,  111 
in  Dublin,  18th  century,  81 
in  France,  54 
London  College  of,  57 
London  Corporation  of,  46, 
57 

navy,  141,  221,  301 

of  county  infirmaries,  109 

precedence  of,  15 

prohibited  from  practising  as 

apothecaries,  130 
separated  from  barbers,  115 
Society  of,  84 

union  of,  with  barbers  con- 
demned, 82,  111 
Surgery,  Academy  of,  Paris,  54 

anonymous  work  on  state  of, 
32 

bill  for  resTilating  the  practice 

of,  16,  154 
essentially  a  handicraft,  52 
etymology  of  word,  52 
in  ancient  Home,  52 
in  Dublin,  fifteenth  century,  59 
master  of,  a  diploma,  54 
lectures  on,  to  barber-surgeons, 

94 

practised  by  the  clergy,  53 
right  of  London  College  of 

Physicians  to  practice,  58 
wholly  abandoned  to  the  laity, 

53 

Swan,  John  Wright,  668 

Eev.  Bellingham,  668 
Robert  Lafayette,  541,  668,  697 
"William,  124 
Swanwick,  Mary,  403 
Swanzy,  Henry  Rosborough,  34,  422, 
457,  510,  541,  698 
John,  510 
Sweeny,  Daniel,  692,  693 
Swettenham,  Colonel,  653 

Sydney  Maria,  653 
Swift,  Dean,  14,  23,  308,  465,  668,  678 

Deane,  308 
Swifte,  Jacob  Meade,  536 
Sydney,  Sir  Henry,  62,  91,  92 
Syme,  James,  22.) 
Symes  and  Miller,  Messrs.,  238 
Bessie,  669 
Glascott,  668 

Glascott  Richard,  531,  668 
Symmers,  George,  388 
Mary,  388 
Mr.,  388 


Taaffe,  Dr.,  Spa  of  Ballyspillan,  16 
John,  368 

Tagert.  William,  160, 162,  211, 306,  397, 

414,  535 
Tailors'  Hall,  Back-lane,  87 
Talbot,  Brother  Thomas,  60 
Talrich,  279 

Tanner,  William  Kearns,  689,  693 
Tarleton,  Drought  B.,  654 
Tate,  Miss,  581 
Taylor,  B.,  410 

Catherine,  410 

Chevalier,  87 

Mary,  485 

Rev.  Jeremy,  485 

Robert,  485 

Thomas,  691,  692 
Taylor's  History  of  Dublin  University, 
98 

T.C.D.,  anatomical  class  in,  100,  695 
Bishop  Bedell's  statutes  of,  91 
Board  of,  veto  a  Roman  Catholic 
appointment  of  President  of 
College  of  Physicians,  187 
certificates  of,  recognised  by  Col- 
lege, 224 
College  of  Physicians  a  depen- 
dency of,  93 
dispute  of  College  with,  220 
dissections  necessary  for  degree, 
94 

early  medical  graduate,  91 
fees  for  B.Ch.  degree,  237 
first  anatomy  theatre  in,  98 
foundation  of,  90 
instruction  formerly  confined  to 

professional  demonstration  in, 

94 

library,  Celtic  works  in,  2 
medical  buildings  of,  98,  686 
medical  degrees  of,  100,  110 
medical  Fellows  of,  91 
medical  students  on  roll  of  1800- 

1883,  687 
medical  teaching  in,  5 
Provost  of,  127,  720 
Regius  Professorship  of  Physic 

in,  91,  92 
school    of,  incorporated  with 

College  of  Physicians'  school, 

97,  98 

statute  of  Charles  I.  applied  to, 
92 

Tchemaya,  battle  of,  620 
Tea,  works  on,  John  Coakley  Lettson, 
39 

Teeth  and  gums,  diseases  of,  Thomas 
Berdmore,  38 
Allen's  treatise  on,  12 
Nasmyth's  work  on,  50 
Robert  Blake's  thesis  on,  49 

Temperature,  effect  of,  on  disease,  23 


756 


INDEX. 


Temple,  John,  684 

Sir  John,  cure  of  gout  by  moxa,  9 
Theed's,  Mr.,  bust  of  Prince  Albert,  227 
Theobald's  dispensatory,  61 
Theophanes,  359 

Therapeutics,  compendium  of,  William 
Gilbert,  49 
work  on,  Thomas  Marry  - 
att,  35 

Thesiger,  Sir  Frederick,  220 
Thomas,  Francis,  677 
Lizzie,  677 
Master,  288 
Eev.  T.  F.,  596 
Sarah  Elizabeth.  696 
Thompson,  Charles,  72.  102 

Charlotte  Anne,  500 
Henry,  500 
Miss,  582 
Thomson,  Allen,  472 

Sir  Wyville,  688,  689 
William,  34,  246,  253,  411, 
624,  669,  697 
Thorn  don,  Giles,  60 
Thornley,  Captain,  500 

Charlotte  M.  B.,  500 
Thornton,  James,  461,  685 
Thorpe  pamphlets,  82 
Threlkeld,  Caleb,  work  on  plants,  18 
Thwaites,  5.  S.,  300 
Tichborne,  Charles  E.  C,  525,  6  70 
Sir  Robert,  670 
William  Lloyd,  670 
Tiedmann,  Frederick,  188,  243,  287 
Tiernach,  annals  of,  1 
Tisdall,  Eev.  Charles,  402 
Tissot's  works,  39 
Tobin,  Ellen,  436 
John, 436 

Todd,  Charles  Hawkes,  48,  141,  147, 
155,  172,  267,  268,  277,  305, 
344,  373,  375,  377,  382,  385, 
401,  406,  409,  45 1,  518,  526, 
622,  640,  674 
Elizabeth,  600 
James  Henthorn,  376 
Jane  Martin,  666 
Eev.  Dr.,  228 
Eobert  Bentley,  376 
Eobert  Eoss,  666 
Todderick,  G.  F.,  465 
Toler,  Frances,  664 

Eev.  John,  664 
Tomlinson,  John,  129,  159 

William  Henry,  529 
Tone,  Wolfe,  355,  602 
Toomey,  Anthony,  576 
Isabella,  676 
Towell,  James,  514 

John, 517 
Townsend,  Edward  Richard,  691 

William  Christopher,  693 


Tractatus  de  peste,  Dr.  Neil  O'Glacan, 
6 

Tracts,  chirurgical,  Becket's,  50 
Trant,  Leonard,  187,  306,  403,  542 
Travers,  Eobert,  108,  536,  671,  686 

William  T.  E.,  671 
Treasurer  of  College,   123,  139,  151, 
156 

Trephine,  operation  of  the,  O'Halloran's 

work  on,  31 
Trials,  criminal,  remuneration  of  medical 

witnesses  at,  192 
Trimleston,  Lord,  382 
Tristram,  Sir,  Morte  d' Arthur,  2 
Troy,  Ellen,  607 

Archbishop,  607 
Truss,  Morpie  and  Pott,  45 
Tufnell,  Colonel  J.  C,  45 

Edward  Jolliffe,  456 
Jolliffe,  34,  240,  254,  306,  422, 
452,  456 
Tuke,  James  H.,  610 

Dr.,  278 
Tuomy,  Martin,  49,  686 
Tuscany,  Duke  of,  Leopold  280 
Tuson,  Mr.,  612 
Tweedy,  Henry,  385,  672 

Henry  John  Colpoys,  541,  6  72, 
698 

Thomas  (Sheriff),  132,  673 
Twigg,  Eiehard,  160 
Twisleton,  Hon.  Fiennes,  354 
Tydd,  Elizabeth,  605 

Ezekiel,  605 
Tyler,  Alexander,  536 
Tyrconnell,  Eiehard  Earl  of,  71 
Tyrrell,  Henry  John,  34,  540,  673 

Eedmond,  72 

Thomas,  673 


Union  medical  officers,  244 
medical,  proposed.  192 
surgeons,  England,  193 
United  Irishmen,  87,  314 
University  of  Dublin,  see  T.C.D. 

Edinburgh,  57,  110,  253 
bull  of  Pope  Clement  to 

found,  in  Ireland,  91 
founded    in    St.  Patrick's 

Cathedral,  91 
Glasgow,  57 
Royal,  Charter  of,  241 
Urinary   ways,   treatise    on,  Thomas 

Rutty,  23 
Ussher,  Jane,  617 
John,  617 


INDEX. 


757 


Vaccination  Act,  242 

first  introduced  into  Ireland, 
361 

opinion  of  College  on,  145) 
Vaccine  Department,  Local  Government 

Board,  658 
Vale,  John,  60 
Vance,  William,  115,  123 
Van  Helmont,  Professor,  4 
Van  Swietman,  97 

Venesection,  indiscriminate,  condemned, 
20 

Verner,  Anne,  355 
James,  355 
Vice-President,  election  of,   117,  157, 

161,  164,  197,  248 
Vigors,  Mr.,  360 
Vincent,  Lydia,  633 

Miss,  412 
Vispre,  Mr. ,  Goulard's  lotion,  45 
Vohr,  Ian,  482 
Von  Graefe,  Professor,  511 


"Wade,  Mary,  512 

Walter,  49,  267,  388,  448,  455, 
458,  511,  619 
Waddy,  Pamella  Hatchell,  413 

Cadwallader,  413 
Wakley,  Dr.,  218,  339 
Waldron,  Laurence,  390 
Wales,  Prince  and  Princess  of,  227,  255, 
264 

Walker,  Catherine  May,  607 
Henry,  72 
John,  487,  505 
Joseph,  607 
Rev.  John  Cotton,  549 
"  Walkerites,  The,"  a  sect,  486 
Wall,  Christopher,  159 

Dr.,  School  of,  419,   641,  644, 
648 

Eev.  Dr.,  460 
Rev.  J.  A.,  471 
Wallace,  Benjamin,  317 
Jane,  317 

William,  159,  270,  368,  519, 
673 

Waller,  Dr.,  402 

William,  631 
Wallis,  Eliza,  462 

Rev.  Edward,  462 
Walls,  Edward,  369 

Walsh,  Albert  Jasper,  34,  306,  384, 
419 

Frederick  W.,  231,  236 
John,  419 
Sarah,  681 
Walsh's  School.  Bolton-street,  557 


Warburton,  Committee,  389 

Henry,  M.P.,  190 
Ward,  Espine,  675 

Montgomery  Albert,  535,  675 
Mr.,  medical  receipts  of,  36 
Warner  on  the  gout,  5 1 
Warren,  Frederick  William,  540,  541, 
676 
Samuel,  676 
Water,  common,  curiosities  of  John, 
Smith,  18 
sulphurous,    at  Auchnacloy, 

Henry,  M.  Kennedy,  44 
tar,  works  on,  26 
Waters,  mineral,  works  on,  by — 
Charles  Lucas,  26 
E.  Barry, 
P.  Bellon,  12 

Physico-historical  society,  28 
Thomas  Rutty,  22 
Waters,  Swanlinbar,  anonymous  work 
on,  46 

Watson,  George  B.,  527,  528 
John, 673 
Mara,  673 
Mary  Anne,  585 
Richard,  585 
W.,  inoculation,  30 
Waveney,  Lord,  573 
Wax  casts  acquired,  279 
Weather  and  seasons,  Thomas  Rutty,  22 
Weavers'  Hall,  Coombe,  87 
Webb,  Samuel  Henry,  698 
Sir  John,  215 
William,  210 
Webster,  Charles  S.,  398 

John,  academic  and  scholastical 
learning,  58 
Weiss,  Mr.,  359 
Wellesley,  Colonel,  602 

Marquis,  107,  154,  159,  186, 
238 

Sir  Arthur,  361 
Wellington,  Duke  of,  307,  331 
Wells,  Sir  Thomas  Spencer,  699,  703 
Wesley,  John,  primitive  pbysick,  36 
West,  Alderman,  154 

&  Son,  Messrs.,  221 

Surgeon,  517 

William,  108 
Westmoreland,  Earl  of,  136,  137 
Wetherall,  Robert,  72 
Wetherell,  Surgeon,  33 
Wetherel's  laboratory  in  Crow's  Nest,  9 
Wharton,  Earl  of,  castigated  by  Swift, 
14 

George,  419 

James  Henry,  244,  306,  419, 
427,  535,  636,  697 
Wheeler,  George  N.,  440 
.  Jonah. 440 
Joseph,  440 


758 


INDEX. 


Wheeler,  William  Ireland,  244,  253,  306, 

416,  440,  697,  719 
Wherland,  James  Richard,  692 
Whey,  goat's,  use  of,  James  Kennedy, 
35 

Whimsical  Miscellany,  465 
Whistler,  Thomas  L.,  160,  244,  252 
White,  Anne,  390,  460 

Dr.,  331 

Elizabeth,  575 
White,  Francis,  159,  162,  175,  187,  305, 
389,  401,  519 

Francis,  senr.,  389 

George,  610 

George  B.,  698 

Joseph,  school  of,  498,  546 

Mr.,  401,  407 

Piers,  F.,  Q.C.,  390 

Rev.  W.,  school  of,  407,  640 

Richard,  460 

Robert,  72,  102 

Robert  Persse,  529 
White's  Medical  School,  519 
Whitestone,  Luke  W.,  160 
Whiteway,  Edward,  124 
FfoUiott,  309 

John,  108,  113,115,  116,  117, 

118,  123.  305,  308,  325 
William,  124 
Whittingham,  Mr.,  108,  685 
Whitla,  Eleanor,  572 

John,  622 
Whitty,  Eleanor,  572 
Whyte,  Samuel,  school  of,  642 
Widows,  fund  for,  188 
Wilde,  Mrs.  Martha,  308 
Oscar,  679 

Rev.  Ralph,  school  of,  588 

Sir  William,  34,  40,  402,  508,  512, 

522,  677 
William,  679 
Wilkins,  Thomas  H.,  521,  522 
Wilkinson,  James,  671 

John  Tandy,  159 
Sarah  E.,  671 
Willes,  Edward  C,  541 

Judge,  220 
Willett,  James.  160,  499,  542 
William  III.,  King,  306,  471,  489 
William,  Brother,  Prior  of  St.  Johns,  60 
Williams,  George  Robert,  407 
Mary  Eliza,  576 
Mrs.,  408 

Richard  Carlisle,  409 
Robert  Carlisle,  192,  211,  221, 
223,  226,270,306,  407.  455, 
522 
Thomas,  576 
"  Willisius  Male,"  &c,  Cassin  Conly,  8 
Willoughby,  Dr.,  hermaphrodism,  10 
Wills,  W.  G.,  445 
Willson,  Mrs.  Mary,  330 


Willson,  Rev.  Dr.,  310 
Wilmot,  John,  370 

Samuel,  160,  162,  172,  176,  211, 
237,  305,  306,  370,  399,  413, 
420,  454,  515,  520,  521 
Samuel  George,  306,  413,  524, 
535,  541 
Wilson,  Alice,  594 

Andrew,  124 
Benjamin,  124,  159 
Bingham,  375 
Henry,  457,  511,  512 
on  Ornithology,  269 
P.,  pharmacopoeia,  29 
Thomas,  594 
William,  159 
Wines,  Barry's  work  on,  20 
Winter,  Arthur,  111.  1)8,  123,  322 
Wisdom,  Captain  John,  665 

Henrietta,  665 
Wolseley,  Lord,  426 
Sophia,  486 
Rev.  William,  486 
Wolveridge,  James,  Speculum  Matricis, 
8 

Women  admissible  to  Dublin  barbers' 
guild,  60,  61 
admitted  as  medical  students, 
53 

admitted  to  College,  254,  453 
London  School  of  Medicine  for, 

recognised,  255 
medical,  2 
medical  teachers,  53 
Wood,  James,  typhus  fever,  48 
Woodhouse,  Stewart,  525,  679 
Woodlock,  Joanna  Mary,  566 

John,  566 
Woodroffe,  Charles  H.,  Q.C.,  681 

John,  151,  415,  528,  569, 

6  79.  691 
Philip,  89,  108,111,113,  115, 
116,  117,  118,  123,  151, 
305,  3  1  2,  335 
Woodwright,  Alice,  550 

Captain,  550 
Work,  first  medical,  by  Irish  author,  5 
Works,  ancient  Irish  medical,  2 

published  in  Ireland    up  to 
1800,  5 

Wounds  of  the  head,  William  Dease, 

40,  41 
Wright,  Charlotte,  681 
Edward,  681 

Edward  Perceval,  541,  681, 

685,  686 
Joseph,  681 
Perceval,  541 

Rev.  George  Newenham,  47 
Rev.  Mr.,  472,  665 
Thomas,  47,  153,  160,  269,  339, 
447 


INDEX. 


759 


Writers  of  Ireland,  the,"  Harris's 
"Ware,  5 
Wy,  Richard  de,  239 


Yeo,  Gerald  Francis,  524,  682 

Henry,  682 
Youghal,  Corporation  of,  92 
Young,  Edward,  576 
Young,  Elizabeth,  555 

Evelyn,  576 

Jane,  492 


Young,  Owen,  492 

Sir  George,  610 
Thomas  Bunburyj|517 


Zoohgica  Medicinalis  Hibernica,  John 

K'Eogh,  24 
Zoological  Society,  Conversazione  of,  at 
College,  264 
subscription.  189 
Zoonomia,  Erasmus  Darwin's,  49 
Zumbo,  Julio,  280 


Printed  by  John  Falconer,  53  Upper  Sackville-street,  Dublin. 


ERR 


ATA. 


Page  25,  line  15,  for  1823,  read  1723. 
„    27,  for  Field,  read  Ould.  ■ 
„   29,  last  line,  for  179],  read  1799. 
„   34,  for  F.  C.  Crui3e,  read  F.  R.  Cruise. 
„   34,  B.  F.  MacDowel  should  be  B.  G. 
MacDowel. 

Pages  50  and  424,  Physico-Medical  should  be 
Physico-Chirurgical. 

Page  87,  for  Hue's  Occurrences,  read  Pue's  Occur- 
rences. 

„   104,  for  George  Cheyne,  read  John  Cheyne. 

„  229,  for  Lord  Justice,  read  Justice  of  Queen's 
Bench. 

„  231,  second  last  line,  omit  the  words  Attor- 
ney General. 

,,  241,  Thomas  Kennedy  should  be  Edward 
Thomas  Kennedy. 


■  Page  322,  omit  the  words  Archdeacon  of  Leighlin. 
,,    322,  last  line,  for  Winton,  read  Winter. 
,,   396,  for  A.  Stokes,  read  William  Stokes. 
„  464,  line  9,  for  six,  read  sixteen. 
,,   493,  for  Bambrick,  read  Mulloy. 
„    623,  for  William  Cuming,  read  Thomas 
Cuming, 

„   525,  John  Edward  Kinahan  should  be  John 

Robert  Kinahan. 
„   639,  for  Henry  Oliver  Curran,  read  John 

Oliver  Curran. 
„   544,  for  William  B.  Adams,  read  Benjamin 

William  Adams. 
,,   681,  for  Glynn,  read  Glin. 
„    637,  last  line,  after  Rev.,  read  Mr. 


onun  dt  ^ 

rALCONKR.  I 
ItrilU  Slrrtl.